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BOTANY 


OF   THE 

SOUTHERN    STATES. 

IN     TWO     PARTS. 

PART    I. 

STRUCTURAL  AND  PHYSIGLOGIOAL  BOTANY  AND 
VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

PART    II. 

DESCRIPTIONS    OF   SOUTHERN   PLANTS. 

AERAXGED   ON  THK 

NATUEAL    SYSTEM. 

PRECEDED   BY  A 

LINNilAN  AND  A  DICHOTOMOUS  ANALYSIS. 

BY  PROF.  JOHN  DARBY,  A.  M. 


NEW     Y^  O  R  K  : 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  Co.,  Ill  &  113  WILLIAM  STREET, 

(corner    of   JOHN   STREET.) 

SOLD    BY  BOOKSKLLF.-RS,  GENEEALLV,  THROUGHOUT  TUE    UNITED    STATES. 


1866. 


V 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  .'855, 

By  a,  S.  BArwNES  &  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  OfBce  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


A'.  C.  ^.l^''- 


*'««Co//e^e 


PREFACE 


To  an  agricultural  people,  there  can  be  no  subject 
more  important,  or  really  demanding  a  deeper  interest, 
than  Botany.  To  guide  in  the  management  of  any 
business  intelligently,  we  must  know  the  conditions  of 
success.  Success  may,  it  is  true,  come,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  without  such  knowledge ;  but  if  so,  it  comes 
in  spite  of  our  ignorance,  and  not  by  our  sagacity. 
This  is  most  emphatically  true  in  regard  to  agriculture. 
Living  beings,  governed  by  fixed  laws,  subject  to  nu- 
merous and  varied  influences  for  goo.d  or  evil,  are  the 
subjects  w^ith  which  the  planter  has  to  deal.  It  would 
seem  self-evident,  that  he  would  be  greatly  aided  by 
understanding  their  constitution  and  the  conditions  of 
their  highest  development.  Botany  proposes  to  lay  the 
foundation  for  such  knowledge,  and  to  lead  to  prac- 
tice of  philosophical  agriculture.  It  indicates  the  con- 
ditions essential  to  the  growth  and  perfect  development 
of  plants,  their  food,  the  means  of  supplying  it,  the  con- 
dition in  which  it  must  be  furnished,  and  the  means 
best  calculated  to  gain  a  given  result.  All  this  Botany 
promises  to  afford,  and,  rightly  pursued,  it  will  accom- 
plish all  it  promises. 

'No  department  of  nature  presents  higher  claims  to 
our  attention  than  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  yields 
us  the  every-day  necessaries  of  life.  It  affords  us  the 
articles  indispensable  for  food,  clothing,  shelter,  and 
warmth  ;  and  without  its  constant  ministrations,  with 


4  PREFACE. 

our  present  constitution,  existence  would  be  impossi- 
ble. But  besides  the  benefits  of  wliicli  all  are  con- 
stant partakers,  it  lays  other  claims  to  our  regard. 
The  study  and  culture  of  the  exquisitely  beautiful  ob- 
jects which  it  presents,  exert  the  happiest  influence 
on  all  our  social  and  moral  feelings.  So  clearly  has 
this  been  evinced  to  observation,  that  it  has  become 
a  trite  saying,  that  to  the  stranger,  the  flower-pots  in 
the  cottage-window  of  the  poor,  or  about  the  dwellings 
of  the  wealthy,  are  almost  sure  indications  of  purity 
and  social  happiness  w^ithin.  On  no  page  of  creation 
can  be  found  more  distinctly  written  the  wisdom,  be- 
nevolence, and  love  of  the  Creator,  than  on  that,  which 
exhibits  the  structure  and  adaptation  of  organization  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  humblest  vegetable.  The  va- 
rious beautiful  provisions  made  for  protection ;  the  stor- 
ing up  of  food  which  may  nourish  plants  or  animals  ; 
the  purification  of  the  air  by  vegetable  respiration,  v/ith 
innumerable  other  exhibitions  of  Divine  wisdom  and 
benevolence,  are  not  only  subjects  fitted  to  excite  our 
admiration  as  intellectual  beings,  but  7niist  call  forth 
the  most  devout  gratitude  and  love,  from  every  heart 
not  paralyzed  in  its  workings  by  unholy  and  groveling 
indulgences. 

That  Botany  deserves  a  high  place  in  every  system 
of  liberal  education,  is  abundantly  proved  by  every 
consideration  that  places  any  subject  on  the  schedule 
of  a  college  course.  Xo  subject  can  present  a  greater 
field  for  the  exercise  of  all  the  higher  intellectual  pow- 
ers. Analysis  of  the  most  rigid  character,  induction  in 
every  varied  form,  and  generalization  are  constant  em- 
ployments of  rightly-guided  students  in  Botany.  Every 
department  of  Natural  History  presents  similar  claims. 
The  objects  are  the  productions  of  God,  varied  to  every 
form,  existing  in  every  condition,  subject  to  every  influ- 
ence, related  in  a  thousand  ways,  and  all  to  afford  bound- 
less interest  to  the  mightiest  intellects  of  man,  whose  busi- 


PREFACE.  5 

ness  it  is,  by  divine  appointment,  to  study  and  control 
the  productions  of  earth.  Moreover,  the  volume  of  Crea- 
tion is  the  best  commentary  on  the  volume  of  Revelation, 
and  the  more  both  are  stndied,  the  more  do  we  see,  that 
they  both  come  from  the  same  great,  wise,  and  benevo- 
lent Creator.  ISTot  a  vestige  in  the  one  contradicts  an 
expression  in  the  other;  but  the  more  deeply  we  pene- 
trate into  the  mysteries  of  both,  the  more  do  we  expe- 
rience the  truth  of  the  Apostle's  language — "  The  invisi- 
ble things  of  God,  from  the  creation  of  the  world,  are 
clearly  seen,  being  understood  by  the  things  that  are 
made,  even  his  eternal  power  and  godhead."  And  the 
more  we  see  and  know  of  his  wonderful  arrangements, 
and  the  inimitable  wisdom  exhibited  in  all  that  he  has 
done,  the  more  impressively  does  the  language  of  the 
Psalmisu  fall  upon  our  sj)irits,  and  unite  with  our  own 
impulses — "  O  Lord  !  how  manifold  are  all  thy  works ! 
in  wisdom  hast  thou  made  them  all ;  the  earth  is  full 
of  thy  riches." 

In  the  following  treatise,  we  have  endeavored  to  pre- 
sent to  the  student  an  outline  of  Botany  in  all  its  most 
important  relations,  as  a  science.  That  the  book  should 
not  exceed  the  size  of  a  convenient  text-book,  we  have 
been  prevented  from  entering  into  many  interesting 
and  important  particulars,  and  have  been  compelled  to 
be  brief  in  our  descriptions  of  plants.  Botany  has  been 
generally  considered  as  limited  to  enabling  one  to  deter- 
mine the  name  of  a  flower,  and,  as  studied  in  our  schools 
and  colleges,  this  is  about  all  it  accomplishes.  A  student 
thus  taught,  has  just  as  much  claim  to  any  useful  knowl- 
edge of  Botany,  as  one  who  barely  knows  the  name 
whale^  has,  on  that  account,  to  a  knowledge  of  that  an- 
imal. To  know  the  names  of  things,  is  certainly  an  im- 
portant particular,  but  that  such  knowledge  constitutes 
any  science,  is  simply  absurd. 

Most  of  the  facts  and  principles  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing pages,  have  been  subjects  of  personal  observa- 


6  PREFACE. 

tioiis  by  the  author.  On  many  points  of  theory,  as 
well  as  with  regard  to  some  facts,  there  are  differences 
of  opinion  among  authors.  Where  our  own  opinion 
was  decided,  we  have  stated  it  without  reference  to 
that  of  others  ;  in  other  cases  of  difference,  we  have 
noticed  the  contrariety. 

We  have  labored  many  years  to  bring  the  work  as 
near  perfection  as  possible.  That  it  is  perfect,  the  au- 
thor has  not  the  vanity  to  believe.  To  write  a  perfect 
work  on  Southern  Botany  is  impossible  ;  nor  will  it  be 
possible  probably  for  a  century  to  come. 

In  a  work  the  author  published  in  1842,  all  was  ar- 
ranged on  the  Natural  System.  Many  teachers  ob- 
jected to  it  on  that  account.  To  accommodate  all,  we 
have  placed  three  analyses  at  the  beginning  of  the  2d 
part,  that  each  may  adopt  which  he  chooses.  They  will 
be  mutual  aids  to  each  other.  Difficulties  that  might 
occur  in  a  given  plant  in  one,  may  be  entirely  obviated 
in  another.  We  have  had  an  eye  to  this  in  their  con- 
struction. We  have  also  analyzed  the  more  important 
orders.  It"  may  be  safely  asserted  that  no  work  will 
afford  so  easy  a  means  for  the  analysis  of  plants  as  the 
one  now  presented  to  the  public.  We  have  aimed  at 
presenting  to  the  Colleges  and  High  Schools  of  the 
Southern  States  a  text-book,  that  shall  answer  all  the 
ends  of  such  a  work,  in  the  hands  of  intelligent  and 
skillful  teachers.  To  them  we  commend  it  in  all  con- 
fidence, believing  that  it  will  meet  with  such  reception 
as  it  may  merit.     AVe  ask  for  it  no  other. 

AuBURx,  Ala.,  1855. 


PART  I. 

VEGETABLE  ANATOMY  AND  PHYSIOLOGY. 


1.  Botany  is  that  science  which  treats  of  plants,  and,  in 
its  most  extensive  application,  makes  us  acquainted  with  the 
structure,  vital  action,  classification,  uses  and  distribution  of 
vegetables. 

2.  A  plant  is  an  organized  being,  receiving  its  nourishment, 
which  is  always  fluid,  by  absorption,  generally  through  roots ; 
and  elaborating  it  by  exposure  to  the  combined  action  of  air 
and  light,  on  the  surface  of  leaves  or  stems,  and  afterwards  as- 
similating it  to  its  own  substance. 

3.  The  science  of  Botany  is  generally  divided  into  several 
subjects  for  separate  investigation  : 

(1.)  The  structure  of  vegetables,  or  vegetable  anatomy,  or 
organograiohy  {organon,  an  organ,  and  grapho,  I  describe),  con- 
sisting of  a  description  of  the  various  vegetable  tissues,  and  the 
organs  which  these  tissues  compose. 

(2.)  Morphology  [niorphe,  shape  or  form,  and  logos,  a  dis- 
course) which  describes  the  various  changes  organs  may  un- 
dergo in  course  of  development,  in  respect  to  form,  consist- 
ence, size,  composition,  (fee. 

(3.)  Vegetable  Physiology,  or  that  branch  of  the  science 
which  has  for  its  object  the  investigation  of  the  functions  of 
vegetable  organs  ;  or  of  all  that  belongs  to  vegetables  as  living 
beings. 

(4.)  Taxonomy  {taxis,  order,  and  no?nos,  law),  which  treats 
of  the  laws  and  principles  of  classification. 

Taxonomy  is  that  branch  of  Botany  which  has  for  its  aim 
an  arrangement  of  all  the  species  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in 


1.  Wliat  is  Botany  ?  With  what  does  it  make  us  acquainted  ?— 2.  What 
ma  plant?— 3.  How  is  the  science  of  Botany  divided  ?  What  is  the  1st 
division?  2d?  3d?  4th? 


b  EOT  ANT. 

a  regular  linear  series,  from  one  extreme  of  the  scale  of  organi- 
zation to  the  other,  or  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest,  without 
any  broken  or  double  links  in  the  chain.  So  that  when  the 
organization  of  a  plant  is  known,  its  true  position  may  be 
assigned  in  the  system.  Such  w^ould  be  a  perfect  Natural 
System. 

(5.)  Phytography  [jyhutoii,  a  plant,  and  graioho,  I  describe) 
is  the  art  of  describing  plants,  or  of  expressing  properly  the 
characters  peculiar  to  an  order,  family,  genus,  and  species.  It 
includes  a  knowledge  of  all  the  terms  peculiar  to  the  science, 
which  is  sometimes  called  glossology  [glossa,  a  language,  and 
logos,  a  discourse).  It  includes  also  the  synonyma  of  the  science, 
that  is,  a  knowledge  of  the  different  names  under  which  the  same 
plant  has  been  described  by  different  authors. 

(6.)  The  examination  of  vegetable  products : — First,  as  to 
their  constitution,  forming  vegetable  chemistry  ;  second,  as  to 
materials  administering  to  the  wants  of  men  and  animals. 

(7.)  Geographical  Botany  includes  the  study  of  the  distribu- 
tion of  plants  on  the  surface  of  the  globe,  determined  by  physi- 
cal conditions,  such  as  latitude,  elevation,  moisture,  &c. 

The  station  of  a  plant  is  its  position  in  respect  to  physical 
conditions,  such  as  moisture,  dryness,  sterility,  richness,  (fee.  Its 
habitation  is  its  position  in  regard  to  country.  Thus,  the  sta- 
tion of  Xho,  potato  was  in  moist,  rich,  mountainous  regions,  its 
habitation  Peru. 

(8.)  Ap)pUed  Botany  is  that  department  of  the  science  which 
investigates  the  uses  of  vegetables  as  food,  medicine,  and  as  fur- 
nishing materials  to  be  used  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 

4»  There  are  three  kingdoms  of  nature,  the  Animal,  Vegeta- 
ble, and  Mineral,  obviously  distinct  in  the  common  objects  that 
compose  them,  yet  closely  connected  and  dependent. 

The  Mineral  is  destitute  of  life,  governed  by  ordinary  chemi- 
cal laws,  and  supplies  the  vegetable  kingdom  with  food.  The 
individuals  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  possess  life,  but  all  their 
actions  are  involuntary,  and  they  supply  the  animal  kingdom 
v/ith  food. 

Animals  are  not  only  endowed  with  life,  but  with  sensibility 
and  voluntary  motion.  At  death  they  supply  other  animals 
with  food,  or  their  materials  return  rapidly  to  their  original  con- 
dition in  the  mineral  kingdom,  ready  to  go  the  same  round 
again. 


5th  ?  6th  ?  7th  ?  Sth  ? — 4.  How  many  Idnpfcloms  of  nature  ?  How  is  the 
mineral  characterized?  How  the  vegetable?  How  the  animal?  What 
becomes  of  animals  at  death  ? 


ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 


5«  Vegetables  are  composed  of  solids  and  fluids.  There 
are  three  solids  :  an  extremely  delicate  elementaiy  membrane, 
elementary  7?6e?*  of  extreme  fineness,  and  organic  mucus.  From 
one  or  all  of  these  are  formed  several  classes  of  tissue,  which 
make  up  all  vegetable  structures. 

6.  Membrane  is  certainly  the  most  important  of  the  three 
primitive  conditions  of  vegetable  substance.  H  enters  into  the 
composition  of  all  the  various  tissues,  and  no  doubt  forms  the 
great  mass  of  vegetables.  With  respect  to  the  constitution  of  veg- 
etable membrane,  two  opinions  have  been  held  :  one,  that  it  is  an 
inorganic  substance,  destitute  of  fibers,  like  the  fiue  film  composing 
a  soap  bubble  ;  another,  that  it  is  organized.  The  chemical  con- 
stitution of  membrane  is  almost  identical  with  starch,  into  which 
it  is  readily  transformed.  It  is  called  cellulose.  Membrane,  in  its 
early  stage,  is  extremely  thin,  but  becomes  thick  by  the  deposition 
of  other  matter.  It  is  entirely  destitute  of  visible  pores ;  never- 
theless, it  is  permeable  to  fluids  under  certain  circumstances. 
Pores  have  been  described  as  existing  in  the  membrane,  as  it 
composes  the  tissues,  but  they  have  more  recently  been  shown 
to  be  an  optical  illusion  :  the  apparent  pores  being  pits  within 
the  membrane,  making  some  parts  transparent  and  thinner  than 
others.  That  this  is  the  case,  has  been  proved  by  the  chemical 
action  of  substances  making  the  membrane  opake,  when  the 
pores  ceased  to  be  discoverable,  and  all  the  membrane  became 
of  a  uniform  appearance. 

7i  Elementary  Fiber  exists  in  various  parts  of  plants,  usually 
united  with  membranous  vessels,  and  generally  assuming  a 
spiral  direction.  Most  botanists  consider  it  a  simple,  solid  fiber. 
Its  extreme  fineness  would  lead  us  to  this  opinion,  since  the 
largest  kind  does  not  exceed  yoVo  ^^  ^^  inch.  It  is  not 
always  coiled ;  sometimes  it  is  straight,  at  others  curved,  and 
sometimes  forming  a  single  line;  at  others  anastomosing,  and 
forming  a  reticulated  tissue,  and  at  others,  branching.     It  in- 

5.  Of  what  arc  vcsretables  composed  ?  How  many  solids  ?  Wliat  arc  thov  ? 
What  are  formed  of  these  ? — 6.  Which  is  the  most  iraportnnt  ?  What  does 
it  form  ?  AVhat  is  the  chemical  constitution  of  membrane  ?  Its  state  in 
its  earliest  stage  ?  Has  it  any  pores  ?  Is  it  permeable  to  fluids  ?— 7.  Where 
does  clementarv  fiber  exist  ?     In  what  forms  ? 

1* 


10  CELLULAR   TISSUE. 

creases  in  size  by  the  deposition  of  foreign  matter,  and  by  this 
means  attains  a  size  much  greater  than  its  original  dimensions. 

8.  Organic  mucus  exists  in  the  form  of  a  thin  homogeneous 
membrane,  covering  the  cuticle  of  many  plants,  and  forming  a 
lining  to  the  intercellular  passages,  or  filling  them  up.  It 
probably  exists  in  all  plants,  in  some  form,  if  in  no  other  than 
forming  the  cement  by  which  the  tissues  are  made  to  cohere. 
In  the  young  shoot  of  the  Sambucus  nigra  it  is  readily  observed. 
Meyen  considers  the  intercellular  mucus  a  secretion  of  the  cells 
themselves. 

Section  1, —  Cellular  Tissue. 

9.  This  tissu€,  in  its  most  common  form,  is  composed  of 
minute  cells  or  little  bladders,  and  in  the  living  plant  is  in  a  state 
of  greater  or  less  adhesion.  Many  names  have  been  applied  to 
tissues,  made  up  of  the  variously  formed  cells  : — 1.  Parenchyma 
(para^  between,  and  cheuma,  effused,  tissue).  2.  Hexagonien- 
chyma  [hexagonios,  six-angled).  3.  Sphairenchyma  {sphaira^ 
a  sj^here).  4.  Merenchyma  [tncrtio,  to  revolve),  ellipsoidal  cells. 
5.  Ovenchyma  (oon,  an  egg),  oval  cells.  6.  Conenchyma  (konos, 
a  cone),  conical  cells,  as  hairs.  7.  Cylindrenchyma  {kulindros, 
a  cylinder),  cyhndrical  cells.  8.  Prismenchyma  [prisma,  a 
prism),  prismatic  cells.  9.  Muriform  tissue  [murus,  a  wall),  like 
bricks.     10.  Pinenchijma  [pinax^  a  table),  tabular  or  flat  cells. 

11.  Prosencliyma  {i^ros,  lengthened  out),  long,  tapering  cells. 

12.  Colpenchyma  (koljjos,  a  fold),  sinuous  cells.  13.  Claden- 
chyma  [klados,  a  branch),  branched  cells.  14.  Actinenchyina 
[aktin^  a  ray),  star-shaped  cells.  15.  DcBdalenchyma  {daidalos, 
entangled),  entangled  cells.  Although  the  walls  of  the  cells, 
when  cut  through,  appear  to  be  simple  membrane,  yet,  in  some 
cases,  they  may  be  separated,  and  individual  cells  be  exhibited 
unconnected.  If  the  pith  of  the  elder  be  cut  through  with  a 
sharp  knife,  the  cut  surface,  even  under  a  moderate  magnifier, 
has  the  appearance  of  fine  honeycomb ;  but  if  a  piece  be  boiled 
in  a  weak  solution  of  potash,  and  then  gently  rubbed,  the  cells 
will  separate  (which  they  could  not  do  were  the  walls  of  simple 
membrane),  and  appear  in  the  form  of  exceedingly  mi-  pj^  j 
nute  vesicles,  as  in  Fig.  1.  These  were  the  cells  that  r^  ^ 
gave  the  honeycomb  appearance  to  the  pith  when  (JJ  \J 
cut,  before  boiling.  The  pressure  of  the  cells  on  each  gimpie 
other  caused  the  hexagonal  appearance,  and,  when  freed      *'^^^'- 

8.  How  does  orsranic  mucus  exist? — 9.  Of  what  is  the  cellular  tissue 
composed  ?  How  does  the  pith  of  the  elder  appear  when  cut  through  ? 
What  causes  this  appearance  ? 


CELLULAR    TISSUE. 


11 


Fig.  2. 


Pith  of  the  Elder 


from  pressure,  they  assumed  tlieir  natural  form,  that  of  minute 
spheroidal  bodies.  This  form  of  the  cellular  tissue  composes 
the  pith  of  all  plants,  all  the  succulent  part  of  fruits,  as  of  apples, 
melons,  peaches,  cucumbers,  &c.  The  soft  part  of  leaves  and 
bark,  and  a  large  part  of  the  stems  of  annual  plants ;  and  in 
general,  all  the  soft  parts  of  the  vegetable  structure  are  com- 
posed of  these  minute  simple  vesicles,  assuming 
generally  more  or  less  the  hexagonal  appearance 
when  cut,  as  seen  in  Fig.  2,  from  the  slight  pres- 
sure to  which  they  are  subjected. 

10.  When  the  cells  fit  together  by  their  plane 
faces  like  geometrical  solids,  forming  the  pulpy 
substances,  as  in  the  above  cases,  it  is  called 
parenchyma^  but  when  the  vessels  are  elongated 
and  tapering,  the  ends  lying  over  each  other,  they  form  ^;?'o- 
senchyma  (Fig.  3),  of  which  the  hardest  part  of  the 

bark  is  composed,  and  a  part  at  least  of  the  wood —     ^'7^' 
perhaps  all  of  it. 

11,  Cellular  tissue  assumes  a  great  variety  of  forms, 
varying  with  the  circumstances  in  which  it  is  placed. 
In  the  stalks  of  some  leaves  the  cells  are  in  the  form  of 

cylinders  (Fig.  4,)  being  forced  only  in  one 
direction  by  rapid  growth.  In  the  medul- 
lary processes  they  assume  the  form  of 
regular,  thin  parallelopipedons.  In  some 
cases  they  are  lobed,  owing,  undoubtedly, 
to  unequal  pressure  in  the  early  stage  of  _ 
their  o-rowth  ;  this  frequently  happens  on  woody  fiber* 
the  under  side  of  leaves.  "nmcT^" 

12.  The  appearance  of  cells  is  very  dif- 
ferent in  different  circumstances.    They  sometimes  appear  dotted, 
as  though  pierced  Avith  numerous  pores.     This  is  occasioned  by 


Fi-. 


Fig.  5. 


A  cell. 


the  deposition  of  an  internal  layer,  which  is  not  continuous,  and 
when  this  layer  is  -wanting,  it  gives,  by  transmitted  light,  the 


„„„ form  of   cellular  tissue  compose  ?— 10.   What  is  paren- 
chyma?    What  prosenchytna  ?— IL  What  arc  some  of  the  forms  that  celia 
-  -  ?  _  12.  Wliat  appearances  do  cells  assume  ?     What  is  the  cause  ? 


What  does  th 
chyma ' 
exhibit  ?  — 12 


12  CELLULAR    TISSUE. 

above  appearance,  Figs.  2  and  5.     Sometimes  the  vacant  spaces 
in  the  Hning  membrane  form  bands,  Fig.  6  ;  sometimes  oval 

spaces,  Fig.  ^  ;  sometimes  it  takes  a  spiral  ar-       pj^  g^ 
^'^'  ^'    rangement,  Fig.  8  ;    sometimes   that  of  star- 
^^    shaped  actinenchyma,  as  in  Fig.  9,  the  pith  of 
^^   the  j uncus. 

^^        13.  To  cellular  tissue  has  been  assigned  the 
^^    same  place  in  the  vegetable  economy  that  flesh 

occupies  in  the  animal,  and  we  have  no  hes- 
itation in  yielding  to  it  in  every  respect  the  importance  this 
comparison  gives  it.  It  constitutes  the  basis,  physically  con- 
"^sidered,  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

14.  Although  the  cells  are  without  visible  pores,  yet  the  walls 
are  permeable  to  fluids,  as  is  proved  by  their  being  sometimes 
full,  and  at  others  empty.  This  may  also  be  shown  by  taking 
a  piece  of  the  pith  of  the  elder  and  letting  a  part  of  it  com- 
municate with  water,  when  the  whole  mass  will  become  saturated 
with  it ;  and  it  is  a  fiict  well  undei'stood  at  the  present  day,  that 
animal  and  vegetable  membrane,  even  when  not  under  the  in- 
fluence of  vital  power,  is  permeable  to  fluids  under  certain  cir- 
cumstances ;  that  is,  when  opposite  sides  of  the  membrane  are 
exposed  to  fluids  of  different  density  and  the  fluids  are  capable 
of  wetting  the  membrane. 

This  passage  of  fluids  through  membrane  was  called,  by  Du- 
trochet,  Endosmosis  {endon^  inwards,  and  mao,  I  strive),  and  is 
one  of  the  most  common  agents  used  by  nature  in  the  vegeta- 
ble economy  for  accomplishing  her  purposes. 

The  reverse  motion,  that  is,  from  within  outwards,  was  called 
Exosmosis  [exo,  outwardly).  They  both  take  place  at  once,  but 
the  thinner  fluid  usually  moves  the  most  rapidly. 

15.  The  bursting  of  capsules  is  produced  by  this  cause.  One 
may  convince  himself  of  the  truth  of  this  assertion  by  closely 
inspecting  the  bursting  of  the  common  "  Touch-me-not :"  the 
inner  cells  have  become  in  maturity  more  firmly  compressed  and 
smaller,  wdiile  the  outer  ones  are,  in  moist  weather,  turgid  and 
elastic,  and  by  slight  agitation,  the  cohesive  resistance  of  the 
valves  is  overcome,  and  a  sudden  bursting  of  the  capsules  is  the 
consequence  ;  the  equilibrium  of  the  pressure  being  produced 
by  the  coiling  up  of  the  valves.  The  opening  and  shutting  of 
flowers  at  certain  hours  of  the  day,  is  undoubtedly  another 
eflfect  of  the  same  cause. 

13.  What  place  has  been  assigned  to  the  cellular  tissue? — 14.  How  is  it 
proved  that  the  walls  of  the  cells" are  permeable  to  fluids  ?  What  fact  is  now 
well  understood?  What  did  Dutrochet  call  it  ?— 15.  AYhat  arc  some  of  the 
effects  of  it  ? 


CELLULAK   TISSUE.  13 

16.  The  cellular  tissue  is  endowed  ^vitll  the  power  of  repro- 
ducing itself.  This  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  existence  of 
vegetables  consisting  entirely  of  these  cells;  and  the  extnMue 
rapidity  with  which  they  are  sometimes  generated,  is  strikingly 
illustrated  by  an  example  given  by  Prof.  Lindley,  of  a  mush- 
room, the  ceils  of  w^hich  he  estimated  to  be  produced  at  the  rate 
of  four  billions  per  hour.  Cells  are  formed  either  internally, 
and  the  parent  cell  disappears,  or  they  are  formed  on  the  out- 
side ;  and  in  either  case  the  young  cell  supphes  the  conditions  of 
forming  new  cells. 

17.  This  tissue,  at  first  soft  and  mucilaginous,  becomes,  by 
age,  of  a  very  different  consistence,  varying  remarkably  in  its 
composition  in  different  vegetables,  and  in  different  parts  of 
the  same  vegetable.  It  always  commences  its  existence,  as 
-vve  before  remarked,  possessed  of  the  same  organization,  but  in 
its  maturity  it  may  become  the  white,  thin,  transparent  vesicle 
of  the  pith  of  the  elder,  or  the  hardened,  thickened,  unyielding 
prosenchyma  of  the  wood  and  the  liber.  These  changes  are 
produced  by  several  circumstances.  In  the  elder  all  the  sub- 
stance of  the  cell  except  the  exterior  vesicle  becomes  the  food  of 
the  plant.  The  consistence  of  cellular  tissue  is  most  commonly 
increased  by  the  deposition  of  a  hard  matter,  sclerogen  [aklcros^ 
hard,  and  gennaehi^  to  produce),  in  concentric  layers  on  the 
internal  w\all  of  the  cell.  This  is  often  deposited  in  such  quan- 
tity as  to  fill  the  cell,  when  it  becomes  very  hard  and  strong,  a? 
in  the  grains  of  the  Quince  and  Pear,  Cocoanut-shell,  the  seed 
of  the  Ivory  Palm,  and  Peach-stone.  The  deposition  of  the 
first  layer  is  generally  strictly  followed  in  succeeding  layers.  If 
the  cell  was  originally  dotted,  the  dots  become  pores  extending 
to  the  center  :  if  in  bands  or  spires,  it  is  the  same 
in  the  hardened  cell.  Fig.  10  represents  a  trans- 
verse section  of  Fig.  3  filled  up. 

18.  The  parenchymous  tissue  is  in  general  the 
depository  of  all  the  materials  which  in  vegetables 
administer  to  the  sustenance  of  man.    It  is  here  we 
find  deposited  the  material  that  forms  our  bread,  section  of  woody 
from-  whatever   grain    it   may   be    manufactured.         ^^'^''' 

It  is  the  cellular  tissue,  filled  with  an  amylaceous  substance,  that 
composes  the  edible  part  of  the  roots  that  are  brought  to  our 
tables.     The  mealiness  of  potatoes,  as  it  is  vulgarly  called,  is 

16.  With  what  power  are  cells  endowed  ?  What  fact  proves  it  ?  How 
are  cells  formed  ?— 17.  How  is  the  consistence  of  cells  altered  \  ^^  hat  is 
the  most  common  cause  of  the  change  ?  To  what  extent  is  it  deposited  i 
What  course  does  it  follow  ?— 18.  Of  what  is  the  cellular  tissue  the  depos- 
itory ? 


14  CELLULAR   TIfeSUE. 

but  the  swollen  starcli-grains  which  compose  this  important 
vegetable :  the  beet,  carrot,  and  turnip  owe  their  value,  so  far 
as  the}^  are  suited  for  food,  to  the  abundance  of  this  tissue,  de- 
veloped in  the  cellular  integument  of  the  bark  of  the  roots,  and 
just  in  proportion  as  the  other  forms  are  developed,  those  vegeta- 
bles become  useless.  The  tough,  fibrous  form  these  roots  some- 
times assume  in  dry  seasons,  in  poor  soil,  or  in  an  uncultivated 
state,  is  owing  to  the  diminished  quantity  of  the  cellular  tissue 
proper,  and  the  abundance  of  the  prosenchymous  or  woody  form. 
Starch,  arrowroot,  <fec.,  are  but  forms  of  the  same  substance.  The 
various  fruits  are  composed  of  cells  filled  with  the  various  juices 
peculiar  to  each  species.  In  the  lemon  we  find  the  vesicles  filled 
with  an  acid  of  considerable  intensity.  The  orange  and  pine- 
apple gratify  our  taste  by  the  mild  yet  delicious  flavor  of  their 
contents.  In  the  melon  we  meet  with  a  fluid  of  a  blandness 
and  insipidity  almost  equalling  fountain  water.  The  various 
coloring  materials  drawn  from  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  used 
in  the  arts,  have  their  locality  in  the  same  tissue.  The  coloring 
matter  which  produces  the  great  variety  of  hues  that  elicit  our 
admiration  by  their  brilliancy  and  variety,  is  deposited  in  trans- 
parent cells.  The  satin-like  appearance  exhibited  by  many  highly 
colored  flowers,  depends  (according  to  Lindley)  on  the  highly 
colored  fluid  within  the  cell  gleaming  through  the  white  shining 
Pig  II  membrane  of  the  tissue  ;  and  the  peculiar 

appearance  of  a  petal,  by  which  any  one 
readily  distinguishes  it  from  a  leaf,  is  oc- 
casioned by  the  irregular  arrangement  of 
the  cells  that  form  its  epidermis,  some 
A  petal.  being  more  elevated  than  others,  (Fig.  11). 

I9i  Crystals  are  sometimes  found  in  the  interior  of  cells. 
They  are  usually  called  Raphides  [rajjkis,  a  needle) ;  which  term, 
however,  is  strictly  applicable  only  to  the  needle-like  crystals, 
abundant  in  many  plants.  Fig.  12  6.  Fig.  12. 

They  may  be  readily  seen  in  the 
Rhubarb  or  Onion.  Other  forms  of 
crystals  are  found  in  cells  and  in  other 
intercellular  spaces,  Fig.  12  a.  The 
most  common  substance  found  crys-  "''"'*^ 

tallized  is  Oxalate  of  Lime.  Crystals  in  ceiis. 

20.  The  cell  originates  in  a  mucilaginous  fluid,  which  be- 
comes turbid    by  minute   granules  which    collect    in    masses, 

Illustrate  it  by  examples.  To  wliat  is  the  color  of  petals  owiiiir?  To 
what  their  peculiar  appearance  ?  —19.  \Yhere  are  crystals  sometimes  found  ? 
What  substance  is  most  common  ? — 20.   How  does  the   cell   originate  1 


VASCULAR   TISSUE.  15 

to  which  Sdileiden  gave  the  name  of  cijtohlast  {kutos,  a  cell 
and  blastos,  a  germ),  a  nitrogenized  body.  As  soon  as  tlie  cyto- 
blast  has  attained  its  full  size,  there  appears  upon  it  a  fine 
transparent  vesicle.  This  is  a  young  cell,  which  continues  to 
swell  out  and  increase  in  size  till  the  cytoblast  is  only  a  minute 
body,  imbedded  in  the  side  of  the  wall,  or  sometimes  loose  in 
the  cavity.  The  cytoblast  is  sometimes  absorbed  after  the 
growth  of  the  cell,  and  at  others  it  is  permanent. 

21.  There  is  a  mucilaginous  layer  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
cell,  which,  with  the  cytoblast,  seems  to  control  all  its  vital 
functions.  It  is  a  nitrogen  compound,  and  has  been  called  the 
internal  utricle. 

Section  2. —  Vascular  Tissue. 

22*  Vascular  tissue  consists  of  tubes  whose  length  generallv  ex- 
ceeds several  times  their  breadth.     There  are  various  kinds  of  it. 

Dotted  Ducts,  Fig.  13,  are  formed  of  a  series  of  short 
cylindrical  cells,  placed  end  to  end.     In  their  young    ^'^•/•''• 
state  they  may  be  separated  into  the  individual  cells 
which  compose  the  tubes ;    but  as   they  advance  in 
age,  the  separating  membrane  closing  the  ends  of  the 
cylinders  is  ruptured,  thus  forming  a  continuous  tube. 
This  may  be  distinctly  seen,  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, in    the   young  vine,  hickory,  or  oak,  where 
the  membrane  may  be  seen  ruptured  in  some  cases  on  Dottg^,  ^..^ts. 
one   side,    leaving   the    membrane    attached   to   the 
other  side,  assuming  somewhat  the   appearance  of  a  valve ; 
in    others   it    is    ruptured  in    the   center — the  membrane  co- 
hering to  the  sides  of  the  tube.     They  are  the  largest  of  the 
vessels,  and  are  scarcely  found  in  any  other  situation  than  in  the 
wood.     They  are  very  distinct  in  the  beech,  oak,   vine,   and 
hickory,  being  the  largest  pores  observed  on  a  transverse  section 
of  these  several  kinds  of  wood ;  but  in  the  pine,  and  trees  of 
the  same  family,  they  are  never  found.     This  form  of  tissue 
derives  its  name  from  rows  of  dots  regularly  arranged  on  its 
surface.     Sometimes  the  individual  cells  are  very  distinct,  and 
bear  some  resemblance  to  a  string  of  beads,  when  it  is  called 
the  moniliform  tissue. 


What  is  the  cytoblast?  How  is  tlie  cell  formed  from  it?  What  becomes 
of  the  cytoblast? — 21.  What  layer  on  the  interior  of  tlie  cell?  What 
has  it  been  called? — 22.  What  is  vascular  tissue  ?  How  are  dotted  ducts 
formed?  How  correspond  with  other  vessels  in  size?  Where  fount!? 
In  what  trees  not  found  ?  From  what  does  it  derive  its  name  ?  What  is 
the  moniliform  tissue  ? 


16  WOODY    TISSUE. 

23.  Under  tliis  form  of  tissue  is  usually  arranged  a  variety- 
found  mostly  in  the  roots  of  plants,  and  which  appear  to  be 
spiral  vessels  with  the  fiber  broken  into  short  pieces  and  at- 
tached to  the  tube.  This  is  called  continuous  bothrenchyma, 
differing  from  the  one  above  described  in  having  no  interrup- 
tions caused  by  the  adherence  of  the  cells. 


Woody  Tissue. 

24.  The  woody  tissue  consists  of  elongated  vessels  tapering 
at  each  end  to  a  very  fine  point,  which  become  thickened  by 
the  deposition  of  sclerogen  till  the  cavity  is  nearly  filled,  and 
the  fiber  becomes  hard,  elastic,  and  unyielding. 

It  is  the  fine  shining  fibers  which  are  readily  distinguished 
in  wood,  and  which  are  composed  of  many  woody  fibers,  formed 
into  bundles.  So  minute  are  the  individual  fibers,  that  the 
finest  filament  of  flax,  which  is  composed  of  woody  fiber,  is  made 
up  of  a  great  number  of  these  fibers  joined  together ;  their  fine 
tapering  extremities  being  spliced  to  like  fibers,  which  go  to 
make  up  the  long  fiber  extending  through  the  whole  plant. 
Cotton  is  of  the  common  cellular  formation.  A  modification 
of  the  woody  fiber  occurs  in  the  coniferous  plants ;  the  indi- 
vidual fibers  are  larger  in  this  family,  and  are  marked 
by  depressions  which  appear  like  disks.  These  de-  " 
pressions  on  one  fiber  are  always  opposed  by  a  similar 
depression  in  the  neighboring  fiber,  like  two  watch- 
glasses  placed  edge  to  edge,  as  seen  in  Fig.  15,  and 
these  may  be  easily  seen  in  the  thin  longitudinal  slice  jj 
of  the  pine  placed  in  water  and  viewed  through  a 
microscope.  |^ 

25*  It  is  this  form  of  tissue  that  gives  strength  to  || 
vegetables.  Without  it  the  stems  of  trees  would  be 
unable  to  bear  their  own  weight,  much  less  could  they 
be  used,  as  they  now  are,  as  materials  of  strength.  The  sinRie'sber 
branches  of  the  oak  or  hickory,  destitute  of  the  woody  onhePiS 
fiber,  would  break  as  easily  as  a  mushroom.  Besides 
forming  a  part  of  the  wood,  it  is  found  in  the  bark  and  midrib 
of  leaves.  It  protects  other  and  more  delicate  portions,  and 
gives  form  to  the  plant,  appearing  to  occupy  the  same  place 
in  the  vegetable  economy  that  bones  do  in  the  animal.     In  its 

24.  Of -what  does  the  woody  tissue  consist  ?  How  does  it  become  thick- 
ened? Where  seen?  What  does  it  make  up?  What  peculiar  in  Co- 
niferge  ?— 25.  What  gives  strength  to  vegetables  ?  "Where  found  besides  in 
the  wood  ? 


FIBRO-VASCULAR   TISSUE. 


17 


early  stages  it  is  endowed  witli  tlie  vital  power  in  a  high  de- 
gree;  but  in  the  progress  of  development  the  fibers  receive 
large  additions  of  solid  matter,  and  their  density  increases  until 
their  hardness  and  rigidity  unfit  them  for  vital  action,  but  make 
them  a  support  for  the  plant,  and  prepare  them  as  materials 
for  the  use  of  man.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  the  woody 
fiber  is  capable,  at  some  stages  of  its  existence,  of  conveying 
fluids.  It  often  becomes  a  matter  of  interest  to  distinguish 
difierent  orgcmic  fibers  which  enter  so  abundantly  into  so  many 
textile  fabrics.     This  is  easily  accomplished  by  the  microscope. 


Filaments  of  Silk. 


Of  Cotton.  Of  Wool. 


Fig.  .16  exhibits  the  appearance  of  the  most  common  ;  a  repre- 
sents the  magnified  filaments  of  silk,  h  of  flax,  c  of  cotton,  (/  of 
wool. 

Fibro-vascular  Tissue. 


26.  This  tissue  consists  of  a  tube  formed  by  an  ex- 
ternal membrane,  with  an  elastic  fiber  closely  coiled 
within  it,  Fig.  l7.  Sometimes  there  are  several  fibers, 
forming  something  like  a  ribbon. 

The  above  defines  the  normal  form  of  this  tissue, 
but  the  variations  are  numerous,  owing  to  situation 
and  development.  This  form  of  tissue  may  be  easily 
seen  by  taking  a  tender  branch  of  the  Pokeweed,  and 
cutting  one  side  just  through  the  outer  layer,  and  then 
bending  it  so  as  to  make  the  edges  separate,  when  there 
will  be  seen  a  coil  of  the  spiral  vessel  connecting  the 


FiK.  17 


Spiral 
Vessels. 


What  takes  place  bv  age  ?     How  arc  different  fibres   distinguished  ?— 
26.  Of  what  docs  the  vascular  tissue  consist  ?    Where  may  it  be  easily  bcen  f 


18  FIBRO-VASCULAR   TISSUE. 

two  surfaces.  Other  young  branches  will  answer  the  same  pur- 
pose, some  equally  \vell  with  the  one  named,  as  the  Asparagus,, 
Strawberry,  Currant,  Dogwood,  (fee.  In  the  above  cases  the  ves- 
sels are  not  observed  in  their  natural  state,  since  they  are  seen 
uncoiled.  In  the  stem,  the  fiber  that  we  see  uncoiled,  when 
pulled  apart,  forms  a  complete  tube  by  its  edges  coming  in  con- 
tact in  coiling.  But  if  either  the  Pokeweed  or  Asparagus  be 
boiled,  they  may  then  be  found  in  their  natural  state,  having  a 
conical  termination. 

27.  The  spiral  vessels  are  found  in  dicotyledons  in  a  layer 
surrounding  the  pith  called  the  medullary  sheath,  from  which 
they  pass  into  the  leaves  and  form  a  part  of  the  ribs  of  those 
organs.  They  are  found  in  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pis- 
tils, which  are  modifications  of  leaves.  In  monocotyledons  they 
occupy  the  central  portion  of  every  bundle  of  woody  matter. 
In  acotyledons  the  true  spiral  is  not  found,  but  a  modification 
of  it  is  found  in  all  the  Ferns,  Equisetacese,  and  it  varies  in  some 
cases  but  very  little  from  the  true  spii-al  in  the  last-named  family. 

28.  The  ofiice  of  the  spiral  vessels  in  the  vegetable  economy 
is  far  from  being  determined.  They  took  the  name  soon  after 
their  discovery  (by  Grew,  we  believe)  of  Tracheae,  from  the  sup- 
position that  they  perform  the  same  office  in  vegetables  that  the 
organs  of  the  same  name  perform  in  insects,  but  their  true  func 
tion  is  yet  unsettled.  Many  experiments  have  been  adduced  to 
prove  that  they  contain  air  only,  and  many  also  to  prove  that 
their  original  function  is  to  convey  fluids  to  the  recently  developed 
vegetable  tissue.  Both  conjectures  are  perhaps  true.  In  their 
earliest  stage  they  certainly  contain  fluids,  and  in  the  more  ad- 
vanced stages,  it  is  equally  certain  they  contain  air,  as  may  be 
shown  by  cutting  a  stem  under  water,  when  bubbles  will  be 
seen  to  form  at  the  mouths  of  the  spiral  tubes.  Bischoff  has 
obtained  the  air  and  analyzed  it,  and  found  it  to  contain  six  or 
seven  per  cent,  more  of  oxygen  than  common  air. 

29.  We  think  we  may  safely  conclude  that  the  true  spiral 
vessels  perform  diflerent  functions  in  diflerent  ages  of  the  plant ; 
and  the  more  important  of  the  two,  and  for  which  this  tissue  is 
peculiarly  adapted,  is  that  of  the  earliest  stage.  We  find  it  in 
the  earliest  development  of  the  plant.  The  extreme  point  of 
formation,  where  the  matter  seems  to  be  just  passing  from 
mucilage  into  cellular  substance,  we  find  the  spiral  vessel.     It 


27.  Where  are  the  spiral  vessels  found  in  dicotyledons?  "Where  in  mo- 
nocotyledons ?  Are  they  found  in  acotyledons  ? — 28.  What  is  the  otfice  of 
the  spiral  vessels? — 29.  In  wlmt  stage  of  the  plant  do  we  find  spiral  ves- 
sels ?    Why  produced  here  ? 


FTBRO-VASCULAR   TISSUE. 


19 


seems  that  in  this  case  we  find  an  adaptation  peculiarly  fitted 
to  accomplish  a  given  end,  and  it  would  require  not  a  very  great 
stretch  of  imagination  in  conceiving  the  design  of  nature  in 
giving  to  this  tube  the  form  she  has.  It  is  the  only  kind  fitted 
to  convey  nourishment,  and  give  support  to  the  tenderest  shoot 
as  it  emerges  to  light.  If  a  common  cylindrical  tube  were 
used,  the  great  flexures  made  by  such  tender  parts,  under  the 
influence  of  wind  and  rain,  would  be  very  liable  to  crush  the 
tube  on  one  side  or  tear  it  asunder  on  the  other,  as  it  is  well 
known  that  a  tube  cannot  be  bent  without  injury,  and  it  is 
equally  well  known  that  a  coil  may  be  bent  in  any  direction, 
and  return  to  its  first  position  uninjured.  Here  nature,  in  her 
wisdom,  has  adapted  organs  to  the  necessity  of  the  case,  and 
she  only  uses  this  kind  where  the  above  circumstances  seem  to 
demand  it,  as  they  are  never  found  in  any  circumstances  where 
they  are  not  terminated  with  the  organ. 

30.  The  varieties  of  this  tissue,  as  exhibited  by  the  microscope, 
are  numerous ;  but  we  shall  notice  only  a 
single  kind  of  its  variations.  Annular 
ducts,  as  they  are  called,  are  tubes  in  which 
the  spires  are  apparently  broken  into  rings 
and  joined  at  their  extremities.  Some- 
times the  rings  lie  in  regular  order  and 
in  contact  with  each  other,  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  ti"ue  spiral  vessel,  as  seen 


Fig.  18. 
h 


^d 


'S>'^ 


^ 


Annnliir  duct 


in  Fit?.  18  a.     At  another  time  the  rinfjs  detucbej.*' ""^' 


&    — —  --    —  — ^ 

appear  separated   and    irregular,  and  are 

^1      detached  from    the    tube    and    lying 

With  rings  length  wisc  in  it,  as  seen  in  Fig.  18  6. 

broken!'^ ''"'^  Thcsc  appcarauccs  may  be  seen  in  the 

stem  of  the  Impatiens,  and  other  forms 

will  be  readily  detected  in  the  same  plant. 

31.  Rayed  Vessels. — These  vessels  are  formed 
by  the  rings  being  broken  into  regular  pieces 
and  arran<2:ed  in  reg-ular  order,  like  the  rounds  ^   ,   ., 

„,--*  ,0-  '  ,,,  ,.      Scalunform  vessels. 

01  a  ladder,  and  on  that  account  called  scalari- 

form   by  some.      The  tubes  are  generally  hexagonal   prisms, 

Fig.  19.     They  are  found  in  ferns  and  roots  of  plants. 


80.  What  are  annular  duots  ?— 31.  What  are  rayed  vessels 


20  INTEKCELLULAR   PASSAGES. 


Cinenchyma,  or  Lactifcroiis  Tissue. 

32.  Cinenchyma.,  Fig.  20,  is  a  tissue  that  consists  of  minute 
tubes  anastomosing-  ^vith  each  other,  and  arranged  in  no  definite 
direction,  in  reference  to  the  other  tissues. 
The  tubes  are  of  very  different  diameter  in 
different  parts.  The  vessels  generally  take  a 
waving  clirection,  seldom  proceeding  in  a 
straight  line.  The  tubes  become  thickened  in 
age  by  the  deposition  of  new  matter.  The 
cinenchy^ma  is  found  in  greatest  abundance  in 
the  liber  of  the  bark,  across  the  parenchyma 
of  the  leaves ;  but,  no  doubt,  exists  in  almost 
every  part  of  flowering  plants.  It  has  been 
detected  in  the  pith,  in  the  bark  of  the  roots,  ,.\^.j    v  ^ 

in  connection  with  the  spiral  vessels,  and,  it  is  Lactiferous  tissue. 
said,  in  the  cells  of  hairs.  We  have  readily 
detected  this  tissue  in  the  liber  of  a  vigorous  Fig,  in  which  the 
vessels  were  distended  with  fluid.  This  tissue  is  called  the 
Lactiferous,  from  the  circumstance  of  its  containing  the  milky 
juices  of  plants.  When  the  Fig,  Lettuce,  Asclepias,  and  Euphor- 
bia are  wounded,  a  milky  juice  immediately  issues  ;  this  pro- 
ceeds from  the  severed  vessels  of  the  cinenchyma.  Although  in 
these  cases  the  latex  (the  name  of  the  fluid  contained  in  this 
system  of  vessels)  is  white,  in  others  it  is  colorless,  and  in  some 
yellow.  It  has  been  thought  to  be  the  most  highly  elaborated 
juice  of  the  pLant.  It  is  doubted  by  some  of  the  most  distin- 
a^uished  philosophers  whether  these  are  originally  tubes  or  not. 
They  think  them  intercellular  passages  that  become  lined  Avith 
membrane,  and  that  the  latex,  so  far  from  being  the  highly 
elaborated  sap  destined  for  the  nourishment  of  the  plant,  is  in 
reality  a  substance  eliminated,  unfit  for  the  use  of  the  plant. 

We  have  given  above  the  forms  of  tissue  which  make  up 
every  vegetable,  from  the  humblest  plant  to  the  largest  tree  of 
the  forest. 

INTERCELLULAR    PASSAGES. 

33.  In  placing  together  the  various  tissues,  which  are  either 
globular  or  cylindrical,  spaces  are  necessarily  left  between  the 
walls  of  adjacent  cells  or  tubes,  which  are  called  intercellular 
passages.     The  appearance  on  a  large  scale  may  be  illustrated 

32.  Of  what  does  tlio  lactiferous  tissue  consist  ?  Where  found  in  greatest 
abundance?  Why  called  lactiferous?  What  douht  about  it?— 33.  What 
are  intercellular  passages  ? 


COMPOUIsD   ORGANS.  'J  1 

by  the  spaces  tliat  would  be  seen  in  a  pile  of  bladders,  which 
would  exhibit  these  passages  in  the  cellular  tissue ;  and  the  space 
seen  in  a  bunch  of  cylindrical  rods  bound  together,  would  exhibit 
those  seen  in  the  vascular  tissue.  These  spaces  are  always  filled 
with  fluid,  and  are  supposed  to  afford  an  important  channel  for 
the  transmission  of  sap  from  one  part  of  the  plant  to  another. 
The  proper  juices  of  plants  often  collect  in  these  cavities,  and 
by  their  pressure  the  latter  become  enlarged,  and  afford  recep- 
tacles which  contain  large  quantities  of  the  peculiar  juices  of 
plants  :  such  is  the  case  with  the  cavities  in  the  bark  of  the  pine 
and  balsam ;  in  the  latter  they  are  very  large,  and  also  in  the 
rind  of  the  lemon  and  orange,  in  which  are  deposited  the  pecu- 
liar secretions  of  these  plants.  Air-cells  are  cavities  built  up  by 
cellular  tissue  in  the  leaf  or  stem  for  the  purpose  of  enabling 
the  plant  to  float  on  water.  They  occur  in  the  leaves  of  the 
aquatic  varieties  of  the  Ranunculus  and  Duckweed. 


CHAPTER  IT. 

COMPOUND  ORGANS. 

34.  In  the  preceding  chapter  we  have  described,  in  a  brief 
manner,  the  various  tissues  which  enter  into  the  composition  of 
vegetables.  Our  next  object  will  be  to  describe  in  the  same 
manner  the  various  organs  these  tissues  compose.  An  organ 
is  a  part  of  a  living  body,  and  the  center  of  a  special  action, 
but  not  independent  of  the  other  organs  which  make  up  the 
being  to  which  it  belongs.  It  may  be  composed  of  other  organs 
more  simple  than  itself.  Thus  the  leaf,  which  is  an  organ  and 
the  center  of  a  special  action,  is,  at  the  same  time,  composed 
of  more  simple  organs,  as  cells  and  vessels,  which  are  called 
elementary  organs  :  the  loaf  is  a  compound  organ.  In  de- 
scribing the  various  vegetable  organs,  we  will  take  for  an  object 
of  demonstration  and  comparison,  one  of  the  most  com})licatotl 
and  most  perfectly  developed  vegetables.  If  we  take  a  tree,  for 
instance,  we  find  it  composed  of  various  well-defined  parts  ;  and 
to  describe  a  tree,  taking  it  part  by  part,  we  shall  describe  all 
the  compound  organs  which  go  to  form  the  whole  vegetable 
kingdom.  We  find  it  in  the  first  place  covered,  in  its  earliest 
stage  at  least,  by  a  thin  membrane  extending  over  the  whole 

With  what  are  these  spaces  filled?  What  collect  in  them?— 34.  What  is 
au  organ  ?  How  illustrated  by  a  leaf?  If  we  examine  a  tree,  of  what  parto 
d    we  find  it  composed  ? 


22  CUTICLE    AND    EPIDERMIS. 

surface  from  the  deepest  root  to  the  highest  leaf,  called  the 
cuticle.  Within  this  covering  we  find  another  distinct  zone, 
called  the  hark  ;  within  the  bark  we  find  the  main  axis  of  the 
plant,  called  the  ivood^  which  is  composed  of  two  portions,  one 
ascending,  and  called  the  stem,  the  other  descending,  and  termed 
the  root.  Within  the  stem  we  find  a  soft,  spongy  substance, 
denominated  the  pith.  To  the  root  and  stem  are  attached 
branches,  and  to  those  of  the  stem  are  attached  leaves,  flowers, 
and  fruit. 

We  shall  describe  the  above  organs  in  the  order  laid  down. 


Section  1. —  Cuticle  atid  Epidermis. 

35.  The  cuticle  is  a  thin  continuous  membrane,  covering  the 
whole  plant,  even  the  minutest  hairs,  with  the  exception  of  the 
stomata,  which  it  sometimes  enters  and  lines  the  cavity  beneath. 
It  is  thought  by  some  to  be  a  secretion  of  the  subjacent  cells,  by 
others  that  it  is  a  cell  membrane,  and  by  others  still,  that  it  is 
organic  mucus.  It  is  easily  observed  in  the  Cabbage.  It  is  the 
only  covering  of  some  aquatic  plants. 

36.  The  epidermis  is  composed  of  flattened  cells,  adhering 
to  each  other  by  their  edges,  and  forming  a  continuous  covering 
over  the  whole  plant,  except  the  stigmatic  surface,  spongioles, 
and  parts  growing  under  water,  and  is  generally  composed  of 
a  single  layer  of  cells,  but  sometimes  in  succulent  plants  of  two 
or  more  layers.  The  epidermis  of  the  Oleander  is  composed  of 
three  or  four  layers  of  thick-sided  cells.  The  joining  lines  of 
the  cells  may  be  seen  on  the  leaves  of  plants  by  the  microscope, 
presenting,  generally,  hexagonal  figures  more  j,.    ^j 

or  less  regular.  Sometimes,  however,  the 
lines  produce  irregular  figures,  assignable  to 
no  geometrical  form.  The  epidermis  may 
be  easily  separated  from  the  subjacent  layer 
of  the  leaves  of  the  Iris  or  Lily,  by  means  of 
a  sharp  knife,  and  examined  in  water  with 
the  microscope.  If  the  microscope  be  good, 
the  cellular  cavities  will  be  easily  seen,  oth- 
erwise the  flattened  surface  only  can  be  dis- 
tinguished.   

37.  On  the  lines  which  separate  the  cells  that  compose  the 
cuticle,  small  oval  spaces  are  observed,  which  are  called  stomata, 


35.  What  is  the  cuticle  ?  In  what  plants  easily  observed  ?  Of  what 
plants  is  it  the  only  covering? — 86.  Of  what  is  the  epidermis  conaposed? 
How  may  the  epidermis  be  obtained  and  examined  ? — 37.  What  are  stomata  ? 


CUTICLE    AND    EPIDERMIS.  23 

in  allusion  to  the  function  they  are  supposed  to  perform — that 
of  mouths  through  which  the  plant  respires,  Fig.  21.  These 
stomata  are  curiously  constructed,  generally  consisting  of  two 
oblong  cells,  placed  parallel  to  each  other  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  aperture,  as  seen  in  Fig.  21,  and  have  the  power  of  shutting 
the  orifice,  and  at  other  times  of  opening  it ;  thus  the  respiration 
and  evaporation  of  the  plant  is  controlled  by  these  little  cells. 
Of  these  we  shall  speak  more  particularly  when  describing  the 
functions  of  the  leaves.  Stomata  occur  on  the  green  parts  of 
plants,  and  not  usually  on  other  parts,  not  even  on  blanched 
portions  of  a  plant. 

The  number  of  stomata  is  very  various  on  different  plants, 
and  even  on  the  same  plant,  as  on  the  upper  and  under  sur- 
faces of  leaves,  being  much  the  most  numerous  usually  on  the 
under  surface.  On  the  leaf  of  the  3fisletoe,  the  number  of 
stomata  on  a  square  inch  is  only  200,  the  same  number  being 
on  each  surface;  on  the  Vine-leaf  13,600  to  the  square  inch  on 
the  under  surface,  none  on  the  upper;  Holly,  63,600  on  the 
under  surface,  none  on  the  upper;  Lilac,  160,000  on  the  under 
surface,  few  on  the  upper.  With  regard  to  the  origin  of 
stomata,  considerable  discussion  has  been  carried  on,  but  no 
very  satisfactory  conclusion  has  been  arrived  at.  Schleiden  and 
Link  are  supporters  of  different  opinions.  The  former  supposes 
that  the  stomata  result  from  the  limit  of  development  of  cyto- 
blasts ;  that  two  internal  cells  are  developed,  and  by  the  ab- 
sorption of  the  parent  cells,  the  space  between  them  becomes 
the  stomata,  and  that  the  cells  forming  the  stomatic  sphincter 
diff'er  in  no  respect  from  the  other  cells.  The  latter  believes 
the  stomata  are  secreting  glands,  and  not  mere  openings  in  the 
cuticle  for  the  transmission  of  air  and  gases. 

38.  The  epidermis  gives  rise  to  various  little  organs,  which 
are  classed  under  the  heads  of  Hairs,  Glandular  Hairs,  Stints, 
Prickles,  Scurf,  and  Lenticels. 

39.  Hairs  are  formed  of  one  or  more  cells  proceeding  from 
the  epidermis,  and  are  covered  with  the  cuticle.  To  examine 
their  structure,  a  good  microscope  is  absolutely  necessary.  In 
the  Spider-wort  (Tradescantia)  the  hair  is  composed  of  cells 
placed  end  to  end,  and  has  the  appearance  of  the  antenn.-c  of 
insects,  and  in  these  cells  a  circulation  is  distinctly  visible.  The 
sides  of  these  cells  are  double,  although  the  wall  of  a  cell  under 
common  circumstances,  appears  of  simple  membrane.  That 
this  is  not  the  fact,  is  proved  by  permitting  the  cell  to  dry  on 

Of  what  do  they  consist?  Where  do  they  occur?  What  is  said  of  their 
number  ?— 38.  To  what  does  the  epidermis  give  rise  ?— 39.  How  arc  liairs 
formed  ? 


24  CUTICLE   AND   EPIDERMIS. 

the  field  of  the  microscope,  when  the  membranes  will  separate, 
and  a  space  be  observed  between  the  membranes.  It  is  in  thik 
space  that  the  cinenchyma  is  located,  and  in  which  tissue  the 
observed  circulation  goes  on. 

40.  Glandular  Hairs  are  such  as  possess  the  power  of  secre- 
ting various  subst^ces  which  give  the  peculiar  odor  to  somt 
plants.  They  are*  t?i*minated  at  the  top  by  an  enlargement  oi 
the  hair,  sometii^C?^  c^Saining  cavities  in  which  the  secretion  is 
deposited  befo]^beii§  set  free,  at  others  by  a  cup-like  cavity, 
answering  a  sj^i^aii|^urpose. 

41.  >S'^^?^/^ar^'sharp,  stiff  pointed  hairs,  which  take  their 
rise  from  tj^e  suQimits  of  conical  reservoirs  composed  of  many 
separate  ^H,  ji^liich  are  filled  with  a  poisonous  fluid  secreted 
by  theser|^a^^:  The  sting  has  an  orifice  at  its  summit,  con- 
nected |Hth  ^  cells  containing  the  acrid  secretion  ;  and,  by  the 
force  require^^to  pierce  the  skin,  it  presses  upon  the  cavities 
which  propels  the  fluid  up  the  tube,  and  injects  it  into  the  wound 
made  by  the  point.  It  is  this  poison  which  causes  the  severe 
pain  occasioned  by  the  sting  of  the  nettle. 

42.  Prickles  are  hard,  sharp-pointed,  stiff"  productions  of  the 
cuticle,  often  hooked  at  the  extremities.  When  the  prickles 
have  acquired  their  full  growth,  they  are  quite  firmly  attached 
to  the  stem ;  but  as  the  stem  advances  in  size,  the  prickles,  re- 
maining of  the  same  dimensions,  become  loosened  at  their  base 
and  fall  oflf.  Hence,  old  stems  are  seldom  covered  with  prick- 
les, while  the  younger  ones  are  prickly. 

43.  Scurf  or  Lepides^  appearing  to  the  naked  eye  like  a 
mealy  substance  on  some  leaves,  are  scales  attached  to  the  stem 
by  their  center,  and  seem  to  be  formed  by  the  cohesion  of  many 
hairs  having  the  same  point  in  the  cuticle  for  their  origin. 

44.  Lenticels  are  brown  spots  appearing  on  the  stems  of 
many  trees  and  shrubs,  at  first  nearly  round,  but  as  the  stem 
increases  in  size,  they  assume  a  linear  form,  and  produce  trans- 
verse spots  on  the  surface  of  the  stem,  as  may  be  seen  in  the 
■Cherry,  Willow,  Birch,  and  other  trees  and  shrubs.  By  a  closer 
examination,  we  find  the  lenticels  to  consist  of  a  corky  sub- 
stance apparently  projecting  through  apertures  in  the  cuticle, 
and  being  divided  into  two  lips  by  a  medial  slit.  By  cutting 
through  one  of  these  lenticels  transversely,  and  examining  it  with 
a  microscope,  the  student  will  find  that  they  are  placed  on  the 
external  layer  of  the  bark,  between  it  and  the  epidermis,  and 
that  it  has  no  connection  with  the  bark,  much  less  with  the  wood. 

40.  Describe    glandular  hairs. — 41.  What  are   stings  ? — 42.  What  are 
prickles  ? — 43.  What  is  scurf? — 44.  What  are  lenticels  ? 


THE    BAKK. 


25 


Section  2.— The  Bark. 


45.  The  bark  lies  immediately  beneath  the  epidermis.  It 
consists  of  several  layers.  In  the  early  state  it  is  entirely  cel- 
lular, and  is  exactly  like  the  pith  with  which  it  is  in  contact ; 
but  by  the  production  of  vessels  and  woody  fiber,  they  are  sepa- 
rated and  become  very  different  in  appearance  and  constitution. 
The  bark  consists  of  two  portions,  the  cellular  and  vascular, 
the  latter  of  which  is  called  Hber,  and  is  the  inner  portion  of 
the  bark.  The  cellular  portion  is  usually  divided  into  two  por- 
tions. The  outer  portion  is  called  the  suberose  or  coi-ky  layer^ 
or  Epiphloeum,  Fig.  22  e^.     It  is  composed  of  cubical  or  flat- 


Fig.  22. 


jtti* 


« — the   pith  ;   m— medullfiry  sheat 
dad — dotted  ducts;   c — canibiim;    h — liber;   ce — mesophloc 
ura;  ep— epiphloeum;  e—cpide 


w  ID  w — woody  fiber  ; 
— mesophl 
mr — medullary  rays. 


tened  cells,. having  no  coloring  matter  within  them,  but  turning 
brown  by  age.  It  is  sometimes  composed  of  a  single  layer  of 
cells,  at  others  it  is  produced  in  great  quantities,  as  in  the  Cork- 
tree. The  form  of  the  cells  makes  it  easy  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  subjacent  layer. 

The  inner  cellular  layer  of  the  bark  is  callo'l  the  mesophlocum, 
Fig  22  ce.  It  consists  of  prismatic  cells,  usually  inclosing  the 
green  coloring  matter  that  gives  color  to  the  young  stem.  It 
lies  looser  than  the  suberose  layer,  and  is  largely  developed  in 
the  coniferce.     The  lactiferous  tissue  is  found  beneath  this  layer. 

46.  The  epidermis,  cellular  integument,  and  liber,  may  be 


Into  how  nmny  portions  is  the  ocl- 
lavcr.     Wluit  is  tlie  inner  cclliihir 


45.  Of  what  does  the  bark  consist? 
luhir  divided  ?     Describe  the  suberose  layer.     Wluit  is  the  inner  colliilar 
laytr  called  ?    Describe  ir. — 40.  Where  may  the  several  parte  of  the  bark  be 
seen  ?    How  often  are  they  formed  ? 


26  THE   EAKK. 

very  readily  examined  in  a  bi-anch  of  the  Cherry  of  one  year's 
growth.  The  epidermis  will  readily  peal  off,  tearing  trans- 
versely. The  cellular  integnments  may  then  be  easily  separated 
from  the  subjacent  liber.  The  two  layers  of  the  bark  jm-c-  ;  ;tch 
formed  every  year,  and  of  course  the  thick  bark  of  old  trees  is 
made  up  of  alternate  layers  of  cellular  integuments  an.l  liber. 
From  the  enlargement  of  the  stem,  and  the  internal  foimation 
of  bark,  the  outer  layers  become  distended  and  broken,  and 
thereby  produce  the  rugged  appearance  of  some  old  trees ;  and 
the  annual  peeling  off  of  the  bark  of  the  Sycamore,  which,  from 
the  slight  cohesion  of  the  different  layers,  falls  oft'  as  soon  as 
broken,  prevents  its  forming  longitudinal  ridges  like  those  of 
the  Oak  and  Fine. 

47.  The  liber  is  composed  of  woody  fiber  and  cylindrical  ves- 
sels, a  modification,  undoubtedly,  of  the  spiral.  These  together 
form  the  strong  fibers,  which  compose  the  net-work  of  this  part 
of  the  hark.  The  fibers  of  the  liber,  from  their  tenacity  and 
interlacing,  are  often  made  materials  for  use.  The  bark  of  the 
flax  and  hemp  consists  of  these  fibers,  and  when  twisted  to- 
gether constitute  the  cordage,  thread,  and  cloth  which  are  manu- 
factured from  these  plants.  The  fibers  are  sometimes  so  closely 
and  firml}"  interwoven  as  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  manu- 
ftictured  fabrics  for  clothing,  vvith  no  other  preparation  than  that 
of  separating  and  flattening  tlie  layers.  Jamaica  and  the 
Sandwich  Islands  aftbrd  examples  of  these  productions.  A 
beautiful  lace  is  obtained  by  the  natives  of  the  Pacific  and  West 
India  Islands,  from  the  liber  of  different  trees  of  the  Mezerium 
tribe.  Cordage  also  is  manufactured  from  the  liber  of  trees  of 
the  same  f:imily ;  and  our  own  Dirca,  did  it  grow  to  suflicient 
magnitude,  might  aftbrd  beautiful  examples  of  the  same  kind 
of  nature's  manufacture.  From  the  liber  of  the  Daphne  bohlua 
of  Nipal,  a  very  soft,  beautiful  paper  is  said  to  be  manufactured. 
The  liber  of  trees,  before  the  invention  of  paper  or  jjarchment, 
was  stripped  into  layers,  flattened  and  cemented  into  leaves, 
which  formed  books  ;  and  it  is  from  this  circumstance  that  it 
derives  its  name.  The  Russians  also  manufacture  mats,  vrhich 
bear  their  name  from  a  species  of  the  Tillia  (Linden-tree). 

48i  The  cellular  integument  is  not  w^ithout  its  uses,  deriving 
its  value,  too,  from  its  peculiar  structure.  It  is  the  immense 
development  of  this  integument  that  forms  cork,  so  extensively 
employed  for  various  useful  purposes  :  and  it  is  the  development 
of  the  same  material  in  this  part  of  the  bark,  that  constitutes 

47.  Of  what  !s  the  liber  composed  ?    Yv  hat  use  is  made  of  it  i — i.6.  Of 
what  use  the  cellular  integument? 


THE  STKM.  27 

the  value  of  many  of  the  garden  vegetables,  wliidi,  in  their 
primitive,  uncultivated  state,  are  as  unlit  for  food  as  any  otlier 
kind  of  root ;  but  the  effect  of  cultivation  in  good  soil,  is  to 
increase  the  cellular  integument  without  increasing  the  liber ; 
thus  fitting  the  roots  for  becoming  food  for  men  and  aniinals. 

49.  In  a  great  number  of  trees,  the  bark  is  make  the  deposi- 
tory of  important  articles.  Tannin,  by  which  raw  liides  are  con- 
verted  into  leather,  is  found  in   the  bark  of  several  species  of 

he  Quercus,  or  Oak,  and  in  the  Pinus  Canadensis,  or  Hem- 
lock. Gum  is  also  an  abundant  product  of  the  bark,  and  is 
scarcely  found  in  the  wood.  Coloring  matter  is  often  found 
deposited  in  tliis  organ,  though  not  so  generally  as  in  the  wood  : 
also  jnedicinal  substances  of  every  grade,  from  the  mildest  muci- 
lage of  the  Ulmus  fulva  and  Bene  plant,  to  the  most  powerful 
poisons  of  the  Daphne  mezerium,  and  of  those  yielding  the 
Hydrocyanic  or  Prussic  Acid.  Numerous  examples  might  be 
added  of  the  important  pnjductions  of  this  organ,  but  they 
will  be  reserved  for  a  future  section. 

50.  T\\Q  functions  of  the  bark,  taken  as  a  whole,  seem  to  be 
the  protection  of  the  newly  formed  Avood,  the  secreting  of  vari- 
ous products,  and  forming  a  channel  through  which  the  descend- 
ing elaborated  sap  may  pass  to  the  various  parts  of  the  stem. 
The  functions  of  the  cellular  integument  and  liber,  separately 
considered,  have  not  been  determined.  There  appears  to  be 
plausibility  in  the  conjecture,  that  the  cellular  part  of  the  bark, 
being  deposited  first,  acts  the  same  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
liber  that  the  pith  performs  in  a  newly  formed  branch,  that  of 
affording  nourishment,  if  it  does  not  act  some  part  in  generating 
the  fibers  themselves.  If,  as  has  been  supposed,  the  cellular 
system  is  the  generating  apparatus  of  vegetables — and  that  it 
is  in  some  cases,  we  have  the  best  evidence — will  it  not  afford 
a  probable  reason  for  the  arrangement  of  the  cellular  and  vas- 
cular tissues  in  alternate  layers,  if  we  suppose  that  the  cellular 
tissue,  being  first  deposited,  acts  as  the  generator  of  the  fibrous 
tissue  of  the  hber  ? 

Section  3. —  The  Stem. 

51.  The  stem  is  that  part  of  the  plant  to  which  the  leaves 
and  flowers  are  attached.  There  are  three  distinct  varieties  of 
this  organ,  characterized  by  their  manner  of  growth. 

The  first  is  called  dicotijledonous,  from  the  fact  that  the  seed 


49.  What  deposition  made  in  the  bark  ?— 50.  Wliat  are  the  functions  of 
tlio  bark? — 51.  What  is  the  stem  ?     How  many  varieties  ? 


28 


THE   STEM. 


has  two  leaves.  It  is  readily  known  by  the  stem  consisting  of 
regular  con centri  3  layers  of  wood,  and  the  leaves  having  reticulated 
veins,  while  the  number  of  floral  organs  is  usually  five  or  a  multi- 
ple of  that  number.  All  of  these  characters  are  not  always  coin- 
cident, but  one  or  more  of  them  serve  to  mark  the  variety.  De 
Candolle  called  this  class  of  plants  exogens,  which  means  to 
grow  outwardly,  which  is  true  with  regard  to  the  wood,  but  not 
of  the  bark,  which  grows  inwardly  or  by  a  deposition  of  matter 
internally,  which  is  the  only  real  endogenous  growth.  It  in- 
cludes all  the  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  temperate  zones. 

52%  In  the  embryo  state,  all  plants  are  composed  of  cellular/ 
tissue.  As  germination  advances,  the  cells  begin  to  elongate,  and 
form  fibers  and  vessels  which  penetrate  the  cellular  substance. 
By  multiplying  in  number,  they  form  a  circle  of  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  about  midway  between  the  center  and  circumference 
of  the  young  stem.     Fig.  23  a  represents  a  magnified  section  in 


Fig.  23. 


a — a  section  of  a  young  plant  greatly  magniCed  ;  r  i — cellular  tissue  ; 
U)  w— bundles  of  spiral  vessels  and  woody  fiber  ;  j)— the  pith. 

b—u  71— new  bundles  of  spiral  vessels  and  woody  liber,  forming  a  more 
complete  circle. 

which  the  bundles  begin  to  present  a  circular  outline.  As  the 
season  advances,  the  fibro-vascular  bundles  increase  in  number 
(Fig.  23  6),  and  the  lateral  spaces  become  less  and  less,  and  bv 
subdivision  more  numerous,  until  they  are  exceedingly  thin  and 
the  contained  celhdar  substance  is  compactly  pressed,  forming 
very  thin  plates  called  medullary  rays.  The  inner  vessels  of  this 
zone  are  true  spiral  vessels,  and  they,  together  with  the  fibers 
and  cells,  form  a  thin  cylinder  called  the  medullary  sheath^ 
Fig.  22,  m. 


What  is  tlie  first  called  ?  How  characterized  ?  What  does  it  include  ?— 
52.  What  takes  place  as  germination  advances  ?  How  are  the  medullarj 
fpys  formed  ?    "VVliat  constitutes  the  medullar}'  sheath  ? 


/  THE  stj:m.  21f 

53.  If  we  take  the  stem  of  the  Oak  of  one  year's  growth, 
and  examine  a  transverse  section  of  it  with  a  microscope,  we 
shall  observe  the  following  appearances,  as  exhibited  in  Fig.  22, 
which  represents  a  wedge  extending  from  the  outside  to  the 
center  of  the  pith :  p  indicates  the  cells  of  the  pith,  being  loose 
and  large  at  the  center,  more  compact  toward  the  medullary 
sheath ;  m  points  out  the  medullary  sheath,  composed  mostly 
of  spiral  vessels ;  iv  lu  w,  the  woody  tissue  formed  the  first  year ; 
ddd,  dotted  ducts,  the  largest  vessels  of  the  stem,  the  open 
mouths  of  which  are  seen  on  that  part  of  the  figure  represent- 
ing the  transverse  section ;  c  points  out  the  thin  layer  of  cam- 
bium, which  is  the  generating  layer  ;  6,  the  liber  of  the  bark  ; 
t,  the  lactiferous  vessels ;  c  e,  the  cellular  envelope  or  meso- 
phloeum ;  e  p,  the  corky  or  suberose  layer ;  e,  the  epidermis. 
These  are  the  products  of  one  year. 

54*  The  medullary  sheath  is  composed  of  spiral  vessels  and 
woody  fiber  connected  by  cellular  tissue.  It  precedes  every 
other  formation, except  the  cellular,  in  the  elongation  of  branches. 
The  leaves  derive  their  origin  from  the  medullary  sheath.  The 
true  spiral  vessels  in  the  stem  of  exogenous  plants  are  found 
only  in  the  medullary  sheath.  In  paragraph  29  we  gave  our 
opinion  as  to  the  reason  for  spiral  vessels  being  found  only  in 
this  organ.  They  are  certainly  required  in  the  earliest  develop- 
ment of  the  vegetable,  and  no  increase  in  length  of  vascular 
vegetables  ever  takes  place  in  wliich  this  form  of  the  elementary 
organs  does  not  enter  into  its  formation.  And  we  very  well 
know  that  every  function,  except  what  its  physical  properties 
enable  it  to  perform,  is  performed  by  other  varieties  of  tissue ; 
and  to  our  mind  there  is  not  a  more  beautiful  instance  of  adap- 
tation and  design,  or  a  clearer 
illustration  of  Infinite  wisdom  ^'S'  ^ 

in  the  constitution  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  than  is  exhib- 
ited in  the  structure  of  the 
organ  under  consideration. 

55.  If  we  examine  our  trans- 
verse section   again,  we  shall 

perceive    that    the   woody    part  Exhibiting  the  medulUry  rays. 

is   separated    apparently    into 

numerous  wedge-shaped  portions,  their  bases  terminating  in  the 

bark,  and  their  apexes  in  the  pith,  as  seen  in  Fig.  24  ;  and  a 


53.  What  shall  we  find  in  tlie  examination  of  a  stem  of  oak  of  one  year's 
growth  ?— 54.  Describe  the  medullary  sheath  ?  What  derive  their  origin 
from  it  ? — 55.  Describe  the  medullary  rays. 


30  WOODY    STEM. 

row  of  the  cut  cells  is  seen  in  the  preceding  fiornre  (Fic^.  24), 
marked  mr.  By  a  longitudinal  section  made  in  the  direction  of 
these  lines,  we  shall  find  that  they  are  plates  of  substance  proceed- 
ing from  the  pitn  and  terminating  in  the  bark.  They  are  called 
mechdlary  processes^  or  medullary  rays,  and  are  composed  of  cells 
in  the  form  of  thin  parallelopipedons.  In  the  embryo,  and  in  the 
earliest  development  of  the  stem,  the  cellular  substance  of  the 
bark  and  pith,  are  in  contact,  but  immediately  vascular  and 
woody  fibers  are  sent  down,  which  pierce  the  cellular  substance, 
dividing  the  mass  of  the  pith  from  the  parenchyma  of  the  bark, 
but  leaving  them  connected  by  the  medullary  processes ;  so  that 
parts  which  were  in  contact  in  the  early  stages,  become  separa- 
ted, sometimes  by  several  feet,  yet  a  communication  is  preserved 
by  the  medullar}^  rays,  which  continues  as  long  as  life  lasts. 

56i  Each  of  the  layers  of  wood,  as  we  before  remarked,  is 
the  product  of  a  single  year,  and  by  counting  these  layers  the 
age  of  the  tree  at  the  point  of  section  is  readily  determined, 
and  by  finding  the  diff'erence  in  the  number  of  layers  between 
any  two  points  of  section,  will  determine  the  time  that  the  tree 
was  growing  the  distance  between  the  sections.  For  instance, 
if  we  should  count  the  layers  of  a  stick  of  timber,  and  find  the 
number  twenty  at  one  end,  and  ten  at  the  other,  it  would  show 
that  ten  years  were  required  for  the  tree  to  increase  in  length 
the  distance  between  these  points.  From  these  facts,  we  readily 
perceive,  that  trees  must  be  composed  of  concentric  conical 
sheaths  ;  the  product  of  the  first  year  forming  such  a  sheath 
around  the  pith,  and  that  of  the  second  year  forming  a  layej 
around  the  product  of  the  first  year  and  the  pith  ;  the  pith  ex- 
tending through  the  whole  cone.  We  also  observe,  that  the 
mode  of  increase  is  inverse  to  that  of  the  bark,  for  the  bark  we 
found  increased  by  an  internal  layer  of  cellular  integument  and 
liber,  and  we  now  find  that  the  wood  increases  generally  by  an 
external  layer  of  cellular  matter  and  woody  fiber,  the  layer  of 
woody  fiber  and  liber  always  being  in  contact  when  the  layers 
are  completed.  We  may  readily  convince  ourselves  of  the  in- 
verse growth  of  the  bark  and  wood,  by  inserting  two  wires,  one 
through  the  bark,  but  not  so  as  to  touch  the  wood,  and  in  time 
this  wire  will  fall  off,  having  no  deposit  made  exterior  to  it ;  but 
by  inserting  the  other  wire  so  that  it  shall  pass  through  a  slight 
portion  of  the  wood,  instead  of  falling  off,  it  will  become  buried 
deeper  and  deeper  every  year  by  the  layers  of  wood  that  are 

How  are  the  pith  and  bark  in  the  earher  stages  of  growth  ? — 56.  How 
often  are  layers  of  wood  produced  ?  How  can  the  age  of  a  tree  be  deter- 
mined ?  How  are  trees  composed  ?  How  is  the  growth  of  wood  com- 
pared with  that  of  the  bark  ?    How  may  we  convince  ourselves  of  this  ? 


THE   STEM.  31 

formed  over  it — thus  proving  most  clearly  the  order  in  which 
the  wood  and  bark  are  formed. 

57.  A  remarkable  case  of  the  deposition  of  external  layers 
of  (licotyledonous  stems  is  related  of  the  Baobab-tree  (Adansonia 
dig-itata)  of  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands.  In  the  year  1400, 
Grew  cut  liis  name  on  two  of  these  trees,  and  in  1749  (three 
hundred  and  forty-nine  years  afterward)  Adanson  examined  the 
same  trees  and  found  the  names,  with  more  than  three  hundred 
layere  of  wood  deposited  over  them.  If  we  examine  a  trans- 
verse section  of  a  trunk  of  a  ti-ee,  we  observe  that  the  wood 
near  the  pith  and  that  near  the  bark  pi-esent  very  different  ap- 
pearances :  the  latter  being  white  and  soft,  and  more  or  less 
juicy,  is  called  the  alburnum  or  sojy-ivood ;  the  former,  being 
darker  colored  and  hard,  is  called  the  keart-icood.  The  ves- 
sels of  the  alburnum  are  always  filled  with  sap,  and  no  doubt 
form  the  channel  through  which  this  fluid  ascends.  This  is 
shown  most  conclusively  in  the  process  of  girdling  trees.  If  the 
sap-wood  is  cut  completely  through  all  around,  the  tree  dies  im- 
mediately ;  but,  if  a  part  of  this  is  left,  the  tree  may  linger 
through  the  summer,  and  perhaps  longer,  the  continuance  of 
life  being  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  sap-wood  left  uncut. 
In  the  young  tree  all  the  wood  is  alburnum,  but  as  it  increases 
in  age  we  may  notice  the  time  in  which  the  innermost  layer  is 
converted  into  heart-wood.  This  change  from  alburnum  to  per- 
fect wood,  is  no  doubt  occasioned  in  a  great  measure  by  the  de- 
position of  foreign  matter,  which  prevents  the  tissue  from  any 
longer^  performing  vital  functions,  increases  its  density,  and  of 
course  renders  it  more  fii-m  and  compact  The  time  i^equired 
for  the  conversion  of  alburnum  into  perfect  wood,  differs  con- 
siderably in  different  trees,  and  it  is  also  different  in  trees  of  the 
same  species,  owing  to  situation :  even  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
same  tree,  the  number  of  layers  of  alburnum  is  often  different 
In  trees  of  the  same  species,  exposed  to  the  same  intluences,  the 
number  of  layers  of  alburnum  is  remarkably  uniform.  In  some 
cases  there  is  a  striking  contrast  in  the  appearance  of  the  albur- 
num and  perfect  wood.  In  the  Ebony  the  alburnum  is  white, 
while  the  perfect  wood  is  nearly  black.  In  the  Camb-wo(xl,  the 
alburniriii  is  also  white,  and  the  perfect  wood  a  deep  red.  There 
se.-nis  to  be  a  certain  fitness  required  in  the  vegetable  tissues  bn- 
f -le  they  are  capabie  of  receiving  the  coloring  matter,  for  other- 
vvi.^e  we  should   suppose  the  change  would  be  more  gradual : 

•^7.  Wbat  reiTinrka>>]c  ense  ?  Wlifit  is  all)uriinin  ?  WImf  is  licart-wooil  ? 
llnws'riown  that  tlierc  is  a  circulation  in  tiic  albunium  ?  How  is  albiirmim 
ciiaug-ed  into  pertect  wood  i  What  of  the  time  required  for  the  chiuigc  f 
Describe  the  change  in  appearance  ? 


32  THE    STEM. 

but  the  line  of  demarkation  is  often  perfect ;  the  black  external 
layer  of  the  perfect  wood  being  surrounded  by  a  perfectly  white 
layer  of  alburnum,  thus  showing  that  the  transition  is  performed 
at  once,  and  not  gradually,  as  is  generally  supposed. 

58t  The  pith  is  the  central  portion  of  the  stem,  commencing  at 
its  base  and  extending  through  it  and  through  every  branch,  ter- 
minating in  the  buds.  It  is  composed  of  loose  cellular  substance, 
varying  considerably  in  size,  form,  and  appearance  in  different 
plants.  In  some  plants  it  forms  a  large  portion  of  the  stem,  as  in 
the  Elder ;  in  others  but  a  small  part ;  and  in  trees,  becomes  com- 
pressed into  a  mere  line,  as  in  the  Oak.  It  never  increases  in 
quantity  in  the  same  part  of  the  stem.  Its  only  function  seems 
to  be  that  of  nourishing  the  young  buds.  During  its  early 
stages  it  is  filled  with  fluid,  and  performs,  undoubtedly,  the  first 
vital  functions  :  but  after  the  young  shoot  has  become  organized 
so  as  to  derive  nourishment  from  other  sources,  the  now  useless 
pith  becomes  dry ;  being  exhausted  of  its  fluids  and  often  torn 
and  variously  divided  by  the  growth  of  the  stem.  It  not  un- 
frequently  entirely  decays,  thus  showing  that  it  js  necessary  only 
in  the  early  stages  of  the  plant. 

59.  There  are  frequently  to  be  found  in  the  bark  of  several 
trees,  particularly  of  the  Beach,  small  conical  bodies  composed 
of  wood,  pith,  and  medullary  rays,  which  are  called  nodules. 
They  are  generally,  in  their  early  stage  at  least,  not  connected 
with  the  subjacent  wood.  Dutrochet  believes  nodules  to  be  ad- 
ventitious buds,  which  generally  do  not  acquire  force  suflScient 
for  their  development  into  branches  ;  but  in  some  cases  they  do 
produce  branches,  which  are  of  a  weakly  character. 

60.  Monocotyledonous  stems  are  characterized  by  having  the 
difterent  portions  less  distinctly  marked  than  they  are  in  the  pre- 
ceding class,  having  parallel-veined  leaves,  the  number  of  floral 
organs  three  or  six,  and  not  having  any  medullary  rays  or  dis- 
tinct bark  or  pith. 

The  monocotyledonous  stem  increases,  as  all  other  vegetables 
do,  by  the  deposition  of  the  new  matter  exterior  to  the  old. 
The  peculiarity  of  this  growth  depends  mainly  upon  the  fact, 
that  the  new  leaves  are  formed  on  nearly  the  same  plane  with 
older  ones.  Shorten  the  internodes  of  an  oak,  and  let  the  leaves 
become  formed  and  produce  new  matter  before  they  rise  above 
the  older  ones,  and  you  would  essentially  convert  it  into  a  mo- 
nocotyledonous growth.     You  would  destroy  in  a  great  measure 

58.  What  is  the  pith?  How  tho  quantity  in  different  plants?  Does  it 
ever  increase  in  quantity?  How  in  its  earliest  stage? — 59.  What  are  nod- 
ules ? — 60.  How  are  monocotyledonous  stems  characterized  ?  How  do 
their  stems  increase  ?    On  what  does  this  pecul  arity  depend  ? 


THE    STEM. 


83 


the  regular  deposition  of  wood,  and  would  interfere  more  or 
less  with  the  regular  formation  of  bark,  especially  toward  the 
top  of  the  stem.  This  is  the  case  with  monocotyledonous  arbo- 
rescent stems. 

y^l.  If  we  make  a  longitudinal  section  of  a  stem  of  the  dwarf 
Palmetto,  we  shall  observe  the  following  appearances.  We  find 
it  composed  of  numerous  fibers,  interlacing  in  all  directions  ; 
but  the  general  direction  of  the  threads,  if  we  commence  at 
the  top,  is  toward  the  center,  where 
they  curve  toward  the   circumference,  ^"'s-  27. 


Fig.  25. 


Fig.  26 


A  tran.sverse  section 
of  a  portion  of  the 
Yucca  glorio.sa,  fiom 
the  center  to  the  cir- 
cumference. 


I'ransverse  section  of  a  fibro- 
vnscnlar  bundle  of  a  mono- 
cotyledonous stem. 


Lonpitiidinal  section  of  a  mo- 
nocotyledonous stem. 


Fig.  27.  The  point  where  the  bundle  approaches  nearest  the 
center  is  where  the  base  of  the  leaf  has  its  origin,  and  sends  out 
bundles  toward  the  circumference.  The  curve  from  that  point 
to  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  the  track  that  the  base  of  the  leaf  has 
takeri  in  its  growth.  These  bundles  are  composed  of  woody 
fiber,  tubes,  and  spiral  vessels  (Fig.  26),  toward  the  top,  or  nearest 
the  leaf,  and  of  tubes  and  woody  fiber  toward  the  bottom,  and 
ending  in  woody  fiber  only. 

62i  All  the  leaves  have  their  origin  at  the  center  of  the  stem 
at  the  top,  around  the  base  of  a  central  vesicle.  As  new  leaves 
are  formed  and  raised  up,  the  older  ones  are  pushed  out  by  the 
deposition  of  cellular  matter,  and  come  to  the  lateral  surface  of 
the  stem,  and  then  all  the  new  matter  goes  down  on  the  out- 
side, like  a  dicotyledon,  and  forms  wood  and  bark. 

63.  All  monocotyledons  are  constructed  on  the  same  general 
rinciple,  and  most  of  the  variations  are  explicable  by  the  greater 


pri 


61.  Wliat  is  the  appnarancc  of  a  lonfritudinal  section  of  the  dwarf  pal- 
metto ?  What  is  the  point  where  the  bundles  approach  nearest  the  center  ? 
What  is  tlie  curve  from  that  point  to  the  base  of  the  leaf?  Ofwhat  are  those 
bundles  composed? — 62.  Where  do  all  leaves  have  their  origin  ?  — Go.  Wlm. 
is  said  of  the  construction  of  monocotyledons  ? 

2* 


34:  THE   ROOT. 

or  less  lengthening  of  the  spaces  between  the  bases  of  the  leaves, 
or  internodes.  In  the  Onion  there  is  no  separation  ;  in  the  Smi- 
lax  and  Cane  a  great  separation  ;  in  the  Pahnetto  just  enough 
to  bring  the  leaves  to  the  lateral  surface  of  the  stem.  Fig.  25 
exhibits  the  structure  of  the  monocotjdedonous  stem  as  seen  in 
a  cross-section.  It  is  an  exact  exhibition  of  a  section  of  the 
Yucca.  The  dots  are  the  ends  of  the  fibro-vascular  bundles. 
Fig.  27  exhibits  a  longitudinal  section  through  the  axis  and 
through  the  terminal  vesicle  c  v,  around  which  all  the  leaves  are 
formed  ;  6,  the  base  of  a  leaf;  c,  the  point  where  the  leaf  b  had  its 
origin  ;  e,  compact  cellular  substance  immediately  below  the  gen- 
erating surface.  The  fibers  proceeding  from  the  base  of  the 
leaves  toward  the  surface  of  the  stem  are  smaller  than  the 
others,  as  they  contain  few^er  vessels.  The  ascent  of  sap  in 
monocotyledons  is  the  same  as  in  the  dicotyledons,  that  is,  in  the 
newly  formed  wood. 

Fig.  26  is  a  transverse  section  of  one  of  the  bundles  greatly 
magnified,  as  it  is  found  at  the  base  of  the  leaf;  w,  woody  fiber ; 
d,  dotted  ducts  ;  s,  spiral  vessels.  The  spiral  vessels  are  always 
toward  the  center  of  the  stem.  This  is  the  structure  till  it  ar- 
rives at  the  point  nearest  to  the  center,  when  it  becomes  smaller  : 
the  spiral  vessels  are  imperfect,  and  finally  they  entirely  disap- 
pear, and  nothing  remains  but  woody  fiber» 

64.  Acotyledons  are  such  plants  as  increase  by  the  elonga- 
tion of  their  axis  without  increasing  in  diameter.  The  Ferns 
present  a  type  of  this  class  of  stems.  On  examining  the  stem 
of  a  Fern  we  find  it  composed  of  cellular  substance,  and  vessels 
generally  bearing,  in  some  species,  a  very  close  resemblance  to 
a  variety  of  spiral  vessels.  There  is  another  variety  of  forma- 
tion of  Acrogens,  sometimes  called  the  centrifugal  formation,  as 
exhibited  by  fungi  and  lichens,  in  which  the  formation  proceeds 
from  a  center,  the  substance  being  generated  nearly  upon  the 
same  plane.  Lichens  may  often  be  seen  with  their  centers 
dead,  while  the  circumference  is  alive  and  growing.  Fairy  rings 
are  the  result  of  this  formation. 

Section  4. — Root. 

65.  The  root  is  that  part  of  the  axis  of  the  plant  which  de- 
scends in  its  elongation,  and  is  the  organ  through  which  the 
plant  receives  most  of  its  nourishment,  and  by  which  it  is  at- 

Wbat  does  Ficr.  25  exiiibit  ?  What  Fig.  27  ?  what  of  the  ascent  of  sap 
in  monocotyledons?  What  does  Fisr.  26  exhibit?  What  of  tlie  spiral  ves 
Bels? — 64.  What  are  ucotyledonous  plants  ? — 65.  W^liat  is  the  root? 


Tni<]  m)OT.  35 

tached  tx)  the  place  of  its  irrowtli.  The  root  in  its  ix«''i"^'ral  ap- 
pearance resembles  tlie  stem  ;  and  wlien  taken  too-othor  they 
have  been,  not  unaptly,  compared  to  two  cones  united  by  their 
bases.  Both  take  their  origin  from  the  same  vital  points,  yet 
under  the  influence  of  the  vital  power  they  seem  to  be  endowed 
with  opposite  propensities, — one  growing-  upward,  seeking  light 
and  air,  the  other  with  an  equal  impulse  forcing  its  way  down- 
ward, and  burying  itself  in  the  eaith.  We  may  consider  the 
plant  as  endowed  with  opposite  polarities  ;  one  |X)le  uniformly 
taking  the  direction  of  gravity,  the  other  as  \niiformly  the  oj)- 
posite  direction.  The  surface  of  the  earth  may,  in  general,  be 
considered  the  equator  of  this  living  magnet,  and  the  zenith 
and  nadir  its  poles. 

Although  we  speak  of  Root  and  Stem  being  joined  at  a  point 
called  the  neck,  still  there  is  no  line  of  demarkntion  drawn  by 
nature  by  which  we  may  determine  the  precise  point  where  the 
stem  ends  and  the  root  begins.  The  fibers  extend  from  one  to 
the  other,  and  the  union  is  made  by  a  gi-adual  convei'sion  of  the 
one  into  the  other.  The  seat  of  vitality  has  been  supposed  to 
be  in  the  neck,  but  numerous  examples  will  readily  occur  to  the 
student  disproving  sudi  an  hypothesis.  The  neck  in  many  plants 
may  be  removed,  and  the  roots  and  stems  will  still  survive  by 
pro]>er  attention ;  proving  not  only  that  the  neck  is  not  the  seat 
of  vitality,  but  that  there  is  no  such  single  point  which  if  de- 
stroyed, the  plant  necessarily  perishes. 

66i  The  principal  differences  l)etween  the  root  and  the  stem 
are, — 1st,  the  root  is  destitute  of  pith,  and  2d,  the  true  spiral  ves- 
sels ai^  not  developed  in  it,  heiice  no  medullary  sheath  :  3d, 
there  are  generally  no  regular  buds  formed  on  the  roots;  yet 
they  are  capable  of  putting  them  forth  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, as  may  be  seen  in  the  shoots  tliat  s])rino-  from  the  roots 
of  the  Peach,  Plumb,  Cherry,  and  Poplar :  4th,  Stomates  are  not 
found  in  the  bark  of  the  roots. 

In  other  respects  the  root  does  not  differ  from  the  stem,  and 
the  difierences  above  noticed  are  in  a  great  degree  owing  to  the 
situation  of  the  root.  The  moist,  resisting  medium  in  which  it 
is  placed,  produces  the  variation,  rather  than  any  real  dilfirence 
of  organization.  Stems,  when  exposed  to  different  inlluences, 
change  their  type  of  organization  to  fit  themselves  to  the  dif- 
ferent circumstances  in  which  they  are  placed. 

The  most  imjxtrtant  distinction,  on  which  our  idea  of  the  root 


To  what  may  the  stem  and  root  be  compared  ? — G(>.  AVhat  arc  the  difter- 
*inces  between  root  and  stem?  To  what  may  tlicir  diflerctices  be  in  some 
manner  ascribed  ?  What  is  th  \  most  important  distinction  ? 


30 


THE    EOOT. 


Fig.  28. 


and  stem  should  be  founded,  is  contained  in  tlie  first  pai-t  of  our 
definition,  that  the  root  is  the  descending  part  of  the  axis  of  a 
plant.  If  it  descends  it  is  a  root,  and  if  it  ascends  it  is  a  stem  ; 
we  mean,  of  course,  when  they  meet  with  no  physical  impedi- 
ment. 

67.  The  forms  of  roots  are  various, 
and  receive  difterent  names  in  the  de- 
scriptions of  plants.  Although  various 
divisions  have  been  made  by  different 
Botanists,  yet  great  discrepancies  exist, 
among  them.  We  shall  describe  only 
the  most  common  forms. 

(1.)  Branching  Hoof,  or  Radix  ra- 
mosa,  Fig.  28.  These  roots  are  such 
as  subdivide  in  the  earth  in  a  man- 
ner similar  to  the  divisions  of  the 
stem,  and  are  found  exhibited  in  the 
forest  trees  and  shrubs.  This  variety 
forms  the  true  type  of  roots  ;  and  is 
the  one  from  which  our  ideas  of  this 
organ  are  formed,  as  distinguishing  it  Branching  root. 

from  the  other  organs  of  the  plant. 


Fig.  29. 


(2.)  The  Fibrous 
This  variety  consists 


Boot,  or  Radix  fibrosa. 
of  numerous  fibers  pro- 
ceeding from  the  neck  of  the  plants  and  may 
be  seen  in  most  grasses  and  grains.    Fig.  29. 

(3.)  Fasciculated 
roots.  When  the 
fibers  of  roots  be- 
come enlarged  by 
the  deposition  of 
starch,  they  form 
Fibrous  Root.  this  Variety  of  root, 
as  exhibited  by  the 
Dahlia,  Peony,  &c.,  Fig.  30. 

(4.)  The  Taj)  root,  or  conical  root, 
when  the  root  sinks  perpendicularly  Fasciculated  roots. 

into    the    earth,  and  tapers  regularly 

from  the  base  to  the  apex  with  very  few  fibrous  radicles,  as  in 
the  Beet,  Parsnip,  &c.,  Fig.  31.  Tliis  variety  contains  some  of 
the  most  important  garden  vegetables,  and  it  is  seldom  found 


67.  "What  is  a  brauching  root  ?    What  is  a  fibrous  root 
siculated  root?     What  is  a  tap  root? 


Wliat  is  a  fas- 


THE   ROOT. 


37 


FJg.  31 


Fig.  32. 


Fig.  33. 


Napiform  root. 


Tap  root. 


Fusiform  root 


Fig.  34. 


of  natural  growth,  being  almost  uniformly  produced  by  cultiva- 
tion. 

(5.)  The  Fusiform  Root,  or  Radix  fusiformis  :  where  tlie  root 
tapers  toward  each  extremity,  as  seen  in  the  Radish,  it  is  known 
by  the  above  name.    Fig.  32. 

(6.)  The  Nainform  Root  is  that  variety  which  is  very  large 
at  the  base,  but  tapers  abruptly,  as  in  the  Turnip,  Fig.  33. 

The  three  preceding  varieties  are  generally  called,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  other  varieties,  simple  roots,  the  most  of  the  root 
being  confined  to  the  main  axis,  and  sending  off  few  small  fibers. 

(7.)  The  Filiform  Root  consists  of  a  single  filament,  and  is  the 
root  of  some  floating  plants,  as  the  Lemna. 

(8.)  Didymous  Roots  are  those  which 
produce  a  tubercle  each  year,  and  when 
the  tubercle  of  one  year  arrives  at 
nearly  the  dimensions  of  the  one  of  the 
preceding  year,  they  answer  to  the  form 
indicated  by  the  term  applied  to  them  ; 
that  is,  double  or  twin  roots.  The  Orchis 
affords  examples  of  this  variety.  Fig.  34. 

(9.)  The  Palmated  Roots  are  such  as 
difter  from  the  preceding  only  in  hav- 
ing the  lobes  divided,  giving  them  somewhat  the  appearance  of 
a  hand.     The  Orchis  atfords  examples  of  this  variety. 

68.  The  following  varieties  are  generally  classed  as  either 
stems  or  buds,  but  are,  in  common  parlance,  called  roots,  and 
we  know  of  no  disadvantage  in  complying  with  the  popular 
arrangement  by  describing  them  under  this  organ. 


Didymous  roots. 


What  is  a  fusiform  root?    What  a  uapiform?    A  finform  ? 
Palmated  1 — 68.  How  are  the  remaining  varieties  cliisso J  ? 


DidvmouBf 


THE   ROOT. 


Rhjzoma  root. 


Fig.  36. 


(1.)  The  Rhkoma  or  RootstocJc  grows  in  nearly  a  horizon- 
tal direction,  emitting    roots 

from  its  under  side,  increas-  Fig.  35.        ^r^^,, 

ing  by  one  extremity  only, 
at  which  it  puts  forth  leaves 
and  flower-stems,  and  gradu- 
ally dying  at  the  other.  Its 
surface  is  generally  marked 
by  irregular  ridges  formed  by 
tha  bases  of  decayed  leaves. 
The  Calamus,  Iris,  Lily,  and 
some  of  the  grasses  afford 
good  examples  of  this  variety. 
Fig.  35.  The  scaly  roots  come  under 
the  same  variety,  as  is  exhibited  in  the 
Hydro phyllum  canadense. 

(2.)  The  Cormus  (Fig.  3G)  is  that  vari- 
ety which  increases  beneath  the  earth 
by  the  development  of  buds  in  the  axils 
of  the  scales,  but  retains  its  globular 
figure,  and  propagates  itself  in  no  par- 
ticular direction.  The  Tulip,  Arum, 
Gladiolus,  &c.,  afford  examples. 

(3.)  The  tube)'  is  an  irregular  fleshy 
body  produced  at  the  ends  of  the  fibers 
sent  out  from  the  root.  They  consist  in 
the  Potato,  which  is  the  best  example  of 
this  variety,  of  buds  imbedded  in  cellu- 
lar substance,  consisting  principally  of  starch,  which  is  to  bo- 
come  the  food  for  the  development  of  the  buds.  The  buds  are 
what  are  commonly  called  the  eyes  of  the  potato,  and  they 
form  that  part  of  it  which  is  used  by  the  farmer  for  propagating 
this  useful  vegetable. 

(4.)  The  bulb  is  a  leaf-bud  inclosed  in  scales  or  concentric  lay- 
ers, and  is  found  either  at  the  base  or  summit  ^.  ^. 
of  the  stem,  or  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  and 
differs  in  no  respect  from  the  buds  hereafter  to 
be  described,  but  in  separating  itself  from  the 
Darent,  and  forming  an  independent  individual. 
The  Onion  and  Lily  form  examples  of  this  va- 
riety. Fig.  3*7  gives  an  illustration  of  the  bulb. 
The  tree-onion,  as  it  is  called,  bears  bulbs  on 


Cormns  root. 


What  is  a  rhizoma  ?    The  cormus  ?    The  tuber  ?    Bulb  ? 


BUDS.  39 

the  summit  of  its  stem.  The  buttons,  as  o-ardenors  torni  tlioin, 
are  of  this  character.  Some  species  of  the  Hly  bear  tliem  in  tlie 
axils  of  the  leaves,  and  they  separate  from  the  stem  and  fall  to 
the  earth,  and  become  plants  bearing  bulbs  in  their  turn.  Bulbs 
are  sometimes  distinguished  into  scaly,  being  covered  with  scales, 
as  in  the  lily ;  and  tunicated,  being  formed  of  concentric  coats,  as 
in  the  onion. 

69t  At  the  extremities  and  sides  of  tlie  fibers  of  roots,  small 
bodies  are  observed  composed  of  lax  cellular  tissue,  called  spon- 
gioles,  from  their  resemblance  to  sponge.  It  is  through  the 
spongioles  that  all  the  nourishment  of  the  plant  enters,  that 
enters  by  the  root.  Duhamel,  a  long  time  since,  observed  that 
trees  exhaust  the  soil  at  the  extremities  of  the  roots  only,  but 
it  was  reserved  for  Sennebier  to  demonstrate,  by  a  very  simple 
experiment,  that  the  spongioles  alone  absorb  fluids  from  the 
earth.  This  he  did  by  talking  two  carrots  of  equal  size,  and 
immersing  the  whole  of  one  in  water,  and  the  extremities  of 
the  roots  of  another.  He  found  that  they  both  absorbed  an 
equal  quantity;  but  by  immersing  the  whole  body  of  a  third, 
keeping  only  the  spongioles  out  of  the  water,  none  of  the  fluid 
was  absorbed.  When  the  spongiole  is  destitute  of  fluid,  it  con- 
tracts, and  lies  close  to  the  fiber  to  which  it  is  attached,  and 
hence  is  not  easily  discovered  in  pulling  up  a  root ;  but  by  im- 
mersing the  fiber  in  a  tumbler  of  water,  the  spojigioles  be- 
come turgid,  and  are  easily  observed. 


Section   5. — Buds. 

70.  In  the  axil  of  the  leaf  of  a  dicotyledonous  tree  or  shrub, 
we  may  observe  in  the  early  part  of  the  summer  a  small  protu- 
berance, which  will  continue  to  increase  until  autumn  ;  when  it 
will  have  assumed  the  form  of  a  conical  body  composed  appa- 
rently of  scales.  This  is  the  bud,  which  is  destined  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  produce  a  branch,  or  flowers  and  fruit.  These 
small  bodies  found  in  the  axils  of  leaves,  are  vital  points,  in 
which  seems  to  be  deposited  the  vital  power  during  the  season 
of  repose,  and  from  which  development  commences  as  the  sea- 
son of  vegetation  returns.  That  they  are  important  organs,  and 
demand  our  strictest  observation,  is  apparent  from  the  fact 
of  their  being,  in  many  instances  in  the  vegetable  economy,  the 
seat  of  vitality  ;  and  it  is  from  this  circumstance  that  we  are 

Wliat  are  button  onions  ?  How  are  bulbs  sometimes  distinpuisliecl  ? — 
69.  \Vluitare  spongioles  ?  Give  the  experiment  of  Sennebier. — 70.  Wher© 
*re  buds  formed  }     What  are  they  ? 


40  BUDS. 

enabled  to  divide  individual  trees  indefinitely  by  grafting,  bud- 
ding, and  by  layers.  The  Leaf-Bud  may  be  defined  to  be  the 
rudiment  of  a  branch,  which,  in  its  development,  it  always  pro- 
duces. Buds  are  distinguished  by  different  names,  according  to 
the  point  from  which  they  spring.  If  they  originate  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  they  are  called  regular  ;  if  from  any  other 
part  of  the  plant,  they  are  called  adventitious. 

71.  The  regular  leaf-hud  has  its  origin  in  the  pith  and 
medullary  sheath.  The  earliest  view  of  the  regular  leaf-bud  we 
can  obtain  by  dissection,  is  in  the  form  of  an  exceedingly  minute 
green  body,  surrounded  by  a  nearly  transparent  cellular  sub- 
stance situated  in  the  stem  immediately  below  the  axil  of  the 
leaf.  If  we  examine  the  buds  of  the  same  tree  through  the 
season,  we  shall  find  tlfat  the  cellular  part  becomes  opake,  and 
its  place  is  occupied  by  scales,  and  the  central  part  increases,  and 
becomes  the  apex  of  the  bud.  By  a  longitudinal  section  of 
the  bud  and  stem  at  this  stage,  the  rudiment  of  a  branch  may 
be  distinctly  traced  under  the  microscope  ;  the  greenish  medul- 
lary sheath  and  pith  being  sepai-ated  by  a  white  deposit  from 
the  greenish  portion,  which  is  to  become  the  bark.  There  is  a 
bud  on  the  extremity  of  the  branch  called  the  terminal  hud, 
similarly  constituted  to  the  axillary  ones  above  described.  The 
scales  by  which  the  rudimentaiy  branch  is  inclosed,  appear  to  be 
formed  for  this  express  purpose ;  but  they  are  indurated,  par- 
tially developed  leaves,  as  one  may  readily  convince  himself  by 
taking,  in  the  spring,  the  bud  of  the  Buckeye,  when  he  will  find 
the  outer  scale  hard,  dry,  and  with  a  uniform  margin  ;  but  by 
removing  one  after  another,  he  will  find  them  gradually  become 
soft,  delicate,  and  lobed,  being  the  miniature  leaves  of  the  plant. 
The  leaves  first  developed  are  sacrificed  for  the  protection  of  the 
remainder  during  the  cold  of  winter.  Plants  of  the  torrid  zone 
and  annuals  have  no  such  covering,  as,  from  the  nature  of  the 
case,  they  need  none  ;  the  one  growing  in  a  climate  where  the 
cold  of  winter  is  not  felt,  the  other  existing  only  through  a  pe- 
riod favorable  for  vegetation.  The  buds  are  not  only  inclosed 
in  scales,  but  they  are  often  provided  with  means  which  render 
their  covering  much  more  effectual  in  resisting  outward  influ- 
ences. A  resin  is  not  unfrequently  secreted  by  which  the  scales 
are  attached  to  each  other,  and  rendered  proof  against  the  action 
of  water,  as  in  the  Balm  of  Gilead,  the  Poplars,  &c.  In  oth- 
ers a  coating  of  soft  down  is  produced  on  the  surface  of  the 

What  is  a  leaf-bud  ?  When  regular  ?  When  adventitious  ? — 71.  What 
is  the  origin  of  the  regular  leaf-bud  ?  Explain  its  growtii.  What  of  the 
Bcales  of  the  bud  ?  Do  annual  plants  have  scales  ?  Do  plants  of  the  torrid 
zone  ?    Why  S    What  other  means  of  protection  do  buds  have ! 


BUDS.  41 

scales,  which  aftbrds  an  additional  protection  in  the  colds  of 
winter,  as  in  the  Willow,  and  many  others. 

72.  Buds,  we  remarked,  were  the  rudiments  of  branches  ; 
but  it  sometimes  happens,  from  some  cause,  that  these  branches 
are  not  developed  at  all ;  at  others,  they  are  only  partly  devel- 
oped, receiving  a  check  in  their  growth,  and  becoming  thorns 
and  spines.  The  student  may  readily  convince  himself  of  the 
fact,  that  thorns  are  partially  developed  branches,  by  observing 
almost  any  thorny  bush  at  different  times.  The  Plum  often 
presents  striking  examples  of  it,  on  which  the  student  may  find 
the  branch  in  every  state  of  development ;  and  the  thorn  of  one 
year  may  receive  an  additional  impulse  the  next,  and  become  a 
branch. 

73.  Since  the  development  of  buds  produces  branches,  it  is 
plain  that  the  arrangement  of  branches  will  be  the  same  as  that 
of  buds ;  and  as  buds  have  their  origin  at  the  base  of  leaves,  it 
is  equally  plain  that  the  branches  of  trees  follow  the  same  ar- 
rangement as  the  leaves.  If  the  leaves  be  alternate,  the  branches 
will  be  so  ;  if  opposite,  the  branches  will  have  the  same  arrange- 
ment. It  happens,  however,  that  by  the  non-development  of  some 
of  the  buds,  or  the  unequal  elongation  of  the  stem,  the  branches  ex- 
hibit some  diversity  ;  but  the  reasons  for  any  deviation  may  read- 
ily be  seen,  having,  as  they  do,  their  foundation  in  the  above  facts. 

74.  Adventitious  buds  may  have  their  origin  in  any  point 
where  there  is  an  anastomosis  of  woody  fiber.  [Litidler/.) 
Perhaps  no  subject  in  Botany  lias  excited  more  interest,  or  lias 
more  completely  eluded  the  research  of  philosophers,  than  the 
origin  of  adventitious  buds.  It  is  entirely  removed  from  our 
observation.  Every  part  of  a  plant,  from  the  root  to  the  flowers, 
seems  to  be  endowed  with  the  power,  under  certain  circum- 
stances, of  developing  buds ;  yet  to  determine  the  conditions  on 
which  their  development  depends,  has  thus  far  baffled  every 
efibrt.  Duhamel  supposed  that  they  had  their  origin  from  pre- 
organized  germs,  which  are  deposited  by  the  proper  juice  in  its 
descent  from  tlie  leaves,  and  of  course,  pervade  every  part  of  the 
plant.  This  is  mere  hypothesis,  with  not  a  fact  to  establish  its 
truth  ;  yet,  as  Mr.  Nuttall  remarks,  it  is  impossible  to  prove  its 
falsity.  Mr.  Knight  believed  that  they  have  their  origin  in  the 
alburnous  vessels,  which  he  supposed  possessed  the  power  of 
generating  central  vessels,  by  which  he  means  vessels  of  the 

72..  Are  the  leaf-buds  always  (levclopcd  ?  Wliat  do  they  become  when 
partly  developed  ?  IIow  may  it  be  seoti  ?— 73.  "What  must  bo  tlie  arrange- 
ment of  branches  ?  How  is  the  diversity  of  branches  explained  (—74. 
Wliere  may  adventitious  buds  have  their  origin  ?  Mention  the  theories  ou 
this  subject  1 


42  BUDS. 

meflullary  sheath.  His  hypothesis  is  founded  on  no  better  basis 
than  that  of  DahameL  Mr.  Nuttall  beh'eves  that  buds  are  pre- 
organized  germs,  but  that  they  have  their  origin  in  the  first 
development  of  the  stem  or  branch  on  which  the}-  put  forth. 
There  are  decided  objections  to  this  theory,  but  our  space  for- 
bids our  entering  into  a  discussion  on  the  subject,  or  even 
fully  stating  the  theories  alluded  to. 

75.  The  structure  of  the  adventitious  buds  is,  in  all  respects, 
like  the  normal  or  axillary  buds,  having  pith  in  their  cent^^r, 
<iurrounded  by  spiral  vessels,  and  inclosed  by  woody  fiber  and 
cellular  integument.  From  the  existence  of  spiral  vessels  in  ad- 
ventitious buds  which  arise  from  the  root,  we  derive  a  strong  ar- 
gument in  favor  of  the  existence  of  spiral  vessels  in  the  latter  or- 
gan, under  a  very  slightly  modified  form  ;  and  from  this  and 
various  other  circumstances,  we  are  led  to  believe  that  the  con 
stitution  of  the  root  and  the  stem  is  essentially  the  same,  the 
difference  observed  being  occasioned  by  the  media  in  which  they 
are  developed.  We  have  seen  the  common  red  plum,  in  the 
loose  earth  of  a  garden,  put  forth  buds  from  a  root  with  as 
much  regularity  as  from  the  branches. 

76.  The  buds  seem  to  possess,  in  some  respects,  the  nature  of 
seeds,  although  in  others  they  differ.  The  seed  produces  the 
species  or  original  type,  while  the  bud  perpetuates  the  variety; 
hence  the  practice  of  grafting  choice  fruit.  The  bud  will  con- 
tinue the  characters  of  the  individual  variety,  while  the  seed 
would  produce  merely  the  species,  with  perhaps  none  of  the 
peculiarities  of  the  plant  from  the  fruit  of  which  the  seed  was 
taken. 

77.  The  manner  in  which  the  rudimentary  leaves  are  folded 
up  within  the  buds,  is  a  subject  of  much  curiosity  and  interest. 
Although  the  arrangement  in.  different  plants  is  very  unlike,  yet 
in  the  same  species  there  is  a  remarkable  uniformity.  This 
subject  has  been  termed  vernation^  or  gemmation^  or  prcefoliation. 

(1)  Appressed  ;  in  which  the  surfaces  of  the  leaves  are  applied 
to  each  other  without  being  rolled,  as  in  the  Misletoe. 

(2.)  Conduplicate  ;  when  the  leaves  are  folded  inwardly  upon 
themselves,  and  placed  side  by  side,  as  in  the  Rose. 

(3.)  Imhricate  ;  where  they  lie  over  each  other,  breaking  joints, 
if  we  may  use  the  expression ;  that  is,  when  the  middle  of  one 
leaf  corresponds  to  the  margin  of  the  two  within  it,  as  in  the 
Lilac. 


75.  Wjiat  is  the  strnoture  of  adventitious  buds? — 76.  What  do  buds  re- 
semble? How  dotliey  difter  ? — 77.  What  is  vernation  ?  When  appressed? 
Conduplicate?     Imbricate? 


LEAVES.  43 

(4.)  Equitant ;  -wh^n  the  leaves  are  folded  around  each  other, 
with  the  midrib  of  one  corresponding  to  the  margin  of  the  one 
contiguous  to  it,  as  in  the  Iris. 

(5.)  Obvolute  ;  when  one  margin  of  a  leaf  incloses  the  margin 
of  a  leaf  opposite,  the  remaining  margin  of  each  being  outward, 
us  in  the  Sage. 

(6.)  Plaited  ;  folded  like  a  fan,  as  in  the  Vine. 

(7.)  Involute  ;  when  the  margins  of  the  leaves  roll  inward,  as 
in  the  Violet. 

(8.)  Revolute  ;  where  the  margins  are  rolled  outward,  as  in 
the  Willow. 

(9.)  Convolute ;  where  one  leaf  is  rolled  within  another,  as 
in  the  Cherry. 

(10.)  Circinate  ;  where  it  is  rolled  from  the  apex  downward, 
as  in  the  Sundew  (Drosera). 

Section  6. — Leaves. 

78.  Leaves  are  organs  arising  at  regular  intervals  along  the 
main  axis  or  branches,  having  their  origin  at  a  node.  The 
spaces  of  the  stem  between  the  leaves  are  called  internodes. 
They  are  expansions  of  the  parenchymous  portion  of  the  bark, 
with  the  spiral  vessels  and  woody  fiber  of  the  medullary  sheath 
traversing  them.  The  spiral  vessels  and  woody  fiber  connect  the 
leaf  with  the  center  of  the  stem,  and  these  vessels  are  expanded 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf.  The  cellular  tissue,  liber,  and 
lactiferous  vessels  connect  it  with  the  bark,  and  are  expanded  on 
the  under  surface  of  the  leaf.  A  leaf  consists  gen- 
erally of  a  petiole  and  lamina.  The  petiole,  which 
is  the  support  of  the  lamina  (Fig.  38,  «),  consists  of 
cellular  and  vascular  tissue,  and  w^oody  fiber.  The 
vascular  tissue  and  woodjit .fiber  are  formed  into 
bundles,  the  spiral  vessels  occupying  the  center  of 
the  bundle,  and  the  woody  fiber  forming  a  sheath 
around  them.  The  bundles  are  imbedded  in  the 
cellular  tissue,  as  may  easily  be  seen  by  observing  a  transverse 
section  of  the  petiole  of  a  leaf.  The  dots  observed  on  the  cut 
suiface  are  these  bundles.  The  lamina  (Fig.  38,  b)  of  the  leaf 
consists  of  the  expansion  of  the  petiole,  the  materials  of  its  com- 
position being  of  course  the  same,  but  differently  arranged.  When 


Equitant?  Obvolute?  Plaito.d  ?  Involute?  Eevolutc?  Convolute? 
CirciuiitQ  ? — 78.  What  are  leaves  f  How  eonnected  with  the  center  <>t'  the 
Btem  ?  How  with  the  bark  ?  Of  what  does  it  consist  ?  How  is  the  fibro 
vascular  system  arranged  ?    Of  what  does  the  lamina  consist  ? 


44  LEAVES. 

the  bundles  of  vascular  tissue  enter  the  lamina,  they  divide,  and 
proceed  in  various  directions  in  different  plants,  but  always  in 
the  same  manner  in  the  same  species,  forming  the  veins  (Fig. 
38,  c)  of  the  leaves.  The  continuation  of  the  petiole  forms  the 
middle  and  largest  vein  of  the  leaf,  called  the  midrib  (Fig.  38,  c?). 
Those  veins  arising  from  the  midrib  are  called  primary^  the 
bi-anches  of  the  primary  are  called  secondary^  and  the  further 
subdivisions  of  the  veins  are  called  veinlets. 

The  petiole  is  often  wanting  when  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  sessile, 
and  the  midrib  is  often  undistinguishable  from  the  veins. 

79.  The  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  stem  is  various, 
but  in  the  same  species  it  is  uniform :  a  beautiful  symmetiy  is 
established  in  every  variety.  Sometimes  they  are  arranged  in 
opposite  pairs,  with  one  pair  at  right  angles  with  the  pair 
above  or  below  it ;  at  others  they  alternate  with  one  above  the 
other,  on  nearly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem.  The  alternate 
leaves,  however,  are  generally  arranged  in  a  spiral  form.  They 
are  not  on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the  stem.  The  student 
will  observe,  that  by  taking  any  leaf  on  a  branch  on  which  the 
leaves  are  arranged  alternately,  he  will  notice  that  the  second  leaf 
above  or  below  the  one  observed  does  not  come  immediately 
above  or  below  it ;  but  he  must  pass  several  pairs  before  he 
will  find  one  corresponding  exactly  with  the  one  first  noticed. 
On  the  Cherry,  or  Althea,  for  instance,  he  will  pass  two  pairs 
before  he  will  find  one  exactly  over  the  one  observed.  Here 
two  turns  of  the  spire  take  place  before  the  generating  point 
corresponds  with  the  one  below  it.  Opposite  leaves  sometimes 
become  alternate,  but  we  believe  that  they  are  always  exactly 
on  the  opposite  parts  of  the  stem,  never  forming  the  spiral  ar- 
rangement of  common  alternate  leaves  ;  and  the  cause  of  this 
alternation  is  undoubtedly  the  unequal  development  of  the  two 
sides  of  the  stem.  It  sometimes  happens  that  several  opposite 
pairs  are  developed  on  the  same  horizontal  section  of  the  stem, 
and  are  called  verticillate,  but  the  bases  of  the  leaves  of  any  ivhorl 
are  not  immediately  under  the  bases  of  the  leaves  of  the  next 
whorl  above  it ;  but  those  of  the  second  whorl  correspond  with 
them  ;  so  that  of  four  whorls  the  bases  of  the  first  and  third 
correspond,  and  the  second  and  fourth,  and  so  on.  The  Pine 
presents  a  striking  example  of  the  spiral  arrangement  of  organs. 
If  we  examine  the  extremity  of  a  branch  covered  with  leaves, 

"What  is  the  midril)  ?  What  are  primary  veins  ?  Secondary?  When  are 
leaves  said  to  be  sessile? — 79.  What  is  said  of  the  arrangement  of  leaves? 
How  are  alternate  leaves  arranged  ?  Illustrate  it.  How  in  the  cherry  ? 
How  do  opposite  leaves  become  alternate?  How  are  whorls  formed? 
liow  in  the  pine? 


LIZAVES.  45 

we  shall  readily  discover  that  they  are  arranged  spirally  ;  and 
by  cutting  off  the  leaves  composing  one  spire,  we  shall  hnd  that 
they  do  not  form  a  single  spire,  but  a  compound  one,  consisting 
of  three  or  four  spires  running  parallel  to  each  other.  The 
above  are  the  different  arrangements  of  leaves,  but  there  seems 
a  tendency  in  opposite  and  verticillate  leaves  to  assume  the 
spiral  arrangement,  without,  however,  varying  their  relative 
lateral  position ;  and  this  is  true  of  all  modifications  of  leaves. 
There  is  not  only  a  disposition  of  the  leaves,  but  of  all  vegeta- 
ble productions  to  assume  a  spiral  arrangement.  The  stems  of 
plants  take,  in  almost  all  cases,  more  or  less  of  the  spiral  growth, 
however  straight  the  stem  may  be.  We  may  see  this  also  in 
the  epidermis  of  various  trees,  and  more  particularly  in  the  stems 
of  twining  plants,  as  the  hop  and  ivy. 

80t  The  spiral  arrangement  of  leaves  has  excited  much  in- 
terest recently  ;  and  Braun,  a  German  naturalist,  has  applied 
mathematical  formulae  to  express  the  elements  of  the  spires  in 
different  species,  and  for  determining  their  constitution.  "  All 
the  spires  depend  upon  the  position  of  a  fundamental  series, 
from  which  the  others  are  deviations.  The  nature  of  the  fun- 
damental series  is  expressed  by  a  fraction,  of  which  the  nume- 
rator indicates  the  whole  number  of  turns  required  to  complete 
one  spire,  and  the  denominator  the  number  of  scales  or  parts 
that  constitute  it.  Thus  ^j  indicates  that  eight  turns  are 
made  round  the  axis  before  any  scale  or  part  is  exactly  vertical 
to  that  which  was  first  formed ;  and  the  number  of  scales,  or 
parts  that  intervene  before  this  coincidence  takes  place,  is  21," 
which  occurs  in  the  Corylus,  Plantago  lanceolata.  |  expresses 
that  the  leaves,  buds,  or  scales  make  two  turns  before  a  leaf, 
scale,  or  bud  is  exactly  above  the  one  from  which  we  start,  and 
that  there  are  five  of  them.  This  is  the  most  common  variety. 
Cherry,  Althea,  Potato,  Peach,  (fee,  are  of  this  variety ;  -^  in- 
cludes the  spikes  of  the  grains  ;  |  includes  the  Bay,  Holly,  <fec. ; 
y^3  expresses  the  elements  of  the  spire  in  some  of  the  pines. 
Prof.  Lindley  remarks,  that  "  it  does  not,  however,  appear  that 
this  inquiry  has  led  to  any  thing  beyond  the  establishment  of 
the  fact  that,  beginning  from  the  cotyledons,  the  whole  of  the 
appendages  of  the  axis  of  plants — leaves,  calyx,  corolla,  stamens, 
and  carpels — form  an  uninterrupted  spire,  governed  by  laws 
which  are  nearly  constant." 

81.  Leaves  usually  present  surfaces  of  different  appearance, 


Wliat  disposition  in  plants?  Where  may  we  see  it  ?— 80.  Who  applied 
mathematics  to  this  subject?  Explain  its  application. — 81.  What  is  said 
of  the  different  surfaces  of  leaves  { 


46  LEAVES. 

the  upper  smooth,  green,  and  shining,  the  under  surface  gene- 
rally with  the  ribs  prominent,  of  a  lighter  green,  often  hairy, 
and  abounding  in  stomata  or  pores.  The  particular  position 
which  a  leaf  assumes,  is  necessary  to  its  properly  performing  its 
functions,  and  even  to  its  existence ;  for  if  a  leaf  be  inverted,  it 
withers  and  dies.  The  deeper  tint  of  the  upper  surfece  of  leaves 
is  owing  to  the  greater  compactness  of  the  parenchyma. 

82.  The  first  organs  that  appear  in  dicotyledons  after  germi- 
nation, are  the  cotyledons  themselves,  or  the  lobes  of  the  seed, 
which  supply  the  young  plant  with  food,  till  it  becomes  fur- 
nished with  organs  for  obtaining  it  from  other  sources.  Before 
the  cotyledons  become  exhausted,  leaves  are  produced,  which 
are  called  primordial  leaves,  which  seem  to  possess  an  organiza- 
tion a  degree  more  elevated.  These  leaves  often  difier  mate- 
rially from  the  succeeding  true  leaves  of  the  plant,  and  seem  to 
form  a  kind  of  medium  between  the  cotyledon  and  true  leaves. 
A  similar  course  is  followed  by  monocotyledons ;  but  as  the  co- 
tyledon does  not  rise  above  the  earth,  this  organ  is  not  ob- 
served. When  leaves  have  their  origin  at,  or  below  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  seeming  to  come  from  the  root,  they  are  called 
radical  leaves,  although  it  is  not  strictly  a  correct  term ;  as  it 
seems  to  imply  that  the  leaves  originate  from  the  root,  which 
is  not  the  case;  the  root,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  not 
producing  leaves.  Leaves  having  their  origin  on  the  main 
stem,  are  called  cauline ;  those  arising  from  branches  are  dis- 
tinguished by  the  term  rarneal :  when  leaves  are  found  among 
the  flowers  or  on  fiower-bearing  branches,  they  are  called  y?om/ 
leaves. 

83.  The  structure  of  the  leaf  demands  the  most  careful  at- 
tention, both  from  the  singularly  curious  arrangement  of  its 
parts,  and  the  manifest  design  exhibited  in  fitting  it  for  the 
various  functions  it  is  found  to  perform.  Although  to  the  com- 
mon observer  the  leaf  appears  a  veiy  simple  organ,  composed 
only  of  fibrous  veins,  and  cellular  substance  ;  yet,  by  the  aid 
of  the  microscope  it  is  found  to  be  one  of  the  most  complicated 
of  the  vegetable  organs.  The  leaf  is  covered,  like  the  other 
parts  of  the  plant,  by  an  epidermis,  except  such  as  are  sub- 
merged in  water,  and  is  furnished  with  pores  or  stomata.  These 
pores,  in  most  plants,  are  more  numerous  on  the  under  than  on 
the  upper  surface.     In  leaves  which  grow  nearly  perpendicularly 

Is  the  particular  position  of  a  leaf  necessary  ? — 82,  What  are  the  first 
origans  that  a{)pear  ?  What  are  primordial  leaves  ?  What  are  radical  leaves  1 
What  cauline  ?  What  floral  ?— 83.  With  what  is  the  leaf  covered  ?  V/hat 
are  stomata  ?  On  which  surface  most  numerous  ?  How  with  perpendicu- 
lar loaves  ? 


LEAVES. 


47 


the  pores  are  more  equally  distributed  on  both  surfaces,  as  in 
the  Lis.  Those  leaves  which  lie  upon  the  water  have  no  pores 
on  the  under  surface  ;  the  upper  surface  performing  the  func- 
tions usually  belonging  to  the  under  side. 

81.  The  parenchynia  appears  to  the  unassisted  eye  a  mass 
of  irregulariy  arranged  cells;  but  by  careful  examination,  aided 
by  the  microscope,  we  find  a  i-emarkable  regularity  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  cells.  If  we  take  a  thin  slice,  made  by  a 
vertical  section,  of  the  leaf  of  an  Apple  or  Peach,  and  observe 
it  by  a  good  magnifier,  we  shall  find  imme- 
diately beneath  the  cuticle,  which  consists  of  a 
single  row  of  cells,  two  or  three  layers  of  cylin- 
drical cells  arranged  perpendicularly  to  the  sur- 
face, with  very  small  intercellular  cavities.  Be- 
tween them  and  the  under  surface  are  fuur  or  five 
rows  of  similar  cells,  but  differently  arranged, 
touching  each  other  by  their  ends,  and  lying  in- 
clined to  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  forming  com- 
paratively large  cavities,  particularly  immediately 
beneath  thestomata.  Fig.  39  exhibits  a  type  of 
the  arrangement  of  dicotyledons ;  that  side  of 
the  leaf  which  is  furnished  with  stomata  being 
cavernous,  and  the  opposite  side  more  compact. 
Those  leaves  which  have  tlie  stomata  equally 
distributed  on  both  surfaces,  and  those  also  which 
have  no  stomata,  have  cells  of  the  parenchyma 
of  the  tw^o  surfaces  similarly  an-anged. 

85.  The  veins  of  the  leaf,  which  ramify  in  every  direction 
through  the  parenchyma,  are  composed  of  vessels  inclosed  by  a 
sheath  of  woody  liber.  These  veins  serve  two  purposes,  that  of 
giving  form  and  support  to  the  parenchyma,  and  afibrding 
channels  for  the  circulation  of  the  sap  to  the  various  parts  of 
the  leaf,  and  returning  it  to  the  stem.  The  veins  are  largest 
where  they  enter  the  leaf,  and  decrease  as  they  proceed  and 
ramify,  till  they  are  lost  to  our  observation  in  the  cellular  tissue. 
There  are  two  separate  venous  systems  in  the  leaf,  one  over  the 
other,  connected  by  the  extremities  of  the  veins  ;  the  upper  one 
being  the  system  through  which  the  sap  passes  into  the  leaf, 
while  the  lower  conveys  it  after  elaboration  back  into  the  stem. 
It  is  generally  difficult,  and  often  impossible,  to  distinguish  these 


Vv'";)i  ihosfi  tliat  lie  on  waiter  ? — 84.  "Wliut  is  the  arrangement  of  the  col- 
Irl:  1  tl.  rue  in  rliu  .sec-ion  of  an  apple-leaf?  How  is  that  ^idc  of  tlie  leaf 
contuiuin<j  stomata? — 85.  What  two  purposes  do  the  veins  of  leaves  ao- 
coraplislif     How  many  systems  ?     How  arranged  ? 


48  LEAV^ES. 

two  systems ;  but  by  maceration  some  leaves  will  separate  into 
tw^o  laminae.  It  is  recorded  of  an  East  India  plant,  that  the 
cohesion  of  the  two  plates  is  so  slight  that  the  Laminaj  may  be 
easily  separated,  and  the  hand  inserted  between  the  surfaces,  as 
in  a  glove. 

86.  The  leaves  of  trees  have  a  general  position,  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  earth.  The  upper  side,  exposed  to  the  direct  ac- 
tion of  the  sun's  rays,  lest  evaporation  should  take  place  too 
rapidly  under  such  circumstances,  has  few  or  no  pores,  and  the 
cells  being  of  a  cylindrical  form,  are  arranged  with  their  ends 
toward  the  surface,  thus  presenting  the  least  surface  of  each  cell , 
to  the  influence  of  the  solar  rays,  by  this  arrangement  limiting 
their  influence.  Here  we  observe  three  precautions  taken, 
evidently  to  prevent  excessive  evaporation.  Again,  those  leaves 
whose  sides  are  equally  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  sun's  rays, 
are  equally  furnished  with  these  evaporating  pores  ;  the  num- 
ber in  this  case  determining  the  evaporation.  In  leaves  float- 
ing upon  the  surface  of  the  water,  it  is  evident  that  pores  on  the 
under  surface  would  avail  nothing  in  evaporation,  and  perhaps 
be  destructive  to  the  organ  ;  but  the  upper  surface,  in  this  case, 
is  furnished  with  numerous  exceedingly  minute  pores  connected 
v/ith  deep  narrow  cavities  next  the  surface,  and  these  are  con- 
nected with  larger  ones  in  the  interior  ;  so  that  by  this  arrange- 
ment evaporation  can  take  place  but  slowly  ;  Nature  using  these 
precautions  where  she  seems  obliged  to  use  the  upper  surface  to 
perform  an  indispensable  function,  which  without  such  precau- 
tion would  endanger  the  safety  of  the  plant.  Leaves  developed 
under  water  have  no  stomata,  and  no  fibro-vascular  system, 
but  consist  entirely  of  cells,  forming  cavities  in  their  interior 
which  are  filled  with  air  to  float  the  leaf. 

87.  Forms  of  Leaves. — By  the  arrangement  and  develop- 
ment of  the  veins  and  parenchymous  system  of  leaves,  every 
variety  of  form  which  leaves  assume  may  be  reduced  to  three 
varieties. 

(1.)  Fork-veined  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  primary 
veins  divide  into  two  nearly  equal  secondary  veins,  forming  a 
fork,  and  these  subdivided  in  the  same  manner.  The  veins 
always  proceed  directly  from  their  origin  to  the  margin  of  the 
leaf,  without  forming  any  meshes  or  network,  as  is  exhibited 


May  they  be  separated?  In  what  plant  especially? — 86.  What  is  the 
position  of  the  leaves  of  trees?  What  prewnts  excessive  evaporation 
from  the  upper  surfaces  ?  How  with  perpendicular  leaves  ?  Those  float- 
ing in  water  ?  Leaves  under  water  ? — 87.  How  many  varieties  of  forma 
of  leaves  ?     Wliat  are  fork-veined  leaves  ? 


LEAVES. 


49 


by  a  leaflet  of  the  Aspidium  (Fig.  40).  This  variety  of  venation 
belongs  to  the  ferns^  and  is  a  distinguishing  characteristic  of 
this  class  of  plants. 


Fig.  41. 


Fig.  40. 


Fork-veined  leaf. 


Parallel -veined  leaves. 


(2.)  Parallel-veined  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  veins  pro- 
ceed from  their  origin  to  their  termination  without  any  subdi- 
vision ;  the  veins  being  connected  by  minute,  parallel,  straight 
veinlets,  passing  perpendicularly  from  one  to  the  other.  The 
veins  of  this  variety  either  run  from  the  base  of  the  leaf  to  the 
apex,  as  in  Corn,  the  Lily,  Grains,  and  as  seen  in  Fig.  41,  a ;  or 
from  the  midrib  to  the  margin,  as  in  the  Canna  and  Arum 
Walteri.  &c.  (Fig.  41,  6).  Of  this  latter  variety  there  are  com- 
paratively few  specimens  in  temperate  climates,  but  they  be- 
come more  abundant  as  we  approach  the  equatorial  regions. 
Parallel-veined  leaves  are  characteristic  of  monocotyledons. 

(3.)  Reticulated  or  net-veined  leaves  are  those  the  veins  of 
which  branch  and  ramify  in  all  directions,  forming  a  complete 
network.  (Fig.  42.)  This  variety  of  leaves  is  characteristic  of 
dicotyledonous  plants,  and  they  are  the  most  varied  in  their 
forms,  and  comprise  the  greater  proportion  of  leaves  of  tem- 
perate climates. 

88.  There  are  two  varieties  of  venation  in  the  reticulated 
leaves,  occasioned  by  the  origin  of  the  primary  veins.  If  the 
veins  take  their  rise  along  the  midrib  and  proceed  to  the  margin, 
giving  the  leaf,  in  structure,  a  resemblance  to  a  feather,  it  is  called 
the  Feather-veined.     When  the  veins  that  originate  at  the  base 


To  what  class  of  plants  do  they  belong  ?  What  arc  parallel-veined  leaves  ? 
Examples?  What  are  reticulated  veined  leaves  ?  What  class  of  nlauts  do 
they  characterize? — 88.  How  many  varieties  in  reticulated  veined  leaves! 
What  are  feather-veined  leaves  ? 

3 


50 


LEAVES. 


of  the  midrib  are  nearly  or  quite  as  ^''s-  ^^ 

large  as  the  midrib  itself,  they  are 
called  ribbed  leaves.  When  the  pe- 
tiole expands  from  its  summit  at 
nearly  right  angles,  and  in  all  direc- 
tions, it  constitutes  the  radiated  form 
of  leaves.  The  end  of  the  leaf, 
toward  the  stem,  is  called  the  base, 
the  opposite  end  the  apex  or  summit. 

80.  The  figure  or  outline  of  leaves 
is  produced  by  the  development  of 
the  veins  and  the  cellular  tissue. 

The  more  common  forms  are  the 
following  :— When  a  leaf  is  bounded 
by  a  regular  curve,  and  is  three  or 
more  times  as  long  as  it  is  broad,  it 
is  called  oval  or  oblong.    (Fig.  43.) 

It  is  said  to  be  ovate  when  it  has 
the  outline  of  the  longitudinal  section 
of  an.egg.     (Fig.  44.) 

Lanceolate^  when  it  is  three  or  more 
times  as  long  as  it  is  broad,  and 
rounded  at  the  base,  and  tapering  at  the  apex.     (Fig.  45.) 


Keticulated  veined  leaf. 


Fig.  45. 


Fig.  44. 


Fig.  43. 


Obiong  leaf. 


Ovate  leaf. 


Lanceolate  leaf. 


Ensiform,  when  it  is  sword-shaped,  being  very  long  com- 
pared with  its  width,  as  in  the  Iris  and  Flag. 
Beniform,  when  it  is  kidney-shaped.     (Fig.  46.) 
Spathulate,  broad  at  the  apex,  and  gradually  tapering  into 
the  petiole.     (Fig.  4Y.) 


What  are  ribbed  leaves  ?  What  are  radiated  leaves  ?  What  is  the  ^aso 
of  a  leaf  ?  The  apex  ?— 89.  How  is  the  form  of  a  leaf  prodiiced  ?  \N  hat  i> 
anovalleaf?    Ovate?    Lanceolate?    Ensiform?    Kenitorm?    Spathulatc^ 


Fig.  46. 


51 


Fig.  48. 


Eeniform  leaf. 


Cordate  leaf. 


Spathulate  leaf. 

Cordate,  having  the  base  rounded  in  the  shape  of  a  heart 
(Fig.  48.) 

Orbicular,  nearly  circular  (Fig.  49) — Radiate  venation. 

Peltate,  with  the  petiole  inserted  in  the  lamina,  but  not  in 
the  center  of  it.    (Fig.  50.) 

Fig.  49.  Fig.  50.  Fig.  51. 


Orbicular  leaf. 


Peltate  leaf. 


Subulate  leafl 


Subulate,  in  the  shape  of  an  awl.     (Fig.  51.) 
Sagittate,  shape  of  an  arrow-head.    (Fig.  52.) 
Hastate,  shape  of  a  spear-head.    (Fig.  53.) 
Cuneate,   wedge-shaped,   tapering    gradually  to    the   base. 
(Fig.  54.) 

Fig.  52  Fig.  53.  Fig.  54. 


Sagittate  leaf. 


Hastate  leaf. 


Linear,  narrow  and  long,  and  near- 
ly of  the  same  width  in  all  its  parts. 
(Fig.  55.) 


Cuneate  leaf. 
Fig.  55. 


Cordate?      Orbicular?      Peltate?      Subulate?      Sagittate?      Hastate? 
Ctineate  ?    Linear  ? 


62 


LEAVES. 


Perfoliate^  when  the  stem  appears  to  pass  through  the  leaf, 
Boraetimes  occasioned  by  opposite  leaves  united  at  their  base, 

Fig.  66.  Fig.  57. 


Perfoliate  leaf,  caused  by  the  union 
of  two  opposite  leaves. 


Perfoliate  leaf,  caused  by  the 
union  of  the  lobes  of  the  leaf. 


as  Fig.  56 ;  at  others,  by  the  lobes  of  the  leaf  uniting  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stem.  (Fig,  57.)  The  term  lohed  applies 
to  divisions  that  extend  about  halfway  through  the  leaves.   - 

Auriculate,  having  lobes  at  the  base  of  the  leaf.     (Fig.  58.) 

Pedate,  in  shape  like  a  foot.     (Fig.  59.) 

Fig.  58. 


Fig.  59. 


Fig.  CO. 


Hatchet-shaped  leaf. 


Pedate  leaf. 


Auriculate  leaf. 

Dolabriform,  axe  or  hatchet  shaped.     (Fig.  60.) . 

Acinaciform,  scimitar-shaped.     (Fig.  61.) 

Lyrate,  with  the  terminal  lobe  much  the  largest.     (Fig.  62.) 

Fig.  61.  Fig.  62.  Fig.  63 


Aclnaciform  leaf. 


Lyrate  leaf. 


Digitate  leaf. 


Perfoliate  ?    What  is  meant  by  lobed  leaves  ? 
Dolabriforra  ?    Aclnaciform?    Lyrate? 


Auriculate  ?      Pedate 


LEAVES. 


53 


Digitate,  spreading  like  the  fingers  of  the  hand.     (Fig.  63.) 

90.  The  above  are  the  simple  forms.  It  is  very  frequentlv 
the  case  that  two  of  the  forms  will  combine,  and  then  tho 
leaf  receives  a  compound  name. 

Ovate-lanceolate,  when  it  is  too  long  to  be  strictly  ovate,  and 
gradually  tapers  to  the  extremity,  resembling  an  ovate  leaf  in 
some  respects  and  a  lanceolate  one  in  others. 

Ob-cordate,  heart-shaped,  with  the  small  end  towards  the 
stem. 

Ob-ovate,  egg-shaped,  with  the  small  end  towards  the  stem. 

91.  The  edges  of  leaves  are  variously  formed  by  irregulari- 
ties, and  receive  specific  names,  of  which  the  following  are  most 
common.     If  the  edge  is  uniform,  it  is  said  to  be  entire. 

Serrate,  having  teeth  like  a  saw,  the  points  directed  toward 
the  apex.     (Fig.  64.) 

Dentate,  when  the  teeth  are  perpendicular  to  the  edge,  with 
the  sides  equal.     (Fig.  65.) 

Bidentate,  large  teeth  with  small  ones  on  them.  Biserrate, 
with  similar  application. 


Fig.  64. 


Fig.  65. 


Fig.  66. 


Fig.  67. 


Dentate  leaf. 


Crenate  leaf. 


Repand  leaf. 


Crenate,  when  the  teeth  are  rounded  at  their  points.     (Fig. 

Repand-toothed,  when  it  is  hollowed  out  between  the  teeth, 
but  the  teeth  are  sharp.     (Fig.  67.) 

Sinuate-toothed,  when  the  teeth  and  intermediate  angles  are 
rounded.     (Fig.  68.) 


Fig.  68. 


Fig.  69. 


Fig.  70. 


Sinuate  leaf. 


Ciliate  leaf. 


Erose  leaf. 


Digitate? — 90.  What  is  an  ovate-lanceolate  leaf?  Ob-cordate?  Ob- 
ovate?— 91.  What  is  an  entire  leaf  ?  Serrate?  Dentate?  Bl-dentate!  Cre- 
nate ?    Repand-toothed ?    Sinuate-toothed  ? 


54 


LEAVES. 


Ciliate,  when  the  teeth  and  angles  are  very  acute.  (Fig.  69.) 
JErose,  when  the  edges  of  the  leaf  look  as  though  they  were 

bitten  or  gnawed.     (Fig.  70.) 

Palmate,  when  divided  so  as  to  resemble  a  hand.    (Fig.  71.) 
Sinuate-lobed,  when  the  depressions  are  broad-  at  the  bottom. 

(Fig.  72.) 


Fig. 


Fig.  73. 


Fig.  71. 


Palmate  leaf. 


Sinuate-lobed. 


Pinnatifid  leaf. 


Pinnatifid,  when  the  lobes  go  near  to  the  middle.    (Fig.  73.) 
Puncinate,  when  the  divisions  of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  are  more 

or  less  triangular,  and  pointing  downwards.     (Fig.  74.) 

Panduriform,  when  there  is  a  concavity  on  each  side  of  a 

leaf,  so  as  to  make  the  leaf  resemble  a  vioHn.     (Fig.  75.) 


Fig.  74. 


Fig.  75. 


Panduriform 
leaf. 


Rnncinate  leaf. 


Fan-shaped  or  Flabellate,  as  in  the  Palmetto.     (Fig.  76.) 
Pectinate,  comb-shaped.     (Fig.  77.) 

92.  The  extremities  of  leaves  are  acute  when  they  terminate 
m  a  sharp  point.     (Fig.  78.) 

Obtuse,  when  the  extremity  is  blunt.     (Fig.  79.) 


Ciliate?  Erose?  Palmate?  Sinuate-lobed?  Pinnatifid?  Kuncinate  ? 
Panduriform  ? .  Fan-shaped  ?  Pectinate  ? — 92.  When  is  a  leaf  said  to  be 
acute  ?    When  obtuse  ? 


LEAVES. 


55 


Fig.  77. 


Fig.  76. 


Pan-shaped  leaC 


Fig.  78. 


A 


Acnte 
apex. 


Pectinate  leaf. 


Acuminate,  when  the  extremity  is  elongated  beyond  what 
would  form  the  regular  figure  of  the  leaf.     (Fig.  80.) 
Emarginate,  having  a  notch  at  the  end,     (Fig.  81.) 


Fig.  79. 


n 


Obtuse  aper. 


Fig,  80. 


Fig.  81, 


n 


Emargioate, 


Mucronate,  terminating  by  a  spine.     (Fig.  82.)  • 

Truncate,  when  it  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  cut  oflf, 

(Fig.  83.) 

Reiuse,  slightl}"  depressed  at  the  apex  with  a  waved  margin, 

(Fig.  84.) 

Fig.  84. 
Fig.  82.  Fig.  83. 


n 


Truncate. 


RetAisc  apex. 


In  the  earliest  stages  of  growth  all  leaves  are  simple,  the 
articulations  being  the  result  of  growth. 

93 •  Compound  leaves  are  those  which  have  the  laminae  artic- 
ulated to  a  common  petiole.  This  fact  must  be  borne  in  mind 
as  the  real  distinction  between  simple  and  compound  leaves. 


Acuminate?       Emarginate  ?      Mucronate  ?     Truncate?      Rctiise  ? — 93. 
How  are  all  leaves  in  their  earliest  stage  ?    What  are  compound  leaves  ? 


56 


LEAVES. 


No  matter  how  much  the  lamina  may  be  divided,  if  the  divi- 
sions are  not  articulated  to  a  common  petiole,  the  leaf  is  simple  ; 
and  if  the  lamina  is  not  divided  at  all,  but  articulated  to  the 
petiole,  the  leaf  is  compound,  as  in  the  Orange.  The  principle 
of  formation  of  this  class  of  leaves  will  be  readily  understood  by 
the  above  explanation  of  simple  leaves. 

94.  All  compound  leaves  may  be  reduced  to  two  varieties, 
corresponding  to  the  feather-w eined  and  radiated  forms  of  retic- 
ulated leaves.  If  we  recur  to  the  feather-veined  leaf  given  above, 
and  conceive  each  of  the  primary  veins  with  the  secondary 
veins  belonging  to  it,  to  form  a  distinct  lamina,  we  should  have 
a  true  type  of  the  Pinnate  leaf,  as  exhibited  in  the  Vicia,  Pea, 
&c.,  and  by  the  continuation  of  the  petiole  we  have  the  ten- 
dril (Fig.  85) ;  and  by  continuing  our  supposed  dissection  of  the 
Chestnut,  and  conceiving  not  only  each  primary  vein  as  being 


Fig.  85. 


Fig.  86. 


Pinnate  leaf. 


Bipinnate  leaf. 


independent  of  the  others,  but  each  secondary  one  forming  a 
lamina,  and  the  primary  vein  becoming  a  common  petiole  for 
them,  we  then  shall  have  the  type  of  the  bipinnate  leaf,  as  ex- 
hibited in  Fig.  86.     "We  may  conceive  this  division  to  go  on 


Fig.  87. 


Fig.  88. 


Tripinnate  leaf. 


Uneqnally  pinnate  leaf. 


94.  To  what  varieties  may  all  compound  'eaves  be  reduced  ?    What  is  a 
pinnate  leaf?      When  bipiunato! 


LEAVES.  57 

still  further  and  form  the  tripinnate  leaf,  as  in  the  Thalictrum 
(Fig.  87),  and  it  even  exceeds  this  subdivision  when  the  terra 
supra-decompound  is  applied  to  them,  no  matter  how  far  the 
divisions  may  extend.  When  the  midrib  is  terminated  by  a 
leaflet,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  unequally  pinnate.     (Fig.  88.) 

95.  The  radiated  form  of  reticulated  leaves  often  assumes  the 
compound  structure,  as  in  the  ^sculus,  Lupinus,  Clover,  <fec. 
(Fig.  63),  and  are  then  called  digitate.     If  there  are  three  leaf 

Fig.  90. 


Ternate  leaf. 

lets,  it  is  called  a  ternate  leaf.     (Fig.  90.)     If  subdivided  by 
three,  they  are  bi-ternate,  tri-ternate,  &c.     (Fig.  91.) 

96.  Besides  the  preceding  varieties  of  leaves,  which  may  be 
considered  their  common  forms,  they  often  assume  a  variety  of 
modifications  which  deserve  a  special  attention.  These  varia- 
tions arise  from  a  variety  of  causes,  which  will  be  noticed  under 
the  several  examples  which  we  shall  adduce.     A  cohesion  of 

Fig.  91. 


Biternate  leaf. 

parts  not  unfrequently  creates  a  variation  from  the  usual  form. 
When  two  leaves  unite  by  their  bases,  they  are  connate.  When 
leaves  adhere  to  the  stem,  forming  a  kind  of  wing  beneath, 
then  they  are  said  to  be  decurrent.  The  bases  of  the  upper 
leaves  of  the  Caprifolium  sempervirens  are  brought  in  contact 
from  the  unusual  development  of  both  systems  of  the  leaf,  and 
they  grow  together,  forming  a  perfoliate  leaf.     The  same  takes 

When  tripinnate  ?  If  farther  divided,  what  are  they  called  ?  What  i* 
an  unequally  pinnate  leaf  ? — 95.  What  is  a  digitate  leaf?  When  called 
ternate  ?  Bi-ternate  ?  Tri-ternatc  ? — 96.  When  are  leaves  said  to  be  con- 
nate?   When  decurrent?    W1>cb  perfoliate  ? 

3* 


58  LEAVES. 

place  in  many  other  plants,  and  tlie  occurrence  differs  in  no 
respect  from  what  happens  in  the  production  of  twin  apples 
and  other  similar  formations,  except  in  its  uniformity,  which 
De  Candolle  denominated  constant  accidents.  Why  it  should 
uniformly  occur,  and  only  in  the  upper  leaves,  we  are  unable  to 
explain  by  any  secondary  cause  with  which  we  are  acquainted  ; 
but  by  examination  of  the  leaves,  we  are  irresistibly  led  to  the 
conclusion,  that  the  slight  variation  in  the  direction  of  the 
veins  and  the  great  development  of  the  parenchyma  are  the 
causes  of  the  phenomenon.  The  other  leaves  are  of  the  oval 
lanceolate  form,  with  the  veins  forming  acute  angles  with  the 
midrib  ;  but  in  the  perfoliate  leaves  the  veins  pass  oflf  at  nearly 
right  angles,  with  a  much  more  abundant  production  of  the 
parenchyma,  thus  uniformly  accomplishing  in  this  case  what 
occasionally  happens  in  other  vegetables.  Perfoliate  leaves 
occur,  from  the  same  cause,  in  the  alternate  varieties,  by  the 
union  of  the  lobes,  of  what  would  otherwise  form  a  cordate 
leaf,  as  in  the  Uvularia  perfoliata.  But  the  most  singular 
variations  produced  by  the  operation  of  this  cause,  occur  in  the 
pitcher-like  leaves.  Our  common  Sarracenia  (Side-saddle  flower) 
is  produced  by  the  cohesion  of  the  edges  of  the  leaf,  or,  as  it  is 
most  .generally  supposed,  of  the  petiole  only,  and  the  expansion 
at  the  top  of  the  cup  is  thought  to  be  the  real  lamina,  which  is 
probably  the  case.  The  Nepenthes  or  Pitcher-plant  of  India, 
presents  a  still  more  striking  instance  of  variation,  and  partly 
from  the  cause  und^  consideration.  This  singular  leaf,  ex- 
hibited in  Fig.  92,  rises  from  the  stem  with  a  round  corn- 
Fig.  92. 


Leaf  of  the  pitcher-plaut. 


mon  petiole,  like  most  other  leaves,  which  soon  expands  into 
a  lamina,  and  afterwards  becomes  round,  lon^,  and  slender, 
resembling  a  tendril.  At  the  extremity  of  this  tendril  is  de- 
veloped the  pitcher,  with  a  lid  closely  fitting  its  orifice.  The 
whole  of  this  curious  production,  except  the  lid,  is  supposed 


How  in  alternate  leaves  ?    How  is  the  leaf  of  the  Sarracenia  constructed 
How  the  Pitcher-plan«i  ? 


to  be  the  petiole,  which  at  first  assumes  the  common  form,  and 
afterwards  becomes  a  Phyllodium  (as  a  leaf-^like  expansion  of 
the  petiole  is  called),  and  is  succeeded  by  the  tendril,  and 
finally,  by  the  cohering  of  its  edges,  forms  the  pitcher,  whose 
lid  is  the  lamina  of  the  leaf, 

97.  An  unusual  development  of  certain  parts  often  produces 
great  variations  from  the  regular  form.  The  petiole  is  the  part 
of  the  leaf  that  experiences  most  fi-equent  changes  from  this 
cause.  In  the  Dionma  jnuscipula,  we  find  the  petiole  expanded 
into  a  phyllodium,  and  terminated  by  the  lamina,  bearing  much 
less  the  appearance  of  this  part  of  the  organ  than  the  petiole. 
The  Orange,  also,  has  an  expanded  petiole,  with  the  lamina 
articulated  to  its  extremity.  We  have  d^cribed,  by  authors, 
foreign  plants  exhibiting  remarkable  variations  from  any  regu- 
lar type,  in  some  of  which  the  petiole  is  developed  apparently 
at  the  expense  of  the  lamina,  which  is  either  entirely  wanting 
or  but  imperfectly  developed.  The  le-aves  of  the  Onion  are  sup- 
posed to  be  a  development  of  the  petiole  with  no  lamina,  and 
many  of  the  leaves  of  the  monocotyledons  are  supposed  to  be 
of  the  same  nature,  as  the  Iris,  Calamus,  <fc:c.  The  excessive 
development  of  the  cellular  substance  in  leaves  often  causes 
great  diversity  in  appearance,  as  in  the  various  species  of  the 
Mesembryanthemums  (Ice-plant),  This  cause  operates  to  pro- 
duce the  singular  forms  observed  in  the  diftei>ent  species  of  this 
genus.  In  the  Begonia,  the  parenchymous  development  on  one 
side  of  the  midrib  is  much  greater  than  on  the  other,  tlius  pro- 
ducing the  oblique  or  o?iesided  leaf. 

98.  A  want  of  development  and  hardening  of  the  parts  often 
produces  deviations  from  the  usual  forms.  The  existence  of 
spines  at  the  extremities  of  the  lobes  of  the  Holly  is  owing  to 
these  causes,  and  in  some  radiated  leaves  tiie  veins  seem  to  be 
converted  into  spines,  and  in  a  species  of  the  Prosojns  "  one 
half  of  the  leaflets  contracts  into  a  spine,  while  the  other  half 
remains  leafy.  But  the  most  singular  instance  of  this  kind  of 
deviation  occurs  in  a  paim  called  the  Desmoncus,  in  which  the 
upper  leaflets  of  its  pinnated  leaves  contract  and  curve  into 
scythe-shaped  hooks,  by  which  the  De^??ioncus  climbs,  while 
the  lower  leaflets  retain  the  usual  appearance  of  leaves,"  y\ 

99.  The  petiole  is  sometimes  entirely  wanting,  but  at  others 
excessively  developed.  In  sessile  leaves  it  is  absent,  but  in  the 
Nym'ph(£a  odorata,  a  Water-lil}^,  it  is  even  six  or  eight  feet 

What  is  a  phyllodium  ? — 97.  Explain  the  Dionaca  :  the  leaves  of  the 
Onion.  What  various  forms  by  parenchymous  development  ? — 'JS.  AVhat 
from  want  of  development  in  the  Holly  ?  What  in  Desmoncus  ?— i'y.  Wliat 
different  states  of  tho  petiole  ?  How  iii  sessile  leaves  ?  How  in  the  Wator- 
lily? 


P)0  STIPULES   AND   TENDRILS. 

long.  In  the  Palm,  Palmetto,  and  other  tropical  plants,  it  is 
much  longer,  and  assumes  more  the  appearance  of  a  branch 
than  a  petiole.  The  lamina  varies,  also,  from  the  size  of  the 
minute  scale-like  leaves  of  the  Moss  to  the  pi  odigious  dimen- 
sions of  some  tropical  leaves.  These  organs,  in  general,  bear 
no  proportion  in  size  to  the  plants  on  which  they  are  found. 
On  some  species  of  the  Oak,  of  the  most  sturdy  kind,  the  leaves 
are  small,  but  feebly  corresponding  with  the  gigantic  tree  itself, 
while  the  leaves  of  the  Rheum  rhaponticum  (Pie-plant)  are  ex- 
ceedingly large.  The  plant  itself,  divested  of  its  leaves,  is  com- 
paratively insignificant  in  size. 

100.  The  duration  of  leaves  is  various.  Some  fall  almost 
as  soon  as  developed,  and  are  then  said  to  be  caducous ; 
others  remain  till  the  end  of  the  summer,  and  fall  with 
the  cessation  of  vegetation,  when  they  are  called  deciduous ; 
while  others  remain  during  the  winter,  and  are  denominated 
persistent,  producing  the  various  evergreens  of  our  forest. 
Various  hypotheses  have  been  formed  to  account  for  the  fall 
of  the  leaf,  but  the  most  satisfactory  one,  to  our  mind,  is  that 
given  by  Professor  Lindley,  which  is,  that  while  the  stem  and 
leaf  are  both  increasing  in  size,  there  is  an  exact  adaptation  of 
the  base  of  the  leaf  to  the  stem,  and  no  interruption  takes 
place ;  but  when  the  leaf  becomes  perfectly  developed,  and  is 
susceptible  of  no  further  increase,  the  stem  continues  to  enlarge 
by  the  deposition  of  new  matter  from  the  leaves  above,  which 
breaks  the  joining  vessels,  and  the  leaf  of  course  falls.  The 
breaking  of  the  vessels  may  be  easily  observed  in  the  leaves  of 
the  Magnolia  heterophylla ;  hence  the  reason  for  the  fall  of 
leaves  on  the  lower  part  of  a  stem  first.  It  would  seem  from 
the  above,  that  the  duration  of  leaves  depends  upon  the  time 
that  they  are  capable  of  adapting  themselves  to  the  stem  on 
which  they  grow.  Some  can  exist  only  for  a  few  days,  others 
through  the  summer,  while  the  evergreens  are  so  consti'ucted 
as  not  to  be  dislodged  but  by  the  growth  of  the  wood  of  the 
succeeding  year. 

Section  7. — Stipules  and  Tendrils. 

101.  At  the  base  of  many  leaves  we  meet  with  two  leaf-like 
organs,  separated  by  the  substance  of  the  base  of  the  petiole, 


^  Palm  1  Palmetto  ?  How  does  the  lamina  vary  ?  Are  the  leaves  propor- 
tional to  the  size  of  the  plant  on  which  they  are  found  ?  Illustrate  it  by 
examples. — 100.  What  is  said  of  the  duration  of  leaves  ?  When  cadu* 
cous  ?    Deciduous?    Persistent?    What  causes  the  fall  of  the  leaf? 


STIPULES    AND   TENDRILS.  61 

which  are  called  stipules.  {Y\g.  93.)  Stipules  frequently  fall 
off  upon  the  development  of  the  leaf,  when  they  are  called  cadu- 
cous ;  at  other  times  they  remain  as  long  as  the  leaf,  and  are 
called  PERSISTENT.  In  the  former  case  they  are  attached  only  by 
their  base  to  the  stem ;  in  the  latter,  they  are  connected  with 
the  petiole  and  fall  only  with  it.  In  opposite  leaved,  plants, 
the  stipules  corresponding  to  the  two  leaves  are  generally 
united,  forming  but  two  stipules  instead  of  four.  The  Hop 
affords  an  example  of  this  kind.  The  stipules  are  in  many 
respects  analogous  to  leaves,  and  even  have  buds  in  their  axils, 
as  in  the  Peach,  and  in  some  instances  are  very  much  like 
them  in  appearance,  as  in  the  Pea.  In  others,  they  bear  no 
resemblance  to  the  leaves,  but  are  simple  membranous  append- 
ages, as  in  the  Hickory,  or  fine  bristles,  as  in  the  Cherry. 
They  assume  a  great  variety  of  appearances,  by  various  modifi- 
cations of  structure  and  attachment.  In  the  Rose,  they  are 
attached  to  the  petiole,  forming  a  leaf-like  margin  to  that 
organ.  In  the  Polygonum  and  Rhubarb,  they  form  a  sheath 
round  the  stem  by  the  union  of  their  edges,  and  are  then  called 
OCHRES.  In  some  plants,  they  become  hardened  and  conical, 
and  form  spines.  In  climbing  plants,  they  often  lengthen  into 
a  slender  thread-like  appendage,  and  become  the  organ  by 
which  the  plant  attaches  itself  to  objects  over  which  it  climbs ; 
thus  forming  for  the  plant  the  means  of  support.  But,  how- 
ever various  may  be  their  appearances,  and  however  unlike  in 
structure,  yet  if  they  originate  from  the  base  of  a  leaf,  they  are 
stipules. 

Fig.  93. 


Fig.  94. 


Stipules. 


101.  What  are  stipules?  How  are  they  in  opposite  leaved  plants  ?  How 
in  different  plants  mentioned?  What  is  an  ochrea  ?  How  in  climbing 
plants  ? 


62        ORGANS  OF  KEPKODUCTION CALYX. 

102»  Tendrils  (Fig.  94)  are  thread-like  organs,  by  which  the 
plant  attaches  itself  to  neighboring  objects.  Whatever  may  be 
their  origin,  if  they  correspond  to  the  above  definition,  they 
are  denominated  tendrils.  In  some  plants,  they  are  modifica- 
tions of  branches,  as  in  the  Vine ;  in  others,  they  are  the  exten- 
sion of  the  midrib  of  the  leaf,  as  in  the  Vicia  and  Pea ;  in 
others,  modifications  of  the  stipule,  as  above  noticed.  It  is  said 
that  the  petals  sometimes  become  tendrils,  and  support  the 
plant,  as  in  the  genus  Strophanthes,  an  African  plant. 


CHAPTER  III. 

103.  The  Organs  of  Reproduction  compose  the  flower^ 
which  consists  generally  of  the  calyx^  corolla^  stamens,  and 
pistils.  Although  all  of  these  organs  enter  into  the  composi- 
tion of  most  flowers,  yet  it  is  by  no  means  necessary  that  they 
should  all  be  present.  A  flower  consists  of  one  or  more  whorls 
of  modified  leaves,  arising  from  an  axis  whose  internodes  are 
not  developed.  All  the  organs  of  reproduction  are  simply 
modified  leaves.  K.  perfect  flower  is  one  that  has  stamens  and 
pistils,  without  reference  to  the  presence  of  the  calyx  or  corolla. 
When  these  latter  organs  are  wanting,  and  the  stamens  and 
pistils  have  no  envelopes,  the  flowers  are  said  to  be  ctchlamy- 
deous,  or  destitute  of  covering,  as  the  word  signifies.  They 
have  sometimes  a  single  envelope,  and  are  said  to  be  mono- 
chlamydeous,  or  having  a  single  covering,  and  this  envelope  is 
called  the  calyx.  At  other  times,  they  have  a  double  envelope, 
and  are  called  dichlamydeous,  or  having  a  double  covering.  In 
this  last  case,  the  outer  envelope  is  called  the  calyx,  and  the 
inner  the  corolla.  By  strictly  adhering  to  the  above  definitions, 
all  flowers  which  do  not  have  a  double  envelope  have  no  corol- 
las, whatever  may  be  the  appearance  of  the  envelope  which  is 
present.  The  Lily,  Anemone,  and  many  other  showy  flowers, 
have,  correctly  speaking,  no  corolla.  It  is  not  unfrequently  the 
case,  that  there  are  several  row^s  of  envelopes,  and  so  nearly  of 
the  same  constitution  and  appearance,  as  to  be  undistinguish- 
able  from  each  other.  In  such  cases,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are 
said  to  be  confounded  ;  that  is,  they  cannot  be  distinguished, 

102.  What  are  tendrils? — 105.  What  are  the  orsjans  of  reproduction? 
What  is  a  perfect  flower  ?  When  achhimydeoua  ?'  Wlien  niono-chhimT- 
deous?  What  called?  When  diehhmiydeous  i  What  called  ?  When 
are  the  envelopes  said  to  be  confounded  ?     AVhat  is  it  called  ? 


COROLLA.  63 

as  in  the  Calycanthus,  and  the  whole  is  called  in  such  cases  a 
perianth. 

104.  The  word  cahjx  is  derived  from  a  Greek  word  (calux), 
which  signifies  a  covering,  and  is  a  generic  terra  applied  to 
designate  every  form  of  the  external  envelope  which  surrounds 
the  stamens  and  pistils.  The  general  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics of  the  calyx  are — that  it  is  the  outer  covering  of  the 
flower,  green,  smaller  than  the  corolla,  more  firmly  attached  to 
the  plant,  and  having  more  the  appearance  of  leaves.  Although 
the  above  may  be  considered  as  designating  this  organ  in  most 
plants,  yet  there  are  numerous  exceptions  to  it.  The  first  part 
of  the  definition,  that  it  is  the  outer  covering,  is  the  only  charac- 
teristic that  never  varies.  It  is  sometimes  even  more  brilliant 
in  its  colors  and  larger  than  the  corolla  itself,  and  instead  ot 
being  more  permanent,  in  some  species  of  plant  it  falls  even 
before  the  corolla  expands  ;  but  these  are  exceptions  to  a  general 
fact. 

105.  When  the  calyx  consists  of  a  single  piece,  it  is  said 
to  be  monosepalous,  ox  gamosepalous — the  latter  a  term  invented 
to  indicate  the  union  of  several  sepals  in  forming  the  calyx. 
Each  leaf  of  the  calyx  is  called  a  sepal.  When  it  is  composed 
of  several  distinct  leaves,  it  is  called  polysepalous.  In  the 
gamosepalous  calyx,  that  portion  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
sepals  is  called  the  tube ;  the  expansion  at  the  top  is  called  the 
limb.  If  the  calyx  takes  its  rise  below  the  ovary  or  seed-ves- 
sel, it  is  said  to  be  inferior  ;  if  from  the  summit  of  the  ovary, 
it  is  said  to  be  superior.  The  origin  of  the  calyx,  in  both  cases, 
is  undoubtedly  the  same — that  is,  from  beneath  the  ovary  ;  but 
in  the  superior  calyx  it  becomes  firmly  united  to  the  ovary,  and 
forms  a  part  of  it,  as  in  the  Apple.  The  Kose  and  a  few  other 
plants  form  exceptions  to  the  above,  as  what  appears  to  be  the 
cup-like  calyx  of  the  Rose  is  considered  an  expansion,  or  hollow- 
ing out,  of  the  summit  of  the  pedicel  in  which  the  calyx  is 
situated. 

106.  Corolla. — As  we  above  remarked,  when  there  are  two 
floral  envelopes,  the  interior  is  called  the  Corolla.  A  corolla 
is  said  to  be  regular  when  the  parts  are  equally  and  uniformly 
developed  on  all  sides  of  .the  center  of  the  flower.  The  divi- 
sions of  the  corolla  are  always  alternate  with  those  of  the  calyx. 


104.  "What  is  the  calyx ?  What  are  its  characteristics?  Which  never 
varies?  How  with  the  others  ?— 105.  What  is  each  leaf  of  the  calyx 
called  ?  When  the  sepals  are  united  into  one  piece,  how  is  the  calyx- 
said  to  be?  When  composed  of  several  pieces  ?  When  inferior?  Supe- 
rior ?  How  in  the  Rose  ^—106.  What  is  the  corolla  ?  When  is  it  regular  ? 
How  arc  the  livisions  of  the  corolla  and  calyx  in  relation  to  each  other  ? 


64: 


COROLLA. 


The  individual  leaves  of  which  the  corolla  is  composed  are 
called  petals,  and  if  the  petals  are  united  by  their  margins, 
forming  a  tube,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  monopetalous  or  gamo- 
petalous ;  if  they  are  distinct,  it  is  called  polypetalous.  The 
orifice  of  the  tube  is  called  the  throat. 

The  forms  assumed  by  gamopetalous  corollas  are  various, 
and  have  received  characteristic  names,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  following : 

1.  Rotate,  having  a  very  short  tube,  with  a  spreading  limb, 
as  exhibited  in  Fig.  95. 


Fig.  96. 


Fig.  97. 


Fig.  95. 


Rotate  corolla. 


Funnel-shaped  corolla. 

2.  Hypocrateriform,  salver-shaped,  with  a   border  like    the 
preceding,  but  with  a  long  tube.     (Fig.  96.) 

3.  Infundihuliform  (Fig.   97),  or  funnel-shaped,  having  a 
regularly  expanding  tube,  as  in  the  Convolvulus. 

4.  Campanulate  (Fig.  98),  with  the  tube  swelling  at  the 
base,  and  then  gradually  expanding  into  a  limb. 

5.  Labiate.    When  the  corolla  is  separated  into  two  unequal 
divisions,  called  the  anterior,  or  lower,  and  posterior,  or  upper 


Fig.  98. 


Fig.  99. 


Fig.  100. 


Campanulated  corolla. 


Ringent  corolla. 


Personate  corolla. 


What  is  each  leaf  of  the  corolla  called  ?    When  called  monopetabns  * 
When  polypetalous  ?    What  is  a  rotate  corolla  ?    Hypocrateriform  ?    Fun* 


uel-Bhapedl    Campanulate?    Labiate? 


COROLLA. 


65 


lips  (Fig.  99),  as  in  the  Mint.  When  the  throat  is  open,  it  is 
said  to  be  riugent.  (Fig.  99.)  The  personate  corolla  diflei-s 
from  the  ringent  in  having  the  throat  closed  by  a  projection 
of  the  lower  lip.     (Fig.  100.) 

6.  Urceolate  or  pitcher-shaped,  the  same  as  campanulate,  but 
with  the  orifice  contracted  and  an  erect  limb.     (Fig.  101). 

107.  In  polypetalous  corollas  each  petal  consists  of  a  limh  or 
lamina,  and  an  unguis  or  claio.  The  claw  is  the  narrow  part  of 
tlie  petal  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support,  and  corres- 
ponds to  that  part  in  the  monopetalous  corolla  which  forms  the 
tube,  and  is  the  petiole  of  the  leaf.  The  limb  is  the  dilated 
portion  of  the  petal  supported  by  the  claw,  and  is  the  lamina 
of  the  leaf  The  claw  is  not  always  present :  when  it  is  pres- 
ent, the  petal  is  said  to  be  unguiculate. 


Fig.  102. 


Fig.  103. 


Urceolate 
corolla. 


Liliaceous  corolla. 


Rosaceous  corolla. 


108.  The  terms  applied  to  the  different  forms  of  the  poly- 
petalous corolla  are  : 

1.  Rosaceous,  when  there  are  several  spreading  petals  with- 
out claws,  as  in  the  Rose  or  Apple.     (Fig.  103.) 

2.  Liliaceous,  when  the  petals  stand  side  by  side  with  the 
claw,  2^radually  expanding  into  a  limb.     (Fig.  102.) 

3.  Caryo'phyllous,  with  long  slender  claws  protected  by  a 
tubular  calyx  with  an  expanding  limb,  as  in  the'Pink.  (Fig. 
104.)  When  the  claws  are  short,  the  flowers  are  called  alsi- 
naceous. 

4.  Cruciform  are  such  as  consist  of  four  petals  arranged  op- 
posite, or  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  as  the  Turnip,  Cabbage, 
&c.     (Fig.  105.) 

5.  Papilionaceous  c,o\-\^\&i  of  five  petals,  of  which  the  upper 
is  erect,  more  dilated  than  the  others,  and  is  called  the  vexillum 
(Fig.  106,  a) ;  the  two  lateral  are  at  right  angles  with  the  vex- 


Pcrsonate?      Urceolate? — 107.    Of  -Nv'uit    does     each    petal     consist? 
What  is  the  claw?     Limb? — lOS.  What  is  a  rosaceous  corolla?    Lilia- 


ceous?    Caryophyllous  ?     Air 


?     Cruciform  ?      Papilionaceous  ? 


66 


/Ig.  106. 


Caryophyllaceous  corolla. 


Cruciform  corolla. 


Papilionaceous  corolla. 


ilium,  and  of  course  parallel  with  each  other,  and  are  called  the 
wings  or  aim  (Fig.  106,  6) ;  the  two  lower  are  shaped  like  the 
wings,  and  parallel  with  them,  and  cohere  by  their  lower  mar- 
gin and  form  the  keel  or  karina.     (Fig,  106,  c.) 

This  form  of  the  corolla  is  peculiar  to  the  order  Legumino- 
sae,  including  the  Pea,  Bean,  (fee. 

109.  It  very  frequently  happens  that  we  find,  in  examining 
flowers,  parts  which  we  can  refer  to  no  organ  with  which  we 
have  become  acquainted.  They  appear  to  be  distinct  from  the 
calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  or  pistils,  and  can  be  comprehended 
under  none  of  these  organs,  although  situated  among  them, 
and  attached,  perhaps,  to  them.  All  such  parts  are  called  ap- 
pendages, and,  from  the  variety  of  form  they  assume,  much 
confusion  has  been  created  in  their  description,  from  the  want 
of  uniform  terms  applied  to  them. 

They  have  their  origin  either  from  the  corolla  or  stamens. 
Every  appendage  arising  from  the  corolla  is  called  a  paracorollay 
and  if  consisting  of  several  pieces,  larnelloB.  When  one  arises 
from  the  stamen,  it  is  called  a  parastemon. 

The  small  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  petals  of  the  Ranun- 
culus, Professor  Lindley  thinks,  is  "  a  barren  stamen  united  to 
the  base  of  the  petal." 

The  spur,  calcar  or  nectaroiheca,  is  a  hollow  horn-like  ap- 
pendage, developed  on  the  back  and  near  the  base  of  the  petal, 
opening  on  the  anterior  face.  Raspail  considers  this  append- 
age as  later  in  its  formation  than  the  petal,  and  hence  con- 
cludes that  it  is  rather  an  accidental  organ,  and  that  in  cases 
where  it  is  not  developed,  the  petal  is  in  its  normal  con- 
dition, as  sometimes  happens  in  the  Aquilegia. 

Most  of  the  above  forms  were  considered  by  the  earlier 
botanists  as  nectaries,  but  with  manifest  impropriety,  since  but 
few,  if  any  of  them,  secrete  honey. 


BKACTS.  67 


Bracts. 


110.  There  are  often  to  be  found  organs  situated  between 


the  true  leaves  and  the  calyx,  varying  from  them  in  outline, 
color,  and  size,  which  are  called  bracts.  Many  varieties  of 
bracts  have  been,  till  very  recently,  classed  as  varieties  of  the 
calyx  ;  and  some  botanists,  even  at  the  present  day,  adopt  this 
arrangement.  The  bract  seems  to  occupy  a  space  between  the 
leaf  and  calyx,  not  only  by  collocation  on  the  plant,  but  in 
constitution  and  functions.  They  appear  to  pei'form  the  same 
office  in  many  cases  as  the  calyx,  and  in  others  seem  not  to 
dift'er  from  the  true  leaves. 

111.  Their  position  and  form  have  given  them  various 
names,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  common  : 

When  they  appear  as  simple  scales  on  the  peduncle,  or  at 
its  base,  they  take  only  the  general  term  bract,  as  in  the 
Heart's-ease  and  Veronica  agrestis. 

When  they  are  verticillate  and  surround  several  flowers,  they 
constitute  an  involucre,  as  in  the  UmhelUferoB.  In  Co?npositce, 
the  involucre  assumes  the  appearance  of  a  calyx,  inclosmg  many 
flowers,  but  each  floret  has  a  calyx  more  or  less  developed, 
inclosing  the  seed  and  appearing  on  its  summit  in  the  form 
of  egret,  scales,  paiyinis,  or  an  elevated  margin.  At  the  base  of 
this  involucre  there  are  often  bracts,  not  constituting  a  part  of 
it.  These  are  called  bractleis,  and  the  involucre  is  said  to  be 
bracteolate.  In  the  Cupuliferce,  the  involucre  assumes  a  more 
singular  appearance,  forming  in  the  Oaks  the  hard  cup-shaped 
organ  indorsing  the  base  of  the  acorn,  and  in  the  Chestnut  con- 
stituting what  is  well  known  by  the  name  of  bur.  The  real 
calyx,  in  these  cases,  exists  in  a  rudimentary  form  imme- 
diately surrounding  the  pistils,  as  may  be  readily  observed  in 
the  pistillate  flower  of  the  Chestnut.  In  the  Cornus  or  Dog- 
wood, the  involucre  consists  of  the  four  large,  white,  showy 
leaves  which  one,  not  a  botanist,  would  take  for  the  corolla. 
In  the  Euphorbia,  the  involucre  is  composed  of  two  rows  of 
united  leaves,  forming  what  might  be  easily  mistaken  for  a 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  the  outer  part  is  green,  while  the  inner  is 
colored.     In  the  Beech  it  resembles  a  pericarp. 

The  bracts  of  the  Calkin  are  usually  called  squamce  or  scales — 
a  term  usually  applied  to  any  scaly  a[)pearance ;  and  the  organ 
on  which  such  scales  appear  is  said  to  he  squamose. 

110.  What  are  bracts  ?— 111.  When  called  an  involucre  ?  How  in  Com 
positse  ?    In  Cupuliferae '^    Chestnut?    Cornus?     Euphorbia?    Beech 'J 


68  BRACTS. 

The  chaff  on  the  receptacle  of  the  compositae  is  another 
form  of  the  bract,  and  they  are  called  palem. 

The  Spathe  is  a  bract  which  incloses  the  aggregated  florets 
of  a  spadix,  as  in  the  Arums. 

The  bracts  which  demand  the  most  careful  attention  of  the 
student,  if  he  expects  to  encounter  with  success  the  large  family 
of  plants  to  which  they  belong,  are  those  of  the  grasses. 

Let  the  student  take  the  Crab-grass,  Panicum  sanguinalis, 
as  a  specimen  for  examination.  It  may  be  found  in  all  places, 
and  in  bloom  through  the  summer,  and  is  known  by  everybody. 
We  find  it  consisting  of  three  or  more  spikes  of  flowers.  Th^ 
flowers  of  each  of  these  spikes  we  find  arranged  on  one  side  of  a 
common  support,  called  rackis,  in  two  rows.  If  we  take  one  of 
these  spikes  and  bend  it,  we  see  the  flowers,  which  before  lay 
so  closely  to  the  stem,  separate  from  it,  and  exhibit  themselves 
as  little  spikelets  of  about  half  an  inch  long.  By  examina- 
tion, we  find  that  each  of  these  spikelets  is  composed  of  two 
flowers.  Instead  of  commencing  with  the  outer  envelopes,  as 
is  common  with  other  flowers,  we  will  commence  at  the  center. 
We  find  at  the  center  the  ovary,  stamens,  and  pistils  ;  and  im- 
mediately surrounding  the  ovary  we  find  two  nearly  opposite 
membranous  bracts,  which  we  shall  call  palece.  Elliott  calls 
them  the  corolla,  and  by  different  authors  they  have  the  names 
of  calyx,  jper/a7z//^i2«m,  gluma  interior,  perigonium,  and  gluma. 
Within  the  paleae  of  some  grasses,  as  the  Bromus,  there  are 
two  small  hypogynous,  fleshy,  colorless  scales,  which  are  called 
squamulce.  Elliott  calls  them  nectaries;  and  in  other  cases, 
instead  of  the  squamulae,  are  found  bristles,  as  in  the  Cyperaccce, 
called  hypogynous  setce.  Without  the  palese  of  our  specimen 
we  find  two  bracts  inclosing  the  others,  which  are  called 
glumes — the  calyx,  gluma  exterior,  and  tegmen  of  authors. 
The  glumes  do  not  always  inclose  a  single  flower,  but  most 
generally  are  at  the  base  of  the  spikelet,  and  inclose  many 
flowers  ;  as  in  some  of  the  Panicums  there  are  two,  and  in  the 
Bromus  several.  In  some  instances  there  are  many  glumes 
with  no  flowers,  as  in  the  Schoenus,  the  lower  ones  being 
empty.  It  may  be  adopted  by  the  student  as  a  general  rule, 
that  those  bracts  immediately  surrounding  the  stamens  and 
pistils  are  palece,  and  all  others  glumes. 

What  is  spathe  ?  What  are  paleae  in  grasses  ?  What  are  squamulse  ? 
Setas  ?    What  are  glumes  ? 


INFLORESCENCE.  69 


Inflorescence. 

112.  The  manner  in  which  flowers  are  arranged  on  the 
flower-bearing  stem,  or  branch,  is  termed  Inflorescence,  or  An- 
thotaxis  (anthos,  a  flower,  and  taxis,  order).  From  the  fact 
that  all  floral  organs  are  modifications  of  leaves,  and  have  the 
same  origin,  it  follows,  of  course,  that  primarily  they  have  the 
same  arrangement,  however  modified  this  arrangement  may 
become  in  the  course  of  development.  The  small  branch  which 
bears  a  single  flower  or  bunch  of  flowers  is  called  the  peduncle. 
When  the  peduncle  bears  many  flowers,  the  little  organ  that 
supports  each  flower  is  called  a  pedicel.  Sometimes  the  pe- 
duncle is  itself  divided,  and  its  divisions  are  called  branches. 

When  the  peduncle  rises  from  the  earth  and  bears  the  flower, 
it  is  called  a  scape.  A  rackis  is  a  peduncle  that  proceeds 
through  the  center  of  the  inflorescence  from  the  base  to  the 
apex.     It  is  also  called  the  axis. 

When  the  part  that  bears  the  flower,  instead  of  being 
lengthened  into  a  rachis,  forms  an  enlarged  and  flattened  sur- 
face at  its  extremity,  on  which  the  flowers  are  arranged,  it  is 
called  a  receptacle. 

113*  We  may  easily  reduce  all  the  various  forms  of  inflo- 
rescence to  two  primitive  types,  the  determinate  and  indeter- 
minate arrangements. 

By  determinate  arrangement  is  meant  that  kind  of  inflores- 
cence which  occurs  when  the  primary  axis  of  the  plant  is  ter- 
minated by  a  flower  (meaning  by  the  primary  axis  the  stem 
arising  from  the  root). 

The  most  simple  case  of  this  kind  is  when  the  stem  bears  a 
single  flower,  there  being  no  secondary  axes. 

114*  The  following  are  the  most  common  ^'s-  ^'^• 

forms  of  determinate  inflorescence  : 

Corymb  is  when  the  flower-bearing  branch- 
es arise  from  different  points  of  elevation  on 
the  stem,  but  rise  to  the  same  height.  (Fig. 
107.)  It  is  simple  when  each  secondary  axis 
bears  a  single  flower,  and  compound  when 
their  axes  are  divided  and  each  division  bears 

n  Corymb. 

a  flower. 

Capitulum  or  Head   is  produced   when  the  flowers  stand 

112.  What  ia  an  inflorescence  ?  What  is  a  peduncle  ?  Pedicel?  What 
is  a  scape?  Eaehis?  What  is  a  receptacle  ?— 113.  What  is  meant  by- 
determinate  iuflorascence  ? — 114.  What  is  a  corvmb  ?  When  simple  t 
When  compound  ?    What  is  %  capitulum  ? 


70 


rNFLORESCENCE. 


upon   an    expanded   receptacle  on  the  summit  of  the  stem. 
(Fig.  108.) 

Each  little  flower  comprising  a  capitulum  is  called  a  floret. 
The  florets  are  often  very  difierent  in  appearance,  some  consist- 
Fig.  108. 


a.  Ray  florets,    h.  Disk  florets. 

ing  of  a  ligulate  or  flattened  limb,  arranged  around  the  circum- 
ference like  the  petals  of  other  flowers,  and  are  called  ray 
florets^  as  are  seen  in  the  Sun-flower  (Fig.  109),  while  the 
ientral  are  usually  tubular  and  unconspicuous,  and  are  called 

Fig.  109.— Disk  Floret.  Fig.  110.— Ray  Floret. 

c 


a.  Limb.  h.  Style,  c.  Stamen  tube. 
d.  Egret  or  pappus,  e.  Achenium 
or  seed. 


a.  Corolla,    b.  Style,    c.  Stamen  tube, 
d.  Pappus,    e.  Achenium. 


"What  is  a  floret  ?    "What  are  ray  florets  ? 


INFLORKSCENCE. 


71 


disk  florets.  (Fig.  110.)  The  ray  and  disk  florets  often  differ 
in  respect  to  the  organs  they  contain.  Sometimes  they  are 
both  perfect — that  is,  both  containing  stamens  and  pistils — 
when  they  are  said  to  be  homogamous  ;  at  other  times,  the  ray 
florets  may  be  destitute  of  either  stamens  or  pistils,  or  contain 


Fig.  111.— Umbel. 


a.  Universal  umbel,    h.  Partial  umbe.. 

pistils  only,  and  the  disk  contain  only  stamens;  in   any  of 
these  cases,  the  capitulum  is  said  to  be  heterogamous. 

Umbel  (Fig.  Ill)  is  formed  when  the  secondary  axes  origi- 
nate from  the  same  point  on  the  stem,  and  rise  to  nearly  the 
same    height.      The   whole   is 
called   a   universal   umbel.     If  ^'^*  ^^~ 

the  secondary  axes  develop  ter- 
tiary ones  in  the  same  manner, 
each  is  called  2l  partial  umbel. 

115.  The  preceding  varieties 
follow  the  centripetal  order  of 
flowering — that  is,  the  flowers 
farthest  from  the  center  expand 
first. 

But  there  are  others  of  the 
determinate  form  which  follow 
the  centrifugal  order — that  is, 
the  central  or  upper  ones  ex- 
pand first,  and  the  external  or  Cyme. 
lower  ones  last. 


What  are  disk  florets  ?  When  homo2:amous  ?  When  heteroffamons ! 
What  is  an  umbel?  A  universal  umber?  A  partial  umbel?— 115.  What 
is  the  centripetal  order  of  inflorescence  ?    The  centrifugal  ? 


72 


INFLORESCENCE. 


Cyme  is  produced  when  a  single  flower  at  tlie  top  of  the 
stem  has  two  branches,  one  on  each  side,  which  in  turn  sub- 
divides in  the  same  way.     (Fig.  112.) 

Fascicle  differs  from  the  cyme  only  in  shortening  the  pe- 
duncles, which  brings  the  flowers  into  a  more  compact  form,  as 
in  the  Pink. 

116*  Indeterminate  injlorescence  is  characterized  by  the  con- 
tinued growth  of  the  primary  axis,  while  the  secondary  and 
tertiary  axes  are  arrested. 

The  spike  is  of  this  form,  and  is  supposed  to  be  produced  by 
the  continued  elongation  of  the  primary  axis,  while  the  second- 
ary, having  no  power  of  elongation,  produces  sessile  flowers 
along  a  common  axis,  which  constitutes  the  sjpike  (Fig.  113), 
as  in  the  Plantains. 


Fig.  113. 


Fig.  114. 


Fig.  115. 


Spike. 


Spadix. 


When  sessile  flowers  are  arranged  on  a  filiform  rachis,  which 
falls  off"  after  flowering,  it  is  called  an  anient  or  catkin^  as  in  the 
Willow,  Hazel,  &c.  (Fig.  114.)  When  a  fleshy  axis  is  densely 
covered  with  flowers,  inclosed  in  a  spathe,  it  is  called  a  spadix^ 
as  in  the  Arum.     (Fig.  115.) 

If  the  secondary  axes  are  equally  developed  around  the  pri- 
mary, as  in  the  Currant  and  Hyacinth,  we  have  the  raceme 
(Fig.  116)  ;  the  raceme  difi"ering  in  no  respect  from  the  spike, 
but  in  having  pedicellate  flowers. 


What  is  a  cyme  ?     A 
nence  ?    What  is  a  spike  ? 


fascicle? — 116.  What  is  indeterminate  inflores- 
An  ament  ?    A  spadix  ?    A  raceme  ? 


STAMENS. 


Fig.  116. 


Fig.  117. 


If  the  secondary  axes  develop  tertiary  ones,  a  panicle  is 
formed  (Fig.  117),  as  in  the  Poa.  The  term  deliquescent 
panicle  is  appHed  to  that  variety  of  the  panicle,  when  the 
rachis  is  lost  in  its  irregular  divisions,  and  does  not  continue 
direct  through  the  inflorescence.  The  ramification  of  the  axes 
may  proceed  further,  forming  compound  panicles.  A  very 
dense  panicle,  with  the  lower  branches  shorter  than  the  middle 
ones,  is  called  a  thyrsus,  as  in  the  Lilac. 


-a 


Stamens. 

'  117i  Immediately  within  the  corolla  are  situated  a  row  of 
organs  called  stamens.  The  stamens,  like  the  calyx  and  corolla, 
are  modifications  of  leaves.  They  usually  consist  of  three 
parts — filament,  anther^  and  pollen.  The  filament  is  the 
thread-like  organ  whi'^h  supports  the  anther.  (Fig.  118,  6.) 
This  is  not  necessary  to  the  functions  of  the  sta-  Fig.  us. 
mens  any  more  than  a  petiole  is  necessary  to  a 
leaf.  The  anther  is  the  knob,  usually  yellow  or 
brown,  situated  on  the  summit  of  the  filament 
(Fig.  118,  a);  or  if  the  filament  be  absent,  it  sits 
upon  the  receptacle.  The  pollen  is  the  yellow 
dust-like  substance  contained  within  the  anther, 
and  is  necessary  in  the  vegetable  economy  to  the 
perfection  of  the  seed. 

118.  The  arrangement  of  the  stamens  is  usually  alternate 
with  the  petals  or  their  segments,  and  of  course  opposite  those 

A  panicle  ?  A  deliquescent  panicle  ?  Atliyrsus? — 117.  Where  are  the 
Btamens  situated?  Of  how  many  parts  does 'each  consist?  What  is  tho 
filament?  What  is  the  anther  ?  The  pollen  ?~1 18.  What  is  the  arrange- 
ment of  stamens  ? 


.---* 


<■*  STAMENS. 

of  ihe  calyx.  It  was  on  this  circumstance  that  Linnjeus  founded 
his  test  for  tlie  distinction  of  calyx  and  corolla.  If  the  stamens 
were  opposite  the  segments  of  the  floral  envelope,  he  called  it  a 
calyx ;  if  alternate,  it  was  to  be  called  a  corolla.  AYhen  but 
one  row  of  each  is  developed^  this  is  no  doubt  an  undeviating 
criterion  ;  but  it  may  happen,  supposing  the  real  corolla  to  be 
present,  that  the  whorl  of  stamens  next  above  it  is  suppressed 
and  the  second  whorl  only  developed.  In  such  cases,  the 
stamens  would  necessarily  be  opposite  the  segment;  but  by 
the  application  of  Linnaeus'  criterion,  the  inner  envelope  would 
be  a  calyx  and  the  outer  the  corolla,  as  in  the  whole  order  of 
Prhnulacece^  in  which  the  regular  calyx  is  present.  This  ar- 
rangement may  easily  be  accounted  for  upon  the  above  suppo- 
sition ;  and  it  receives  confirmation  from  the  fact,  that  some 
plants  having  twice  as  many  stamens  as  petals,  and  having  the 
appearance  of  being  in  a  single  row,  yet  half  of  them  are  alter- 
nately longer  than  the  other  half.  This  occurs  in  the  Oxalis, 
giving  probability  to  the  supposition  that  the  five  short  stamens 
of  the  Oxalis  were  prevented  from  being  developed  as  perfectly 
as  the  other  five ;  and  had  they  been  entirely  prevented,  we  shoul  d 
thus  have  had  an  arrangement  similar  to  the  Lysimachia  with 
the  opposite  stamens. 

The  number  of  stamens  is  generally  the  same  as  the  petals  or 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  or  a  multiple  of  the  number. 

119t  Whatever  may  be  the  apparent  origin  of  the  stamen, 
its  real  origin  is  always  the  same,  that  is,  between  the  base  of 

Fig.  119.  Fig.  120. 

Fig.  121. 


Ktamen  perigynous.  Stamen  epigjnona.  Stamen  hypogynons. 

the  petals  and  that  of  the  ovarium.  Their  apparent  origin 
varies  remarkably,  sometimes  appearing  to  rise  from  the  ca- 
lyx (Fig.  119),  when  they  are  said  to  hQ  perigynous  ;  at  other 
times  they  rise  from  the  pistil  itself  (Fig.  120),  and  are  said  to 


How  in  the  order  Primiilacete  ?     How  accounted  for?     What  is  usually 
mber  (  " 
perigyi 


the  number  of  stamens?— 119.    What  is  always  the  origin  of  stamens'? 
When  pericrvnous  ? 


FILAMi:NT. 


75 


be  epigynous,  or  from  under  the  pistil,  their  true  origin,  and 
called  hypogynoiis.    (Fig.  121.) 


Fig.  122. 


Fig.  123. 


Fig.  124. 


Moiiadelpbous 
stamens. 


Diadelpbous  stamens. 


Polydelphous  stamens. 


120«  Stamens  are  often  united  by  their  filaments,  forming  a 
tube,  as  in  the  Malva,  wlien  they  are  said  to  be  monadelphous 
(Fig.  122),  or  in  one  brotherhood.  In  other  cases  they  are  united 
into  two  sets,  when  they  are  said  to  be  diadelphous  (Fig.  123), 
as  in  the  Pea  :  if  into  several  sets,  the  term  polydelplious  is  ap- 
plied (Fig.  124),  as  in  some  Hyperica. 

If  the  stamens  project  beyond  the  corolla,  they  are  said  to  be 
exserted,  and  included  when  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

When  the  stamens  all  turn  to  one  side  of  the  corolla,  they 
are  said  to  be  declinate.  When  a  flower  has  four  stamens,  two 
of  which  are  longer  than  the  other  two,  they  are  didynamous 
(Fig.  125).  If  there  are  six,  with  four  the  longest,  then  they 
are  tetradynamous.   (Fig.  126.) 


Fig.  125. 


121  *  The  filament  is  generally,  as  its 
name  implies,  a  slender  thread-like  or- 
gan, having  a  bundle  of  vessels  in  its 
center  composed  of  woody  fiber  and 
spiral  vessels,  and  corresponds  undoubt- 
edly to  the  petiole  of  the  leaf.  It  as- 
sumes a  variety  of  forms.  Its  normal 
form  is  found  in  the  Rose,  Ajyple,  and 
Lily.  In  the  Canna  the  filament  re- 
sembles so  much  a  petal  that  it  would 


Fig.  126. 


Didynamous 
stamens. 


Stamens 
tetradynamous. 


Epigynous?  Hypogynous  ?— 120.  Wlien monadelphous?  Polydelphous? 
When  are  stamens  exserted  ?  When  included?  Declinate?  Didynanious  ? 
Tetradynamous?— 121.  What  :s  the  filament?  AV hat  docs  it  resemble  in 
the  Canna  ? 


76  ANTHER. 

be  undistinguishable  from  one,  but  for  its  bearing  an  anther. 
In  the  Water-lily  it  is  found  in  every  degree  of  development, 
from  its  common  form  to  a  petal,  showing  the  true  nature  of  the 
stamen,  that  it  is  a  modification  of  leaves.  In  the  Carnpanula 
the  lower  part  of  the  filament  assumes  the  form  of  a  fleshy  scale. 
Although  generally  smooth,  still  in  some  plants,  as  in  the 
Tradescemtia,  it  becomes  in  some  parts  covered  with  hairs.  In 
the  Thalictrum  it  is  thickest  at  its  summit,  and  is  said  to  be 
clavate.  Sometimes  the  filaments  are  united  together  with  the 
style  into  a  solid  column,  under  the  name  of  columna  or  gyno- 
ategium^  as  in  the  Asdepiadce. 

122»  The  anther  is  generally  composed  entirely  of  cellular 
tissue,  and  consists  of  two  lobes^  united  by  a  connectivum,  and 
filled  with  pollen.  The  connectivum  corresponds  to  the  midrib 
of  the  leaf,  wdiile  the  lobes  are  formed  by  its  lamina,  folded  so  as 
to  form  its  cells.  The  variations  in  the  form  of  the  anther  are  very 
numerous.  The  true  type  of  the  anther,  then,  is  two  lengthened 
parallel  cells  (connected  together),  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
suture  corresponding  to  the  margin  of  the  leaf  of  which  the  an- 
ther is  composed.  It  sometimes  happens  that  the  septum  is 
absorbed  or  not  developed,  when  it  is  one-celled;  at  other  times 
one  half  of  the  lamina  seems  not  to  be  developed,  and  a  one- 
celled  anther  is  the  result,  as  in  the  Cuima.  Sometimes  the  con- 
nectivum spreads  out  at  its  summit,  and  the  lobes,  instead  of  being 
parallel,  assume  every  degree  of  inclination.  In  the  Monarda 
they  are  at  right  angles,  and  should  the  points  of  the  lobes  grow 
together  we  have  a  one-celled  anther  from  this  cause.  In  the 
Sage  but  one  side  of  the  connectivum  bears  an  anther,  the  other 
side  being  very  diff'erently  developed. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  anther  is  more  than  two-celled. 
This  is  occasioned,  in  some  cases,  by  the  folding  inwards  of  the  su- 
tures, so  as  to  form  a  union  with  the  back  of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Ash. 

The  Cucurbitacece  present  a  curious  modification  of  the  an- 
ther, in  which  they  are  long,  narrow,  and  sinuous,  and  folded 
back  upon  themselves. 

123.  When  the  anthers  are  attached  by  their  base  to  the 
summit  of  the  filament,  they  are  said  to  be  innate ;  when  by 
their  back,  adnate.  When  they  seem  to  be  balanced  on  the  top 
of  the  filament,  they  are  said  to  be  versatile.  The  anthers  of 
grasses  are  versatile.  When  the  anthers  are  turned  inward, 
they  are  said  to  be  introrse,  and  when  turned  outward,  extrorse. 


In  the  water-lily? — 122.  Describe  the  anther.  What  is  the  true  type  of 
the  anther?  Wlien  one-celled?  How  in  the  sage  ? — 123.  When  are  an- 
thers innate?  When  adnate?  When  versatile  ?  When  introrse?  When 
exirorse  ? 


POLLEN.  77 

The  connectivum  often  appears  under  modified  forms.  Some 
of  these  we  have  already  noticed,  as  in  the  Sar/e.  In  the  As- 
clepias^  also,  the'  little  horns  observed  in  the  flowers  of  these 
plants  are  developments  of  the  connectivun.  In  some  cases  it 
is  very  much  enlarged,  in  others  forked,  in  others  it  forms  a  crest, 
and  again  it  forms  a  cup-like  body  articulated  with  the  apex. 
The  position  it  occupies  in  these  and  other  cases,  will  enable  the 
observer  to  determine  to  what  organ  it  is  to  be  referred. 

124.  The  pollen  consists  of  exceedingly  minute  grains,  which, 
under  the  microscope,  appear  of  various  forms.  In  some  they 
are  smooth  and  spherical,  as  in  the  Marvel  of  Peru  ;  in  others 
with  conical  papillee,  as  in  the  Hibiscus  grandijiorus  ;  in  others 
angular,  some  nearly  square  and  of  every  variety  of  geometrical 
figure.  It  would  be  useless  to  specify  the  great  variety  of  forms 
under  which  this  substance  appears,  as  it  has,  as  yet,  been  made 
of  little  practical  importance  in  arranging  plants,  although  so  far 
as  we  have  made  observations  on  this  subject,  we  believe  it  might 
in  some  cases  be  made  a  good  specific  character,  and  in  others 
a  generic  one  of  much  importance.  We  have  never  found  a 
variation  of  form  in  the  same  species ;  and  in  some  extensive 
genera,  so  far  as  we  have  examined  them,  the  form  is  inva- 
riable. 

The  student  can  scarcely  find  a  field  for  more  curious  obser- 
vation, if  he  has  a  good  microscope,  than  is  presented  by  the 
pollen.  The  variety  of  beautiful  forms  it  assumes,  in  difierent 
species,  and  the  curious  structure  of  the  pollen  grain  itself,  present 
subjects  of  much  interest. 

125.  The  pollen  grains  inclose  a  fluid  of  molecular  matter 
essential  to  the  production  of  the  seed.  The  molecular  forma- 
tion may  be  beautifully  observed  by  sprinkling  some  pollen  on 
the  port-object  of  the  microscope,  and  dropping  on  it  some  dilu- 
ted sulphuric  acid.  The  coats  of  some  of  the  grains  immediately 
burst,  and  the  contents  of  the  grain  are  projected  into  the  fluid, 
and  the  molecules  may  be  distinctly  seen.  The  pollen  hiis  been 
determined,  by  the  most  accurate  observers,  to  consist  of  two 
coats,  at  least ;  the  outer  and  thicker  one  called  the  extiiie,  the 
inner  the  inline^  which  is  very  extensible  and  exceedingly  thin. 
This  may  be  exhibited  by  placing  some  pollen  in  very  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  ;  instead  of  bursting,  as  in  the  case  mentioned 
in  the  preceding  paragraph,  projections  will  be  seen  to  arise  from 
the  surface  of  the  grain  and  extend  into  the  fluid.  These  lengthen 
till  the  contents  of  the  granule  are  exhausted,  and  consist  of  the 

124.  Of  what  does  the  pollen  consist?  What  of  the  form  and  surface  of 
pollen  grains  ? — 125.  What  do  the  pollen  grains  inclose  ?  How  may  it  h% 
seen  ?     Wliat  is  the  extine  ?    The  intine  ? 


78  PISTIL. 

intine  projecting  through  the  coat  of  the  extine.  By  the  sul- 
phuric acid  many  tubes  are  projected  from  the  same  grain, 
naturally  only  one  or  two. 

Raspail  asserts  that  the  pollen  is  a  production  of  the  internal 
surface  of  cells  within  the  theca,  to  which  the  grains  are  attached 
by  a  funicle.     This  is  denied  by  other  botanists. 

126.  The  color  of  pollen  is  generally  yellow;  but  it  assumes 
in  different  plants  almost  every  color  except  green.  The  matter 
contained  within  the  pollen  cells  is  called  fovilla,  which  we  be- 
fore remarked  consists  of  minute  molecules,  measuring,  accord- 
ing to  Lindley,  from  the  4000th  to  the  30,000th  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  are  of  two  kinds,  one  larger  than  the  other. 


Pistil. 

127.  The  pistil  is  the  center  of  the  flower,  and  forms  the 
summit  of  the  axis  of  growth.  It  is,  like  the  other  floral  organs, 
a  modification  of  the  leaves.  Each  leaf  of  the  pistil  is  called  a 
carpel.  The  pistil  is  divided  into  three  parts,  the  germ  (which 
becomes  the  ovary),  style^  and  stigma. 

The  stigma  (Fig.  127,  c)  is  the  summit  of  the 
pistil,  and  is  the  extremity  of  the  midrib  of  the  leaf 
which  composes  the  pistil.  It  is  the  only  part,  ex- 
cept the  spongioles,  that  is  not  covered  with  the 
epidermis.  It  is  generally  glutinous  and  moist, 
thus  causing  t^ie  pollen  grains  to  adhere  to  it,  and 
at  the  same  time  yielding  enough  moisture  to  make 
them  put  forth  the  pollen  tubes.  It  is  covered  with 
papillae,  which  are  undoubtedly  the  cells  of  the 
parenchymous  substance  of  w^hich  it  is  composed, 
and  is  the  channel  throuo-h  which,  in  all  cases,  the      a-ovary. 

.  .  -i-i  IT  6— style. 

fecundatmg  matter  is  transmitted  to  the  ovule.  It  c-stigma. 
varies  much  in  form  ;  or  if,  with  some  botanists,  we  consider  the 
stigma  only  a  surface  fitted  for  the  reception  of  the  pollen  and 
transmission  of  the  fertilizing  substance,  the  variety  of  forms  of 
stigma  usually  described  by  botanists  would  properly  come  under 
the  style.  Lindley  remarks  that  nothing,  properly  speaking,  is 
a  stigma  except  the  secreting  surface  of  the  style.  This  surface 
is  usually  on  the  expanded  summit  of  the  style,  but  it  frequently 
occupies  other  situations.  In  the  Iris  it  is  a  line  on  the  back  of 
the  trifid  petal-like  style ;  in  some  it  occupies  the  side  of  the 

126.  What  is  the  color  of  the  pollen  grains  ?  What  is  the  fovilla?— 127. 
What  is  the  pistil  Into  how  many  parts  divided  ?  What  is  each  leaf  that 
composes  it  called?      What  is  the  stigma?    With  what  is  it  covered  1 


PISTIL,  79 

pistil ;  in  others  no  point  can  be  detected,  by  observation,  that 
corresponds  in  appearance  to  the  stigmatic  surface.  The  central 
part  of  the  stigma  consists  of  a  more  hix  tissue  which  leads  di- 
rectly to  the  ovary,  and  is  called  the  conducting  tissue. 

128.  The  style  (Fig.  127,  b)  is  a  vascular  organ,  varying  in 
length,  supported  by  the  ovary,  and  supporting  the  stigma.  It 
is  generally  considered  an  unessential  organ ;  but  Raspail  says 
that  the  style  penetrates  the  ovary  and  becomes  the  placenta, 
which  would  render  its  presence  always  necessary;  but  this  is 
in  opposition  to  all  other  botanists,  so  far  as  we  know,  the  pla- 
centa beinof  considered  the  union  o(  the  eda^es  of  the  folded 
leaves  composing  the  ovary.  The  style  is  sometimes  articulated 
to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  and  sometimes  forms  a  continuation 
of  it.  Although  the  style  usually  rises  from  the  summit  of  the 
ovary,  yet  in  some  cases  it  does  not.  In  the  Lahiatoe  it  comes 
from  the  base,  and  in  othei's  from  the  side.  These  apparent 
variations  are  produced  by  the  unequal  development  of  the  parts 
of  the  ovary ;  one  side  being  extended  more  than  the  other, 
would,  of  course,  turn  the  summit  to  the  least  developed  side. 

I2&«  The  ovary  (Fig,  127,  a)  is  the  thickened  base  of  the 
pistil,  and  is  that  part  of  the  organ  containing  the  ovules,  and 
becomes  the  fruit  in  maturity,  whatever  ma}^  be  its  form.  The 
ovary,  when  the  pistil  is  composed  of  a  single  leaf,  is  formed  by 
the  folding  of  the  leaf  with  the  upper  surface  inward  and  united 
by  its  edges,  the  lamina  of  the  leaf  forming  the  ovary.  This 
arrangement  is  well  exhibited  by  the  PeacJi.  The  furrow,  which 
is  always  seen  running  from  the  apex  to  the  base  of  this  fruit, 
on  one  side,  is  the  united  margins.  The  midrib  on  the  opposite 
side  is  undistinguishable  on  the  surface,  but  by  dissection  the 
vessels  will  be  found  larger  on  that  side,  and  running  more  di- 
rectly from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

I30«  The  j^dcbcenta  is  the  union  of  the  two  margins  ^'^^'*- 
of  the  carpels,  and  bears  the  ovules,  which  in  maturity 
become  the  seed.  By  carefully  breakicg  the  stone  of 
the  Peach,  we  shall  find  the  kernel  attached  to  that 
side  of  the  cavity  which  corresponds  to  the  depressed 
line  on  the  surface,  showing  that  the  kernel  or  nucleus 
derived  its  origin  and  support  from  that  side  which  is 
formed  hj  the  margin  of  the  leaf.  The  Cherry  is  an- 
other example  of  a  monocarpelous  pistil.  (Fig.  128.) 

131.  Althoufyh  some  plants,  like  those  above  noticed,  „ 
nave  their  pistils  or  one  ieai,  yet  in  most  eases  they  louspistii. 

What  is  the  oondu-eting  tissue  ?— 128,  What  is  the  style  ?— 529-  Wli«t 
is  the  ovary?  How  is  it  formed  when  thp  pistil  is  composed  of  a  singla 
leaf?    When  exhibited  ?    Explain  tha  pexich,— 330-    What  is  tlic  plac^Mita  ' 


80 


PISTIL. 


Fig.  129. 


consist  of  several  carpels,  assuming  a  great  variety  of  forms.  It 
is  of  the  first  importance  that  the  student  study  carefully  all 
that  relates  to  the  fruit,  as  it  is  from  it  that  the  most  importam 
distinctions  in  classification  are  derived.  It  will  be  the  most 
diflScult  as  well  as  the  most  important  subject  to  which  his  at- 
tention will  be  called.  By  perseveringly  applying  the  principles 
laid  down,  he  will  soon  acquire  a  facility  in  examining  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  fields  of  nature,  which  will  abundantly  reward 
him  for  all  his  toil. 

132.  When  the  ovary  is  composed  of  several  carpels,  the 
carpels  are  arranged  with  the  midrib  placed  outwardly,  and  the 
margins  turned  inward  toward  the  center,  as 
seen  in  the  transverse,  section  of  the  Hibiscus 
(Fig.  129),  which  is  composed  of  five  carpels, 
with  their  margins  meeting  in  the  center, 
forming  a  central  placenta,  to  which  the  seeds 
are  attached.  The  divisions,  which  form  the 
cells  of  the  ovary,  are  called  dissejnments^  and 
are  of  course,  from  w^hat  we  have  before  re- 
marked, the  inflected  laminae  of  the  leaves ; 
and  as  each  carpel  is  naturally  independent 
of  the  others,  which  compose  the  ovary,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  dissepiments,  however  thin  and 
membranous  they  may  be,  in  some  cases,  are  in  reality  double. 
All  true  dissepiments  are  necessarily  vertical,  and  never  hori- 
zontal, since  the  inflected  margins  of  leaves  could  not  unite  in 
such  a  manner.  The  number  of  dissepiments  is  always  equal  to 
the  number  of  carpels  of  which  the  ovary  is  composed,  and  the 
dissepiments  are  always  alternate  with  the  stigmas.  A  simple 
ovary  can  have  no  dissepiment.  Should  any  fruit  be  observed 
with  dissepiments  not  reconcilable  to  the  above  principles,  they  are 
called  spurious  dissepiments.  The  only  common  one  of  this 
character  with  which  students  will  meet, 
is  that  occurring  in  cruciferous  plants,  as 
the  Cabbage,  Turnip,  &c.,  in  which  the 
expansion  of  the  placenta  forms  a  spu- 
rious dissepiment,  stretching  from  one 
side  of  the  ovary  to  the  other.  In  some 
cases  in  which  the  ovary  is  composed  of 
several  carpels,  there  exists  no  dissepi- 
ment. This  arises  from  one  of  two 
causes.     In  one  case  the  edares  of  the 


Section  of  Hibiscus. 


Fig.  130. 


Parietal  placenta. 


132.  "When  the  ovary  is  composed  of  several  carpels  how  are  they  ar 
ranged  ?  Explain  the  hibiscus.  ^  What  are  dissepiuiei  is  ?  How  mauy  can 
there  be  ?    What  are  spurious  dissepiments  ? 


PISTIL. 


81 


Fig.  131. 


carpels  are  united  without  being  inflected  much,  if  at  all,  as  in 
the  Corydalis  and  Viola  (Fig.  130),  -svhere  the  placenta  is  said 
to  be  2^<^ri£tal.  In  the  other  case  the  dissepiments  exist  in  the 
very  early  stage  of  the  ovary,  but  by  the  enlargement  of  the 
ovary  without  the  corresponding  development  of  the  dissepi- 
ments, they  become  torn  and  obhterated,  with  the  placenta  re- 
maining alone,  as  in  the  Cerastium.  In  this  case  it  is  called  a 
free  central  placenta.     (Fig.  131.) 

It  is  frequently  the  case  that  there  are 
numerous  carpels,  but  they  contract  no 
union  with  each  other,  as  in  the  Straw- 
berry, Ranunculus,  and  Anemone. 

When  the  carpels  are  united,  as  in  tie 

Poppy,  Hibiscus,  <fec.,  they  are  said  to  be 

Sf/ncarpous.     When  they  are  free,  as  in 

the  Ranunculus,  Strawberry,  &c.,  they  are 

i  ca  I !  ed  apocarpous. 

^  133t  From  the  fact  that  the  pistil  consists  of  a  whorl  of  leaves 
immediately  superior  to  those  composing  the  stamens,  it  follows 
that  the  leaves  of  the  whorls  should  be  alternate  with  each  other ; 
and  this  is  their  position  in  cases  in  which  w^e  are  able  to  de- 
termine in  reo'ard  to  it. 


Central  placenta. 


Fig.  133. 


© 

Arrangement  of  stamens  and  carpels. 


Two  whorls  of  carpels. 


If  in  Fig.  132,  a,  a,  a,  a,  a,  represent  five  stamens,  and  h,  6, 
as  many  carpels,  it  will  be  observed  that  the  stamens  occupy 
alternate  positions  in  respect  to  the  carpels.  This  is  undoubtedly 
the  fact  in  all  cases  which  are  not  altered  by  non-development 
or  unusual  modifications.  W^hen  the  carpels  consist  of  several 
whorls  on  the  same  plane,  the  individuals  of  contiguous  whorls 


What  is  a  parietal  placenta?     A  free  central  placenta?    What  is  a  syn- 
carpous  fruit  ?     What  apocarpous  ?— 133.     How  are  the  carpels  arranged » 


82 


OVULE. 


follow  the  same  law  of  alternation,  as  is  exhibited  in  Fig.  133, 
in  which  a  represents  the  axis,  h  b  the  whorl  contiguous  to  it, 
and  c  c  the  exterior  whorl. 

134.  In  some  cases  the  receptacle  is  either  convex  as  in  the 
Straioherry  (Fig.  134),  or  concave  as  in  the  Rose  (Fig.  135). 


Fig.  134. 


strawberry. 


Fig.  135. 


In  the  former  case  the  outer  series,  a  «,  will  be  the  lowermost 
whoi'l,  and  in  the  latter,  the  upper  whorl  will  be  in  reality  the 
lowermost  in  point  of  development,  becoming  the  most  elevated 
contrary  to  its  true  position  by  the  peculiar  development  of  the 
receptacle. 

135.  The  extremity  of  the  axis,  which  supports  the  carpels 
is  called  the  receptacle.  In  some  cases  it  is  merely  the  end  of 
the  flower-bearing  branch  without  having  undergone  any  modi- 
fication ;  at  others,  it  is  an  expanded  disk,  and  is  called  a  torus. 
When  it  rises  from  the  basis  of  the  calyx,  bearing  the  stamens 
as  in  the  Magnolia,  it  is  called  Gynophore.  When  it  is  succu- 
lent, bearing  many  ovaries  as  in  the  Strawberry,  it  is  called 
Pohjphore.  We  have  the  Gynohase  when  a  fleshy  receptacle 
has  but  a  single  row  of  carpels  inclined  towards  the  center. 

Ovule. 

136«  The  Ovule  is  the  young  grain,  not  having  received  the 
influence  of  the  pollen.  If  we  take  a  flower- bud  of  the  Poly- 
gonum, and  take  the  ovary  and  dissect  it  carefully,  we  find 
situated  in  the  bottom  of  the  cavity  a  small  conical  body  (Fig. 
136,  1,  7i),  which  is  called  the  nucleus.     It  is  a  homogeneous 


134.  Explain  the  strawberry.  The  rose. — 135.  "What  is  the  receptacle  * 
Torus?  Gynophore?  Polyphore? — 136.  What  is  the  ovule?  Nucleus! 
Describe  it. 


OVULK, 


83 


cellular  substance,  nearly  transparent,  with  its  base  fonnir.^r  a 
part  of  the  wall  of  the  ovary.  If  we  examine  a  bud  a  Httle 
later,  we  shall  find  a  ring  swelling  out  from  the  base  of  the 
nucleus,  expanding  and  rising  round  it,  and  forming  a  partial 
covering  to  it.     (Fig.  136,   2,  cc.)     This   first   integument  is 


d      . 


Fig.  136. 


»i,  tte  nnclens  ;  a,  lie  secnndine ;  6,  the  primine ;  /,  the  fanicRlus  ;  h,  tte  hilnra. 


Fig.  13,1 


called  the  ^ecundine  by  Mirbel,  and  is  scarcely  formed  when  a 
second  makes  its  appearance  in  the  same  manner,  which  is 
called  ikiQ  primine,  and  both  increase  until  they  present  the  a}>- 
pearance  represented  in  Fig.  136,  3,  in  which  n  represents  the 
nucleus,  a  the  secundinc^  or  internal  membrane  of  Brown,  the 
inner  envelope,  and  b  the  prviune^  or  external  membrane  of 
Brown,  which  is  the  outer  one.  These  continue  to  increase 
until  they  inclose  the  nucleus  entirely,  leaving  only  a  micro- 
scopic orifice,  called  ih.^  foramen^  in  the  ovuie,  and  micropyle  in 
the  seed. 

137t  This  is  the  mode  of  dev^elopraent 
of  all  ovules  that  have  integuments  around 
the  nucleus.  The  ovule  is  attached  to 
the  ovary  by  a  bundle  of  vessels,  of  greater 
or  less  length,  which  is  called  i\\Q  fmiicn- 
ius.  (Fig.  136,  I,/,)  The  point  of  at- 
tachment to  the  ovule  is  called  the  ki~ 
lum.  (Fig.  136,  2,  k.)  The  hilum  is 
always  the  base^  and  the  foramen  the 
apex  of  the  ovule, 

138.  When  the  parts  are  developed 
as  above  described,  that  is,  when  the  nu- 
cleus remains  in  its  original  position,  witli 
its  base  next  the  placenta,  and  its  apex  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion,  the  ovule   is    said  to  be   ortholroixiKS  [ortkos,   straight, 


r,  the  raphe. 
ch,  the  chalaza 
o,  foraraen. 
n,  niic?eus. 
a,  sccundine. 
h,  prirr.ine. 
/,  funiculus. 
ft,  hitura. 


"What  do  vre  find  later?  What  did  Mirbel  call  it?  What  next  makes 
its  appearance  ?  What  is  it  called  ?  What  is  the  foramen  ?  What  is  it 
called  in  the  seed  ? — 137.  How  is  the  ovule  attached  ?  What  is  it  called  ? 
What  is  the  Ililum  ?  What  is  the  base  of  the  ovule  ?  What  is  the  apex  f 
138    When  is  the  ovule  orthotropous? 


84:  OVULE. 

and  tropos,  form).  This  is  the  case  in  comparjitively  few 
plants.  The  Polygonums,  JSTettles,  Walnuts,  and  a  few  othei-s, 
are  in  this  manner,  but  scarcely  ever  the  Monopetalge.  Oftener 
than  otherwise  the  ovule  undergoes  changes  during  its  develop- 
ment, so  that  the  various  parts  bear  very  different  relations. 
The  most  frequent  change  is  where  the  ovule  is  completely  re- 
versed ;  that  is,  the  apex  of  the  nucleus  is  in  contact  with  the 
placenta,  and  the  base  of  it  in  the  opposite  direction.  In  tliis 
case  the  bundle  of  vessels  that  we  called  the  funiculus  becomes 
extended  between  the  primine  and  secundine  to  the  base  of  the 
nucleus,  and  is  called  a  raphe  (raphe,  a  line).     (Fig.  137,  r.) 

139i  The  place  of  attachment  of  the  raphe  to  the  base  of 
the  nucleus  is  called  the  chalaza.  (Fig.  137,  ch.)  An  ovule 
thus  inverted  is  said  to  be  anatropous  {a  privative,  and 
tropos,  implying  the  opposite  of  the  former).  This  is  the 
most  common  form  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Almost  all 
Monopetalc'e,  the  greater  number  of  Monocotyledons,  and 
many  of  the  Polypetalae,  have  anatropous  ovules.  There  is 
another  variety  which  is  quite  common  in  Polypetala?,  in  which 
the  base  of  the  ovule  remains  fixed, 
but  by  an  enlargement  of  one  side  ^'^-  ^^• 

of  the  ovule  more  than  the  other,  it     ^ k^5^==^v^^__«, 

is  bent  or  doubled  on  itself,  so  as  to  A--v^^^  ^^ 

bring  the  foramen  in  close  proxim-       (^ ^y/p^^^___^y n 

ity  to  the  funiculus.      (Fig.   138.)  (    \^^      Ifj 

This  form  is  called  the  campylotro-  \\  //J 

pons  {kampulos,  curved,  and  tropos,  ^^^^^^ 

form.)  LeguminosDc,  Solanje,  Cru-  „^  „„,,,„3 .  „^  .ecundine ;  h,  pr,-. 
ciferae  afford  examples  of  this  form.  Suiu?;' offmSn/''  ^''"™'  ^' 
Other  forms  are  pointed  out  by  bot- 
anists, but  we  have  found  them  of  no  practical  importance. 
The  same  letters  in  the  preceding  figures  point  out  the  same 
things. 

140.  The  ovule  usually  has  two  distinct  coverings,  as  above 
described,  but  this  is  not  universal.  Sometimes  it  has  none. 
The  nuclei  of  some  Dipsaceae,  Asclepiadre,  and  Cuscutaceaj  are 
naked.  The  nuclei  of  the  Compositae,  Labiatae,  Scrophulan- 
aceiie,  and  Campanulaceae,  and  some  others,  have  but  one  in- 
tegument. 

141,  Some  time  before  the  expansion  of  the  flower,  the  apex 
of  the  nucleus  is  hollowed  out  by  a  greater  or  less   cavity, 


Is  this  form  common?  How  do  the  vessels  run?  What  is  the  bundle 
called? — 139.  What  is  the  chalaza?  What  is  a  campylotropous  ovule! 
140.  Is  the  nucleus  always  covered  ? 


FRUIT.  So 

much  exceeding  in  any  case  the  cells  of  which  the  nucleus  is 

composed.     (Fig.  139.)     This  is  called  the  embryo 

sac^  and  it  is  in  this  that  the  embryo  appears         Fig.  139. 

after  the  perfection  of  the  flower.     The  embryo  is 

always  found  at  the  apex  of  the  nucleus,  and  of 

course  immediately  within  the  foramen,  through 

which  the  pollen  tubes  enter.     It  is  suspended  in 

the  embryo  sac  by  a  thread  called  a  suspensor. 

The  radicle,  or  root  part  of  the  embryo,  is  always 

toward  the  foramen,  and  the  plumula  toward  the 

chalaza  or  hilum.     Embryos  of  orthotropous  seeds 

are,  of  course,  inverted. 

142»  The  contents  of  the  ovule  are  variously  changed  after 
impregnation.  Sometimes  the  embryo  consumes  the  whole 
contents  of  the  nucleus,  when  the  seed  is  said  to  hav«  no  albu- 
men ;  at  other  times  the  embryo  remains  very  small,  and  the 
nucleus  becomes  tilled  with  starch,  or  oils,  or  other  materials 
of  various  consistence  and  forms,  which  is  called  albumen. 

143.  When  the  ovule  rises  from  the  base  of  the  ovary,  it  is 
called  erect;  when  from  a  little  above  the  base,  ascending;  when 
it  hangs  from  the  summit  of  the  cavity  it  is  pendulous  ;  and 
when  from  a  little  below  the  summit,  it  is  suspended. 

Fruit  X-  ^ 

141*  The/rw*^  is  defined,  in  botany,  to  be  the  pistil  or  ovary 
arrived  at  maturity,  including  sometimes  accessory  parts. 
This  definition  plainly  gives  greater  extension  to  the  term  than 
it  has  in  common  language,  as  it  includes  every  kind  of  pro- 
duct which  has  the  mature  ovary  as  a  component. 

The  normal  form  of  fruit,  and  the  type  to  which  all  varietieis 
should  be  reduced,  would  seem  to  be  that  in  which  the  seeds 
are  contained  in  a  pericarp,  with  the  carpels  leaf-like  in  their 
constitution  and  appearance,  as  the  Hibiscus,  Bean,  Cabbage, 
&c.  In  these  cases  it  requires  no  great  stretch  of  the  imagina- 
tion to  conceive  the  ovary  composed  of  leaves  slightly  modified  ; 
but  from  this  type  there  are  remarkable  variations,  caused  by 
one  or  more  of  the  following  causes.  The  suppression  or  hard- 
ening of  parts  in  some,  their  unusual  development  in  others, 
and  the  union  of  other  organs  with  the  ovary,  are  the  prin- 
cipal causes  of  variation.     By  carefully  noticing  these  occa- 

141.  What  is  the  embryo  sad  How  is  the  embryo  suspended? — 142. 
"When  has  the  seed  no  albumen?  What  takes  place  at  other  times? — 143. 
When  isr  the  ovule  erect ?  When  ascending?  Pendulous?  SuspcmlcJ? 
— 144.  What  is  the  fruit  ?    What  is  the  normal  form  of  fruit  ? 


86  FRUIT. 

sional  modifications,  every  variety  of  fruit  may  be  reduced  to 
these  simple  principles. 

145.  The  'pericarp  is  the  covering  of  the  seed,  whatever 
may  be  its  form  or  dimensions.  It  includes  the  ovary,  and 
whatever  may  be  attached  to  it,  which  goes  to  make  up  the 
seed- vessel.  It  varies  in  dimensions  from  the  covering  of  the 
minute  seeds  of  grasses  to  the  large  fleshy  pericarps  of  the 
Cucurbitaceae,  which  sometimes  attain  to  several  feet  in  diame- 
ter. Its  composition  is  not  less  various,  from  the  finest  and 
most  delicate  membranes  to  the  coarsest  and  rouG:hest  of  veo^et- 
able  productions — from  the  softest  pulp  to  the  hard  bony  cover- 
ing of  the  kernel  of  the  peach. 

146i  The  pericarp  consists  of  three  parts — the  epicarp^  which 
is  the  outer  covering,  and  corresponds  to  the  skin ;  the  sarco- 
carp^  the •  middle  portion,  which  constitutes  the  flesh  ;  and  the 
endocarp  or  2^utamen,  the  inner  coat  or  shell.  By  the  various 
modifications  which  these  several  parts  undergo  in  the  course 
of  development,  most  of  the  fruits,  however  widely  they  may 
diff'er  in  appearance,  may  be  easily  conceived  to  originate  from 
a  common  type. 

147.  In  the  Peach,  for  example,  the  skin,  which  in  many 
cases  may  be  easily  removed,  is  the  epicarp  in  its  natural  state ; 
the  fleshy  portion,  which  is  eaten,  is  the  sarcocarp,  which  is  the 
parenchymous  portion  of  the  leaf  excessively  developed ;  the 
stone  of  the  peach  is  the  endocarp  remarkably  condensed  and 
hardened.  The  Cherry  and  similar  fruits  are  reducible  on  the 
same  principles.  The  Apple  is  a  little  diflerently  constructed ; 
the  epicarp  is  in  its  natural  state,  but  the  sarcocarp  consists  of 
the  parenchymous  portion  of  the  calyx  and  ovary  united.  By 
making  a  transverse  section  of  an  apple,  the  outlines  of  the 
ovary  may  be  seen,  distinguished  by  points,  which  are  the 
cords  formed  by  the  vessels  and  woody  fiber  of  the  midrib  of 
the  leaves  which  compose  the  carpels.  The  hard  layer,  which 
immediately  surrounds  the  seed,  is  the  endocarp. 

148.  The  fruit  being  the  perfected  ovary,  it  of  course  ought 
to  bear  the  mark  of  the  style  or  stigma ;  and  it  is  of  import- 
ance that  the  student  bear  this  in  mind,  as  it  will  often  enable 
him  to  distinguish  seed  from  fruit,  as  there  are  many  exam- 
ples which  the  common  observer  would  call  seeds,  but  which  in 
reality  are  fruits,  consisting  of  a  pericarp,  and  a  seed  within  it,  as 
in  the  Umbelliferae  and  Compositse. 

145.  What  is  the  pericarp?  How  does  it  vary? — 146.  Of  how  many 
parts  does  it  consist?  What  is  the  epicarp?  Sarcocarp?  Endocarp?— 
147.  Explain  the  terms  from  the  peach.  The  cherrv.  The  apple. — 148. 
What  ought  the  fruit  to  bear  ?     "\\  iuit  fruit  do  we  call  seeds  ? 


FRUIT. 


87 


119.  There  are  cases  in  which  suppression  of  ovules  causes  a 
variation  in  the  fruit,  from  what  might  be  expected  from  an 
examination  of  the  ovary  in  its  early  stage.  If  an  ovary  of  the 
Chestnut  be  examined  before  or  soon  after  impregnation,  it  will 
be  found  to  contain  fourteen  ovules  in  seven  cells ;  but  in  the 
progress  of  development  it  becomes  one-celled,  and  thirteen  of 
the  ovules  are  obliterated.  The  ovary  of  the  Oak  is  originally 
three-celled,  with  six  ovules;  but  when  perfected  it  is  one- 
celled  and  one-seeded.  There  are  many  cases  of  this  kind. 
The  reverse  of  this  takes  place  in  some  cases,  which  would  be 
inexplicable  were  not  the  ovaries  examined  in  their  earliest 
state.  A  one-celled  ovary  becomes  a  two  or  more  celled  fruit : 
in  the  Cruciferae  by  the  enlargement  of  the  placenta ;  in  the 
Astragalus  by  the  expansion  of  the  suture ;  in  other  cases  by 
the  dilations  of  the  lining  of  the  pericarps,  which  fortn  horizon- 
tal dissepiments.  The  Pomegranate  presents  a  remarkable 
variation  from  the  true  type. 

150.  When  the  fruit  arrives  at  maturity,  the  pericarp  either 
bursts  or  it  remains  closed  ;  if  the  latter,  it  is  said  to  be  inde- 
hiscent,  as  in  the  apple,  hazel-nut,  &c.  If  it  bursts,  it  is  said  to 
be  dehiscent,  and  it  follows  invariably  the  same  course  in  the 
same  species;  hence  it  is  important  to  notice  the  varieties.  In 
some  cases  the  dehiscence  takes  place  by  dividing  the  dissepi- 
ments, that  is,  the  carpels  separate  into  their  original  leaves,  as 
in  the  Delphinium,  and  this  is  called  septicidal  dehiscence.  Fig. 
140  represents  this  kind,  in  which  a  represents  the  axis,  d  the 


Fig.  140. 


Fig.  141. 


Fig.  142. 


dissepiment,  and  v  the  valves.  In  other  cases  the  dissepiments 
are  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  the  dehiscence  in 
such  cases,  no  doubt,  takes  place  at  the  midrib  of  the  leaves 
that  form  the  carpels.     This  is  called  loculicidal  dehiscence,  as 


149.  How  many  ovules  in  the  chestnut  ?  How  many  perfected  ?  How 
in  the  oak?  Wh'en  does  the  reverse  take  place? — 150.  When  is  the  fruit 
said  to  be  indehiscent?  When  dehiscent?  When  is  the  dehiscence  sep- 
ticidal?   When  loculicidal? 


88  FKUIT. 

in  the  Lilac,  Gladiolus,  &c.  (Fig.  141.)  Septifragal  deliiscenc^ 
is  when  the  dissepiments  separate  from  the  valves,  but  adhere 
to  the  axis,  as  in  the  Convolvulus.  (Fig.  142.)  In  sutural  de- 
hiscence there  is  but  one  carpel,  and  of  course  no  true  dissepi- 
ments, as  in  the  Pea  and  Bean.  The  circumscissile  dehiscence 
occurs  by  a  transverse  separation  of  the  valves  half  round  the 
pericarp,  as  in  the  AnagaUis.  This  is  an  uncommon  mode. 
The  Plantago  has  a  transverse  dehiscence. 

Besides  the  above  modes  of  opening,  the  pericarp  is  often 
ruptured,  produced  by  a  contraction  of  a  portion  of  it,  and 
holes  thus  formed  for  the  emission  of  the  seed,  as  in  Campan- 
ula. An  aril  is  an  enlargement  of  the  placenta,  occurring  after 
the  impregnation  of  the  ovule,  and  forming,  in  some  cases,  an 
additional  envelope  for  the  seed,  as  in  the  Euonymus.  3Iace  is 
an  aril  surrounding  the  Nutmeg.  When  the  two  sutures  sepa- 
rate from  the  valves,  they  form  a  kind  of  frame  called  replum. 

151  •  Fruits  are  formed  by  one  flower,  or  they  may  be  formed 
by  the  combination  of  several  flowers.  Apocarpous  fruits,  pro- 
duced by  a  single  flower,  may  be  either  dry  or  succulent.  The 
dry  fruits  of  this  division  are  either  dehiscent  or  indehiscent. 

An  Achenium  (a,  privative,  and  ckaino,  I  open)  is  an  inde- 
hiscent, one-seeded  fruit,  the  pericarp  of  which  is  closely  ap- 
plied to  the  seed,  but  may  be  separated  from  it.  (Fig.  143.) 
The  true  achenia  are  found  in  the  Ranunculus,  forming  a  dry 

F'&-  1^^-  Fig.  143. 

Fig.  143. 


Head  of  Ranunculus. 


head  (Fig.  144)  ;  in  the  Strawberry,  arranged  on  a  fleshy  re- 
ceptacle ;  in  the  Rose  they  are  found  in  a  concave  receptacle ; 
in  the  Fig,  in  a  hollow  peduncle,  which  ultimately  becomes  the 
fruit.  All  the  fruits  mentioned,  which  are  commonly  called 
seeds,  may  be  distinguished  from  the  seeds  by  bearing  the 
marks  of  the  stigma  or  style.  In  compositce,  the  seeds  are 
called  Cypselce  {kupsele,  a  box) ;  but  they  are  achenia  with  the 
calyx  attached  to  them. 

When  the  achenium  is  winged,  it  is  called  a  Samara.    (Fig. 

Septifragal?  Sutural?  Circumscissile?  Kuptured?  What  is  an  aril ? 
A  replum ? — 151.  How  may  fruits  be  formed?  What  is  an  achenium? 
Where  are  they  found  ?    What  is  a  cypsela  ?    A  a.amara  ? 


FETJIT. 


89 


14b.)  In  the  fruit  of  Corn,  Wheat,  &c.,  the  pericarp  is  insep- 
arable from  the  seed,  and  the  acheniura  is  called  a  Cartjopsis 
{karua,  a  nut,  and  opsis,  an  appearance). 

The  fruit  of  Umbelliferae  is  composed  of  two  aclienia  united 
to  a  common  axis,  or  carpophore  (Fig.  146 — karpos,  fruit,  and 
phero^  I  bear),  from  which  they  are  suspended,  and  which  is 
called  a  Cremocarp  {kremao^  I  suspend).     (Fig.  146,  b.) 


Fig.  146. 


Fig.  148. 


Fig.  147. 


Nut  or  Qlans. 


^ruit  of  UmbelJiferae. 
«,  carpophore. 
bh,  cremocarp. 


^ms 


en 


Drupe. 
fp,  epicarp  ;  ms,  mesocarp ; 
endocarp. 


Fig.  149. 


Fig.  150. 


The  Nut  or  Glans  is  a  one-celled  fruit,  with  a  hardened  peri- 
carp, surrounded  by  bracts.  (Fig.  147.)  The  Chestnut  is  the 
nut,  and  the  bur  is  composed  of  bracts.  The  Acorn  is  the  nut : 
the  cup  is  composed  of  bracts.  So  of  the  Hazelnut,  Beach,  <fec. 
152t  The  Drupe  is  a 
succulent  fruit,  covered  by 
a  pericarp,  composed  of  an 
epicarp^  mesocarp^  and  en- 
docarp. (Fig.  148.)  The 
Peach  is  an  example.  The 
skin  of  the  Peach  is  the 
epicarp,  the  flesh  the  meso- 
carp, and  the  stone  the  en- 
docarp. The  fruit  of  the 
Cherry,  Plum,  Walnut,  Nut- 
meg, Date,  and  Almond  are 
all  of  this  character. 

153.  Dehiscent,  apocar- 
pous fruits  are  found  in  the  Magnolia  (Fig. 
149),  Asclepiadie,  (fee.  It  consists  of  a 
single  carpel,  containing  one  or  several  seeds, 
and  dehiscing  by  its  ventral  suture. 

The  Legume  or  Pod  is  a  solitary  carpel, 
dehiscing  by  both  sutures,  but  bearing  seedi 
only  on  the  ventral  suture.    The  Pea,  Bean, 


Lomentum. 


Cone  of  the  Magnolia. 


What  is  a  caryopsis  ?    A  cremocarp  ? 
—153.  What  is  a  legune  ? 


Glans  ?— 152.  What  is  a  drupe  I 


90 


FRUIT. 


&c.,  are  examples,  and  the  legume  characterizes  the  order 
Leguminosse.  Wiien  the  legume  is  contracted  between  the 
seeds,  and  instead  of  opening  at  the  sutures,  the  pods  break 
up  into  pieces,  each  piece  containing  a  seed,  it  is  called  a  Lo- 
mentum.     (Fig.  150.) 

154.  Syncarpous  fruits  are  composed  of  several  carpels 
united,  and  are  either  dry  or  succulent ;  the  former  being  de- 
hiscent, the  latter  indehiscent. 

The  Berry  (Fig.  151)  is  a  succulent,  syncarpous  fruit,  in 
which  the  seeds  are  immersed  in  a  pulpy  mass,  formed  by  the 


Fig.  151. 


Fig.  152, 


Berry. 


Gooseberry. 


placentas.  The  Gooseberry  (Fig.  152),  Currant,  Tomato,  and 
Grape  are  usually  included  under  this  variety.  The  Pome- 
granate consists  of  two  rows  of  carpels,  one  above  the  other, 
but  in  other  respects  would  fall  under  this  division.  It  is  called 
a  Balausta.      Fig.  153   is  a  longitudinal   section.     The  Pepo 

Fig.  153. 


Fig.  154. 


Pomegranate. 


A  section  of  the  Pepo. 


(Fig.  154)  is  an  inferior  fruit,  with  a  thick  and  fleshy  rind, 
with  two  or  more  fleshy  parietal  placentas,  projecting  more  or 


Lomeutum  ? — 154.  What  is  a  berry  ?    Pepo? 


FRUIT. 


91 


less  inward.     The  Cucumber,  Melon,  Gourd,  and  Papaw  are 
examples. 

155.  The  Hesperidium  (Fig.  155)  is  a  fleshy  fruit,  in  which 
the  epicarp  and  raesocarp  form  a  thick  rind,  and  the  endocarp 
projects  inward,  forming*  triangular  divisions,  in  which  pulpy 
cells  are  developed,  which  surround  the  seeds.  Oranges, 
Lemons,  &c.,  are  examples. 


Fig.  155. 


Fig.  156. 


Hesperidium. 

The  Pome  (Fig.  156)  is  an  inferior  fleshy  fruit,  of  which  the 
epicarp,  raesocarp,  and  fleshy  calyx  form  the  greater  part, 
which  is  eatable.  The  endocarp  is  tough  and  horny,  and  forms 
the  cells  of  the  seeds.  The  Apple,  Quince,  and  Pear  are  ex- 
amples. 

Fig.  157. 


Fig.  158. 


ilicula. 
r,  replum  ;  vv,  valves. 


Siliqne. 
r,  replum  ;  aa,  valves. 


156«  The   Capsule  is  a  dehiscent,  syncarpous  fruit,  which 
is  dry,  and  opens  commonly  by  regular  dehiscence  or  pores. 


155.  Hesperidium  ?    Pome  ? — 156.  Capsule  ? 


92  SEED. 

Hibiscus,  Poppy,  (fee,  are  examples.  It  is  the  mr.st  common 
form  of  seed-vessel. 

The  Siliqua  or  Silique  (Fig,  157)  is  a  variety  of  the  capsule, 
composed  of  two  carpels  opening  from  the  base  up\vard,  and 
having  a  framework  called  the  replum^  which  forms  a  spurious 
dissepiment.  When  the  silique  is  short,  it  is  called  a  silicula 
or  silicle  (Fig.  158,  r.)  Cruciferous  plants  afford  examples  in 
the  Turnip,  Cabbage,  Peppergrass,  &c. 

157.  When  two  or  more  flowers  are  united  to  form  a  single 
fruit,  it  is  called  a  multiple  fruit. 

The  Sorosis  is  a  multiple  fruit,  formed  by  a  spike  of  flowery, 
which  becomes  succulent.  The  Pineapple  and  Mulberry  are 
examples.  (Fig.  159.)  The  Fig  is,  taken  as  a  whole,  a  multi- 
Fig.  159. 

Fig.  160. 


A  Syconus. 
Pineopple. 

pie   fruit,  formed  by  numerous    flowers   situated   within    the 
hollowed-out  peduncle.     It  is  called  a  Syconus.     (Fig.  100.) 

The  Strobilus  is  a  fruit-bearing  spike,  covered  with  scales, 
each  of  which  contains  a  flower,  and  which  has  two  naked 
seeds  at  its  base.  The  Pine,  Fir,  Cedar,  Hop,  Cypress,  and 
Juniper  are  examples. 

Seed. 

X  158.  The  seed  is  a  perfected  ovule.  No  sooner  has  the  influ- 
ence of  the  pollen  been  felt  by  the  ovule,  than  various  changes 
commence  ;  the  foramen  closes  up,  the  integuments  harden,  and 
the  heretofore  pulpy  substance  becomes  consolidated  or  assimi- 
lated. The  most  material  change  that  takes  place,  however,  is 
the  appearance  of  a  new  body,  called  the  emhryG. 

Silique?  What  is  the  rephim?  Wliat  is  a  silicula? — 157.  "What  is  a 
multiple  fruit?  What  is  a  sorosis?  Syconus?  Strobilus  ?— 158.  What 
is  a  seed  ?  What  changes  occur  when  the  pollen  acts  on  the  pistil  ?  What 
the  most  material  ? 


SEED.  93 

The /ace  of  a  seed  is  that  part  of  it  parallel  with  the  placenta ; 
or  when  the  raphe  is  present,  this  organ,  with  only  few  ex- 
ceptions, runs  over  the  face.     The  opposite  surface  is  the  back. 

159.  The  parts  of  the  seed  demanding  our  attention  are  the 
covering,  hilu?n,  raphe,  chalaza,  embryo,  and  albumen. 

The  integuments  or  coverings  of  the  seed  are  subjects  of  much 
discussion,  both  as  to  their  number  and  constitution.  The  di- 
versity of  opinion  on  the  subject,  originates,  no  doubt,  in  a  great 
measure,  from  the  ohange  they  undergo,  from  the  transforma- 
tion of  the  ovule  into  a  seed.  One  would  naturally  suppose 
that  the  integuments  of  the  seed  would  be  the  same  as  those  of 
the  ovules.  But  this  is  not  the  case  in  many  instances.  Three 
have  been  named  by  different  writers,  corresponding  to  the  three 
layers  of  the  ovule ;  but  the  coats  of  the  seed  are  not  always  the 
same  as  those  that  covered  the  ovule.  The  outer  covering  is 
called  by  De  Candolle  the  testa,  the  second  the  sarcodermis,  the 
inner  the  endopleura.  The  testa  consists  of  cellular  tissue,  and 
presents  a  great  variety  of  appearances  of  form  and  color  in 
different  plants.  In  some  the  cells  are  spiral  without  any  mem- 
brane; and  when  moistened,  uncoil  in  a  beautiful  manner,  as  in 
those  of  the  Salvia.  In  some  cases  it  is  smooth  and  polished, 
in  others  rough  and  irregular,  marked  by  dots  and  projecting 
points;  in  some  it  is  covered  with  hair,  as  in  the  cotton  and 
epilobium,  which  is  called  coma  ;  in  others  it  is  furnished  with 
wings,  as  in  the  Gladiolus  and  Bignonia.  In  some  it  is  ribbed, 
in  others  it  is  pitted  and  marked  by  irregular  depressed  lines. 

160.  The  hilum  is  the  point  by  which  the  seed  is  attached  to 
the  placenta ;  it  is  frequently  distinguishable  by  being  of  a  dif- 
ferent color,  and  having  the  appearance  of  a  scar.  The  hilum 
always  marks  the  base  of  the  seed,  as  the  micropijle  {inikros, 
small,  and  pule,  gate)  does  its  apex,  toward  which  the  root  of 
the  embryo  is  directed. 

161.  The  terms  raphe  and  chalaza  have  the  same  application 
in  the  seed  as  in  the  ovule.  In  orthotropous  and  carapylotro- 
pous  seeds  these  parts  are  not  observable,  since  the  chalaza  is  co- 
incident with  the  hilum ;  and  as  the  raphe  is  the  bundle  of  ves- 
sels conveying  nourishment  from  the  hilum  to  the  chalaza,  the 
necessity  of  its  development  is  superseded  by  the  contact  of  these 
parts.  The  raphe  is  easily  observed  on  the  seeds  of  the  Apple 
and  Orange,  running  between  the  outer  and  inner  integuments, 
being  an  elevated  ridge  on  one  side;  and  in  the  orange  the  situa- 

Which  is  the  face  of  the  seed?— 159.  What  did  De  Candolle  call  the  dif- 
ferent coverings  of  the  seed?  Of  what  does  the  testa  consist?  Wliat  of 
its  ditferent  appearances?— 160.  What  is  the  luhirn  ?  How  is  tlip  position 
of  tho  embryo  known? — 161.  When  is»  the  raphe  eisilv  obierved? 


94 


SEED. 


tion  of  the  chalaza  is  distinctly  marked  by  a  small  dark-colored 
spot.  The  raphe  does  not  always  consist  of  a  single  bundle  of 
vessels,  but  ramifies  on  the  surface  of  the  seed,  as  may  be  seen 
by  the  veins  on  the  surface  of  the  Almond,  which  are  ramifica- 
tions of  the  raphe. 

163.  The  embryo  is  the  product  of  the  action  of  the  pollen. 
If  the  ovule  be  dissected  soon  after  impregnation,  there  will  be 
found  within  the  nucleus  and  contiguous  to  the  foramen  a 
minute  speck,  opake  and  yellowish,  which  enlarges  by  the  ab- 
sorption of  the  surrounding  fluid  :  this  fluid  is  the  amnios.  The 
minute  speck  becomes  in  its  enlargement  a  distinctly  organize/i 
body,  and  assumes  in  time  the  form  of  an  embryo  plant.  The 
embryo  consists  of  three  parts,  the  radicle,  plu7nula,  and  cotyle- 
don ;  some  add  a  fourth,  a  cauUculus  or  neck.  ^  The  radicle  be- 
comes by  development  the  root  or  descending  axis  of  the  plant, 
and  the  plumula  the  ascending  axis  or  stem.  The  cotyledons 
are  to  be  the  earliest  leaves  of  the  plant.  The  cauUculus  or  neck 
is  the  imaginary  point  of  separation  of  the  plumula  from  the 
radicle.  Fig.  161  represents  a  young  dicotyledonous  plant — 
a  the  plumula,  r  the  radicle,  c  c  the  cotyledons,  t  the  cauliculus 
or  neck. 

Fig.  161. 


Young  Monocotyledon. 

CO,  cotyledon  ;  cof,  coleorhiza ; 

rod,  radicle. 


.  Young  Dicotyledon, 
plumula  ;  cc,  cotyledons  ;  t,  cauliculus  , 
r,  radicle. 


164.  The  radicle  of  the  monocotyledon  is  inclosed  within  a 
sheath  which  it  perforates  in  its  elongation,  and  issues  from  be- 
tween its  lips,  as  seen  iri  Fig.  162 — rad  being  the  radicle,  col 
the  coleorhiza,  co  the  cotyledon.  This  sheath  Mirbel  called  a 
coleorhiza,  and  Richard  proposed  to  substitute  Endorhizce  for 
monocotyledons,  and  Exorhizce  for  dicotyledons,  thus  founding 


163.  What  is  the  embr\o?  Of  now  many  parts  does  it  consist?  What 
do  these  parts  become? — 164.  How  is  the  radicle  in  monocotyledons  I 
What  did  Richard  call  monocotyledons  ?    What  dicotyledons  ? 


SEKD. 


95 


the  distinction  of  the  two  great  classes  of  flowering  plants,  on  the 
fact  that  the  radicles  of  one  were  inclosed  within  a  sheath,  while 
the  radicles  of  the  others  were  destitute  of  such  a  covering. 

Y'  165.  The  embryo  of  the  Pine,  although  reckoned  among  the 
dicotyledons,  has  several  cotyledons ;  but  these  are  opposite, 
forming  a  whorl.  (Fig.  163.)  The  distinction  made  by  this 
arrangement  of  the  cotyledons,  being  alternate  in  Endogens,  and 
opposite  or  verticillate  in  Exogens,  will  always  be  a  guide  in  de- 
termining to  which  an  individual  should  belong.  An  equally 
sure  mark  of  distinction  is  the  mode  of  germination,  whether  of 
the  endorhizal  or  exorhizal  manner. 


,^ig.  163. 


Fig.  164. 


cot. 


A  Seed  with  Albnmen. 
e,  embryo  ;  aJ,  albumen. 


Embryo  of  the  Pine. 


166.  The  albumen',  when  present,  is  a  substance  surrounding 
the  embryo,  and  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  solidified  amnios. 
(Fig.  164,  al.)  It  varies  remarkably  in  consistence  and  appearance ; 
sometimes  it  is  farinaceous,  consisting  of  cells  filled  with  starch, 
as  in  our  common  grains,  wheat,  oats,  corn,  &c.  Sometimes 
abundant  and  fleshy,  as  in  the  cocoanut,  and  often  contains  oil, 
as  in  the  castor-oil  plant.  At  other  times  it  is  hard  and  bony, 
as  in  coffee  and  the  vegetable  ivory-nut,  which  is  the  albumen 
of  the  seed  of  the  Phytelephas.  The  albumen  is  the  store  of 
food  laid  up  for  the  nourishment  of  the  embryo,  which  it  con- 
sumes in  the  early  development  of  the  plant.  In  size  it  varies 
from  an  exceedingly  small,  quantity,  as  in  the  grasses,  to  the 
amount  of  several  ounces  in  the  cocoanut.  It  is  sometimes 
perforated  by  dry  cellular  tissue,  in  which  state  it  is  said  to  be 
ruminated. 

167.  To  determine  the  several  parts  of  the  seed  which  we 
have  above  defined,  and  the  position  they  occupy  in  reference  to 


16o.  How  is  the  embryo  of  tho  pine?  How  arc  the  cotyle(lon3  ar- 
ranged in  the  two  great  classed  of  plants?— 106.  What  is  the  albumen? 
What  are  some  of  its  varieties  ?  AVhat  is  vegetable  ivory  ?  What  is  the  al- 
bumenfor?     Whatof  its  size?— 167.  What  is  of  great  practical  importance* 


96^  SEED. 

each  other,  is  of  great  practical  importance  in  descriptive  botany, 
and  constitutes  one  of  the  most  important  subjects  of  the  stu- 
dent's attention. 

168i  We  have  above  remarked  that  the  base  of  the  seed  was 
its  point  of  attachment  to  the  placenta,  or  that  the  hilum  was 
always  the  base.  One  would  naturally  suppose  that  the  oppo- 
site point  would  be  the  apex  ;  but  this  is  not  generally  the  case. 
In  orthotropous  seeds,  only,  does  the  real  apex  correspond  with 
the  geometrical  apex.  In  campylotropous  seeds  the  apex  of  the 
seed  is  nearly  in  contact  with  the  base,  the  axis  of  the  ovule 
having  been  doubled  on  itself,  thus  bringing  the  real  apex, in 
close  proximity  to  the  base.  It  is  very  common  for  the  surfaces 
of  seeds,  particularly  of  minute  ones,  to  be  marked  by  lines  of 
various  kinds,  sometimes  barely  lines  of  different  color,  at  others 
by  ridges  or  depressions,  and  in  others  by  dots,  and  in  some  by 
regularly  arranged  tubercles.  In  all  these  cases  the  point  of 
their  divergence  is  the  hilum  or  base,  and  the  point  of  their  con- 
vergence the  apex,  so  that  by  this  means  the  base  and  apex  of 
the  seed  is  often  determined,  when  it  would  be  difficult  to  do  it 
by  any  other.  Having  determined  the  foramen,  base,  and 
chalaza  of  a  seed,  which  may  generally  be  done  by  simple  inspec- 
tion, the  position  of  the  interior  parts  is,  with  certainty,  known. 
It  has  been  demonstrated,  that  in  nearly  every  case  the  radicle 
points  toward  the  foramen,  and  the  pluraula  toward  the  chalaza. 
In  orthotropous  seeds,  therefore,  the  embryo  is  inverted,  that  is, 
the  radical  points  upward ;  in  campylotropous  the  embryo  is 
curved  ;  in  anatropous  the  embryo  is  erect ;  and  so  in  all  cases, 
the  mycropyle  being  taken  for  the  radicle  and  the  chalaza,  when 
present,  and  the  hilum,  when  the  chalaza  is  not  found,  for  the 
plumula^  the  true  position  of  the  embryo  is  always  determined. 

169.  The  embryo  answers  most  important  purposes  in  classi- 
fication, since  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  has  been  divided 
into  three  great  classes  founded  on  the  varieties  in  structure  of 
the  embryo.  There  have  been  found  three  varieties  of  embryo, 
Monocotyledonous,  Dicotyledonous,  and  Acotyledonous ;  and  it 
has  been  observed  that  the  vegetables  arising  from  these  differ- 
ently constituted  embryos,  are  distinct  and  peculiar  in  their  con- 
stitution and  mode  of  growth. 

170.  Fig.  161  exhibits  the  dicotyledonous  embryo,,  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  which  have  been  already  pointed  out.  The 
growth  of  this  kind  of  embryo  produces  our  forest  trees,  and  all 

168.  Is  the  apex  of  a  seed  opposite  its  base?  Explain  it.  "What  often 
determine  the  base  and  apex?  How  is  the  position  of  tlie  radicle  aiid 
pluinula  determined  ? — 169.  What  three  varieties  of  embryo  ? 


SEED.  1^7 

vegetables  having  a  distinct  bark  and  pith.  But,  as  above  rc- 
niai-ked,  it  has  been  discovered,  that  there  are  vegetables  with 
the  above  characteristics,  whose  embryos  are  unlike  the  one 
above  described,  some  having  numerous  cotyledons,  others  but 
one,  and  others  none.  These  apparent  variations  have  been 
sufficient  to  induce  some  botanists  to  reject  entirely  this  classi- 
fication, but  we  believe  on  very  insufficient  grounds,  since  by 
careful  observation  nearly  all  these  apparent  discrepancies  may 
be  reduced  to  a  common  principle ;  and  even  if  they  could  not 
be  explained  at  all,  the  foundation  of  the  system  would  be 
broader  and  firmer  than  any  other  proposed  by  the  objectors  to 
this.  Could  we  expect  that  the  many  thousand  different  species 
of  vegetables  varying  almost  infinitely  in  their  various  parts, 
could  be  reduced  to  three  actual,  invariable  types  ?  It  would 
be  requiring  of  this  system,  wdiat  has  never  been  attained  in 
any  other. 

171.  Orders,  in  which  more  than  two  cotyledons  are  found, 
are  the  Coniferse,  in  which  they  vary  in  number  from  two  to 
more  than  twelve ;  in  Boragineae  and  Brassicace?e,  and  some 
other  orders,  there  are  four.  In  all  these  cases  the  cotyledons 
are  opposite.  In  the  Horse-chestnut,  there  is  apparently  but 
one  cotyledon.  Prof.  Lindley  says,  that,  by  dissection,  there  is 
a  slit  which  indicates  the  division  between  the  two  bases  of  a  pair 
of  opposite  confluent  cotyledons.  Some  such  modification  doubt- 
less is  the  cause  of  all  the  variations  from  the  common  type. 

There  are  other  cases  in  which  no  cotyledons  exist.  The 
Cuscuta  is  an  example  of  this  kind ;  but  if  the  cotyledons  are 
leaves,  we  should  not  expect  to  find  cotyledons  in  this  genus, 
since  it  has  no  leaves.  There  are  other  cases  in  which  it  is  said 
no  cotyledons  are  discernible,  but  by  more  accurate  observation 
the  cotyledons  are  found  to  exist  in  a  rudimentary  state,  the 
radicle  seeming  to  be  developed  at  their  expense. 

The  monocotyledonous  embryo  is  very  ditlerent  in  its  structure 
from  the  preceding.  It  is  a  homogeneous,  cylindrical  body, 
tapering  at  both  ends,  with  no  distinction  of  radicle,  plumula,  or 
cotyledon. 

What  vsriPtiopii  m  cotyledons  ?— 171.  la  what  family  more  than  two  coty- 
ledons? lu  what  sipecies  one  or  more?  How  is  the  monosotyledonous 
embryo  1 

5 


CHAPTER  IV. 

FUNCTIONS    OF    THE    ROOT    AND    LEAVES ORIGIN    OF    WOOD. 

172.  In  the  preceding  chapters  we  have  described  the  various 
organs,  which  compose  the  vegetable  in  its  most  perfect  state; 
but  we  have  considered  them,  with  few  exceptions,  simply  as 
they  present  themselves  to  the  eye,  without  supposing  them  pos- 
sessed of  life,  or  considering  them  in  their  combined  action  in 
performing  the  various  operations  peculiar  to  organized  beings. 
We  have  seen,  that  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom,  however  va- 
rious in  form  and  constitution,  had  its  origin,  at  least,  in  minute 
vesicles.  We  have  also  seen  that  all  the  organs  of  reproduction 
and  nutrition,  are  simple  modifications  of  leaves.  Who  can  fail 
to  admire  the  wisdom  of  that  Being,  who  could  construct  with 
materials  so  simple,  the  endless  variety  of  vegetable  organs,  and 
make  them  yield  products  of  every  variety,  from  the  blandness 
of  water  to  the  most  pow^erful  agents  ;  and  to  afford  nutriment 
to  men  and  animals,  and  deposit  contemporaneously  and  con- 
tiguously the  most  virulent  poisons  ! 

Our  next  object  is  to  consider  plants  as  living  beings,  and  so 
far  as  possible  to  explain  the  various  phenomena  connected 
with  them  as  such. 

Section  1. —  The  Root. 

173.  The  first  organ  that  appears  in  the  germination  of  a 
seed  is  the  root.  It  bends  downward,  and  soon  commences 
the  proper  functions  for  which  it  is  intended,  that  of  absorbing 
nourishment  from  the  medium  which  it  penetrates,  and  giving 
support  to  the  plant.  These  seem  to  be  the  only  functions 
which  the  root  performs.  It  lengthens  by  additions  to  its  ex- 
tremity, which  always  consists  of  cellular  tissue,  before  de- 
scribed under  the  name  of  spongiole.  Through  this  extremity 
the  nourishment  of  the  plant  which  is  absorbed  from  the  soil 
passes. 

174.  It  has  been  thought  that  the  root  not  only  had  the 
power  of  selecting  appropriate  food  for  the  plant,  but  also  of 

173.  Wliat  is  the  first  organ  that  appears  in  germination  ?  What  are  its 
functions?  Where  does  the  sap  enter? — 174.  What  power  has  the  root 
been  supposed  to  have  ? 


THE   KOOT.  99 

searching  for  it.  The  experiment  of  plantinnr  a  Strawberry  in 
a  sandy  soil,  surrounded  by  rich  earth,  but  not  coniinir  in  con- 
tact with  it,  when  it  was  found  that  tlie  roots  immediately 
sought  the  rich  earth,  was  considered  conclusive  on  this  point. 
But  the  explanation  of  this  phenomenon  is  easy  without  having 
recourse  to  any  power  or  instinct  on  the  part  of  the  root  for 
seeking  nourishment.  The  influence  of  the  rich  soil  was  felt 
by  the  roots,  although  not  in  contact,  and  they  became  stimu- 
lated by  its  action.  There  are  other  cases  in  which  roots  seem 
to  be  endowed  with  the  power  of  seeking  nourishment.  An 
example  is  mentioned  by  Lord  Kaimes  of  a  Plane-tree  stand- 
ing upon  a  ruined  wall  in  Ireland  ;  and  when  its  nourishment 
was  exhausted,  it  sent  down  roots  to'  the  earth,  a  distance  of 
ten  feet,  and  continued  its  existence  by  this  act,  prompted,  ap- 
parently, by  self-preservation.  We  have  seen  vines  growing  in 
very  rich  moist  soil  send  down  roots  four  and  five  feet  long  to 
the  earth ;  but  in  those  cases  it  was  at  a  curve  downward  of 
the  stem,  so  that  the  descending  fluid  must  rise  to  reach  the 
roots.  In  all  these  cases  we  believe  that  it  is  the  eftect  of  grav- 
ity rather  than  of  any  voluntary  or  determining  power  of  the 
plant.  In  the  corn,  roots  put  forth  from  the  lower  nodes  of  the 
stalk,  and  particularly  in  those  that  are  luxuriant,  and  in  seasons 
of  abundant  moisture, — proving  from  their  origin,  and  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  they  occur,  that  it  is  the  accumulation 
of  descending  sap  that  causes  their  development.  All  this  is 
purely  the  result  of  physical  causes.  It  has  been  thought  that 
plants  had  the  power  of  returning  to  the  soil  matters  injurious 
to  them  ;  but  this  has  been  proved  to  be  a  simple  result  of 
exosmosis,  and  that  rotation  of  crops  was  not  demanded  to 
avoid  poisons  eliminated  by  the  plant,  but  from  the  fact  of 
certain  necessary  elements  being  exhausted  from  the  soil. 

175.  We  have  mentioned  before  that  the  root  always  de- 
scends in  its  course  of  development,  unless  obstructed  by  phys- 
ical impediments.  Numerous  experiments  have  been  m.ide 
which  strikingly  exhibit  this  vital  impulse.  To  Dutrocliet, 
more  than  to  any  other  man,  is  the  world  indebted  for  ]>lacing 
this  subject  in  its  present  interesting  position.  In  several 
memoirs  he  has  discussed  the  subject  in  its  various  connections, 
and  from  his  numerous  experiments  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion, 
that  quantitij  of  matter  seems  to  exercise  the  most  powerful  in- 
fluence in  controlling  the  direction  of  the  root.     When  the  root 

What  experiment  with  a  strawberry?  How  explained?  What  case 
montioned  by  Lord  Kaiuies  ?  How  explained?  How  do  vines  and  corn 
illustrate  it?  Have  plants  the  power  ot  returning  to  the  soil  useless  or  in- 
jurious materials? — 175.  What  controls  the  direction  of  tiie  root? 


100  THE    KOOT. 

has  its  situation  naturally  in  the  earth,  it  descends  perpendicu- 
larly to  its  surface.  Previous  to  his  investigations,  various 
hypotheses  were  abroad  to  account  for  the  uniform  direction  of 
the  root  and  stem  ;  but  all  were  unsatisfactory.  If  seeds  are 
permitted  to  sprout  in  a  box,  and  after  the  plumula  and  radicle 
are  developed  in  their  common  directions,  the  box  be  inverted, 
the  root  will  change  its  direction  downward,  and  the  plumula 
upward ;  and  if  they  are  permitted  to  sprout  in  a  tube  in 
which  they  cannot  turn  after  inversion,  they  will  assume  a 
spiral  form.  The  cause  in  these  cases  is  made  plain  by  a  curi- 
ous experiment  contrived  by  Dutrochet.  It  was  found  that  tl^e 
Mistletoe  had  the  same  impulse  toward  the  center  of  the 
branch  of  a  tree  on  which  it  grows  that  most  other  plants  have 
to  the  center  of  the  earth  ;  and  it  w^as  also  found  that  the  Mis- 
tletoe might  be  made  to  germinate  on  a  thread  so  small  that  it 
would  exercise  no  influence  over  the  direction  of  the  root.  This 
he  did,  and  then  fixed  it  to  a  fine  needle,  and  had  it  accurately 
balanced,  so  as  to  turn  like  a  compass-needle  with  the  slightest 
force.  He  then  placed  near  the  radicle  a  piece  of  wood,  and 
covered  the  whole  with  a  glass,  and  in  process  of  time  the  radi 
cle  was  seen  to  turn  directly  toward  the  wood,  and  that  to( 
without  moving  the  needle;  showing  that  the  quantity  of  mat 
ter  controlled  the  direction  of  the  radicle,  but  by  the  exercise  oi 
no  power  with  which  we  are  acquainted.  It  could  not  have 
been  by  attraction,  for  then  it  would  have  produced  a  movement 
of  the  needle.  It  seems  to  be  an  exercise  of  power  over  the 
vital  energies  in  producing  the  turning  of  the  radicle  in  that 
direction.  The  earth  no  doubt  exercises  its  influence  in  the 
same  manner.  This  influence,  however,  has  been  counteracted 
by  the  application  of  agents  in  an  unusual  manner.  Professor 
Sehultz  is  said  to  have  succeeded  in  reversing  the  growth  of 
plants  by  planting  them  in  moss,  and  so  arranged  that  the 
light  which  they  received  was  the  solar  rays  reflected  from  a 
mirror  from  below  upward.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  is 
said,  the  roots  take  their  directions  upward,  and  the  stems 
downward.  Similar  experiments  have  not  succeeded  in  the 
hands  of  others. 

Notwithstanding  such  experiments  may  succeed,  we  may 
nevertheless,  draw  the  conclusion,  that  all  roots  direct  them- 
selves perpendicularly  to  the  surface  of  the  body  on  which  they 
naturally  germinate ;  if  they  are  parasites,  they  will  be  perpen- 
dicular to  the  surface  on  which  they  grow. 


How  with  seeds  in  a  box?    What  the  experiment  with  mistletoe  ?    How 
did  Shultz  reverse  the  growth  of  plants? 


FUNCTIONS    OF    LFAVKS.  101 

Color  seems  to  exercise  an  important  influence  in  tlie  direc- 
tion of  organs.  If  they  are  of  deep  color,  they  ascend  ;  if  color- 
less, or  of  a  pale  color,  they  take  a  descending  direction,  lujots, 
if  they  become  green,  will  then  ascend,  or  turn  toward  the 
light,  if  placed  in  circumstances  to  have  the  light  come  to  them 
in  only  one  direction. 

Section  2. — Fanctions  of  Leaves. 

176t  From  the  structure  of  leaves,  we  should  be  led  to  sup- 
pose that  they  perform  an  important  part  in  vegetation.  They 
have  been  compared  to  the  lungs  of  animals,  but  they  perform 
much  more  for  the  plant  than  this  comparison  would  indicate. 
They  are  not  only  the  organs  of  respiration,  but  also  of  diges- 
tion and  nutrition.  They  perform  in  every  respect  for  veget- 
ables what  is  performed  by  the  lungs  and  stomach  and  the 
whole  digestive  apparatus  in  animals.  They  receive  the  crude 
sap  from  the  roots  through  the  stem,  and  elaborate  it  by  expos- 
ing it  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere,  throwing  off  the  super- 
fluous moisture,  decomposing  water  and  carbonic  acid.  They 
send  immediately  downward  the  materials  of  the  alburnum  and 
liber,  and  nourish  with  this  elaborated  food  the  contiguous 
parts. 

177.  That  the  nutrition  of  a  plant  depends  upon  its  leaves  is 
abundantly  proved  by  depriving  a  plant  of  these  organs  through 
a  season,  and  it  withers  and  dies.  It  does  not  die  immediately, 
since  it  possesses  the  power  of  putting  forth  new  leaves,  which 
soon  come  into  action,  and  supply  imperfectly  the  places  of 
those  removed ;  but  if  it  is  deprived  of  its  leaves  through  the 
season,  its  power  of  putting  them  forth  becomes  exhausted,  and 
all  functions  cease. 

The  presence  of  cotyledons  also  shows  the  necessity  of  leaves 
to  prepare  food  for  the  embryo.  If  the  cotyledons  be  removed, 
the  seed  seldom  germinates,  and  if  it  does  germinate,  it  is  in  a 
sickly  state.  The  structure  of  the  leaf  shows  its  adaptation  to 
the  purposes  of  respiration. 

178«  By  what  we  have  called  crude  sap,  we  do  not  mean 
that  it  is  not  changed  at  all  in  its  ascent  through  the  root  and 
stem,  but  that  it  is  unfit  for  assimilation  until  it  has  passed 
through  the  leaves. 

It  would  be  an  important  point  to  determine  the  real  state  of 

What  exerU  an  important  inlluence  on  the  direction? — 176.  To  what 
luive  leaves  been  compare  J  ?  Do  they  do  more?  and  wliat  ?— 177.  What 
proves  that  nutrition  depends  on  leaves  ?  lIo\v  with  the  cotyledons  ? — 178- 
Is  the  sap  changed  before  it  arrives  at  the  leaves?  . 


102  FUNCTIONS    OF   LEAVES. 

the  sap  as  it  enters  the  leaves.  That  it  is  chaiiored  in  its  ascent 
is  certain.  Of  this  we  have  often  convinced  ourselves  by 
making  an  incision  in  the  spring  of  the  year  near  the  root  of  a 
Birch,  and  sap,  with  very  little  taste,  will  be  obtained  ;'but  by 
making  the  incision  several  feet  high,  the  sap  is  bitter,  and  the 
bitterness  increases  with  the  elevation  of  the  incision. 

The  sap  in  this  partially  altered  state,  whicli  is  owing  to 
chemical  changes,  enters  the  leaves. 

179.  The  first  action  of  the  leaves  is  to  get  rid  of  the  super- 
fluous water,  in  which  its  food  is  dissolved.  Whether  this  is 
any  thing  more  than  simple  evaporation,  we  are  not  prepared 
to  say,  yet  we  believe  the  plant  has  partial  control,  at  leastr, 
over  the  quantity.  The  construction  of  the  stomata  plainly  in- 
dicates this.  It  is  influenced  by  the  same  causes  which  govern 
common  evaporation.  Under  the  direct  influence  of  the  sun's 
rays  it  is  most  rapid ;  in  the  difl'used  light  of  day  it  is  less ; 
and  in  the  dark  it  almost  ceases. 

180.  The  quantity  of  fluid  given  out  by  plants  is  in  some 
cases  very  great.  We  may  convince  ourselves  of  this  by  hold- 
ing a  glass  near  the  under  surface  of  a  vigorous  leaf  of  the  vine, 
and  it  will  soon  be  covered  with  moisture,  and  in  a  little  while 
it  will  accumulate  in  drops,  and  run  oft'  the  plate.  Hales  found 
the  evaporation  of  a  Sunflower  to  be  one  pound  and  four 
ounces,  and  a  Cabbage  one  pound  and  three  ounces  in  a  single 
day,  and  estimates  the  evaporation  of  plants  to  be  seventeen 
times  greater  than  that  of  animals. 

181.  The  next  and  most  important  function  of  leaves  is  the 
decomposition  of  carbonic  acid.  It  is  only  by  the  performance 
of  this  function  by  the  leaves  that  the  solid  parts  of  vegetables 
are  deposited.  Any  cause  whicli  arrests  this  operation  imme- 
diately renders  the  plant  sickly,  and  its  peculiar  secretions  cease 
to  be  deposited.  Light  is  absolutely  essential  to  the  perform- 
ance of  this  function  of  the  leaves.  In  the  dark  no  carbon  is 
deposited,  and  no  oxygen  is  liberated. 

De  Candolle  says :  "  If  two  plants  are  exposed,  the  one  to 
darkness,  and  the  other  to  the  sun's  rays,  in  a  close  vessel,  and 
in  an  atmosphere  containing  a  known  quantity  of  carbonic 
acid,  and  are  removed  at  the  end  of  twelve  hours,  w^e  shall  find 
that  the  first  has  diminished  neither  the  quantity  of  oxygen  or 
cart)onic  acid,  and  that  in  the  second,  on  the  contrary,  the 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  has  diminished,  while  the  quantity  of 

What  proves  it?— 179.  What  is  the  first  action  of  the  leaves?    What 

Sartially  controls  it  ?     When  most  rapid? — ISO.  What  of  the  quantity  of 
uid  given  out?    How  proved? — 181.  The  next  function  ?    What  does  D« 
Candolle  say  ? 

4^ 


FLNCTIONS    OF    LEA.VES.  103 

free  oxygen  has  increased  in  the  same  proportion."  This  ex- 
periment shows  beyond  doubt  the  function  of  the  leaves  in  de- 
composing carbonic  acid,  and  that  the  Hght  of  the  sun  is  neces- 
sary for  its  operation. 

182.  The  same  author  instituted  another  ingenious  experi- 
ment, to  show  the  absorption  of  carbonic  acid  by  the  roots,  and 
its  subsequent  decomposition.  lie  filled  a  cistern  and  an  in- 
verted bell-glass  with  distilled  water,  the  glass  having  a  sprig 
of  mint  floating  in  it ;  in  the  same  cistern  was  placed  another 
bell-glass  containing  carbonic  acid.  The  surfjice  of  the  water 
was  covered  with  a  stratum  of  oil,  to  prevent  the  access  of  at- 
mospheric air.  The  whole  was  then  exposed  to  the  direct 
action  of  the  sun.  The  carbonic  acid  diminished  daily,  while 
the  glass  containing  the  mint  had  acquired  a  quantity  of  oxy- 
gen exactly  equal  to  the  loss  of  carbonic  acid.  A  similar  plant 
placed  under  similar  circumstances,  with  ther  exception  of  the 
jar  of  carbonic  acid,  disengaged  no  oxygen,  and  at  the  end  of 
twelve  days,  the  time  the  experiment  continued,  commenced  to 
decay,  while  the  other  one  was  in  good  health.  No  further 
proof  certainly  could  be  required  to  establish  any  fact,  than 
these  aflbrd  in  establishing  the  function  of  the  leaves  in  decom- 
posing carbonic  acid  by  the  aid  of  the  sun's  light. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that  such  experiments  will  not  succeed 
unless  exposed  to  the  direct  action  of  the  sun's  rays.  x\lthough 
these  operations  take  place  in  some  degree  in  plants  growing 
in  shaded  places,  yet  when  placed  under  circumstances  for  ex- 
periment, they  require  the  direct  action  of  the  sun  to  perform 
this  function. 

183.  That  the  carbon  has  been  deposited  in  the  plant  is  also 
proved  by  exposing  plants  to  the  action  of  an  atmosphere  that 
contains  carbonic  acid,  and  similar  ones  to  an  atmosphere  that 
contains  none :  the  former  will  increase  in  carbon,  while  the 
latter  will  not.  The  two  principles  established  by  these  experi- 
ments are  of  much  practical  importance.  They  teach  us  that 
the  presence  of  carbonic  acid  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
growth  of  vegetables,  and  that  if  we  expect  the  full  and  perfect 
development  of  plants,  they  must  hav-e  the  direct  action  of  the 
sun's  light.  To  secrete  all  the  peculiar  products  in  perfection, 
these  circumstances  must  conspire.  The  gardener  is  well  aware 
of  these  fects  in  practice.  To  irrevent  the  deposition  of  unpleas- 
ant products,  which  are  natural  to  the  plant,  he  covers  the  stem 
of  the  celery,  and  it  deposits  little  except  the  simplest  tissue, 

182.   What  other  experiment  ?     When  only  will  such  experiments  suc- 
ceed?— 183.   What  other  proof?    WHiat  do  these  facts  teach  \x^J.     How 
\  the  gardener  prevent  unpleasant  products  ? 


101  FL -NOTIONS    OF   LEAVES. 

and  becomes  loaded  Avith  nearly  insipid  fluids ;  the  sterner 
juices  of  the  plant  previously  deposited  becoming  diluted,  so 
that  it  is  a  healthful  and  agreeable  food.  This  plant,  unculti- 
vated in  the  manner  it  is,  yields  substances  exceedingly  rough 
and  acrid,  and  but  little  corresponding  to  the  mild  sweetish 
stems  produced  by  the  gardener's  care.  This,  however,  it  must 
be  observed,  is  an  immature  state  of  the  plant ;  and  the  princi- 
ple of  the  deposition  of  carbon  by  light  is  used,  although  eiripi- 
ricallj,  in  converting  an  otherwise  useless  weed  to  an  article  of 
dehcacy.  We  might  multiply  examples,  but  one  is  sufficient  to 
illustrate  the  principle ;  and  we  may  make  the  remark,  which 
the  cultivator  would  do  well  to  bear  in  mind,  that  when  plants 
yield  naturally  agreeable  products,  the  more  light  they  receive 
the  better  they  Avill  be  ;  but  when  the  products,  in  a  state  of  too 
great  concentration,  become  acrid,  shade  will  make  them  more 
palatable.  Of  the  latter  of  these  is  the  Radish,  and  of  the  for- 
mer the  Potatoe.  Hence  the  Potatoes  are  much  drier,  and 
contain  more  nutritive  matter,  which  have  been  grown  on  open 
land,  exposed  to  the  sun,  than  those  grown  in  orchards.  The 
truth  of  these  principles  is  strikingly  illustrated  also  in  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  plants.  Those  of  high  latitudes,  grow- 
ing through  a  summer  of  a  few  weeks  or  months,  possess  few 
decided  properties.  They  yield  the  simplest  vegetable  products, 
possessing  but  few  properties  not  common  to  all  vegetables. 
But  as  we  approach  the  Equator,  the  properties  become  more 
decided,  odors  more  varied  and  pungent,  fruits  more  delicious, 
medicines  more  powerful  and  efficient,  poisons  of  the  most  fiUal 
character,  till  we  arrive  at  the  equatorial  regions,  where  all 
these  products,  in  all  their  variety,  arrive  at  perfection. 

184.  Forest  trees  are  affected  very  much  by  the  same  prin- 
ciples. The  wood  of  dense  forests  is  known  not  to  be  as  firm 
or  as  durable  as  that  of  trees  growing  in  open  grounds.  We 
see  also  the  effect  of  these  principles  in  the  turning  of  plants 
toward  the  light  when  it  comes  to  them  in  only  one  direction. 
The  side  next  the  light  deposits  its  carbon,  and  becomes  firmer, 
harder,  and  of  course  contracted,  while  the  other  side  remains 
turgid  with  unassimilated  fluid.  The  plant  of  course  bends  to- 
ward the  light,  not  from  any  attraction  it  has  for  it,  but  from 
the  influence  the  light  exerts  upon  it.  We  see  the  same  exem- 
plified in  the  growth  of  forest  trees.  When  the  forest  is  dense, 
light  being  received  entirely  on  their  tops,  trees  stretch  upward, 

When  should  light,  and  when  should  shade  be  used  ?  How  with  plants 
in  high  latitudes?  How  in  the  tropics ?— 184.  How  with  forest  trees? 
Why  dfi  plants  turn  toward  the  liglit?  Why  do  trees  grow  tall  in  deus» 
forests  ? 


FUNCTIONS    OF    LEAVES.  105 

the  ]o^^er  branches  decay,  and  thus  forming  tall,  straighi,  cylin- 
drical trunks,  with  the  branches  near  their  summits,  'irces  in 
open  fields  never  grow  as  tall  as  in  forests,  but  they  have  a 
greater  number  of  branches,  and  nearer  to  tlie  earth,  and  the 
reason  is  plain  from  the  foregoing  remarks.  They  receive  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  at  every  dift'erent  position  it  assumes 
through  the  day,  thus  having  no  propensity  to  development  in 
any  particular  direction  by  the  action  of  the  light. 

185.  We  are  unable  to  account  for  the  constitution  of  vari- 
ous vegetable  products,  without  supposing  the  decomposition  of 
water,  from  which  the  vegetable  derives  the  hydrogen  used  in 
the  formation  of  those  substances.  Oil,  for  instatice,  is  com- 
posed of  1  atom  of  oxygen,  11  of  hydrogen,  and  10  of  carbon. 
No  substance  that  enters  as  food  into  the  plant  can  yield  this 
great  amount  of  hydrogen  but  water.  This  decomposition  of 
water,  no  doubt,  in  a  great  measure,  takes  place  in  the  leaves, 
for  volatile  oils  are  very  commonly  found  in  these  organs,  and 
when  they  are  not  found  in  the  leaves,  they  often  exist  in  cavi- 
ties, with  apparently  no  secreting  bodies  for  their  formation,  in 
the  situations  in  which  we  find  them.  In  many  cases,  at  least, 
it  seems  probable,  from  these  considerations,  that  they  arc 
generated  in  the  leaves,  or  in  parts  performing  tJie  same  func- 
tions. The  bark,  in  certain  states,  is  capable  of  performing  the 
same  operations  as  the  leaves. 

186.  The  absorption  of  oxygen  takes  place  in  the  night. 
We  may  convince  ourselves  of  this  by  confining  a  platit  during 
night  in  atmospheric  air,  and  the  oxygen  will  bo  perceptibly 
diminished.  This  oxygen  unites  chemically  with  substances 
contained  within  the  leaves,  and  probably  with  carbonaceous 
food  not  in  the  form  of  carbonic  acid,  and  it  would  seem  that 
only  in  this  state  is  it  fitted  for  assimilation.  The  oxygen  is 
immediately  given  back  to  the  atmosphere  on  the  return  of 
day.  The  quantity  of  oxygen  absorbed  by  plants  is  too  small 
to  have  any  effect  on  the  health  of  animals  by  its  abstraction. 

187.  Besides  absorbing  and  giving  oft'  oxygen,  plants  con- 
stantly, in  healthy  action,  give  off  a  small  quantity  of  carbonic 
acid,  both  day  and  night.  It  has  been  supposed  that  this  was 
the  true  and  only  eftect  of  vegetable  respiration  on  the  atmos- 
phere, and  that  the  absorbing  and  giving  oft'  oxygen  and  de- 
composing carbonic  acid  and  water  belonged  to  dig«3stion. 
From  this  it  would  result  that  the  respiration  of  vegetables 
vitiates  the  atmosphere  as  does  that  of  animals  ;  but  the  eft'ects 

Whv  expanding  hi  the  open  fields  ?— 185.  What  proves  that  wnter  is  de- 
composed ^—186.  AVhat  takes  place  at  night?— 187.  What  other  function 
have  leaves?     Wliat  have  some  supposed? 


106  OEIGIN    OF   THE   WOOD. 

of  their  digestion  abundantly  compensates  not  only  for  the  car- 
bonic acid  which  they  yield  to  the  atmosphere,  but  also  for  the 
vast  amount  constantly  given  out  by  animals,  and  that  pro- 
duced by  combustion.  They  not  only  yield  oxygen,  but  they 
take  the  noxious  gas  and  decompose  it,  and  retain  the  carbon, 
and  return  to  animals  the  vital  air.  Thus  the  two  great  king- 
doms of  animated  nature  mutually  yield  to  each  other  its  vital 
fluid.  Were  it  not  for  this  compensative  arrangement,  we  see 
no  other  result,  constituted  as  the  beings  of  this  globe  now  are, 
that  could  happen,  but  that  the  atmosphere  would  become  so 
vitiated  as  to  be  unfit  for  the  support  of  animal  existence.  How 
beautifully  they  now  operate !  The  expelled  carbonic  acid, , 
which  is  poisonous  to  the  animals,  which  throw  it  ofl"  in  vast 
quantities,  is  taken  up  by  the  vegetation  as  the  most  healthful 
and  appropriate  food  for  them,  and  the  oxygen,  which  they  do 
not  require  by  their  constitution,  gives  life  to  man. 

That  very  important  operations  take  place  in  the  leaves,  is 
conclusively  proved  by  many  observations  on  the  leaves  of 
different  plants  at  different  periods  of  the  day.  Hayne  found 
the  Bryophyllum  calcynum  to  be  acid  in  the  morning,  tasteless 
at  noon,  and  bitter  in  the  evening.  The  same  is  true  of  many 
other  leaves,  and  some  will  even  redden  litmus  paper  in  the 
morning,  but  produce  no  effect  upon  it  at  any  other  part  of  the 
day. 

Section  3. —  Origin  of  the  Wood. 

188»  We  might  occupy  pages  in  the  various  discussions 
(\'hich  have  been  carried  on  concerninsf  the  orio;in  of  the  wood. 
h'ovcv  the  time  of  Linnseus  to  the  present,  various  theories  have 
)een  formed  and  advocated  with  spirit;  but  the  discovery  of 
lew  facts  has  compelled,  in  some  cases,  the  authors  to  yield 
,heir  favorite  opinions,  and  fall  in  with  views  more  in  accord- 
ince  with  what,  at  least,  appears  to  be  nature's  operation. 

189.  There  are  now  two  systems  which  divide  botanists  as  to 
the  origin  of  wood.  One  of  these  theories  supposes  two  dis- 
tinct simultaneous  systems  of  growth — the  cellular  and  fibro- 
vascular,  of  which  the  former  is  horizontal,  and  the  latter  verti- 
cal. The  cellular  gives  rise  to  the  pith,  medullary  rays,  and  the 
remaining  cellular  substance  of  the  wood  and  bark.  The  fibro- 
vascular  system  gives  rise  to  the  vascular  portion  of  the  plant. 
All  the  woody  portion  of  the  trunk  are  the  roots  of  leaves  im- 
bedded in  the  cellular  system  by  which  they  are  confined.    The 


What  relation  have  animal  and  vegetable  respiration  to  each  other  ?— 
188.  What  is  said  in  relation  to  the  origin  of  wood  ? — 18y.  How  man} 
systems  ?    What  does  one  of  tl  ese  suppose  ? 


ORIGIN    OF    TllK    WOOD.  107 

buds  diflfer  from  the  seed  in  no  important  respect.  They  send 
up  the  ascending  axis  in  the  form  of  a  branch,  and  tlie  descend- 
ing axis  in  the  form  of  fibers,  which  united  form  the  stem,  and 
tei-miiiate  in  the  earth,  modified  in  some  respect  by  the  celhilar 
system,  forming  what,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  called  the  wood. 
The  various  varieties  of  wood  are  pi-oduced  by  the  action  of  tlie 
cellular  system.  Of  this  w^e  may  be  convinced  by  removing  a 
ring  of  bark  of  one  tree,  and  supplying  the  place  of  the  removed 
portion  by  a  ring  from  a  different  tree  of  the  same  fomily,  and 
the  wood  formed  under  the  strange  portion  will  be  of  the  same 
kind  as  the  tree  from  which  it  was  taken,  but  the  wood  above 
and  below  will  remain  unaltered.  The  same  is  the  case  with 
gratis.  The  graft  will  always  remain  unaltered,  while  the  wood 
of  the  stock  remains  unaffected  by  the  graft. 

190.  Some  uncommon  examples  are  upon  record,  which  go 
to  confirm  the  position.  In  the  Pandanus,  the  stem  near  the 
ground  is  extremely  slender;  higher  up  it  is  thicker,  and  gives 
out  aerial  roots,  which  act  as  props  to  the  plant  by  entering  the 
earth  ol)liquely.  The  aerial  roots  are  what  would  have  com- 
posed a  part  of  the  stem,  had  they  remained  bound  by  the  cel- 
lular substance  into  one  cylinder,  but  from  some  cause  they 
separate  and  subtract  so  much  from  the  mass  of  the  stem  near 
the  root.  Professor  Lindley  describes  another  instructive  case 
on  this  subject  in  the  Barbacenia  from  Rio  Janeiro,  recently 
discovered. 

It  consists  of  a  central  portion  similar  to  common  monoco- 
tyledonous  stem,  but  this  column  is  surrounded  by  bundles  of 
vascular  fibers,  the  bundles  having  no  connection  with  each 
other,  corresponding,  in  the  opinion  of  the  professor,  to  the 
aerial  loots  of  the  Pandanus.  The  putting  forth  of  roots  from 
buds  when  planted,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Multicaulis,  appears 
easily  explicable  on  this  principle.  These  will  put  forth  roots 
•  iimediately  from  the  bud,  and  in  all  essential  points  agree  ex- 
actly with  the  germination  of  the  seed.  A  complete  bud  of  a 
Multicaulis  will  germinate,  when  all  the  substance  of  wood  and 
bark  is  removed,  which  does  not  enter  into  the  composition  of 
the  bud.  The  vitality  of  most  buds  seems  to  be  much  less,  and 
in  some  cases  cannot  be  made  to  germinate  at  all  when  re- 
moved from  the  parent  stock.  Whence  come  the  roots  from  a 
bud,  if  they  are  not  the  direct  production  of  the  bud  ?  When 
the  bud  is  removed  from  the  parent,  the  fibers  it  would  other- 
wise have  sent  through  the  trunk  become  proper  roots  at  once. 


What  of  buds  ?— 190.  What  of  the  Pandanus  ?     Barbacenia  ?     What  of 
the  buds  of  tlie  multicaulis  ?     What  does  it  prove  ? 


108  OEIGIN   OF   THE    WOOD. 

From  the  above  theory,  "vve  are  cautioned  against  excessive 
pi'uning',  where  we  wish  to  obtain  substantial  stocks ;  for  all 
other  things  being  equal,  the  grow^th  of  the  body  of  a  tree  will 
be  in  direct  proportion  to  the  leaves,  which,  of  course,  will  be 
in  proportion  to  the  branches.  If  these  are  removed  to  a  gi-eat 
extent,  the  growth  of  the  tree  is  retarded,  if  not  otherwise  in- 
jured. 

191t  Opposed  to  the  above  theory  are  some  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished philosophers.  They  suppose  the  vascular  bundles 
proceed  from  below  upward,  originating  in  the  cambium  cells 
in  dicotyledons,  and  in  monocotyledons  from  the  terminal  buds.^ 

192.  The  duration  of  vegetables  is  exceedingly  various. 
Some  come  forth  during  the  darkness  of  a  single  night,  and 
whither  and  die  on  the  approach  of  day  ;  others  go  through 
their  different  stages  of  growth  to  perfection  in  a  few  days,"  and 
disappear.  Some  require  the  length  of  several  months  for  the 
same  operation,  and  others  of  tw^o  years,  while  others  still  come 
to  perfection  only  after  several  years,  and  then  are  continued  in 
existence  for  indefinite  periods.  The  latter  is  the  case  with 
forest  trees.  We  see  nothing,  theoretically  considered,  opposed 
to  the  unlimited  duration  of  dicotyledonous  trees.  Each  years 
growth  may  be  considered  a  distinct  individual,  having  in  itself 
all  the  elements  for  the  production  of  a  similar  individual, 
which,  when  produced,  has  no  necessary  dependence  upon  its 
progenitor;  since  each  layer  of  any  tree  has  been  endowed 
during  its  time  with  all  the  productive  functions  of  the  individ- 
ual. But  to  this  unlimited  duration  of  vegetables,  nature 
offers  impassable  barriers.  The  action  of  the  elements,  the 
attacks  of  insects  and  larger  animals,  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil 
by  other  vegetables,  the  constant  lengthening  of  the  roots, 
making  the  circulation  too  extensive,  are  all  causes  constantly 
operating  to  prevent  the  duration  of  the  most  of  forest  trees 
beyond  one  or  two  centuries.  But  there  are  cases  in  which 
favorable  circumstances  have  conspired  to  lengthen  out  the 
lives  of  particular  individuals  to  as  many  thousands.  Some 
trees  of  great  age  have  become  subjects  of  history.  The  cele- 
brated Chestnut  of  Mount  Etna  has  a  circumference  of  160 
feet.  This  tree  has  been  said  to  be  several  trees  united ;  but 
more  recent  and  accurate  observations  have  proved  it  to  have 
but  a  single  root,  and  of  course  it  is  a  single  tree.  Its  age,  by 
any  calculation,  must  be  that  of  many  centuries.  Some  of  the 
oldest  Cedars  of  Lebanon  are  supposed  to  have  an  age  of  three 

191.  What  is  the  opposing  theory? — 192,  What  of  the  duration  of  veg- 
etables ?  What  is  each  year's  growth  of  a  d  cotyledonous  tree?  What 
limits  its  duration  ?    IIow  old  are  some  trees  ? 


FERTILIZATION.  100 

thousand  years.  The  Baobab  trees  of  Africa,  and  the  Draofon 
tree  of  Orotava,  are  said  to  be  even  six  thousand  years  old. 
Pliny  believes  there  were  trees  in  his  time  as  old  as  tlie  world, 
as  he  says  they  were  "  intacta  cevis  et  congenita  7nundo,  un- 
touched by  age  and  brought  forth  with  the  world." 

Means  have  been  devised  for  the  determining  the  ages  of 
trees  by  the  diameters,' but  they  are  so  hable  to  error,  that  they 
are  unworthy  of  repetition. 


V 
CHAPTER  V. 

Section  1. — FertlUzation. 

193»  The  subject  of  fertilization  is  one  of  much  interest, 
from  the  singularity  of  the  operations  by  which  it  is  in  some 
cases  carried  on,  and  the  beautiful  adaptation  of  the  means  to 
bring  about  this  indispensable  end. 

All  plants  possess  some  apparatus  for  the  production  of  seed, 
or  of  bodies  which,  independent  of  the  parent,  will  vegetate  and 
produce  the  species  ;  from  the  most  simple  Confervae,  with  stems 
scarcely  larger  than  films  of  silk,  to  the  most  perfect  plants. 
The  fact  that  some  plants  possessed  two  systems  by  whose  con- 
joined action  the  fruit  and  seed  were  perfected,  has  been  long 
known.  The  ancients  were  acquainted  with  this  fact  in  refer- 
ence to  the  Date  Palm.  They  discerned  that  in  the  blossom  of 
one  tree,  rudiments  of  fruit  existed,  while  in  that  of  others  no 
such  rudimentary  fruit  was  produced,  but  that  the  powder  pro- 
duced by  the  flower  of  the  latter  must  be  sprinkled  in  the 
flowers  of  the  other,  in  order  to  the  perfection  of  the  fruit.  The 
above  and  similar  facts  constituted  all  the  knowledge  of  the 
ancients  on  the  subject  of  fertilization ;  and  it  was  not  till  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century  that  any  thing  like  proper 
notions  began  to  prevail.  Ray,  in  England,  and  Malpighi,  in 
Italy,  were  among  the  first  who  placed  the  subject  in  its  true 
hght.  Their  investigations  led  them  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
"  pollen  was  endowed  with  prolific  power,  and  served  to  fertilize 
the  seeds." 

Within  the  last  few  years  this  subject  has  received  the  partic- 
ular attention  of  the  most  distinguished  philosophers,  and  the 

193.  What  do  all  plants  possess  ?  What  lias  been  long  known  I  What 
conclusion  did  Ray  and  Malpighi  come  to  ? 


110  FERTILIZATION. 

important  fticts  which  they  have  disclosed  constitute  a  proud 
triumph  of  their  skill  and  sagacity  over  the  most  hidden  opera- 
tions of  nature. 

194.  The  anther,  in  its  early  stage,  together  with  the  pollen, 
forms  a  compact  and  moist  body.  ■  After  the  flower  expands, 
the  anther  matures  ;  the  pollen  absorbs  the  fluid  from  the  cells 
hning  the  anthers.  These  cells  were  proved  by  Purkinje  to 
consist  of  the  fibrous  cellular  tissue,  and  this'  tissue,  when  de- 
prived of  moisture,  becomes  exceedingly  elastic,  and  the  fibres 
then  act  as  springs  in  bursting  the  anther.  Mirbel  has  clenion- 
strated  that,  during  the  perfection  of  the  pollen,  the  fluid  of 
this  tissue  is  drawn  by  the  endosmose  of  the  pollen  from  h. 
The  presence  of  this  fluid  is  necessary  to  the  perfection  of  the 
pollen,  and  it  is  equally  necessary,  that  it  should  be  drawn  from 
the  fibrous  tissue,  that  it  may  2)erform  its  appropriate  and  neces- 
sary function  of  bursting  the  anther.  What  a  beautiful  provi- 
sion for  insuring  the  due  preparation  of  all  parts,  so  that  none 
might  be  prematurely  or  tardily  performed !  Under  this  or- 
ganization, the  anther  cannot  burst  till  the  pollen  has  drawn 
its  perfecting  nourishment.  On  the  other  hand,  the  pollen  can- 
not mature  only  by  a  means  which  insures  its  immediate  escape 
when  perfected. 

195.  During  this  preparation  of  the  pollen,  the  pistil  is 
undergoing  important  changes.  The  stigmatic  surface  assumes 
an  irregular,  granular  appearance,  becoming  more  lax  in  its 
texture,  and  secreting  a  viscid  fluid,  all  of  which  is  accomplished 
by  the  time  the  pollen  is  perfected.  The  pollen  then  falls  upon 
the  stigma,  is  made  to  cohere  by  this  viscidity,  and  moistened 
by  the  secreted  fluid. 

196.  After  the  grains  of  pollen  have  remained  upon  the 
moist  stigmatic  surface  for  several  hours,  the  extine  bursts  at 
one  or  more  points,  and  through  the  apertures  the  intine  is  pro- 
truded containing  the  contents  of  the  pollen  grain.  These  jyol- 
len  tubes  penetrate  the  lax  tissue  of  the  stigma,  and  make  their 
way  through  the  whole  length  of  the  style  to  the  ovule,  and 
reach,  and  probably  in  all  cases  enter,  the  foramen.  The  re- 
markable exhibitions  of  design  for  accomplishing  this  object 
are  unsurpassed  by  any  phenomena  in  nature,  and  the  researches 
of  Brown,  Araici,  Schleiden,  and  Brogniart  have  laid  open  a 
field  which  cannot  be  viewed  by  a  lover  of  nature  with  any 
other  feelings  than  those  of  unmingled  delight. 

194.  How  is  the  pollen  perfected  ?  What  relation  to  the  openinjsr  of  the 
anther? — 195.  What  change  is  the  pistil  undergoing  in  tlie  moan  time  ? — 
196.  What  takes  place  w  th  the  pollen  grains  ?  'What  course  do  the  pollen 
tubes  take  ? 


FERTILIZATION.  HI 

197.  There  are  three  points  involved  in  one  theory  wliicli  is 
axtensively  adopted.  Firsts  that  the  tubes  come  in  contact 
with  the  sac  of  tiie  amnios  ;  second^  that  the  tubes  do  not  per- 
forate the  membrane ;  and  third,  that  by  the  action  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  tubes,  an  embryo  is  formed  within  the  sac.  These, 
in  substance,  were  the  opinions  of  the  first  observers  of  the 
action  of  the  pollen  tubes,  and  are  still  those  of  the  English  and 
some  continental  botanists.  But  there  are  those  who  present 
the  phenomena  in  an  entirely  different  light,  and  endow  the 
different  parts  with  as  different  functions.  The  German  botan- 
ists, Schleiden  and  Endleicher,  are  the  most  prominent  advo- 
cates of  the  following  theory,  which  is  an  abridgment  of  Schlei- 
den's  view^s.  The  pollen  tubes  enter  the  ovule,  and  pass 
through  the  intercellular  passages  of  the  nucleus,  and  reach  the 
embryo  sac,  which,  being  forced  forward,  is  pressed,  indented, 
and  becomes  the  cylindrical  bag  which  contains  the  embryo  in 
this  first  stage  of  its  development,  and  which  consequently  con- 
sists solely  of  a  cell  of  parenchyma,  supported  upon  the  summit 
of  the  axis.  This  bag  is  therefore  composed  of  a  double  mem- 
brane (except  the  open  radicular  end),  viz.,  the  indented  em- 
bryo sac,  and  the  membrane  of  the  j)ollen  tube  itself.  In  Taxus, 
and  especially  in  Orchis,  he  has  succeeded  in  drawing  out  that 
part  of  the  pollen  tube  from  the  embryo  sac  which  contains  the 
embryo,  and  that  too  at  a  considerably  advanced  stage. 

198.  The  student  will  observe  from  the  above,  that  in  Schlei- 
den's  view  of  the  subject,  the  pollen  tube  becomes  itself  the 
vessel  that  contains  the  embryo,  instead  of  the  embryo  being 
formed  in  the  sac  of  the  amnios;  and  it  will  also  result  froin 
this  view,  that  so  far  from  this  impregnation  of  the  embryo  sac 
coming  from  the  pollen  tube,  the  pollen  tubes  become  them- 
selves the  subjects  of  this  influence.  This  reverses  entirely  the 
order  of  things,  as  they  have  been  considered  in  all  past  times. 

199.  After  the  discovery  of  pollen  tubes,  and  the  necessity  of 
the  pollen  coming  in  contact  with  the  moist  surface  of  the  stig- 
ma, in  order  to  put  them  forth,  it  was  thought  that  the  impreg- 
nation of  the  Asclepiadae  and  Orchideae  formed  exceptions  to 
the  general  manner  of  producing  impregnation  by  their  emis- 
sion, since  nature  seemed  to  have  prevented  the  possibility  of 
any  such  operation  ;  but  more  recent  discoveries  show  these 
plants  to  exhibit  most  beautiful  examples  of  this  arrangement. 

In  the  Asclepiadie,  the  stigma  is  a  fleshy,  five-cornered  disk, 

197.  How  many  points  involved  in  one  of  the  theories  of  fertilization  ? 
What  are  they?  What  is  SchleiJen's  theory?— 198.  What  are  the  chief 
points  of  this  "^theory  ? — 199.  What  arrangement  for  fertilization  in  Asclo- 
piadae  ?     Orchideae  ? 


112  FRUITING. 

having  a  gland  on  each  angle.  To  each  gland  there  is  attached 
a  pair  of  yellow  bags  containing  the  pollen,  and  called  ^w/Ze/^ 
masses.  These  do  not  open,  and  the  stigma  has  no  secreting 
surface.  In  these  circumstances,  the  impregnation  of  these 
plants  offered  an  important  problem  for  solution.  Ehrenberg 
found  that  through  one  side,  that  next  the  stigma  of  these  pol- 
len manes,  pollen  tubes  were  emitted,  and  directly  entered  the 
stigma,  and  made  their  way  to  the  ovary,  as  in  other  cases,  thus 
showing  the  perfect  agreement,  in  this  case  at  least,  with  other 
phanerogamous  plants.  It  has  also  been  proved  more  than 
probable  that  similar  arrangements  accomplish  the  same  end  jn 
Orchideae.  In  orthotropous  plants,  threads  in  some  cases  hang 
down  in  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  through  which  the  pollen  can 
pass  into  the  foramen.  In  other  cases,  the  conducting  tissue 
elongates  so  as  to  reach  the  foramen  during  the  time  of  fertiliza- 
tion. In  Euphorbia,  the  apex  of  the  nucleus  is  protruded  far 
beyond  the  foramen,  so  as  to  lie  within  a  kind  of  hood-like  ex- 
pansion of  the  placenta. 


I 


Section  2. — Fruiting. 


200i  By  fruiting  we  understand  the  changes  the  ovarium 
and  its  connected  parts  undergo  in  arriving  at  maturity.  We 
have  already  noticed  the  changes  which  take  place  in  the  con- 
tents of  the  ovary.  The  changes  of  the  other  floral  organs,  in 
many  cases,  are  no  less  prompt  and  distinct.  The  floral  en- 
velopes soon  wither,  unless  connected  with  the  ovary ;  the  stamen 
falls  off",  the  pistil  dries  up  or  hardens  when  composed  in  part 
of  the  axis  of  the  plant,  and  all  the  energies  of  the  plant  seem 
to  be  directed  to  the  perfection  of  the  fruit  or  ovary.  That 
these  changes  are  effected  by  the  act  of  fertilization,  may  be 
made  manifest  by  preventing  the  access  of  the  pollen  to  the 
pistil,  and  the  parts  will  for  a  much  longer  time  remain  un- 
changed. There  seem  to  be  two  different  courses  taken  in  the 
perfection  of  different  fruits.  In  one,  the  ovaiy  becomes  dry, 
hard,  membraneous  or  woody,  as  in  the  Poppy,  Cantua,  &c 
In  others,  the  ovary  becomes  fleshy,  affording  various  agreeablf 
articles  of  food,  as  Apples,  Pears,  Peaches,  Melons,  (fee.  Thi? 
has  been  supposed  tp  depend  upon  the  number  of  stomata  or 
the  surface  of  the  ovary.  In  the  dry  one,  the  stomata  werf 
suflScient  to  permit  the  evaporation  of  all  the  moisture,  while  ip 
the  fleshy  comparatively  little  evaporation  took  place,  from  the 

200.  What  is  fruiting  ?  How  are  the  floral  envelopes  affected  by  fertil- 
ization? How  made  manifest?  What  two  courses  taken  in  the  perfec- 
tion of  fruit  ? 


FRUITING.  113 

small  number  of  stomata  on  its  surface.  Tne  effects  of  fruits, 
when  green,  on  the  atmosphere  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 
leaves,  but  generally  of  a  more  limited  extent.  In  the  night 
they  absorb  oxygen  like  the  leaves,  and  return  most  of  it  during 
the  day. 

201.  The  constitution  of  the  fruit  differs  materially  in  its 
ripe  from  what  it  was  in  the  green  state.  Water  and  ligtiine 
diminish,  and  sugar  increases.  Water  diminishes  from  two  to 
ten  per  cent,  in  different  kinds ;  lignine  generally  in  a  greater 
proportion.  .Sugar  increases  in  currants  from  0.52  to  6.25,  it 
being  twelve  times  the  quanti-ty  in  a  ripe  from  what  they  pos- 
sessed in  a  green  state.  This  the  remarkable  changes  in  taste 
would  lead  us  to  suppose  without  analysis.  In  many  cases  we 
know  that  sugar  is  produced  at  the  expense  of  starch,  but  no 
starch  can  be  discovered  in  those  fruits  which  generate  the 
greatest  amount  of  sugar,  such  as  Currants,  Apples,  Peaches, 
&c.  That  it  takes  place  at  the  expense  of  the  other  proximate 
principles,  aided  by  water,  is  certain,  since  it  goes  on  without 
any  increase  of  weight,  and  even  when  separated  from  the 
parent  stock,  and  also  in  the  process  of  cooking.  It  is  a  well 
known  fact  in  chemistry,  that  the  action  of  various  vegetable 
substances  on  each  other,  aided  by  moderate  heat,  will  produce 
the  saccharine  principle.  The  vegetable  acids,  with  gum  and 
mucilage,  will  produce  this  effect.  These  principles  are  con- 
tained in  all  succulent  fruits,  tartaric  acid,  malic  acid,  gum,  and 
vai'ious  other  substances  peculiar  to  each  fruit.  The  act  of 
ripening,  therefore,  is  a  chemical  process,  which  consists  in  con- 
verting the  various  unpleasant  and  injurious  principles  of  the 
green  fruit  into  the  most  nourishing  and  healthy  of  vegetable 
products.!^ 

202.  Although  the  above  conveys  the  general  principles  on 
which,  we  believe,  the  ripening  of  fruit  proceeds,  yet  in  some 
cases  these  substances  from  which  we  suppose  the  sugar  to  be 
formed  increase  at  the  same  time ;  yet  we  believe  that  in  all 
cases  either  the  acid  or  the  other  principles  diminish,  and  never 
both  increa&e  or  remain  stationary  in  the  same  fruit.  If  the 
acid  increases,  the  other  principles  diminish.  If  the  other 
principles  increase,  the  acid  diminishes. 

For  these  processes  to  go  on,  an  jitmosphere  containing  oxy- 
gen is  necessary ;  showing  that  this  active  agent  is  required  in 
these  operations,  and  performs  some  necessary  office  in  the  con- 

201.  How  does  the  constitution  of  ripe  frnit  differ  from  unripe  ?  What 
is  well  known  in  chemistry?  Is  the  act  of  ripening  a  cliemioal  process? 
—202.  What  seeming  variatiou  from  the  above  ?  What  necessary  for  these 
processes  to  be  good  ? 


114  GERMINATION. 

version  of  the  crude  material  of  green  fruit  into  the  palatable 
ones  of  the  ripe.  For  additional  remarks  on  this  topic,  see 
"  vegeta.ble  products,"  ^ectose  and  its  variations. 

Section   3. —  Germination. 

203.  By  germination  we  understand  the  commencement  ot 
the  vital  action,  which  produces  a  development  of  the  embryo 
of  the  seed.  The  necessary  conditions  of  germination  are  the 
presence  of  ivater^  heat,  and  oxygen  gas. 

204.  Germination  cannot  take  place  in  the  absence  of  any 
one  of  these  agents  ;  and  in  the  absence  of  water,  no  etfect  is  pro- 
duced toward  germination  by  the  exposure  to  both  of  the  other 
agents.  With  it  they  act  promptly.  The  water  enters  the  seed 
by  the  hilum,  and  passes  to  the  perisperm  by  the  chalaza,  from 
the  perispei-m  to  the  embryo  through  its  point  of  attachment. 
This  is  the  direct  course  of  the  fluid  through  appropriate  vessels; 
but  in  some  eases,  as  in  the  Beans  and  Peas,  it  will  penetrate 
the  testa  and  enter  the  embryo  directly  through  its  substance, 
when  the  vessels  of  the  hilum  are  obstructed,  by  being  covered 
with  wax  or  other  substances  impermeable  to  water,  but  germi- 
nation goes  on  much  more  tardily. 

205.  Seeds  will  not  germinate  in  a  vacuum,  nor  in  any  gas 
except  oxygen  ;  nor  in  distilled  or  recently  boiled  water;  but  by 
the  presence  of  0.3  of  oxygen  in  any  of  these  cases,  germination 
will  commence.  The  action  of  the  oxygen  seems  to  be  in  com- 
bining with  the  carbon  of  the  seed,  and  forming  carbonic  acid ; 
producing,  as  Raspail  says,  fermentation  :  a  part  of  the  acid  is 
thrown  off,  and  a  part  no  doubt  elaborated  by  the  increasing 
embryo.  It  has  been  proved  by  Edwards  and  Collin,  that  the 
oxygen  which  the  plant  uses  does  not  all  come  from  the  air,  but 
that  the  embryo  possesses  the  power  of  decomposing  water,  and 
using  the  oxygen  and  hydrogen  for  different  operations  in  de- 
veloping the  plant.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  a  small 
quantity  of  oxygen  was  necessary  to  produce  a  commencement 
of  the  vital  action,  to  give  the  first  impulse  to  vitality.  By  nu- 
merous experiments  it  has  been  proved,  that  the  best  proportion 
of  oxygen  with  other  gases  is  as  one  to  four,  the  ratio  found  in 
nature  in  the  constitution  of  the  atmosphere.  Seeds  may  be  ex- 
posed to  other  agents,  and  not  germinate  or  lose  their  vitality. 


203.  "VVliat  do  we  uuderstaud  by  trermination  ?  What  are  the  necessary 
conditions  ?— 204.  How  does  tlie  water  enter  the  seed  ? — 205.  What  gas  ia 
necessary  to  germination  ?  What  is  the  best  proportion  of  oxygon  i  '  May 
Beads  retain  tlieir  vitality  and  be  exposed  to  other  agents  ? 


GERMINATION.  115 

Soeds  buried  deep  in  the  soil  Avill  not  germinate,  but  on  ex- 
posure to  the  air  immediately  spring  up.  Turnip-seeds  have 
been  eight  years  in  the  soil.  Seeds  taken  from  a  pit,  in  wliich 
condition  they  had  lain  hundreds  of  years,  germinated  readily. 
This  fact  probably  explains  the  springing  up  of  different  trees 
when  a  forest  is  cut  down  and  the  ground  broken  up.  A  weak 
solution  of  chlorine  hastens  germination,  probably  by  aiding  the 
decomposition  of  water. 

206.  Heat  is  another  necessary  condition  on  which  germina- 
tion depends.  Germination  cannot  take  place  in  a  temperature, 
unless  some  degrees  above  freezing,  and  it  may  take  place  in  a 
temperature  which  would  be  entirely  inadequate  to  the  per- 
fection of  its  growth.  If  tlie  temperature  is  too  high,  the 
seeds  may  germinate,  but  unhealthy  action  is  produced,  and 
the  plant  perishes  by  over-action,  produced  by  this  powerful 
agent. 

It  has  been  found  that  Wheat,  Barley,  and  Rye  would  ger- 
minate at  44  degrees  Fahr.,  which  is  about  the  lowest  point  it 
would  take  place.  These  grains  being  composed  in  a  great  de- 
gree of  starch,  and  at  the  expense  of  which  germination  proceeds, 
it  was  thought  that  these  seeds  would  sustain  any  temperature 
as  high  as  the  grains  of  starch  would,  without  bursting  their  in- 
teguments. Under  ordinaiy^  circumstances  this  takes  place  at  a 
little  above  167°,  but  this  temperature  was  found  sufficient  to 
destroy  the  vitality  of  the  various  grains.  Beans,  Peas,  and  like 
seeds.  Many  lost  their  vitality  at  125°  and  some  as  low  as 
113°,  temperatures  w^hich  the  surface  of  our  soil  often  exceeds. 
These  facts  teach  us  the  necessity  of  shading,  or  of  planting  our 
flower  and  delicate  garden  seeds  in  cool  places,  wdien  it  is  done 
after  the  warm  days  of  our  spring  come  on.  Much  of  the  vitu- 
peration against  seedmen  would  be  saved  by  this  course.  Dark- 
ness is  favorable  to  germination  ordinarily.  The  yellow  rays  are 
most  injurious,  while  the  blue  accelerate  the  process,  containing 
as  they  do  the  actinic  or  chemical  rays. 

207.  When  the  three  agents  above  noticed  are  brought  to 
act  upon  the  seed  in  due  proportion  it  begins  to  swell,  bursts  its 
integuments,  generally  by  the  protrusion  of  a  radicle,  which 
takes  its  direction  downward,  and  soon  after  the  plumula  or  stem 
makes  its  appearance  and  takes  its  course  upward.  During 
germination  considerable  heat  is  generated,  no  doubt  the  effect 

Examples.  Wliut  fact  does  it  explain  ?— 20(5.  How  is  orcrmiimtion  affected 
by  temperature  ?  At  how  lii.<,'h  or  liow  low  temperature  will  seeds  trer- 
minatef  At  what  temperature  do  many  seeds  lose  their  vitality  ?  Wliat 
do  these  facts  teacli  us  ?  How  does  darkness  affect  srermination  ?— 2u7. 
How  docs  germination  proceed  »     What  is  generated  durin<;  the  process  i 


116  GEEMINATION. 

of  the  action  of  the  oxygen  on  the  carbon  of  the  seed.    TJiis  may 
be  witnessed  in  the  germination  of  large  masses  of  Barney. 

208.  The  most  important  change  produced  in  germination  on 
the  contents  of  the  seed  is  the  con^  ersion  of  the  an'vk^ceous 
portion  into  sugar.  This  is  through  the  action  of  Diastase. 
This  substance  is  produced  at  the  commencement  of  germina- 
tion, and  the  sole  object  of  its  production  seems  to  be  the  con- 
version of  starch  into  sugar  for  the  use  of  the  embryo  plant.  It 
does  this  with  the  greatest  promptness ;  even  when  artificially 
obtained  it  will  convert  two  thousand  times  its  ov*-n  weight  of 
starch  into  sugar.  It  is  perfectly  inert  in  relation  to  any  other 
vegetable  product.  Its  situation  in  the  grain  would  lead  us  to 
suppose  that  its  operation  was  of  the  character  abuve  assigned 
to  it.  It  does  not  exist  in  the  radicle,  or  in  the  cotyledons  of 
the  seed,  but  immediately  in  the  pass.-ige  from  the  cotyledons  to 
the  germ.  It  also  exists  in  tubers,  as  the  potato,  and  in  them 
it  is  not  distributed  throughout  the  substance,  but  only  at  the 
very  origin  of  the  eyes,  precisely  at  the  place  where  one  would 
conceive  it  to  be  placed  to  dissolve  the  amylaceous  substance  for 
the  nourishment  of  the  growing  organs.  This  is  an  exceedingly 
important  discovery  in  relation  to  vegetation,  as  it  carries  us  one 
step  further  into  the  mysterious  operations  of  nature,  as  exhibited 
in  the  nourishment  and  growth  of  vegetables. 

209.  The  time  required  for  germination  is  very  different  in 
different  species  of  plants,  and  even  of  the  same  species.  Much 
influence  also  is  exercised  over  this  operation  by  soil,  climate, 
and  localities  as  to  moisture  and  exposure. 

Under  favorable  circumstances.  Wheat,  Oats,  Rye,  and  Millet, 
will  germinate  in  one  day ;  Spinage,  Bean,  Turnip,  Radish, 
Mustard,  in  three  days ;  Lettuce  in  four  days  ;  Melon,  Cucum- 
ber, &c.,  in  Jive  days  ;  Horse-radish  in  six — Barley  in  seven — 
Purslain  in  nine — Cabbage  and  Hyssop  in  ten — Parsley  in 
fourteen  or  fifteen  ;  Almond,  Peach,  Peony,  in  a  year  ;  Rose, 
Hawthorn,  two  years.  These  results  will  vary  from  the  age  of 
the  seed  before  exposure  to  the  agents  that  produce  germination, 
and  the  influences  to  which  it  has  been  exposed,  whether  its 
vitality  may  have  been  injured  by  moisture,  heat,  or  light,  all  of 
which  exercise  a  deleterious  influence  on  seeds. 

210.  The  time  through  which  seeds  will  retain  their  vitality 
is  very  different  in  different  species,  when  exposed  to  the  same 

208.  "What  is  the  most  important  chanpre  ?  Through  the  action  of  wliut  ? 
"VYheu  produced?  How  much  starch  will  it  convert  into  sugar?  When 
produced?— 209.  What  is  said  of  the  time  required  for  germination? 
Mention  some  examples. — 210.  What  of  the  time  seeds  will  retain  their 
vitality  ? 


FOOD   OF   PLANTS.  117 

influence.  AVe  believe,  however,  more  depends  on  the  action  of 
elements  of  the  atmosphere  and  light  than  upon  the  neceasarilv 
limited  time  of  suspension  of  vitality  in  the  seed  itself.  We  have 
known  .seeds,  which  are  generally  considered  as  losing  their 
vitality  at  the  end  of  one  year,  readily  germinate  after  being 
kept  for  several  years  in  a  dry  atmosphere,  and  of  nearly  uni- 
form temperature,  and  protected  from  the  light.  Seeds  which 
are  generally  considered  as  retaining  their  vitality  only  one  year, 
have  been  known  to  germinate  at  the  end  of  one  hundred  years, 
and  cases  are  often  recorded  of  seeds  germinating  after  lying 
buried  in  the  earth  beyond  the  reach  of  the  atmosphere  for  at 
least  seventeen  hundred  years.  Any  table  on  this  subject,  there- 
fore, is  necessarily  a  very  imperfect  guide,  unless  it  should  be 
based  on  some  specified  manner  of  keeping  the  seeds.  The  best 
course  to  follow  in  the  preservation  of  seeds,  is  to  keep  them  as 
much  as  possible  in  a  temperate  and  dry  atmosphere,  protected 
from  the  action  of  the  light.  The  cotfee-seed  has  never  been 
made  to  germinate,  uidess  planted  immediately  on  its  ripening. 
Oily  seeds  soonest  lose  their  vitality.  In  the  purchase  of  seeds, 
kept  in  the  usual  manner,  fresh  ones  should  always  be  required. 

Section  4. — Food  of  Plants.  ^^^ 

211.  The  principal  food  of  plants  is  water  and  carbonic  acid 
and  ammonia,  which  are  received  through  the  roots  in  a  liquid 
state,  and  through  the  leaves  in  a  gaseous  form.  Besides  these, 
various  salts  enter  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  into  the  composi- 
tion of  vegetables. 

To  determine  the  food  of  plants,  it  is  an  important  element  in 
the  investigation  to  know  of  what  the  plant  is  composed.  This 
has  been  determined  by  various  philosophers  with  great  accu- 
racy. The  following  is  the  constitution  of  some  of  the  most 
common  plants,  taking  1000  parts  of  the  dry  vegetable  : 

Carbon.    Hydrogen.  Oxygen.  Nitrogen,    Ashes. 

Wheat 455  57  430  35  23 

Oats 507  64  367  22  40 

Peas 465  61  401  42  31 

Turnips 429  56  422  17  76 

Potatoes 441  58  439  12  50 

Quite  a  uniformity  will  be  observed  in  these  elements ;  about 
one  half  being  carbon,  less  than  half  oxygen  ;  about  one- 
twentieth  hydrogen,  less  than  one-twentieth  nitrogen,  with  a 


The  best  conditions  of  keeping  them  ? — 211.  The  principal  food  of  phmts  ? 
What  is  important  to  know  to  determine  the  food  of  plants  ?  Mention  the 
constitution  of  some  plants. 


118  FOOD    OF   PLANTS. 

much  greater  variation  in  the  ashes,  which  consist  mostly  of 
potash,  silex,  lime,  sulphur,  2^hosphorus,  and  some  other  elements 
in  minute  quantities. 

2X2*  The  first  four  elements  are  called  organic  elements,  or 
•  organogens  ;  the  materials  of  the  ashes,  inorganic  eleynents.    The 
most  abundant  element  is  carbon,  and  no  organic  product  exists 
without  it,  although  either  of  the  others  may  be  absent. 

213.  The  plant  derives  its  carbon  from  carbonic  acid,  COg. 
It  cannot  take  up  carbon  in  an  uncombined  state,  as  it  is  solid, 
and  it  can  obtain  it  from  no  other  compound  of  carbon,  as  no 
other  exists  in  sufficient  quantities.  The  carbonic  acid  in  tl;e 
air,  the  result  of  respiration  of  animals,  the  combustion  of  wood 
and  coal,  and  the  decay  of  carbonaceous  substances,  and  that 
contained  in  the  soil  from  the  action  of  manure,  affords  the  plant 
its  carbon.  It  is  chiefly  derived  from  the  air.  Numerous  facts 
prove  this  position.  Originally,  before  there  was  any  vegeta- 
tion, there  could  have  been  carbonic  acid  nowhere  else.  Plants 
grow  in  the  air  and  deposit  carbon.  The  growth  of  plants  in- 
creases the  carbonaceous  matter  in  the  soil  w^here  they  grow. 
Plants  will  grow  and  increase  in  carbon  in  distilled  water. 
These  well-known  facts  prove  that  carbonic  acid  in  the  atmos- 
phere supplies  most  of  the  carbon  to  plants. 

214.  The  oxygen  and  hydrogen  in  plants  are  principally  de- 
rived from  water,  OH  ;  hydrogen,  perhaps,  partly  from  ammonia. 

215.  Nitrogen  is  obtained  by  the  plant  mostly  by  the  decom- 
position of  Ammonia,  NH3.  Ammonia  is  generated  wherever 
organic  substances  are  decaying,  especially  animal  substances. 
The  ammonia  is  dissolved  in  water,  and  absorbed  by  porous 
substances  in  the  soil,  and  from  either  condition  is  furnished  to 
the  roots  of  the  plants.  During  thunder-storms  small  quantities 
of  nitric  acid,  NOj,  are  produced,  which  is  brought  down  by  the 
rains,  and  in  a  very  diluted  state  furnishes  food  for  the  plant  in 
the  form  of  N  and  O.  Volcanoes  and  springs  probably  throw 
out  immense  quantities  of  the  gases  that  afitord  food  to  plants, 
especially  Carbonic  Acid  and  Ammonia. 

216.  Although  the  above  four  elements  are  the  organic  ele- 
ments of  plants,  yet,  for  the  perfection  of  any  plant,  except  of  the' 
very  lowest  character,  inorganic  elements  are  essentially  neces- 
sary.    Sulphur  and  Phosphorus  are  essential  to  the  production 

212.  What  are  the  first  four  elements  called?  Elements  in  the  ashes? 
VVliich  element  is  universal  ?— 213.  Wlience  does  the  plant  derive  its 
carbon?  Whence  comes  the  carbonic  acid  ?  What  facts  prove  this  posi- 
tion ?  -214.  Whence  oxygen  and  hydrogen  ? — 215.  Whence  the  nitrogen  ? 
—216.  What  other  elements  are  necessary?  For  what  are  sulphur  and 
phosphorus  essential  ? 


FOOD    OK    I'hANTS. 


119 


of  tlie  most  important  elements  of  vegetation,  the  proteine  com- 
pounds. The  analysis  of  the  ash  of  one  of  our  common  plants 
will  convey  an  idea  of  the  constitution  of  ashes  generally  as  to 
the  number  of  elements  :  their  proportion  >vill  vary  very  much  in 
different  plants.  The  wheat,  in  1000  lbs.,  gave  11-J  lbs.  of 
ashes,  with  the  following  composition  : 


Potash 2.25 

Soda 2.40 

Lime 96 

Magnesia .90 

Alumina 26 


Silica 4.00 

Sulphuric  acid 50 

Phosphoric  acid 40 

Chlorine 10 

Iron  a  trace. 


217.  When  plants  of  the  same  species  perfect  their  seed  the 
analysis  will  give  the  same  proportion,  although  growing  in 
very  different  soils ;  and  in  different  species  of  plants,  although 
growing  in  the  same  soil,  the  elements  will  be  in  very  different 
proportions,  showing  that  plants  require  definite  quantities  of 
the  inorganic  elements  in  order  to  perfect  growth,  and  in  the 
soil  that  does  not  yield  these  elements  a  deticient  growth  only 
can  be  obtained. 

These  facts  lie  at  the  foundation  of  the  rotation  of  crops  and 
manuring.  When  any  given  plant  has  exhausted  the  soil  of  the 
soluble  elements  requisite  for  its  growth,  another  plant  requiring 
other  elements,  or  the  same  in  different  proportions,  may  grow 
with  luxuriance  and  in  perfection  in  the  same  soil.  Generally 
the  grasses,  such  as  wheat,  oats,  <fec.,  require  larger  quantities  of 
silica.  Peas,  clover,  and  tobacco,  much  lime ;  turnips,  beets, 
corn,  and  sw^eet  potatoes,  potash  and  soda.  The  stalk  and  fruit 
often  require  the  different  elements  in  different  proportion  :  both, 
of  course,  must  be  supplied.  These  elements  might  exist  in  the 
soil,  but  not  in  a  soluble  condition,  and  of  course  yield  no  benefit 
to  the  plant. 

218.  Silica  is  soluble  in  the  alkalies,  and  by  them  it  is  ren- 
dered fit  for  the  absorption  of  the  plant. 

Phosphorus  and  Sulphur  are  acidified  by  oxygen,  and  com- 
bined with  some  base,  forming  appropriate  food  for  plants. 

The  soluble  salts  of  lime  and  iron  are  formed  spontaneously 
in  the  soil.  These  changes,  from  an  insoluble  to  a  soluble  state, 
are  continually  going  on  in  the  soil  ;   and  for  a  continuation  of 


"N^'hat  is  the  constitution  of  tlic  aslics  of  the  wheat? — 217.  AVlien  plants 
porfect  tlieir  seed,  liow  will  the  constitution  of  the  aslies  be  ?  Wiiat  is  said 
of  tJK'se  facts?  IIow  explained  ?  \V  tat  do  trriiins  require  ?  ]'*eas,  clovi-r, 
cv,-. ;  Turnips,  beans?  What  of  the  stalk  and  fruit  ?  In  what  ooii<lition 
must  their  elements  be  ?  How  is  silica  rendered  soluble  ?  Phosphorus  and 
sulphur  ?    Lime  and  iron  ? 


120  FOOD   OF   PLANTS. 

the  same  crop,  which  requires  a  large  amount  of  a  given  mate- 
rial, it  may  require  it  faster  than  the  circumstances  of  the  case 
can  supply,  and  a  crop  ffiat  requires  little  or  none  of  that  mate- 
rial may  flourish. 

The  supplying  of  the  requisite  materials  in  greater  quantity 
than  nature  furnishes  them,  is  called  manuring.  This  ordina- 
rily is  accomplished  by  applying  refuse  vegetable  or  animal 
matter.  Either  or  both  of  these,  of  course,  would,  by  their  de- 
cay, afford  the  appropriate  nourishment,  as  it  is  of  the  same 
composition.  Decaying  vegetables  of  the  same  kind  would,  of 
course,  be  the  most  appropriate  food. 

219.  To  perfect  the  seed  requires  other  elements  than  'the 
growth  of  the  stalk.  Nitrogenized  substances  are  required  for 
this  purpose,  and  these  are  especially  afforded  by  animal  ma- 
nures ;  hence  these  are  the  most  highly  esteemed  for  the  raising 
of  grain.  Wheat  or  other  grains  raised  by  nitrogenized  sub- 
stances are  much  richer  in  the  nutritive  elements  for  animals. 
Guano  supplies  large  quantities  of  ammonia ;  hence  its  impor- 
tance in  agriculture.  Phosphates  are  also  required  to  perfect 
the  seed ;  hence  pounded  bones,  which  are  phosphate  of  lime, 
are  highly  esteemed.  To  render  them  soluble,  however,  sul- 
phuric acid  must  be  applied  to  them.  Nitrogenized  substances 
are  calculated  especially  to  give  vigor  to  vegetable  growth  ; 
hence  the  gardener,  when  he  wishes  to  produce  double  flowers, 
supplies  the  plant  abundantly  with  this  kind. of  food,  and  the 
stamens  are  converted  into  petals.  But  Allien  the  fruit  is  to  be 
forced  into  excessive  development,  the  phosphates  also  must  be 
present.  An  abundant  supply  of  both  these  materials  produces 
the  most  perfect  development.  Many  articles  are  beneficially 
applied  to  crops  which  do  not  act  directly  themselves. 

Gyjpsum  acts  by  fixing  the  ammonia;  lime  by  liberating 
other  substances,  and  perhaps  by  stimulating  the  plant;  and 
so  of  many  others. 

Fallowing,  that  is,  raising  green  crops,  and  ploughing  them 
wholly  or  partially  in,  is  a  most  excellent  mode  of  furnishing 
food  for  crops. 

220.  Boussingault  takes  the  following  view^  of  the  subject. 
He  supposes  a  farm  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  grain,  possess- 
ing, of  course,  a  sufficient  amount  of  stock.  One  knows  by  ex- 
perience what  quantity  of  manure  is  indispensable,  therefore  the 

"What  is  manuring?  How  usually  accomplished  ? — 219.  To  perfect  the 
seed,  what  is  required-?  How  is  wheat  atfeeted  by  the  soil  \  Why  is 
guano  valuable?  What  of  phosphates?  The  combination  of  what  mate- 
rials produces  the  most  perfect  development?  How  does  p:ypsum  act> 
Ho'.v  lime'     What  is  faUo-.vin.g?— 220.  Give  Boussinganlt's  illustration. 


FOOD    OF    TLANl^S.  121 

relation  which  ought  to  exist  between  the  surface  cultivated  in 
forage,  and  that  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  merchant^ible  pro- 
duce. Each  year  they  will  export  grain,  cheese,  and  some  ani- 
mals. Thus  tli^re  will  be  a  constant  export  of  azotic  products, 
without  any  importation  of  similar  matter,  and  during  all  this 
time  the  fertility^of  the  soil  is  not  impaired.  The  organic  ma- 
■  terial  constantly  exported  will  be  replaced  'by  the  culture  of 
ameliorating  plants  or  by  fallowing;  and  the  art  of  agriculture 
consists  in  adopting  the  rotation  which  best  favors  the  most 
prompt  transition  of  the  elements  of  the  atmosphere  into  the 
soil. 

221.  The  above  is  a  true  representation  of  the  course  pur- 
sued on  numerous  farms,  where  there  is  a  constant  exportation 
of  products,  but  no  importation  of  manure,  and  yet  the  farms 
are  increasing  in  richness ;  but  it  is  a  lamentable  fact  that  the 
soil  of  many  other  farms  which  export  no  more,  by  carelessness 
and  mismanagement,  is  becoming  exhausted.  The  latter  class 
of  farmers  are  inflicting  serious  injury  on  posterity,  as  it  will  re- 
quire a  long  series  of  years  to  bring  back  an  exhausted  planta- 
tion to  a  state  of  fertility,  although  it  requires  but  little  proper 
management  to  keep  a  good  plantation  good  for  ages. 

222.  Raspail  remarks  that,  "for  the  reason  that  a  plant 
would  die  in  a  vacuum,  for  the  same  reason  would  it  die  in  a 
soil  destitute  of  the  bases  which  were  necessary  for  its  organic 
constitution.  This  would  be  asphyxia  for  want  of  soil,  as  the 
other  is  asphyxia  for  want  of  air ;  for  to  live  is  to  combine,  and 
without  elements  no  combination  would  be  possible."  But  in 
most  soils  all  the  necessary  elements  are  found  in  a  greater  or 
less  degree.  To  these  facts  the  eye  of  the  agriculturist  should 
be  open,  and  the  constitution  of  his  soil  should  be  known,  that 
he  may  be  enabled,  as  much  as  is  in  his  power,  to  supply  the 
deficient  element  necessary  for  the  crop  he  wishes  to  protluce. 
It  is  a  common  complaint  in  almost  every  section  of  country 
that  some  plants  uniformly  degenerate.  In  some  places  it  will 
be  one  kind,  in  others  another.  Raspail  has  shown  that  al- 
though a  soil  might  be  rich  in  every  other  respect,  but  not  con- 
taining the  necessary  salt  for  the  particular  species,  the  plant 
uniformly  degenerates,  and  finally  ceases  to  produce  seed.  The 
gardener,  being  aware  of  this  fact,  should  make  such  application 
as  the  general  nature  of  his  soil  seems  to  indicate. 

221.  Wliat  is  a  lamentable  fact  ?— 222.  What  does  Eabpail  Kay  ?  IIow  is 
it  in  most  soils?  What  sliould  the  agriculturist  know  What  is  said  iu 
regard  to  some  plants  and  their  seed  ? 

G 


122  CIRCULATION    OF   THE    SAP. 


Section  5. —  Circulation  of  the  Sap. 

223i  There  are  three  kinds  of  circulation  recognized  by  most 
Botanists.  1.  A  general  circulation  from  the  roots  to  the  leaves 
and  back  again.  2.  Cyclosis,  or  the  circulation  in  the  lactifer- 
ous tissue.     3.  Circulation  of  rotation  in  the  individual  cells. 

That  there  is  a  general  circulation  from  the  roots  to  the 
leaves,  is  plainly  indicated  by  the  rapid  evaporation  which  is 
constantly  going  on  from  the  surface  of  those  organs.  How 
soon  does  a  vigorous  plant  wither  and  diminish  sensibly  in 
weight  when  cut  in  the  mid-day  sun  !  and  plainly  for  no  otljer 
reason  than  that  the  source  of  its  supply  of  liuid  is  cut  off. 
Hales,  many  years  ago,  made  some  interesting  experiments,  not 
only  proving  this  general  circulation,  but  determining  the  force 
with  which  the  fluid  moved  forward. 

224 •  By  the  aid  of  a  glass  tube,  containing  mercury,  at- 
tached to  the  stalk  of  a  vine  cut  off  two  feet  and  nine  inches 
from  the  ground,  the  force  of  the  sap  at  its  maximum  raised 
the  mercury  32^  inches,  which  was  on  the  twelfth  day  after  the 
experiment  commenced,  April  18,  at  7  A.  M.,  wliich  force  was 
sufficient  to  raise  water  thirty-six  feet. 

"  In  another  like  mercurial  gauge,  fixed  near  the  bottom  of  a 
vine  which  ran  20  feet  high,  the  mercury  was  raised  by  the 
force  of  the  sap  38  inches,  equal  to  48  feet  3  inches  of  water ; 
which  force  is  more  than  five  times  greater  than  the  force  of 
the  blood  in  the  great  crural  artery  of  the  horse,  §even  times 
greater  than  the  force  of  the  blood  in  the  like  artery  of  the  dog, 
and  eight  times  greater  than  the  blood's  force  in  the  same  ar- 
tery of  a  fallow  doe." 

225.  These  experiments  show  not  only  circulation,  but  that 
it  is  carried  on  with  great  force.  The  force  with  which  the 
sap  moves  in  vegetables  varies  with  the  seasons  and  the  hours 
of  the  day.  It  is  most  powerful  in  the  spring,  and  in  the  morn- 
ing of  the  day,  and  under  the  direct  action  of  the  sun  after  a 
rain.  The  course  which  the,  sap  takes  in  its  general  circulation 
is  from  the  roots  through  the  alburnum  to  the  leaves,  and  down- 
ward through  the  bark,  and  laterally  by  the  medullary  pro- 
cesses. These  facts  may  be  shown  by  cutting  in  early  spring 
into  the  sugar-maple,  and  we  shall  find  the  sap  running  from 
the  alburnum  only,  and  mostly  from  the  lower  surface  of  the 
wound,  showing  the  upward  course  of  the  sap  is  through  this 

228.  How  many  kinds  of  circulation?  V\'^hat  are  they?  What  proves 
the  general  circulation  ? — 22-i.  W hat  was  Hales'  first  experiment  ?  Second  ? 
^225.  What  do  these  experiments  show  ?  How  does  the  force  vary  ? 
What  is  the  course  of  the  sap  ?     What  proofs  ? 


CIRCULATION    OF    THE    SAP.  123 

part  of  the  stem.  If  the  same  tree  be  cut  in  mid-summer,  there 
will  be  little  or  no  issue  from  the  alburnum,  but  the  bark  -will 
now  give  out  a  fluid  from  the  upper  edge  of  the  wound,  prov- 
ing that  the  downward  current  is  through  the  bark.  The 
reason  that  has  been  assigned  for  little  or  no  sap  issuing  from 
the  cut  alburnum  in  summer  is,  that  the  draft  made  upon  it 
by  the  evaporation  prevents  the  vessels  from  holding  enough 
sap  to  issue  from  the  cut  ends. 

226.  That  the  sap,  before  elaboration,  ascends  within  the 
wood,  and  that  most  of  it,  after  this  process,  descends  within 
the  bark,  is  proved  by  tying  a  ligature  very  tight  round  a 
branch  in  spring,  and  the  branch  will  greatly  increase  above 
the  ligature,  and  but  very  little  below  it,  thus  showing  that  the 
sap  was  not  obstructed  in  its  ascent,  but  was  obstructed  in  its 
descent.  This  operation  will  very  much  increase  the  size  of 
fruit  on  any  branch  for  a  single  year,  but  it  injures  the  tree  for 
succeeding  years,  since  the  proper  amount  of  alburnum  is  not 
deposited  in  the  trunk,  and  from  the  hardening  of  the  previous 
alburnum,  the  sap  for  the  succeeding  year  is  obstructed  in  its 
course. 

227.  The  cause  of  the  ascent  of  the  sap  has  been  attributed 
to  the  evaporation  of  the  leaves,  to  cajyillary  attraction,  aided 
by  the  motion  of  the  stem  produced  by  the  wind,  to  endosnwse, 
and  to  vital  action.  We  believe  it  is  generally  not  due  to  any 
one  of  these,  but  to  all  of  them,  and  we  believe  more  is  due  to 
vital  action  than  to  any  other  cause.  That  it  was  wholly 
owing  to  vital  action  in  the  first  experiment  quoted  from  Hales, 
is  evident  from  the  fact  that  none  of  the  other  alleged  causes 
could  act.  Evaporation  from  the  leaves  could  not  have  pro- 
duced it,  for  he  states  that  there  were  no  branches  on  the  stem 
subjected  to  experiment.  Evaporation  or  Endosmose  cannot 
produce  a  force  exterior  to  the  body  in  wJiich  they  act.  To 
vital  action  alone,  then,  we  must  ascribe  the  principal  force 
with  which  the  sap  is  propelled.  It  seems  remarkable  that  so 
much  pains  should  be  taken  to  explain  phenomena  on  mechani- 
cal principles,  which  are  wholly  impotent  when  applied  to  the 
circumstances  under  consideration.  We  are  gravely  told,  and 
I  quote  high  authority,  that  "  when  a  young  bud  is  first  excited 
to  growth  in  the  spring,  the  fluids  it  contains  are  increased  in 
density  by  evaporation ;  endosmose  immediately  takes  place 
between  it  and  the  tissue  below  it,  which  latter  parts  with  the 
thinnest  portion   of  its  contents,  and  then  acts  by  endosmose 

Why  does  not  the  sap  flow  in  summer? — 226.  IIow  is  the  direction  of 
the  sap  proved?  What  effect  on  the  fruit?— 227.  To  what  causes  has  the 
ascent  of  the  sap  been  attributed  ?     What  do  Hales'  experiments  prove  ? 


124  CIRCULATION    OF    THE   SAP. 

upon  the  tissue  below,  and  thus  the  whole  cord  of  vegetation  is 
set  in  vibration.  It  may  be  supposed  that  the  mere  effect  of 
gravitation  will  carry  downward  the  sap,  in  its  densest  state, 
after  it  has  ceased  to  obey  the  attraction  of  the  leaves,  and  that 
it  will  descend  by  simple  filtration  till  it  reaches  the  roots ;  but 
how  w-e  are  to  account  for  its  lateral  transmission  through  the 
medullary  rays  is  still  unknown." 

228.  The  first  phenomenon  quoted  is,  that  by  evaporation 
the  fluids  in  the  leaves  are  made  more  dense,  which  puts  in  ac- 
tion endosmose,  or  capillary  attraction.  Now,  we  are  acquainted 
with  no  experiment  on  the  action  of  these  forces,  where  they 
ever  separate  the  fluids  under  their  influence.  We  have  no 
particular  objection  to  resorting  to  these  new  agents  in  putting 
the  sap  in  motion,  but  we  should  like  to  know  how  this  dense 
fluid,  in  the  cell  into  which  the  lighter  fluid  is  entering  by  this 
power,  is  to  be  discharged  from  the  cell  ?  We  have  been  un- 
able, either  from  our  own  experiments  or  those  recorded  by 
others,  to  devise  any  method.  Endosmose,  or  Exosmose,  will 
not  do  it,  for  if  we  resort  to  exosmose,  it  can  only  pass  out 
into  the  ascending  current,  and  by  becoming  lighter  by  dilu- 
tion, is  drawn  by  Endosmose  immediately  back  again.  But 
our  author  solves  the  difficulty,  by  saying  that  gravity  will 
carry  the  denser  sap  downward  !  True,  but  how  comes  the 
denser  sap  separated  from  the  lighter?  and  why  does  it  not 
return  in  the  same  vessels  in  which  it  ascends  ? 

229.  How  does  gravity  operate  in  carrying  the  denser  fluid 
upward,  as  in  many  cases  in  which  the  extremities  of  branches 
are  lower  than  the  point  of  insertion  ?  We  know  of  no  solution 
to  these  questions,  and  we  are  compelled  to  say  that  they  are 
facts,  which  we  can  only  refer  to  the  action  of  that  mysterious 
principle  which  we  call  life.  The  action  of  this  principle  is,  of 
course,  modified  by.  circumstances.  It  requires  the  action  of  ex- 
ternal agents  to  call  it  into  operation,  and  its  force  is  increased 
or  retarded  by  the  same.  Heat  and  moisture  exercise  great  in- 
fluence over  it  in  circulation.  In  the  cold  of  winter  it  is  nearly 
suspended,  but  the  warmth  of  spring  calls  it  into  action.  After 
its  action  has  commenced  with  some  vigor,  a  cold  night  seems 
to  retard  or  suspend  its  operations  for  the  succeeding  day.  This 
is  seen  in  the  Sugar-maple.  The  sap  commences  to  flow  from 
the  incisions,  when  the  warm  days  and  cold  nights  of  spring 
come  on.  But  if  several  successive  nights  are  so  warm  that  it 
does  not  freeze,  the  sap  ceases  to  flow,  and  for  the  same  reason 

228.  What  is  the  first  phenomenon  ? — 229.  What  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  gravitation  being  the  cause  of  the  descent  of  sap?  What  is  the  cause? 
How  ilhistrated  in  the  sugar-maple  ? 


CYCL0SI8.  125 

that  it  does  not  flow  in  the  summer,  viz.,  vital  action  commences 
in  the  buds,  and  the  sap  is  directed  to  them  ;  but  when  it  freezes 
again  at  niglit,  the  sap  will  flow  the  next  day,  as  the  vitality  of 
the  buds  is  checked  or  suspended  in  its  action  by  the  cold. 

Section  6. —  Ci/closis. 

230.  In  the  cinenchyraa  there  has  been  discovered  a  circula- 
tion called  cyclosis ;  the  term,  we  presume,  is  derived  from 
kuklos,  a  circle.  The  cinenchyma,  as  we  have  before  described 
it,  has  its  arrangements  in  no  regular  order,  but  lies  imbedded 
in  the  other  tissues,  running  in  every  direction.  In  this  tissue 
the  cyclosis  takes  place;  the  circulating  fluid  being  generally, 
though  not  always,  a  milky  substance,  and  is  called  latex.  The 
latex,  which  conveys  granular  matter,  circulates  through  a  plexus 
of  reticulated  vessels  in  all  directions ;  when  the  vessels  are 
parallel,  and  near  each  other,  the  currents  rise  in  some  and  fall 
in  others ;  but,  in  connecting  or  lateral  vessels,  the  currents  are 
directed  from  right  to  left,  or  the  reverse,  according  to  no  ap- 
parent rule.  The  contiguous  rows  of  vessels  anastomose  from 
place  to  place,  which  produces  a  permanent  interruption  of  the 
rising  and  falling  currents.  In  order  to  enable  the  circulating- 
motion  to  take  place,  it  is  necessary  that  the  system  of  vessels 
should  be  reticulated.  It  often  happens,  that  when  strong  cur- 
rents are  formed,  weak  ones  disappear.  In  cases  when  the 
cyclosis  cannot  be  actually  seen  in  the  vessels,  it  may  be  inferred 
from  the  following  fact :  When  the  two  ends  of  a  stem  contain- 
ing milk  are  cut  through,  the  latex  is  seen  to  run  out  at  both 
ends  of  the  fragment,  which  proves  that  there  must  be  both  an 
ascending  and  a  descending  current :  the  same  phenomenon  is 
visible  in  plants  having  a  colorless  latex,  therefore  there  must  be 
a  motion  of  ascent  and  descent  in  them  also. 

231.  In  the  cells  of  some,  at  least,  of  the  lower  orders  of 
plants,  there  is  a  circulation  in  the  individual  cells  called  the 
circulation  of  rotation^  which  has  excited  much  interest.  The 
Chara  fragilis  has  long  been  a  subject  of  notice.  As  early  as 
1774,  Corti,  an  Italian  physician  of  Lucca,  discovered  the  circu- 
lation in  the  tube  of  the  Chara. 

The  Chara  is  an  aquatic  plant,  consisting  of  slender  stems 
with  a  central  tube  surrounded  by  numerous  small  cortical 
tubes,  all  of  which  are  filled  with  a  fluid  having  minute  globules 


230.  What  is  cyclosis  ?  What  is  the  fluid  called  ?  How  do  the  currcjits 
move? — 231.  When  does  the  circulation  of  rotation  take  place?  What 
plant  has  been  long  noticed  ?  Who  discovered  the  circulation  ?  Describe 
the  Chara. 


126  CTCLOSIS. 

floating  m  it.  The  roots  of  the  plant  also  are  of  the  same  con- 
struction, and  contain  the  same  kind  of  fluid,  suspending  like 
globules.  The  tubes  of  the  stem  are  lined  on  +heir  inside  with 
innumerable  green  elliptical  globules  placed  enu  to  end.  By  re- 
moving the  cortical  tubes  with  care  and  applying  the  micro- 
scope, ^ve  observe  the  floating  globules  following  with  perfect 
regularity  the  direction  of  the  spirally  arranged  globules  attached 
to  the  tube.  The  ascending  current,  when  it  arrives  near  the 
node,  turns  and  forms  a  descending  current  on  the  opposite  side, 
following  with  equal  regularity  the  green  globules.  Between 
these  two  currents  there  is  a  line  destitute  of  green  globules,  and 
under  which  the  fluid  does  not  circulate,  and  which  is  called  the 
line  of  repose.  If  the  green  globules  make  accidentally  any 
sinuosities,  the  floating  globules  follow  these  sinuosities.  If  the 
green  globules  are  removed  in  any  part,  the  current  is  arrested 
at  this  point,  and  the  floating  globules  accumulate  there,  until 
finally  they  are  deflected  from  their  course  and  return  by  the 
opposite  current.  These  phenomena  occur  in  perfection  only  in 
the  young  internodes.  As  the  parts  become  old,  the  globules 
become  detached  in  spots,  and  the  current  becomes  irregular  in 
proportion.  In  more  advanced  age  they  often  become  entirely 
removed  from  the  surfoce  of  the  cell  and  float  in  the  contained 
fluid,  which  ceases  to  circulate.  At  other  times  they  entirely 
disappear. 

232t  Any  cause  which  will  accelerate  or  retard  vegetation, 
accelerates  or  retards  this  circulation.  Within  certain  limits 
heat  will  accelerate  the  movement,  and  cold  retard  it.  Excess 
of  either  will  destroy  it  entirely,  as  it  does  the  life  of  the  plant. 
Light  and  atmospheric  air  are  necessary  for  its  continued  mo- 
tion. Poisons  act  variously  on  the  circulation,  and  the  motion 
of  the  intercellular  fluid  is  a  true  index  of  its  efiect,  as  its  change 
is  the  first  indication  of  their  influence.  This  plant  has  been 
made  the  means  of  determining  what  substances  are  poisonous 
and  their  mode  of  action,  and  is  said  to  be  the  most  dehcate  test 
for  a  poisonous  substance,  and  is  called  by  Raspail  a  Toxicometer. 

233»  The  power  wdiich  plants  possess  of  accumulating  sap, 
and  drawling  on  this  store,  as  food  for  future  use,  is  a  subject  of 
much  interest,  and  of  much  practical  importance.  Striking  ex- 
amples of  this  kind  we  see  exhibited  in  the  Radish,  Turnip,  Beet, 
&c.  In  these  cases  the  energies  of  the*  plant  are  spent,  in  the 
first  period  of  their  existence,  in  laying  in  stores  of  food  in  the 


How  does  the  current  move  I — 232.  Effect  of  external  agents?  How  dc 
poisons  affect  it?  What  does  Kaspail  call  it?— 233.  What  is  said  of  the 
accumulation  of  sap?    Examples.     Explain  them. 


IKRITiU31LITY.  127 

fxjim  of  large  succulent  roots,  which  is  to  be  used  when  the  plant 
requires  large  supplies  of  nourishment  in  the  perfection  of  its 
seed.  But  plants  which  do  not  so  obviously  provide  this  accu- 
nuilati<»n  of  food,  nevertheless,  require  a  lit  state  of  development 
befoi-e  they  can  perfect  their  fruit.  The  gardener  is  well  ac- 
quainted with  this  fact,  since  he  knows  that  Melons  and  like 
fj'uits,  which  set  early,  either  uniformly  fall  off,  or  are  diminutive 
and  useless ;  but  if  they  are  not  permitted  to  set  till  the  vine  is 
well  developed  and  filled  with  sap,  they  then  grow  rapidly  and 
come  to  perfection,  having  a  full  supply  of  food  laid  in  store  for 
their  use.  It  is  a  well-known  fact,  also,  that  when  a  fruit-tree 
is  prevented  from  bearing  one  year,  the  fruit  for  the  next 
year  is  much  better  than  the  ordinary  fruit  of  the  tree  ;  the  tree 
having  accumulated  food  during  the  year  of  rest,  which  con- 
tributes to  the  abundance  and  perfection  of  the  fruit.  Trees 
also  sometimes  cease  to  bear  only  every  other  year,  either  from 
age  or  from  want  of  sufficient  nourishment  in  the  soil  in  which 
they  grow ;  they  cannot  bear  the  exhaustion  attendant  on  the 
perfection  of  a  yearly  crop  of  fruit. 

234.  The  fleshy  receptacles  also  of  many  plants  afford  nour 
ishment  during  the  perfection  of  the  seed.  In  some  of  the 
grasses,  when  they  grow  in  moist  soils,  they  become  tuberous, 
laying  up  food  in  the  tubers  for  times  of  drought. 

Section  7. — Irritability. 

235«  The  vitality  of  plants  is  often  exhibited  by  various 
spontaneous  motions ;  by  the  sensible  effects  produced  by  the 
actions  of  external  agents  ;  all  of  which  phenomena  are  attribu- 
ted to  irritability. 

Of  the  former  of  these  phenomena  the  most  common  is  what 
is  generally  called  the  sleep  of  plants.  In  plants  with  compound 
leaves  the  leaflets  often  close  on  the  approach  of  darkness,  and 
expand  again  on  the  return  of  day.  Many  flowei-s  also  undergo 
the  same  changes.  Some  flowers,  however,  are  unable  to  sustain 
the  light  for  the  whole  day,  and  close  their  flowers  under  the  di- 
rect rays  of  the  sun.  In  some  cases,  also,  the  calyx  and  floral 
leaves  embrace  the  flower,  seemingly  for  the  purpose  of  protect- 
ing it  from  the  action  of  the  cold  and  moisture  of  the  night. 
Most  of  the  preceding  phenomena  are,  no  doubt,  due  to  tiie 
action  of  the  light,  since  they  may  be  made  to  take  place  by 

How  with  early  fruits?  With  fruit  trees  ?— 234.  What  is  said  oi'  tlie 
roots  of  some  grasses  ?— 235,  What  is  meant  by  irritability  ?  What  of  tJio 
sleep  of  plants  ? 


128  IRRITABILITY. 

artificial  arrangements  for  the  production  of  light  and  darkness. 
Lamp-light  will  make  some  plants  unfold  their  petals,  which 
have  been  closed  for  the  night. 

236.  In  some  cases  there  are  constant  movements  of  leaves 
or  petals.  We  have  upon  record  remarkable  examples  of  this 
kind.  In  the  Megacliniiun  falcatum  the  labellum  is  in  constant 
motion.  In  the  Pterostylis  there  is  a  kind  of  convulsive  action 
of  the  label lura.  The  filaments  of  the  Oscillatorias  are  con- 
tinually writhing  like  worms  in  pain.  The  Hedysarum  gyrans 
is  the  most  remarkable  instance  of  this  character.  This  plant 
has  ternate  leaves  :  the  terminal  leaflet,  which  is  larger  than  those 
at  the  side,  does  not  move,  except  to  sleep  ;  but  the  lateral, 
especially  in  warm  weather,  are  in  continual  motion,  both  day 
and  night,  even  when  the  terminal  leaflet  is  asleep.  External 
stimuli  produce  no  effect.  The  motions  are  very  irregular,  the 
leaflets  rise  or  i-dW  more  or  less  quickly,  and  retain  their  position 
for  uncertain  periods.  Cold  water  poured  upon  it  stops  the 
motion,  but  it  is  immediately  renewed  by  w^arm  vapor. 

237.  The  spores  of  some  cryptogamic  plants  exhibit  motions, 
which  are  said  to  depend  on  hair-like  processes  or  cilia.  In 
certain  cells,  also,  of  the  same  class  of  plants,  bodies  are  met 
with,  called  Phytozoa — plant-animals,  which  exhibit  movements. 

In  the  higher  orders,  also,  movements  have  been  observed  in 
the  fovilla,  or  contents  of  the  pollen  grains,  when  moistened  with 
w^ater.  These  have  been  consi<iered  the  result  of  irritability,  but 
they  are  now  generally  regarded  as  mere  mechanical  movements, 
which  may  be  exhibited  by  many  forms  of  matter,  as  minute 
grains  of  Gamboge  and  other  substances. 

238.  Movements  produced  by  the  action  of  external  agents 
are  various.  The  common  sensitive  plant  offers  a  familiar  ex- 
ample ;  by  touching  one  of  the  leaflets  the  whole  closes,  and  the 
petiole  bends  downward  to  the  stem.  The  touching  the  base 
of  the  stamens  of  the  Cassia  causes  it  to  fly  up  against  the  pistil. 
The  Dionea  muscipula  is  a  case  very  much  in  point,  but  not  very 
common.  The  lamina  of  the  leaf  is  surrounded  by  long  stiff" 
bristles,  and  if  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  is  touched,  the  sides 
collapse,  the  bristles  passing  each  other  like  the  teeth  of  a  steel- 
trap,  thus  effectually  holding  any  insect  that  may  light  upon  its 
surface,  and  the  more  the  insect  struggles  for  liberty,  the  more 
closely  the  leaf  contracts. 

239.  The  eflfect  of  poison  on  plants  is  exhibited  by  move- 
ments indicating  their  action. 

236.  What  cases  of  constant  movement  ? — 237.  What  of  some  spores  ? 
What  of  the  contents  of  pollen  grains? — 238.  Wliat  example  of  movementa 
occasioned  by  external  agents  ?— 239.  What  effect  of  poisons  ? 


COLOR.  129 

A  solution  of  the  oxyde  of  arsenic  killed  Beans,  Roses,  Lilacs, 
&c.,  after  an  action  of  a  few  hours  in  the  former  case,  and  in 
some  days  in  the  latter  cases.  Corrosive  sublimate  and  various 
other  mineral  poisons  produced  similar  effects  ;  but  salts  that  are 
harmless  to  animals  are  so  to  vegetables.  Vegetable  poisons, 
such  as  Alcohol,  Prussic  acid,  Belladonna,  Laurelwater,  and  the 
like,  destroy  the  life  of  vegetables,  as  they  do  that  of  animals. 

240t  From  numerous  experiments  of  the  most  distinguished 
physiologists,  it  is  thought  that  the  action  of  poisons  operates 
on  vegetables  through  a  system  similar  in  its  organization  to 
that  of  animals.  Any  one,  seeing  the  effect  of  vegetable  poi- 
sons on  various  plants,  throwing  them  into  apparent  convulsions, 
and  producing  immediate  death,  without  any  disorganization  of 
the  tissue,  must  confess  that  there  is  an  endowment  of  plants, 
which  the  physiologist  has  as  yet  been  unable  satisfactorily  to 
attach  to  any  appropriate  apparatus. 

Section  8. —  Color. 

241.  The  products  of  no  department  of  nature  have  been  more 
admired  for  the  beauty  of  their  colorings,  and  the  variety  of 
their  tints,  than  those  of  vegetables.  Flowers  have  ever  been 
the  noted  examples  of  nature's  penciling,  and  from  their  beauty 
in  this  respect  they  have  been  the  subjects  of  the  poet's  strains 

"  Who  can  paint 
Like  nature  ?    Can  imagination  boast, 
Amid  her  gay  creation,"hues  like  hers? 
Or  can  she  mix  them  with  that  matchless  skill. 
And  lose  them  in  each  other,  as  appears 
In  every  bud  that  blows  1"' 

Our  Saviour  with  unequalled  beauty,  in  his  allusion  to  the 
Lilies  of  the  field,  yields  his  assent  to  the  same  sentiment. 

The  various  colors  are  supposed  to  have  their  origin  in  a 
substance  called  Chromule,  and  that  the  great  variety  of  hues 
presented  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  produced  by  the  action 
of  acids  and  alkalies  on  the  chromule. 

Chromule  in  its  natural  state  is  green,  and  by  maceration 
may  be  readily  separated  from  the  tissue,  to  which  it  gives 
coloring.  The  grains  of  chromule  are  of  an  irregular  shape, 
rather  approaching  the  sphere,  but  somewhat  angular,  and  con- 
sist of  a  semi-fluid,  gelatinous  mass,  not  inclosed  in  a  sac.  It  is 
affirmed  by  some  to  contain  iron  and  manganese,  to  which  the 


240.  How  is  it  thought  poisons  act  ?— 241.  To  what  do  the  various  colore 
owe  tLeir  origin  ?    The  natural  state  of  chromule  ?    Shape  of  the  grains ! 

6* 


1^0  COLOR. 

varieties  of  color  are  owing,  produced  by  the  accession  of  these 
different  substances,  as  it  is  well-known  that  almost  every  hue 
may  be  produced  by  these  two  metals.  But  the  quantity  of 
chromule  which  exists  in  plants  is  exceedingly  small ;  Berzelius 
estimated  the  quantity  in  the  leaves  of  a  large  tree  not  to  exceed 
three  and  a  half  ounces. 

242.  To  enable  plants  to  deposite  chromule,  light,  in  most 
cases,  is  absolutely  necessary.  This  is  abundantly  shown  by  the 
fact,  that  plants  growing  in  the  dark  become  blanched  ;  not  that 
the  chromule  already  deposited  becomes  less,  but  that  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  deposition  of  substances  containing  no  chromule, 
and  of  course  becomes  less  observable.  There  are  examples, 
however,  of  plants  growing  in  deep  mines,  having  never  enjoyed 
the  light  of  day,  which,  nevertheless,  are  green. 

243.  Green  is  considered  the  natural  color  of  vegetation,  and 
when  it  is  not  of  this  hue,  in  the  language  of  Botany,  it  is  said 
to  be  colored. 

244.  The  change  of  color  produced  on  chromule  has  been 
referred  to  different  causes.  The  two  most  deserving  of  notice 
are  the  one  of  Schubler  and  Funck  of  Tubingen,  and  the  other 
of  Macquart. 

Both  theories  consider  green  as  the  original  color,  but  the 
means  by  which  the  variations  are  produced  are  accounted  for 
on  very  different  principles  by  the  supporters  of  the  two  theories. 
Schubler  and  Funck  maintain  that  all  variations  from  green  are 
produced  by  acid  or  alkaline  secretions.  The  green  chromule, 
acted  on  by  these  substances,  assumes  every  variety  of  hue. 
The  hues  assumed  by  the  flowers  are  determined  by  the  different 
agents  by  which  they  are  produced,  with  the  exception  of  red ; 
this  is  common  to  both.  Those  produced  by  the  action  of  the 
alkaline  secretions,  from  green,  are — 

Greenish-blue,  Violet-blue,  Violet-red, 

Blue,  Violet,  Red. 

This  is  called  the  Blue,  Cyanic^  or  Deoxydized  series,  and  any 
variation  of  color  from  one  of  these  hues  will  always  be  by 
passing  into  some  other  of  the  same  series. 

Those  colors  produced  by  the  acid  secretions  are — 

Yellow-green,  Orange-yellow,         Orange-red, 

Yellow,  Orange,  Red. 


242.  "What  agent  is  necessary  for  the  production  of  chromule?  Yiovt 
shown? — 243.  The  natural  color  of  vegetation? — 244.  The  theory  of  Schu- 
bler and  Funck  ?    Give  the  blue  Bcries.    The  vellow. 


COLOR.  131 

These  constitute  what  is  called  the  yellow,  xantkic,  or  oxidized 
series. 

This  theory  has  been  attacked  by  the  most  able  physiolo- 
gists, and  they  have  considered  themselves  successful  in  point- 
ing out  errors  in  experiments  and  observations  which  are'sufli- 
cient  to  invalidate  this  extensively  received  theory.  Mohl,  in 
a  memoir  in  the  Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles^  vol.  ix.,  p. 
212,  examines  various  theories  on  this  subject  with  apparent 
impartiality,  and  gives  his  decided  preference  to  the  following 
theory  of  Macquart,  although  it  does  not  receive  his  unqualified 
approbation. 

245.  Macquart  admits  that  the  various  colors  are  ov^ing  to 
the  various  modifications  of  Chlorophyll,  but  denies  that  it  is 
owing  to  its  being  oxydized  by  acids,  or  deoxydized  by  alkalies, 
but  that  it  is  converted  into  two  distinct  substances  by  the  ad- 
dition and  abstraction  of  water.  By  the  loss  of  water  it  is  con- 
verted into  a  blue  substance,  called  anthocyane^  which  is  soluble 
in  water,  but  not  in  alcohol.  By  the  addition  of  water,  the 
chlorophyll  is  converted  into  a  yellow  substance,  called  antho- 
xantlmie,  which  is  partly  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  partly  in  water. 
These  two  substances  form  the  basis  of  the  two  series  of  colors 
above  given.  They  both  sometimes  exist  in  the  same  flower, 
but  occupy  different  cells ;  the  anthoxanthine  being  situated  in 
the  inferior  cells,  while  the  anthocyane  occupies  the  superficial 
ones.  This  gives  a  great  variety  of  tints,  according  as  the  colors 
of  the  inferior  cells  are  more  or  less  distinctly  exhibited  through 
the  superior  layers.  By  the  action  of  aciil  and  alkaline  secre- 
tions, these  substances  assume  every  vaiiety  of  hue  ascribed  to 
the  action  of  the  same  agents  on  chromule. 

246.  The  outward  circumstances  which  tend  to  change  the 
color  of  vegetable  organs  are  various.  The  action  of  light  is 
one  of  the  most  efficient  agents  in  the  production  and  change 
of  colors,  and  it  is  not  a  little  singular  that  the  power  which  is 
absolutely  necessary  to  the  production  of  color,  in  the  great 
majority  of  cases,  should  be  the  most  powerful  agent  in  de- 
stroying it.  We  are  all  acquainted  with  the  influence  of  light 
in  blanching  vegetable  substances  when  dead. 

247.  The  change  of  the  color  of  leaves  in  autumn,  of  fruit 
when  ripening,  of  some  evergreen  leaves  during  the  winter,  are 
phenomena  whose  explanation  has  as  yet  baffled  the  most  acute 
observers.     The  memoir  of  Mohl,  above  quoted,  leads  us  one 


245.  What  is  Macquart's  tlieory?  How  converted  into  anthocyane? 
How  into  antlioxanthine  ?  How  arc  these  arraiiofed  ?— 24:6.  Tho  nio:>t  etJi- 
cient  agent  in  changing  colors  ?     What  singular  about  it  i 


132  odo.es. 

step  further  than  had  before  been  taken  in  the  explanation  of 
these  common  phenomena. 

We  can  only  give  in  few  words  the  results  to  which  his  ex- 
tended observations  have  led  him.  He  concludes  that  these 
various  changes  are  owing  to  a  derangement  or  suspension  of 
functions  of  the  organs  of  nutrition.  This  point  he  strengthens 
by  the  consideration  that  the  puncture  of  an  insect  will  cause  an 
organ  to  pass  through  all  the  steps  to  maturity,  giving  all  the 
hues  belonging  to  its  species,  whether  of  fruit  or  leaves.  Also,  the 
cold  of  autumn  and  winter  produces  a  similar  derangement : 
although  the  agent  is  different,  yet  the  result  is  the  same. 
Many  evergreen  leav^es  become  tinged  with  red  in  winter  from 
the  influence  of  cold,  but,  with  the  return  of  summer,  assume 
their  accustomed  greenness  ;  also,  the  leaves  of  the  extremities 
of  the  branches  being  most  exposed  to  atmospheric  influences 
are  changed  to  red,  while  those  nearer  the  trunk  continue  green. 
If  one  half  of  a  leaf  be  protected  from  the  cold  it  will  remain 
green,  while  the  other  half  will  change  to  red.  But  in  the  case 
of  fruit,  heat  is  the  agent  in  producing  similar  effects  to  those 
above  ascribed  to  mechanical  injury  and  cold. 

Section  9. —  Odors. 

248t  Much  of  the  importance  attached  to  flowers  by  people 
generally,  is  owing  to  the  odors  they  exhale.  The  rose  has  long 
been  cultivated  by  amateurs,  no  less  for  its  grateful  fragrance, 
than  for  its  beauties  of  form  and  color;  and  those  which  com- 
bine these  properties,  are  the  most  favored  objects  of  the  Florist's 
care.  The  cause  of  the  odors  of  plants  is,  no  doubt,  the  dis- 
engagement of  a  volatile  oil,  which,  in  some  cases,  is  easily  ob- 
tained, and  made  subservient  to  the  use  of  man ;  in  others  it 
entirely  eludes  every  effort  to  confine  or  preserve  it,  being  as 
evanescent  as  the  light,  which  is  the  agent  of  its  production. 

249.  Odors  are  distinguished  into  permanent,  fugitive,  and 
intermittent.  Permanent  odors  are  such  as  are  inclosed  in  the 
tissues  of  the  wood  and  bark  of  plants  in  a  concentrated  form ; 
and  either  from  being  but  slightly  volatile,  or  contained  in  close 
vesicles  which  prevent  exhalation,  they  remain  for  a  long  time, 
giving  to  the  organs  in  which  they  are  contained  their  peculiai 
odor.  There  is  probably  no  part  of  a  vegetable  absolutely  desti- 
tute of  permanent  odor.     Every  variety  of  wood,  under  certain 


247.  How  does  Mohl  explain  the  change  of  color  in  ripening  fruit? 
Autumn  leaves  and  evergreens  in  winter  ? — 248.  What  is  the  cause  of  odor 
in  plants  ? — 249.  How  are  odors  distinguished  ?  What  are  permanent 
odors  ?    Give  examples. 


ODORS.  13S 

circumstances,  exhibits  it.  Some,  nearly  scentless  otherwise, 
become  strongly  odorous  when  rubbed  or  heated.  The  Pine, 
Oak,  and  Beach,  are  examples  of  this  kind.  Others  are  odorous 
for  a  long  time  after  being  cut,  under  ordinary  circumstances ; 
of  this  kind  are  the  Rosewood  of  Teneriffe,  the  Cedar  and  Sandal- 
wood (Santalum  album)  of  India,  so  highly  esteemed  in  Eastern 
Asia  for  its  fragrance.  The  slight  volatility  of  the  oil,  to  which 
these  species  owe  their  odors,  and  the  compactness  of  the  wood, 
enable  them  constantly  to  yield  their  fragrance  for  an  indefinite 
length  of  time. 

250.  Others  are  fragrant  when  first  cut,  but  lose  this  property 
in  a  very  short  time,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Cinnamon  and 
Cassia,  the  fragrant  substances  being  volatile,  and  the  wood 
porous,  both  causes  concurring  to  render  the  wood  in  a  short 
time  scentless. 

251.  Fugitive  odors  are  such  as  belong  to  organs  of  short 
duration,  as  the  leaves  and  flowers,  and  we  meet  with  them  in 
the  greatest  abundance,  and  most  frequently  in  the  latter.  All 
are  aware  that  the  flower  is  the  source  whence  flows  the  delight- 
ful fragrance  of  the  flower  garden  ;  and  during  the  season  of 
bloom  of  our  Magnolias,  the  woods  and  swamps  are  perfumed 
by  the  odor  of  their  flowers.  It  must  have  been  remarked  also, 
by  the  most  heedless  observer,  that  the  odor  of  the  garden,  or 
forest  of  Magnolias,  is  much  more  pungent  at  some  parts  of 
the  day  than  at  others.  During  the  direct  action  of  the  mid- 
day sun,  little  or  no  perfume  is  perceptible  from  either ;  but  as 
the  sun  sinks  to  the  horizon,  and  the  dews  begin  to  settle  on  the 
leaves,  the  evening  air  becomes  scented  with  their  fragrance. 
The  odor  accumulates  during  the  night,  and  as  the  dew  begins 
to  exhale  with  the  rising  sun,  it  is  borne  on  the  air  in  much 
greater  abundance  than  at  any  other  hour.  Thus  these  silent 
worshipers  pour  forth  their  incense  in  a  morning  sacrifice  to  llira 
who  extends  to  them,  as  to  all,  his  kind  regards. 

A  shower  produces  similar  effects.  Who  has  not  enjoyed  the 
grateful  odor  exhaled  from  the  flowers  of  the  field  or  garden 
after  a  summer's  shower  ? 

252.  The  causes  of  these  apparently  great  emissions  of  odor, 
under  the  circumstances  mentioned,  and  the  apparent  suspension 
of  their  emission,  have  not  been  satisftictorily  determined.  It 
has  been  supposed  that  the  heat  of  mid-day,  under  the  direct 
action  of  the  sun's  rays,  produces  so  much  evaporation  as  to 


250.  How  with  cinnamon  and  cassia? — 251.  What  are  fugitive  odors? 
When  is  the  odor  the  strongest?  What  effect  has  a  shower? — 252.  How 
BIO  the  above  phenomena  explained  ? 


1 34  ODORS. 

empty,  in  a  great  measure,  the  cells,  and  that  the  stomatas  close 
and  prevent  the  emission  of  the  odorous  substance ;  again,  it  is 
thought  that  the  excessive  evaporation  would  carry  oti'  more  of 
the  odors  than  the  plant  could  g<^nerate,  and  thus  the  supply 
becomes  exhausted  during  these  hours  of  heat,  and  it  requires 
the  coolness  of  evenings,  when  aqueous  evaporation  is  nearly 
suspended,  for  the  plant  to  regain  its  supply ;  but  a  more  prob- 
able reason  (were  we  disposed  to  attribute  it  to  any  one  alone)  we 
conceive  to  be,  that  the  excessive  heat  of  mid-day,  producing  up- 
ward currents  of  vapor,  the  odorous  emissions  are  carried  with  them 
beyond  our  notice  ;  but,  as  night  comes  on,  the  currents  cease,  and 
the  fragrant  exhalations  accumulate  near  the  earth.  A  shower 
plainly  would  produce  the  same  effect,  cooling  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  reversing,  in  some  degree,  the  atmospheric  currents. 

253.  In  the  production  of  odors  the  direct  light  of  the  sun  is 
necessary  ;  hence,  after  long  rains,  flowers  become  comparatively 
scentless  ;  and  this  circumstance  adds  weight  to  the  reason  given 
above,  and  shows  that  the  emission,  so  far  from  depending  on 
the  absence  of  light,  as  would  seem  at  first  view,  from  the  fact 
of  their  becoming  more  sensible  at  the  approach  of  night,  and 
ceasing  as  the  light  becomes  more  intense;  a  long  continuance 
of  even  cloudy  weather  prevents  the  emission  entirely,  showing 
that  the  generation  of  the  fragrant  fluid  is  dependent,  as  above 
observed,  on  the  direct  action  of  the  sun's  rays.  And  it  is  well- 
known,  that  most  of  the  secretions  of  Phanerogamous  vegetables 
require  the  same  action,  and  the  more  volatile  products  espe- 
cially. From  the  extreme  volatility  of  the  substances  producing 
fugitive  smells,  and  the  necessity  of  the  direct  solar  rays  for  their 
secretion,  we  could  not  be  led  to  suppose  that  any  loss  of  the 
secretions  could  take  place  under  the  influence  of  the  mid-day 
sun,  or  that  they  could  be  detained  in  tissues  which  were  con- 
tinually emitting  watery  exhalations. 

254«  Intermittent  odors  are  such  as  are  given  off  at  particular 
tipies,  and  the  plants  which  yield  them  are  entirely  destitute  of 
such  odors  at  other  times.  Many  Orchidaceae  are  perfectly 
scentless  during  the  day,  but  during  the  night  are  fragrant.  A 
remarkable  example  of  this  class  of  odors  is  exhibited  by  the 
Cacalia  sejytentj'ionalis,  which,  when  exposed  to  the  direct  rays 
of  the  sun,  emits  a  strong  aromatic  odor,  but  by  merely  inter- 
posing a  screen  between  it  and  tlie  sun,  its  fragrance  vanishes. 
The  Cereus  gives  out  flashes  or  puffs  of  perfume,  as  its  inter- 
mittent odors  are  called.     "Morren  observed  in  one  case  of  a 

253.  What  is  necessary  for  the  production  of  odors  ?  How  do  long  rains 
affect  odors  ? — 254.  What  are  intermittent  odors ?  What  of  the  Cacalia! 
CereiiB '. 


ODORS.  135 

cut-flower,  that  it  gave  off  puffs  of  odor  every  half  hour,  from 
8  to  12  P.  M.,  when  it  faded,  and  the  smell  became  very  slight. 
On  another  occasion,  when  the  flower  was  left  on  the  plant,  it 
began  to  expand  at  6  P.  M.,  when  the  first  fragrance  was  per- 
ceptible in  the  green-house.  A  quarter  of  an  hour  afterward 
the  first  puff  of  odor  took  place,  after  a  rapid  motion  of  the 
calyx ;  in  rather  less  than  a  second  quarter  of -an  hour,  another 
powerful  emanation  of  fragrance  took  place;  by  35  minutes 
past  6  the  flower  was  completely  open  ;  and  at  a  quarter  to  7 
the  odor  of  the  calyx  was  the  strongest,  but  modified  by  the 
petals  ;  after  this  time  the  emanations  of  odor  took  place  at  the 
same  periods  as  before." 

Many  other  cases  might  be  cited  of  singular  phenomena, 
properly  coming  under  this  head.  The  odors  in  these  cases  are 
certainly  developed  or  emitted  on  different  principles,  in  the  dif- 
ferent cases  under  this  variety.  The  explanations  are  entirely 
beyond  our  reach.  There  seems  to  be  a  specific  action  of  the 
organs  for  the  production  of  the  odors,  as  there  can  be  no  glands 
discovered  by  which  the  odorous  fluid  is  secreted.  That  the 
odorous  fluid  is  emitted  as  it  is  generated,  which  of  course  must 
be  periodically,  is  rendei'ed  probable  by  the  fact,  that  emission 
of  carbonic  acid  took  place  in  the  same  manner  from  the  flower 
of  the  Cereus. 

255*  Odors  have  also  been  classed,  from  their  similarity  of 
effect  on  the  human  system,  into  aromatic,  stimulating,  penetra- 
ting, and  sweet,  but  the  difficulty  of  fixing  definite  limits  to  the 
application  of  these  terms  renders  the  classification  of  little  use. 

256.  Schuhler  and  Kohler  have  made  many  interesting  ob- 
servations on  odors  as  well  as  colors.  They  found  that,  of  the 
various  colors  of  flowers,  some  are  more  commonly  odoriferous 
than  others,  and  that  some  colors  are  more  commonly  agreeable 
than  others. 

Color.  No.  of  species.       Odoriferous.      Agreeable.        Disagreeabla. 

White 1193  187  175  12 

Yellow 951  75  61  14 

Red 923  85  76  9 

Blue 594  31  23  7 

Violet 307  23  17  6 

Green 153  12  10  2 

Orange 50  3  12 

Brown 18  10  1 

The  white  most  odoriferous  and  agreeable,  the  yellow^  and  brown 
most  disagreeable. 

2^5.  How  have  odors  been  classed  ?— 256.  AVliat  did  Schublcrand  Kohler 
find  Willi  re;,'ard  to  the  relation  of  color  to  odor  ?  What  color  most  odor- 
iferous ?    Which  most  disagreeable  ? 


CHAPTER  VI. 

INFLUENCE    OF    EXTERNAL    AGENTS    ON    VEGETATION. 

257i  The  agents  which  exercise  a  decided  influence  on  vege- 
tation are  light,  heat,  water,  and  earth. 

The  concurrent  influence  of  all  these  agents,  in  a  greater  or 
less  degree,  is  absolutely  required  for  the  perfection  of  vege- 
table products ;  and  according  as  some  of  them  exist  in  excess, 
or  in  diminished  quantity,  is  the  functional  operation  of  the 
vegetable  organs' injured  or  destroyed.  Different  plants  require 
these  agents  in  very  different  degrees,  and  hence  the  distribution 
of  plants  over  the  face  of  the  globe ;  some  flourishing  near  the 
snow-line  of  the  mountains,  or  near  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow, 
north  or  south,  wdiile  othei-s  can  exist  only  under  the  influence 
of  tropical  heat.  Some  grow  amidst  the  sandy  deserts,  others 
only  immersed  in  water.  Some  grow  in  the  caverns  of  the  earth, 
while  others  must  have  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  Some  re- 
quire a  rich  soil,  others  grow  suspended  in  the  air.  From  this 
adaptation  of  vegetation  to  every  variety  of  influence,  the  earth 
is  covered  with  verdure;  from  the  perpetual  snows  of  the 
mountains  or  the  arctics  to  the  equator,  each  position  giving 
existence  to  its  appropriate  flora. 

Section  1. — Light. 

258t  The  most  obvious  eff'ect  of  light  on  vegetation  is  the 
production  of  colors,  and  this  it  aflfects  by  decomposing  carbonic 
acid,  and  depositing  the  carbonaceous  matter.  In  most  cases, 
certainly,  light  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  deposition  of  the 
green  coloring  matter,  since  most  plants  become  perfectly  color- 
less by  growing  in  situations  in  which  they  are  deprived  of  light. 
There  are  cases,  however,  in  which  plants  deposit  the  green  chro- 
mule,  when  excluded  from  the  light.  Green  vegetables  have 
been  found  in  caves  of  the  earth,  from  which  the  light  of  day  was 
excluded,  and  we  have  seen  the  cotyledons  of  the  Mustard  and 
the  Impatiens  balsamina  green,  when  the  seeds  have  germinated 


257.  What  agents  most  aflfect  vegetation  ?  Are  they  all  necessary  in  some 
degree?  Do  they  require  them  in  different  degrees  ?  Illustrate"  it. — 25a 
What  is  the  most  obvious  effect  of  light  on  vegetation  ?  Is  it  universally 
neceasary  ?    What  examples  ? 


LIGHT.  137 

"within  the  perfectly  closed  pericarp ;  and  1  have  now  before  me 
a  large  onion  in  which  several  of  the  central  layers  are  as  green 
as  the  leaves,  while  the  parts  above  and  around  them  are  per- 
fectly white.  That  these  are  exceptions  to  a  general  rule  is 
manifest  from  innumerable  examples  to  the  contrary,  constantly 
occurring  within  the  observation  of  every  one.  If  a  board  lies 
upon  the  grass  for  a  short  time,  the  grass  becomes  blanched ; 
plants  growing  in  a  dark  cellar  are  colorless  ;  the  interior  of  the 
cabbage  is  white,  while  the  other  leaves  are  green,  and  if  these 
are  removed,  those  that  are  exposed  soon  become  green.  Plants, 
which  in  their  natural  situation  are  white,  by  accidental  ex- 
posure become  green ;  the  side  of  a  potato  from  which  the  soil 
has  been  by  chance  removed,  soon  changes  its  color  from  white 
to  green.  It  may  then  be  laid  down  as  a  general  principle,  that 
light  is  the  great  agent  in  the  j)roduction  of  vegetable  colors. 
All  parts  of  the  solar  spectrum  are  not  equally  efficient  in  the  pro- 
duction of  vegetable  colors.  The  yellow  rays,  according  to  Dra- 
per and  Hunt,  are  the  most  powerful  in  the  production  of  colors. 

259.  Light,  Raspail  says,  influences  plants  to  produce  vascu- 
lar tissue,  and  to  make  them  combine  with  earthy  bases ;  while 
in  darkness  they  produce  the  cellular  tissue,  and  combine  with 
ammoniacal  bases.  That  light  exercises  an  important  agency 
over  the  growth  of  vegetables  and  their  secretions,  cannot  be 
doubted.  An  equal  amount  of  light  and  darkness  seems  to  be 
the  proportion  in  which  the  greatest  amount  of  vegetable  vigor 
is  attained.  This  is  seen  exhibited  in  the  equatorial  regions, 
where  the  days  are  uniformly  twelve  hours  long,  and  the  nights 
of  equal  length,  and  there  we  find  the  most  luxuriant  vegetation. 

260.  If,  according  to  tlie  hypothesis,  light  acts  in  producing 
the  firmer  and  more  compact  parts  of  vegetables,  and  in  its  ab- 
sence the  more  yielding  and  succulent  parts  are  generated,  we 
should  be  led  to  suppose,  that  where  these  periods  were  equal, 
the  perfection  of  vegetable  products  would  be  found  ;  and  if  the 
light  is  in  much  greater  proportion  than  that  of  equality,  just  in 
the  same  proportion  should  we  expect  to  find  the  products  of 
such  regions  harder,  smaller,  and  less  symmetrical.  This  is  the 
exact  state  of  vegetable  products  in  high  latitudes.  Trees  be- 
come harder,  smaller,  and  less  luxuriant  the  higher  the  latitude, 
for  during  the  period  of  their  growth,  the  sun  is  a  great  part  of 
the  time  above  the  horizon.  That  this  is  owing  to  the  action 
of  light,  is  proved  by  the  fact,  that  by  transporting  vegetables 

Are  all  parts  of  the  solar  spectrum  equally  active  ?  Which  most? — 259. 
^yhut  does  Kaspail  say?  Wluit  seems  the  best  proportion?  When  ex- 
hibited?— 260.  What  should  \vc  be  led  to  oonclude  from  these  facia  i? 


138  LIGHT. 

into  higher  latitudes,  from  equatorial  regions,  and  keeping  them 
in  an  atmosphere,  at  tl»e  temperature  of  their  natural  situations, 
by  means  ot  the  hot  hou^-e,  they  flourish  during  the  summer: 
but  during  the  short  days,  and  long  nights  of  winter,  they  droop, 
exhibiting  their  suftering  from  the  due  intluence  of  the  solar  rays. 

261.  Kaspail's  theory  above  noticed  receives  confirmation 
from  the  fact,  that  those  vegetables  which  consist  entirely  of  cel- 
lular substance,  are  produced  only  in  the  absence  of  the  light  of 
the  sun,  such  as  mushrooms,  &c.,  their  growth  ceasing  at  the 
coming  of  light.  And  it  is  a  common  notion  among  gardeners 
that  melons,  cucumbers,  and  like  pulpy  fruits,  increase  mijich 
more  at  night  than  during  the  day.  Although  Fungi  grow  only 
in  darkness,  they  will  never  produce  spores  capable  of  germina- 
tion, without  the  action  of  the  sun's  light,  and  in  cases  where 
the  light  of  day  never  enters,  there  may  be  Fungi,  but  they 
never  increase  or  perpetuate  themselves  by  the  production  of 
spores. 

262.  It  is  during  the  direct  action  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  by 
their  agency,  that  the  most  important  vegetable  pnxlucts  are 
generated.  It  is  by  their  influence  that  water  and  carbonic 
acid  are  decomposed,  the  oxygen  being  mostly  liberated,  and 
the  elements  combining  in  other  proportions,  for  the  formation 
of  the  various  oils,  resins,  (fee,  including  the  most  important  and 
abundant  of  the  vegetable  products.  What  is  generally  termed 
the  sleep  of  plants,  that  is,  the  folding  up  of  compound  leaves, 
and  the  closing  of  flowers,  is,  no  doubt,  in  most  instances,  occa- 
sioned by  the  want  of  the  stimulating  action  of  the  solar  rays ; 
for  we  see  leaves  and  flowers,  that  were  folded  up  during  the 
night,  expand  with  the  first  rays  of  the  morning  sun. 

263.  We  have  upon  record  many  instances  of  the  singular 
phenomena  of  flowers  during  twilight  emitting  flashes  of  light. 
It  is  said  the  daughter  of  Linnaeus  first  observed  this  emission, 
exhibited  by  the  Tropaolum  Majusov  Garden  Nasturtium.  The 
flashes  occur  only  during  twilight,  in  the  morning  or  evening ; 
those  of  the  evening  being  much  the  most  brilliant.  The  plants, 
from  whose  flowers  these  flashes  have  been  observed  to  issue 
most  frequently,  are  the  Marigold,  Calendula  officinalis,  Orange 
lily,  Lilium  bulbiferum,  African  marigold,  Tagetes  patula,  and 
Sunflower,  Helianthus  annuus  ;  but  Mr.  Trimmer,  in  an  article 
in  the  2d  vol.  of  "  Paxton's  Magazine  of  Botany,"  p.  193,  ob- 
serves that  he  had  observed  it  in  many  other  flowers. 


H^w  is  it  iu  high  latitudes  ? — 2t)l.  What  contirms  Easpail's  theory  ?  How 
w't>  Fungi? — 262.  What  is  acconii>lished  by  the  direct  action  of  the  suu'e 
ray?  *- -2*13.  What  examples  of  flowers'  ligiit^ 


HKAT.  139 

26-1.  The  cause  is  supposed  to  be  electrical,  as  tlie  flashes  are 
more  biilHant,  when  the  atmosphere  is  most  highly  charged 
with  electricity.  "In  walking  in  my  garden,"  says  xMr.  Trimmer, 
'•in  which  was  a  considerable  quantity  of  Nasturtium  in  bloom, 
not  at  all  thinking  of  the  flashing  of  plants,  I  was  struck  with 
the  very  vivid  flashes  that  proceeded  from  them  ;  the  scintilla- 
tions were  the  most  brilliant  that  I  had  ever  observed,  at  the 
same  time  the  sky  was  overcast  with  a  thunder-cloud  ;"  and  he 
further  remarks,  that  he  always  found  them  most  brilliant  under 
such  circumstances.  The  lower  orders  of  plants,  as  the  fungi, 
have  long  been  noticed  as  giving  light  under  particular  circum- 
stances. Some  in  New  Holland,  species  of  Agaric,  are  said  to 
produce  light  enough  to  read  by.  In  the  mines  of  Germany 
certain  fungi  have  been  long  celebrated  for  the  light  they  emit. 

Section  2. — Heat. 

265«  Heat  is  the  most  obviously  necessary,  of  any  external 
agent,  to  the  existence  and  growth  of  vegetables  ;  without  a 
considerable  degree  of  it  no  vegetation  takes  place.  We  observe 
amid  the  colds  of  winter  vegetable  life  is  suspended,  and  as 
the  warmth  of  spring  comes  on,  vegetation  commences,  and  as 
the  heat  increases,  plants  become  more  vigorous,  in  tlie  same 
proportion. 

266.  The  beautiful  arrangement  in  the  vegetable  economy, 
for  the  adaptation  of  vegetables  to  this  season  of  repose,  can  but 
afibrd  matter  for  the  most  agreeable  contemplation.  In  equa- 
torial regions,  where  heat  is  constant,  a  great  proportion  of  the 
vegetables  are  of  a  peculiar  organization,  not  yielding  their 
leaves,  not  covered  with  bark,  and  producing  no  coverings  to  the 
buds  ;  while  in  higher  latitudes  we  find  our  forest  trees  expressly 
adapted  to  a  season  of  repose,  or  a  kind  of  hybernation.  The 
leaves  at  the  approach  of  summer  come  forth  in  immense  pro- 
fusion, perform  with  energy  their  functions  during  the  heat  of 
summer,  and  at  the  approach  of  autumn  disengage  themselves, 
by  their  own  depositions,  from  the  parent  stock.  We  find  also 
our  forest  trees  covered  with  a  thick  bark,  composed  of  mate- 
rials possessing  the  least  power  for  conducting  caloric;  and  the 
buds,  the  rudiments  for  the  perfection  of  which  the  succeeding 
year's  energies  are  to  be  devoted,  inclosed  in  scales,  nicely  fitted 
for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  their  important  contents. 


204.  Supposed  cause  ?  What  examples  among  the  lower  order  of  plants  ? 
—265.  What  is  said  of  heat?— 266.  What  arrangement  does  nature  make 
in  reference  to  this  agent  at  the  equator  and  in  high  latitudes  i 


140  HEAT. 

The  equatorial  regions  are  emphatically  the  regions  of  monoco- 
tyledons, destitute  of  bark,  and  always  in  verdure.  The  tem- 
perate regions,  with  the  year  distinctly  marked  by  the  four 
seasons,  is  as  emphatically  the  region  of  the  dicotyledons,  clothed 
w^ith  transient  verdure,  and  covered  by  thick  non-conducting 
bark. 

267.  Herbaceous  annual  plants  seem  in  their  economy  to 
have  been  constituted  in  reference  to  their  preservation  during 
a  season  in  which  they  could  not  flourish.  The  annuals  of  tem- 
perate regions  produce  seed  fitted  to  withstand  the  various  in- 
tluences  of  a  period  entirely  unsuited  to  vegetable  growth. 
They  are  composed  of  materials  the  least  atiected  by  atmospheric 
influences,  being  capable  of  resisting,  uninjured,  the  utmost  in- 
tensity of  cold  ;  and  it  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  the  seeds  of 
tropical  annuals,  which  are  peculiar  to  that  region,  are  much 
less  able  to  resist  the  changes  of  temperature,  and  retain  their 
vitality,  generally,  but  for  a  very  short  time.  In  the  former  case, 
the  very  continuance  of  the  species  depends  on  their  producing 
seeds  that  will  retain  their  vitality  through  considerable  periods, 
and  at  the  same  time  resist  the  influence  of  rigorous  climates ; 
while  in  the  latter  there  is  not  the  same  necessity  for  the  same 
provisions,  and  in  many  instances,  at  least,  these  provisions  are 
not  made,  while  they  are  uniformly  provided  in  the  other. 

268.  Plants,  like  animals,  seem  to  possess  the  power  in  some 
degree  of  preserving  a  uniform  temj<erature ;  whether  this  is 
owing  in  part  to  the  action  of  vital  power,  or  entirely  to  physical 
causes,  is  doubtful.  The  uniform  temperature  of  the  earth,  from 
which  they  derive  their  food,  the  non-conducting  powder  of  the 
covering,  which,  in  a  great  measure,  excludes  both  the  heat  of 
summer  and  cold  of  winter,  and  the  evaporation  in  hot  weather, 
and  its  suspension  in  cold,  are  causes,  perhaps,  sufficient  to  ac- 
count for  their  uniform  temperature.  Cases,  however,  are  men- 
tioned of  plants  growing  in  soil,  in  the  vicinity  of  hot  springs, 
receiving  their  food  through  a  medium  but  little  less  than  boil- 
ing water,  and  at  the  same  time  their  temperature  was  but  little 
aftected  by  these  circumstances. 

269.  Although  plants  may  preserve  their  temperature  to  a 
certain  extent,  yet  it  is  well  known  that  excess  of  heat  or  cold 
will  destroy  them.  The  temperature  they  will  bear  without  in- 
jury is  very  diflferent  in  difi"erent  species.  While  our  forest  trees 
will  bear  uninjured  the  most  intense  cold  of  our  winters,  others 

"What  class  of  vegetables  prevail  in  equatorial  regions?  What  in  tem- 
perate regions  ? — 267.  How  with  annual  plants  ? — 268.  How  is  the  uniform 
temperature  produced  ? — 269.  Can  they  resist  equally  well  great  degrees  ol 
heat  and  cold  ? 


HEAT,  141 

will  perish  in  an  ataospliere  of  tliirty-two  degrees,  and  annuals 
are  destroyed  by  the  first  frost  of  autumn.  The  manner  in 
which  cold  operates  in  the  destruction  of  vegetables  has  of  late 
excited  considerable  interest.  The  long  prevalent  opinion  has 
been,  that  the  well-known  phenomenon,  that  water  at  the  mo- 
ment of  its  conversion  into  ice  expands,  was  the  cause  of  their 
destruction.  The  tissues  being  filled  with  sap,  it  was  supposed 
that  when  this  was  frozen  the  consequent  expansion  ruptured 
the  tissues,  and  unfitted  them  for  any  longer  performing  their 
functions.  This  very  plausible  theory,  it  seems,  has  been  entirely 
set  aside  by  some,  but  by  others  it  is  still  considered  a  concur- 
rent cause  in  the  destruction  of  some  vegetables  at  least. 

The  following  is  compiled  from  an  article  in  the  39th  vol.  of 
Silliman's  American  Journal  of  Science,  from  the  pen  of  Prof. 
Lindley. 

270.  "  Mr.  Gceppert  denies  that  the  laceration  of  tissue  takes 
place  in  freezing,  and  asserts  that  cold  operates  in  destroying 
the  vitality  of  plants,  which  is  followed  by  a  change  in  the 
chemical  constitution  of  their  juices." 

Prof.  Morren  has  given  the  following  conclusions  as  the  result 
of  his  inquiries  : 

1.  "That  no  organ  whatever  is  torn  by  the  action  of  frost, 
except  in  very  rare  cases  when  the  vesicles  of  cellular  tissue  give 
way,  but  that  the  vesicles  of  plants  are  separated  from  each 
other  without  laceration.  2.  That  neither  the  chlorophyll,  the 
nucleus  of  cells,  elementary  fiber,  amylaceous  matter,  raphides, 
nor  the  various  crystals  contained  in  vegetable  tissue,  undergo 
any  alteration,  unless  perhaps  in  the  case  of  amylaceous  sub- 
stances, which,  in  some  cases,  are  converted  into  sugar,  no  doubt 
in  consequence  of  the  action  of  some  acid,  formed  by  the  de- 
composition of  the  organic  parts.  3.  That  the  action  of  frost 
operates  separately  upon  each  individual  elementary  organ,  so 
that  a  frozen  plant  contains  as  many  icicles  as  there  are  cavities 
containing  fluid  ;  the  dilatation  thus  produced  not  being  suffi- 
cient to  burst  the  sides  of  the  cavities.  4.  That  such  dilatation 
is  principally  owing  to  the  separation  of  the  air  contained  in  th« 
water.  5.  That  this  disengagement  of  air  from  water,  during 
the  act  of  congelation,  is  the  most  injurious  of  all  the  phenomena 
attendant  upon  freezing;  introducing  gaseous  matter  into  organs 
not  intended  to  elaborate  it,  and  bringing  about  the  first  stage 
in  a  decomposition  of  the  sap  and  the  matter  it  precipitates ;  so 
that  with  a  thaw  commences  a  new  chemical  action  destructive 

How  is  it  supposed  frost  acted  ?— 270.  What  is  the  opinion  of  Goeppcrt? 
What  arc  the  positions  of  Morren? 


142 


HEAT. 


of  vegetable  life.  6.  That  the  expansion  of  the  cells  and  aqui- 
ferous organs  drives  a  great  quantity  of  water  into  the  air-cells 
and  air-vessels,  so  that  the  apparatus  intended  to  convey  liquid 
only,  contains  water  and  air,  while  that  which  is  naturally  a 
vehicle  for  air  conveys  water.  Such  an  inversion  of  functions 
must  necessarily  be  destructive  to  vegetable  life,  even  if  death 
were  not  produced  in  frozen  plants  by  the  decomposition  of  their 
juices,  the  loss  of  their  excitability,  and  the  chemical  disturbance 
of  all  their  contents." 

271.  Prof.  Lindley's  conclusions,  on  this  subject,  coincide  in 
many  respects  with  the  conclusions  of  Prof.  Morren,  but  in  some 
important  points  they  differ.  Prof.  Lindley  remarks,  that  in  the 
most  succulent  species  of  plants,  he  did  not  find  the  vesicles  of 
the  cellular  tissue  separable  from  each  other  ;  and  that  in  several 
instances  he  found  them  lacerated,  as  if  by  the  distension  of  the 
fluid  they  had  contained.  He  also  gives  as  one  of  his  con- 
clusions, "  A  chemical  decomposition  of  the  tissue  and  its  con- 
tents, especially  the  chlorophyll,''  which  is  at  variance  with  the 
second  conclusion  of  Prof.  M,  above. 

The  displacement  of  the  fluids  by  freezing  is  one  of  the  most 
curious  and  interesting  phenomena  connected  with  this  subject ; 
and  it  would  appear  one  of  the  most  important.  Prof.  L.  sup- 
poses that  the  difference  in  the  effect  produced  by  freezing,  when 
frozen  plants  are  thawed  suddenly,  or  by  degrees,  is  owing  to 
the  gradual  return  of  the  fluids  to  their  appropriate  vessels  when 
gradually  thawed,  and  that  when  heat  is  suddenly  applied,  the 
air  is  expanded  and  increases  the  disturbance  already  produced 
by  its  expukion  from  the  air-cavities.  We  are  all  well  aware 
of  the  fact,  that  it  makes  a  great  difference  in  the  effects  of  a 
frost  on  vegetables,  whether  they  are  suddenly  or  gradually 
thawed.  The  gardener  often  preserves  plants,  which  would 
otherwise  inevitably  perish,  though  perhaps  not  completely 
frozen  in  such  cases,  by  watering  them  some  time  before  sunrise 
on  a  frosty  morning  with  well  or  spring  water  ;  by  the  applica- 
tion of  a  temperature  but  a  few  degrees  above  freezing,  the  plant 
thaws  gradually,  and  permits  the  air  ''  to  retract  by  degrees  from 
its  new  situation,  without  producing  additional  derangement  of 
the  tissue."  But  if  permitted  to  remain  till  the  rays  of  the  sun 
come  upon  them,  destruction  is  inevitable.  Apples  and  Pota- 
toes also,  if  immersed  in  well-water  while  frozen,  are  injured  less 
by  the  frost  than  they  would  be  if  permitted  to  be  thawed  by  a 
more  elevated  temperature. 

272.  The  effect  of  frost  in  converting  starch  into  sugar  is  well 

271.  What  are  Lindley's  views?— 272.  What  effect  on  starch? 


UKAT.  143 

exhibited  in  tlie  potato.  Tin's  tuber  when  frozen  is  decidedly 
sweet,  and  the  starch,  which  it  before  possessed  in  great  quan- 
tities, has,  in  a  great  measure,  disappeared. 

"  Finally,"  says  Prof.  L.,  "it  appears  that  frost  exercises  a 
specific  action  upon  the  latex,  destroying  the  power  of  motion. 
If,  as  Prof.  Shultz  supposes,  this  is  the  vital  fluid  of  plants,  such 
a  fact  alone  would  account  for  the  fatal  effects  of  a  low  tem- 
perature. In  all  the  cases  I  have  observed,  frost  coagulates  this 
liuid,  collecting  it  into  amorphous  masses." 

273.  It  has  been  observed,  that  the  most  succulent  plants 
suffer  most  readily  and  most  severely  by  frost.  This  is  thought 
to  be  owing  to  the  conducting  power  of  the  tissue,  saturated 
with  sap.  Hence  plants  that  remain  uninjured  in  dry  soils  are 
very  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  frosts,  if  raised  in  damp  and  shaded 
situations.  It  may  be  adopted  by  the  cultivator  as  a  fact,  that 
whatever  tends  to  render  tissue  moist  will  increase  its  power  of 
conducting  heat,  and  consequently  augment  the  suscej)tibility 
of  plants  to  the  influence  of  frost ;  and  whatever  tends  to  di- 
minish their  humidity  will  also  diminish  their  conducting  power, 
and  with  it  their  susceptibility. 

274.  The  disengagement  of  caloric  during  the  flowering  of 
plants  is  a  subject  of  considerable  interest,  and  might,  perhaps, 
with  equal  propriety,  have  been  noticed  under  fertilization ;  but 
as  the  phenomenon  is  as  yet  of  doubtful  origin,  w^e  thought  it 
proper  to  notice  it  here. 

The  rise  of  the  thermometer,  when  applied  to  the  spadix  of 
the  Arums  at  the  time  of  flowering,  has  long  been  known. 
Senebier  found  the  temperature  7°  higher  than  the  surrounding 
atmosphere.  Hubert,  in  experiments  on  the  Arum  cordifolium, 
in  the  Isle  of  France,  found  the  thermometer  rise  from  66°,  the 
temperature  of  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  to  111°  when  placed 
in  the  center  of  the  spadix,  and  in  others  to  121°,  thus  indica- 
ting a  diflerence  in  one  case  of  45°,  and  in  others  of  55°.  The 
greatest  diflerence  was  observed  to  be  in  the  morning.  The  ac- 
curate experiments  of  Brongniart  have  rendered  it  more  than 
probable  that  in  all  cases  of  flowering  heat  is  liberated,  although 
from  the  structure,  or  size  of  the  flower,  it  may  be  impossible  to 
detect  it  by  instruments. 

275.  It  is  well  known  that  during  the  flowering  of  plants 
oxygen  is  absorbed,*  and  in  some  cases  this  absorption  has 
amounted  to  thirty  times  the  volume  of  the  subject  of  experi- 

273.  What  kind  of  plants  suffer  most  by  frost?— 274.  What  takes  plac« 
lu  the  flowering  of  plants?  Give  the  expY-riiiieuls  with  the  Arum. — 275. 
What  well-known  phenomena  during  flowering  ? 


144  WATER. 

ment  in  twenty-four  hours;  during  this  time  carbonic  acid  is 
given  off.  These  phenomena  plainly  indicate  the  cause  of  the 
heat  during  the  period  of  fertilization.  An  inquiry  of  interest 
suggests  itself  from  these  facts  as  to  the  changes  efl^cted  on  the 
flower  by  these  operations.  The  disk  and  petals  are  now  sup- 
posed to  act  an  important  part  in  the  process  of  fertilization,  and 
that  the  process  of  fertilization  is  the  same  as  that  of  germina- 
tion. The  following  conclusion  confirms  this  hypothesis.  In 
both  cases  oxygen  is  absorbed,  and  an  equal  quantity  of  carbonic 
acid  given  off.  In  both  cases  amylaceous  substances  disappear, 
and  a  saccharine  substance  is  generated.  Heat  also  is  alike 
generated  in  both  cases.  The  constitutions  of  the  disk  and 
petals  have  been  found  to  be  similar  to  the  nourishing  p.-rts  of 
the  seed.  From  these  facts  it  has  been  concluded  that  the  most 
important  function  of  the  disk  and  petals  is  to  afford  nourish- 
ment to  the  pollen  and  ovule,  and  the  greatest  vigor  of  these 
organs  is  exhibited  during  the  process  of  fertilization.  After  thia 
effect  has  been  accomplished,  these  organs  wither.  The  honey 
which  is  found  in  such  abundance  in  flowers  is  the  excess  of  the 
saccharine  production  over  what  was  required  for  the  perfection 
of  the  pollen,  and  the  nourishment  of  the  ovule.  This  excess 
serves  for  the  support  of  numerous  insects,  and  yields  the  store 
laid  up  by  the  Bee,  which  is  gathered  without  injury  to  the  plant. 

Section  3. —  Water. 

276t  We  have  already  had  occasion  to  remark  on  the  im- 
portance of  water  in  vegetation,  it  being  the  only  vehicle  by 
which  the  plant  receives  its  nourishment,  and  by  its  decomposi- 
tion and  solidification  constituting  a  considerable  part  of  vege- 
table products.  It  only  remains  for  us  to  notice  a  few  other 
points  connected  with  the  operations  of  this  agent.  This  ele- 
ment, as  it  exists  in  the  earth,  holds  m  solution  various  earths 
and  alkalies,  and  vegetable  and  animal  substances,  and  on  this 
account  determines  in  a  great  measure  the  habitat  of  particular 
families  of  plants.  Those  waters  which  contain  much  vegetable 
substance  nourish  those  vegetables  whose  tissues  abound  in 
carbon,  as  our  forest  trees.  The  cruciferous  plants,  into  whose 
composition  nitrogen  enters  as  an  element,  seek  localities  in 
which  the  waters  may  be  more  or  less  imjwegnated  with  animtd 
substances.  Some  families  of  monocotyledons,  which  contain 
more  or  less  of  silex,  flourish  best  in  those  situations  where  the 


"What  supposed  action  of  the  floral  agents?     What  substance  is  generar 
ted  ? — 276.  What  office  does  water  perform  i  i  vegetation  ? 


VEGETABLE  PKODUCTS.  145 

water  by  which  they  are  nourished  passes  through  silicious  soils. 
Leguminous  phints  are  decidedly  partial  to  those  waters  wliich 
contain  lime  in  greater  or  less  abundance.  But  the  most  decided 
influence  exerted  on  vegetables  is  that  of  salt-water.  Many 
species  of  vegetables  cannot  flourish  when  supplied  with  water 
which  does  not  hold  salt  in  solution.  These  plants  are  such  as 
have  soda  as  a  necessary  ingredient  in  their  composition. 

277.  Water  also  varies  very  much  the  texture  of  plants  ac- 
cording to  the  quantity  which  enters  into  the  tissues.  Those 
vegetables  which  have  leaves  with  few  pores  are  succulent,  with 
loose  distended  cellular  tissue,  as  in  the  Mesembryanthemum, 
while  in  those  furnished  with  abundant  pores  the  tissues  are 
more  compact  and  rigid. 

Some  plants  wmU  live  only  in  moist  situations,  while  others 
will  avoid  such  localities,  and  flourish  in  dry  sandy  situations. 
The  Fungi  requiring  moisture  are  sent  forth  in  profusion  under 
circumstances  in  which  the  Arenarias  would  perish  from  the 
abundance  of  moisture. 


VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

For  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  not  have  studied  Chemistry, 
we  give  the  following  brief  explanations  : 

278.  An  elementary  body  is  one  that  has  never  been  decom- 
posed or  reduced  to  a  simple  form,  as  Oxygen,  Sulphur,  Iron, 
(fee.  Each  elementary  body  has  a  symbol,  which  is  generally 
the  first  letter,  or  first  two  letters  of  its  English  or  Latin  name. 
The  following  are  the  symbols  of  the  elements  that  enter  into 
the  constitution  of  organic  products,  except  some  others  in  very 
minute  quantities.  0=Oxygen,  H  =  IIydrogen,  C  =  Carbon, 
Ch  =  Chlorine,  ]Sr  =  Nitrogen,  S  =  Sulphur,  P  — Phosphorus,  K 
=: Potassium,  Na= Sodium,  Si  =  Silicon,  Fe  =  Iron,  Each  of 
these  elements  combines  with  any  other  element  in  a  diflerent 
quantity,  which  is  called  its  atomic  weiofht.  0=z8,  H=l,  C=: 
6,C1  =  35.45,  N=14,  S  =  16,  P=32,  K  =  40,  Na=23,  Si  =  21, 
Fe==28. 

279.  When  any  two  or  more  combine  we  express  their  com- 

277.  }Yhat  effect  on  the  tissue  of  plants  ?  What  influences  this  ?— 278. 
What  is  an  elementary  body  ?  Name  the  symbols  of  the  elements  tliat 
enter  into  the  constitution  of  vegetable  product*  ?  Their  atomic  weiglits  ? 
-279.  Express  by  symbols  some  compound  bodies. 

7 


J  40  VEGETABLE    PRODUCTS. 

position  by  symbols:  thus  HO  means  that  Hydrogen  and 
Oxygen  combine  one  of  each  and  form  water ;  but  the  weights 
are  1  of  Hydrogen  and  8  of  Oxygen.  If  1  of  Nitrogen  unites 
with  5  of  Oxygen,  we  express  it  thus :  NO5,  which  is  Nitric 
acid,  which  means  that  one  atom  of  Nitrogen,  which  weighs  14, 
is  united  with  5  atoms  of  Oxygen,  which  weighs  5  X  8  =  40.  So 
Starch  is  0,2,  H,o,  0,o,  meaning  that  12  atoms  of  Carbon,  united 
with  10  each  of  Hydrogen  and  Oxygen,  form  Starch. 

280t  Oxygen,  Hydrogen,  Carbon,  and  Nitrogen,  are  called 
the  organic  elements,  because  they  are  essential  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  every  living  being.  The  other  elements  are  called  in- 
organic. Oxygen  (0)  is  a  gas  or  air,  and  forms  one  fifth  of  the 
atmosphere  |-  of  water.  It  supports  combustion,  and  respira- 
tion.    No  animal  can  live  without  it. 

Hydrogen  (H)  is  a  gas  also,  and  forms  one  ninth  of  water.  It  is 
the  lightest  body  in  nature  and  inflammable,  and  produces,  by  its 
combustion,  the  hie-best  heat  known  resultino:  from  combustion. 

Nitrogen  (N)  is  a  gas,  and  forms  four  fifths  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  is  neither  a  supporter  of  combustion  nor  combustible.  It 
has  no  decided  properties  by  itself. 

Carbon  (C)  is  a  solid,  and  is  nearly  pure  in  charcoal,  and  quite 
so  in  the  diamond.  No  organic  substance  exists  without  it. 
Organic  substances  may  want  one  or  more  of  the  other  elements, 
but  never  this. 

Phos2:)horus  and  Sulphur  are  well-known  solids.  Potassium 
and  Sodiiun  are  metals,  and,  when  united  with  Oxygen,  form 
Potash,  KO,  and  Soda,  NaO.  Silica,  or  sand,  which  enters  in 
large  quantities  in  grains  and  grasses,  is  an  acid,  SiOj.  When 
oxygen  unites  with  another  element,  and  does  not  form  an  acid, 
it  is  called  an  oxide. 

Carbonic  Acid,  COg,  is  a  gas,  and  is  the  principal  food  of 
plants,  and  is  yielded  in  great  quantities  from  the  respiration  of 
animals  and  combustion  and  decay  of  organic  substances. 

Ammonia,  NH3,  is  a  pungent  gas,  and  yields  most  of  the 
Nitrogen  in  plants.  It  is  formed  spontaneously  in  the  decay  of 
organic  substances. 

280.  What  are  the  organic  elements?     Describe  oxygen.     Hydrogen. 
Nitrogen.     Carbon.     What  element  must  all  organic  products  have  ?    De- 
scribe Potassium  and  Sodium.     When  do  they  form  Potash  and  Soda 
What  is  carbonic  acid  ?     Ammonia  ? 


CHAPTER  VII. 

* 

VEGETABLE    PRODUCTS. 

281.  The  vegetable  is  the  laboratory  in  which  the  materials 
of  all  organic  products  are,  in  the  first  place,  prepared.  The 
animal  has  no  power  to  convert  inoi'ganic  elements  into  organic. 
All  come  through  the  agency  of  plants. 

Vegetable  products  are  naturally  divided  into  two  great  classes. 
1st,  Those  into  whose  composition  Nitrogen  enters ;  and  2d, 
Those  which  contain  no  Nitrogen. 

282.  The  substances  that  compose  the  second  class  make  up 
the  great  mass  of  vegetation. 

This  class  may  be  conveniently  studied  under  the  following 
divisions  :  1st,  Such  as  contain  Oxygen  and  Hydrogen,  in  pro 
portions  to  form  water,  as  Starch,  Gum,  Sugar,  &c. ;  2d,  Acids, 
containing  usually  more  Oxygen  than  Hydrogen,  by  atoms  ;  3d, 
Oils,  containing  more  Hydrogen  than  Oxygen. 

283.  Cellulose  (Lignin,  vegetable  fiber),  0,2,  Hio,  0,o,  is  the 
most  abundant  vegetable  product.  It  forms  the  basis  of  all 
vegetable  structures.  It  is  the  original  membrane  that  forms 
all  the  vessels  of  the  plant.  Other  materials  may  be  deposited 
on  it  which  greatly  modify  the  various  tissues,  especially  the 
cellular. 

It  is  insoluble  in  alcohol,  water,  ether,  dilute  acids  or  alkalies. 
It  is  soluble  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid.  Bleached  paper, 
linen,  and  cotton  are  nearly  or  quite  pure  cellulose.  It  is  made 
to  resist  the  action  of  external  agents  when  it  constitutes  wood, 
by  soaking  the  wood  in  various  saline  solutions,  or  by  charring. 
Charred  wood  has  been  known  to  last  thousands  of  years.  Per- 
fect dryness  and  exclusion  from  the  air  prevent  the  decay  of 
wood.  Low  temperature  has  also  great  efiect  in  the  preservation 
of  wood,  when  the  other  agents  are  present.  Poplar,  in  the 
Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  at  a  uniform  temperature  of  5*7°, 
is  undecayed  after  nearly  50  years,  when  the  same  wood,  exposed 
on  the  surface,  will  decay  in  three  years. 

The  different  kinds  of  wood  vary  remarkably  in  the  time  they 

281.  What  is  the  vegetable?  What  two  classes  of  vegetable  products? 
—282.  What  subdivirtion  of  the  second  class  ?— 283.  What  is  cellulose? 
What  does  it  form  ?  What  are  its  properties  ?  What  are  nearly  pure  cel- 
lulose ?  How  made  to  resist  the  action  of  external  agents  ?  W  h'y  does  sop- 
wood  decav  sooner  than  heart-wood  ? 


148 


VEGETABLE    PRODUCTS. 


will  resist  ordinary  atmospheric  agents.  This  is  undoubtedly 
owing  to  the  constitution  of  the  materials  contained  in  the  wood, 
or  to  products  formed  after  the  tree  is  dead.  The  reason  that 
heart-wood  will  last  longer  than  sap-wood  is  principally  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  nitrogenized  materials,  which  rapidly  decay, 
are  all  removed  from  the  old  wood,  and  are  abundant  in  the  sap 
of  the  new.  The  haj^dness  of  w^ood  is  very  various,  owing,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  the  compactness  of  the  woody  layers  and  the 
amount  of  sclerogen  deposited  in  the  woody  fibers. 

284 •  By  replacing  three  atoms  of  the  Hydrogen  in  Cellulose, 
by  three  atoms  of  Nitric  acid,  we  have  gun-cotton  (Xyloidine, 
Pyroxiline),  C,2,  H^  3  (NOj),  Og.  This  is  accomplished  by  mix- 
ing two  parts  of  Nitrate  of  Potash  and  three  parts  of  Sulphuric 
acid  ;  and  into  the  solution  put  some  perfectly  clean  and  loose 
cotton,  and  after  a  few  minutes  the  change  is  effected.  The 
cotton  being  thoroughly  washed  and  dried,  at  a  very  moderate 
heat,  is  gun-cotton. 

It  is  soluble  in  Sulphuric  Ether,  and  the  solution  is  called 
Collodium  A  thin  coat  of  it  forms  immediately  a  cuticular 
membrane,  which  is  often  formed  over  sores  or  abraded  surfaces 
when  collodion  is  applied  to  them.  It  is  also  used  in  Photogra- 
phy, furnishing,  with  other  materials,  a  sensitive  coating  on  glass. 
It  explodes  violentlv,  leaving  no  residuum,  being  resolved  into 
CO2,  CO,  NO2,  and  HO. 

285.  Starch,  C,2,  Hio,  0,o.  Next  to  cellulose,  starch  is  un- 
doubtedly the  most  abundant  and  universal  product  of  vegeta- 
tion. It  exists  in  the  cells  of  plants,  sometimes  nearly  filling 
them.     Fig.  167  exhibits  a  cell  with  starch  grains  in  it. 

Fig.  1C8. 


Fig.  167. 


The  grams  are  regularly  formed,  being  composed  of  concen- 
tric layers  with  an  insoluble  external  covering,  and  each  grain 
having  one  or  more  points  on  its  surface,  resembling  the  hilum 
of  a  seed.  (Fig.  168,  a,  potato  grains;  Fig.  168,6,  wheat 
grains;  Fig.  168,  c,  rice  grains.)     It  is  an  interesting  employ- 


284.  What  is  gnn-cotton  ?  What  is  collodion?  For  what  used  ?— 285. 
What  is  the  constitution  of  starch?  Where  does  it  exist?  Describe  the 
grains.     Where  found?     What  are  the  properties  of  starch? 


VEGETABLE  PKODUOTS.  149 

ment  for  the  student  to  examine  the  form  of  grains  in  dift'cront 
p]ants  with  a  magnifying  power  of  at  least  100  linear.  1)V  rub- 
bing up  any  cellular  substance  in  water,  and  washing  the  mass 
in  a  linen  cloth  in  a  vessel  of  water,  the  starch  grains  Avill  pass 

throuoh  the  cloth  and  settle  in  the  water.     Tlie  starch  o-mins  in 

...  * 

hot  water  swell  up  thirty  times  their  volume  and  spread  out, 

forming  the  paste  used  for  stiffening  clothes.  At  the  tempera- 
ture of  150°  it  is  converted  into  dextrin^  or  British  gum,  which 
is  soluble  in  cold  water. 

286.  The  Potato  contains  little  else  than  starch  and  water. 
The  bursting  of  the  potato  in  cooking  is  owing  to  the  swelling 
of  the  starch  grains.  The  starch  diminishes  as  the  potato  grows 
old.  In  combination  with  nitrogenized  compounds  it  forms  our 
flour  and  meal.  It  exists  in  the  cotyledons  of  the  Pea  and 
Bean.  Arrowroot  is  pure  starch,  l^ajnoca,  from  the  poisonous 
root  of  the  Janipha  manihot,  is  starch,  partially  altered  by 
heating.  Sulphuric  acid,  or  diastase,  converts  it  into  sugar. 
Other  agents  do  the  same.  Frost  seems  to  produce  the  same 
effect.  It  is  the  stored-up  food  of  the  plant.  Iodine  detects  the 
minutest  portion,  turning  it  blue.  Iodine,  diluted  a  million 
times,  can  be  detected  by  starch.  The  presence  of  starch  has 
been  revealed  in  many  places  by  Iodine,  where  it  was  not  sup- 
posed to  exist,  as  in  the  latex  and  fovilla. 

287.  There  are  several  substances  found  in  plants  closely  re- 
sembling starch,  but  not  formed  into  grains.  Inulin^  in  many 
roots  of  the  Compositae,  is  a  white  tasteless  powder.  Licheniti^ 
in  the  Iceland  moss,  resembles  starch  in  composition  and  prop- 
erties. 

288.  Gum,  0,2,  H,o,  0,0,  abounds  in  certain  genera  of  plants, 
existing  in  seeds,  and  exuding  from  stems  when  wounded.  It 
has  been  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  form  which  all  elabonited 
sap  assumes  before  assimilation.  The  gum  which  exudes  from 
trees,  and  is  perfectly  soluble  in  water,  is  called  Arabiii.  It  is 
insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  is  precipitated  from  its  solution  by  it. 
It  seems  to  differ  in  some  respects  from  dextrin,  but  in  what  is 
not  easily  pointed  out.  Some  chemists  have  given  character- 
istics whicli,  with  us,  have  not  proved  true,  so  far  as  we  have 
determined.  GuriK  Arabic  is  the  type  of  gums.  Various  species 
of  Acacia  afford  it.  It  is  produced  in  Egypt,  Nubia,  Arabia, 
and  Senegambia.     The  cherry  and  plum  yield  it.     Mucilage,  a 

What  is  dextrin  ? — 286.  Give  some  of  the  sources  of  starch.  What  effect 
has  sulphuric  acid  on  it?  What  is  the  test  of  starch?— 2S7.  What  sub- 
Btances  resemble  starch? — 2SS.  Constitution  of  Gum?  Wlicro  found? 
What  is  arabin?    Its  properiie^s?    What  is  the  source  of  Gum  Arabic  f 

What  is  mucilage? 


150  VEGETABLE  PEODUCTS. 

closely  allied  substance,  is  afforded  by  the  Malvaceae  and  from 
Flax-seed,  &c.  Bassorin^  an  insoluble  gum,  exists  in  the  Gum 
Tragacanth,  which  exudes  from  species  of  the  Astragalus.  This 
insoluble  substance  is  called  hy  some  vegetable  gluten,  and  differs 
from  Arabin  in  containing  phosphate  of  lime.  By  digesting  it 
in  muriatic  acid  it  becomes  completely  soluble,  and  pure  gum  is 
precipitated  by  alcohol. 

289i  Gum  enters  largely  into  our  food,  in  the  form  especially 
of  dextrine,  into  which  starch  is  converted  by  cooking.  It  is 
employed  largely  in  the  arts,  especially  in  manufactories  of  cloth 
and  calico  printing.  In  medicine  it  is  extensively  employed  as 
a  medium  for  the  administration  of  medicines,  and  as  a  de- 
mulcent for  covering  inflamed  surfaces,  and  blunting  the  action 
of  acrid  secretions.  Lozenges,  Pastiles,  and  Gum  Pastes,  are 
frequently  formed  mostly  of  gum  and  sugar. 

290.  Pectin,  Q^^^,  H40,  O55  +  8  HO,  is  a  substance  undergoing 
various  changes,  and  possessing  various  properties.  The  char- 
acteristic property  is,  that  it  will  form  jelly  with  water.  It  occurs 
in  almost  all  plants,  especially  in  the  fruits  of  the  Pomaceee,  in 
oranges,  lemons,  tamarinds,  &c. 

The  material  first  formed  in  the  plant  is  an  insoluble  sub 
stance,  pectose,  so  closely  connected  with  cellulose  as  not  to  be 
separated  from  it  without  change.  It  exists  only  in  quite  un- 
ripe fruits,  together  with  a  substance  called  pectase,  which  acts 
upon  it,  converting  it  into  pectin  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Pectin  is 
soluble  in  water,  but  insoluble  in  alcohol.  The  still  continued 
action  of  jDectase  io\-ms>  p)ectosic  acid,  which  is  slightly  soluble  in 
cold  water,  but  soluble  in  boiling  water.  Boiling  converts  this 
acid  into  Pectic  acid,  which  is  insoluble  in  water,  and  forms  our 
vegetable  jellies  :  alkalies,  or  pectosic  acid,  does  the  same.  Too 
long  boiling  converts  pectic  acid  into  parapectic  or  metapectic, 
neither  of  which  form  jellies.  These  are  the  substances  formed 
when  the  housewife  does  not  succeed  in  making  jellies. 

291.  Sugar.  There  are  several  varieties  of  saccharine  sub- 
stances found  in  plants,  which  differ  more  or  less  in  properties, 
and  even  in  their  chemical  constitution. 

Cane-sugar,  C,3,  H.q,  Oiq.  This  variety  is  found  especially  in 
the  Sugar-cane,  Sugar-maple,  and  Beet.  From  these  plants  it  is 
obtained  for  commercial  purposes.     It  is  in  solution  in  the  cells 

What  is  bassorin  ?  How  does  it  differ  from  arabin  ? — 289.  How  employed 
in  the  arts?  How  in  medicine  ? — 290.  Constitution  of  pectiue?  Its  char- 
acteristic property  ?  Where  mostly  occur  ?  What  is  pectose  ?  Where  only 
exist?  How  converted  into  pectin?  Properties  of  pectin?  What  next 
converted  into  ?  What  does  boiling  do  ?  What  does  it  form  ?  What  effect 
of  too  long  boiling  ? — 291.  Constitution  of  cane-sugar  ?    Whence  obtained  i 


vp:getable  pkoducts.  161 

of  plants  with  more  or  less  of  the  nitrogenous  compounds  and 
mineral  salts.  That  obtained  from  the  sugar-cane  is  the  most 
highly  esteemed.  The  juice  is  pressed  out  between  cylinders, 
and  must  soon  be  boiled  with  a  small  quantity  of  lime  to  destroy 
the  effect  of  the  nitrogen  compounds,  which  would  otherwise 
produce  fermentation.  It  is  then  evaporated,  and  crystallized, 
and  then  called  Muscovado  sugar.  It  is  afterward  more  or  less 
purified,  forming  various  kinds  of  white  sugar.  The  plants  are 
said  to  require,  for  their  perfect  maturation,  a  year  or  fourteen 
months. 

Fruit-sugar^  Cio.  Hj^,  0,2.  An  uncrystallizable  sugar,  found 
in  sweet  fruits,  in  connection  with  grape-sugar. 

292.  Grape-sugar^  C12,  H,2,  0,2  +  2  OH  [Starch- sugar,  Glu- 
cose). It  occurs  in  the  juices  of  many  plants,  and  in  the  product 
of  the  action  of  diastase  or  sul.  acid  on  starch.  It  gives  sw^eet- 
ness  to  most  fruits  that  contain  acids.  It  gives  sweetness  to  all 
fermented  liquors.  It  is  this  sugar  alone  that  undergoes  fer- 
mentation, and  when  materials  containing  sugar  ferment,  the 
sugar  is  first  converted  into  grape-sugar  by  the  action  of  the 
ferment; 

29tl.  Oils,  There  is  a  variety  of  substances  that  come  under 
this  head  that  are  yielded  by  vegetables,  which  agree  in  certain 
important  particulars. 

Fixed  Oils.  The  fixed  oils  occur  mostly  in  the  seeds,  espe- 
cially in  the  cotyledons  of  the  embryo  :  sometimes,  however, 
in  the  pericarp,  as  in  the  olive.  Oils  are  generally  divided  into 
greasy  oils,  or  those  that  will  not  dry,  and  dry  oils  such  as  will 
form  a  hard  varnish. 

This  diff'erence  in  their  character  is  owing  to  the  acids  which 
enter  into  their  constitution.  The  acid  in  the  non-drying  oils  is 
called  oleinic,  and  the  drying  olinic.  These  acids  have  a  great 
tendency  to  absorb  more  oxygen,  and  this  is  sometimes  so  great 
as  to  set  fire  to  the  materials  with  which  they  are  in  contact ; 
hence  manufactories  have  been  burned. 

The  common  drying  oils  are  linseed-oil,  hempt-oil,  poppy-oil, 
nut-oil,  &c. 

The  greasy  oils  are  olive-oil,  almond-oil,  rape-seed  oil,  tfec. 

294.  These  oils  occupy  cells  with  a  greater  or  less  amount  of 
mucilaginous  substance,  which  in  the  drying  oils  prevents  the 


What  is  Muscovado  sugar  ?  What  is  fruit-sugar  ?— 202.  Constitution  of 
grape-sugar?  Where  does  it  exist?  To  what  does  it  give  sweetness? 
When  is  cane-sugar  converted  into  grape-sugar? — 293.  Where  do  fixed 
oils  occur  mostly  ?  How  are  fixed  oils  divided  ?  To  wliat  is  the  dillercnce 
owing?  What  is  the  acid  in  greasy  oils  ?  In  drying  oils  ■—294.  ^^'here 
are  the  oils  found  ? 


153  TEGETABLE   PKODUCTS. 

absorption  of  oxygen,  and  of  course  impedes  their  drying,  and 
which  is  removed  by  boiling  with  oxide  of  lead  (Htharge.) 

Sometimes  they  are  lodged  in  intercellular  spaces  or  cysts. 
There  are  numerous  hard  or  semi-fluid  fats  that  occur  in  various 
plants  that  differ  in  some  respects  from  the  general  class.  Palm- 
oil,  with  the  consistence  of  butter,  comes  from  the  Elais  Gui- 
niensis,  and  is  imported  mostly  from  Liberia.  It  is  extensively  em- 
ployed in  the  manufacture  of  toilet  soaps,  and  Ims  jpalmitic  acid 
instead  of  stearic.  The  butter  of  Cacao  is  from  the  chocolate- 
nuts  of  the  Theobroma  cacao,  as  also  the  butter  oi  Nutmeg,  Shea, 
Galam;  and  vegetable  tallow  is  from  the  Stillingia  Sibifera. 

295 •  All  these  oils  are  composed  of  two  or  more  salts  which 
have  a  common  base,  Oxide  of  glycyl :  Cg,  H3,  0.  The  acids 
vary ;  Stearic,  Margaric,  Oleinic,  and  Olinic,  are  the  most  com- 
mon. The  first  two  form  solids  with  oxide  of  glycyl,  the  two 
latter  liquids.  The  relative  quantities  of  the  solid  and  liquid 
salts  give  the  consistence  of  the  oil  or  fat. 

296.  Volatile  Oils.  These  occur  in  the  leaves,  stem,  flowers, 
seed,  &c.,  of  the  plant.  They  occur  in  cavities  formed  especially 
for  their  use,  as  in  the  vittse  of  the  seed  of  the  Umbelliferae ; 
the  sacs  in  the  rind  of  the  Lemon  and  Orange  ;  or  in  other  cases 
diffused  through  the  cellular  portions  of  the  plant.  Some  of 
these  are  simply  hydro-carbons,  as  Oil  of  Turpentine  from  the 
Pinus  and  Abies  ;  Oil  of  Juniper  from  the  Juniperus  communis  ; 
Oil  of  Lemon  and  Oranges.  Some  contain  oxygen,  as  Oil  of 
Cinnamon,  Peppermint,  Rose,  (fee.  Some  contain  Sulphur,  as 
Oil  of  Mustard,  Asafoetida,  from  Narthex  asafoetida,  and  the 
volatile  oil  of  onions.  Camphor  is  a  solid  volatile  oil,  from  the 
Camphora  ofiicinarum  of  India,  called  stearoptene. 

These  oils  are  usually  obtained  by  distillation.  Although  the 
boiling  point  of  the  oils  is  higher  than  that  of  water,  yet  from 
their  volatility  they  rise  more  rapidly  than  the  water. 

297»  Balsams  and  Resins.  A  balsam  is  a  volatile  oil  with  a 
resin  dissolved  in  it.  Common  turpentine,  from  the  Pinus  palus- 
tris,  is  a  balsam.  By  distillation  we  get  Spirits  of  Turpentine ; 
and  we  have  left,  in  the  still  common  rosin,  colophony. 

Rosin,  C40,  H30,  O4,  is  an  acid,  or  a  combination  of  two  acids, 
under  different  circumstances.  When  obtained  by  distillation 
it  is  Silvic  acid  ;  when  by  spontaneous  evaporation  it  is  Silvic 

What  is  with  thcni?  How  removed  from  the  drying  oils?^  Mention 
some  other  substances. — 295.  Of  what  are  all  oils  composed  ? — Which  form 
solids? — 296.  Where  do  volatile  oils  occur?  What  are  some  of  them  ? 
Which  contain  oxygen?  Which  sulphur?  What  is  camphor?  How 
usually  obtained  ? — 297.  What  is  a  balsam  ?  What  is  a  rosin  ?  McntioL, 
some  other  balsams. 


V-EGETABLE  PliODUC'i^.  153 

and  Pinic  acids.  Canada  balsam  is  from  the  Abies  bnlsamea, 
and  is  the  clearest  variety  of  balsams  ;  and  on  tins  account  is 
employed  in  putting  up  microscopic  object-'*-  Venice  turpentine 
from  the  Larix  Europea  ;  Copaiva  balsam^  from  tlie  Copaifera 
officinalis  of  Brazil  and  Antilles,  consists  of  ^.w  oil  and  resin  :  the 
latter  consists  of  Copaivic  acid  and  an  indiflereut  resin.  San- 
darach,  from  the  Juniperus  communis,  consists  of  three  acid 
resins.  Olibanum,  from  the  Boswellia  serrata,  the  frankincensn 
of  the  ancients,  used  for  burning  in  churches  and  cathedrals 
Mastic,  from  the  Pistacia  lentiscus,  comes  from  the  island  oi 
Chios  ;  consists  of  two  acid  resins  ;  soluble  in  alcohol  and  makes 
the  finest  varnish.  Copal  flows  from  the  Hymenaeo.  verrucosa. 
and  is  imported  from  Calcutta,  Bombay,  and  Madagascar.  It 
is  a  mixture  of  several  acid  resins,  which  are  soluble  in  alcohol 
and  spirits  of  turpentine ;  hence  its  use  in  making  varnishes. 
Gum  Lac,  from  species  of  Ficus  of  India.  It  exudes  from  punc- 
tures of  insects.  It  is  an  acid  resin  with  various  other  sub- 
stances :  soluble  in  alcohol  and  acetic  acid.  The  best  non-electrio 
is  Benzoin,  from  the  Styrax  benzoin,  in  the  island  of  Sumatra. 

298i  Gum  resins  are  mixtures  of  various  materials,  a  part 
soluble  and  a  part  insoluble  in  water.  The  chief  are  Ammonia 
Gum,  which  flows  from  the  root  of  the  Heracleum  gummiferum, 
or,  according  to  others,  from  the  Dorema  ammoniacum.  It 
consists  of  72  per  cent,  of  resin,  and  the  balance  is  gum,  vola- 
tile oil,  &c.  One  of  the  ancient  medicines ;  not  much  used 
now.  Galbanum,  supposed  to  come  from  the  Berbose  galba- 
num  :  not  of  much  importance.  Asafoetida,  from  the  root  of 
tiie  Ferula  or  Narthex  asafoetida,  growing  in  Persia,  consists  of 
resin,  gum,  sulphurous  oil,  &c.  It  is  one  of  the  most  powerful 
antispasmodics.  Myrrh,  from  the  Balsamodeadron  myrrha,  a 
tree  of  Arabia  and  Abyssinia,  consists  of  resin,  gum,  and  vola- 
tile oil.  The  resin  is  neutral.  Used  as  a  tonic  extensively  in 
medicine.  Gamboge  is  from  the  Stalagmitis  gambogioides ; 
consists  of  gum  19  per  cent.,  and  80  per  cent,  of  acid  resin. 
Used  extensively  as  a  yellow  color. 

299.  Closely  allied  to  the  preceding  substances  are  Caout- 
chouc (India-rubber)  and  Gutta  Percha.  Several  families  of 
plants  yield  more  or  less  caoutchouc  from  their  juices.  To  ob- 
tain the  pure  caoutchouc,  the  juice  is  washed  with  water,  and 
the  caoutchouc  rises  like  cream  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 
The  other  materials  of  the  juice  remain  in  the  water,  or  sink  to 
the  bottom.     When   once  it  becomes  thick,  it  can  never  be 

Whence  Copal?  Lac? — 298.  What  are  gum  resins?  Mention  some. 
Of  what  does  asafoetida  consist?  What  gamboge?— 209.  What  is  India- 
rubber?     How  obtained?     What  arc  its  properties  ? 

1* 


154  VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

mingled  with  water  again.  Is  soluble  in  Ether,  Oil  of  Tur- 
pentine,  and  especially  in  its  own  empyreumatic  oil.  The  fami- 
lies of  Urticacece,  Euphorbiacese,  and  Apocyneae  yield  it.  Its 
uses  and  importance  are  too  well  known  to  be  pointed  out. 

Gutta  Percha,  Cg,  H;,  is  a  nearly  allied  substance  to  India- 
rubber,  being  the  hardened  juice  of  the  Isonandra  gutta,  and 
is  imported  from  Borneo  and  Singapore.  It  is  harder  than 
caoutchouc  when  cold,  but  becomes  soft  and  coheres  to  itself 
at  a  temperature  less  than  boiling  water,  but  it  will  stick  to 
nothing  else.  Its  most  appropriate  solvent  is  Turpentine  Oil. 
Its  constitution  is  the  same  as  India-rubber,  and  is  thought  to 
be  only  a  modified  form  of  that  substance. 

300.  Vegetable  Acids.  The  acids  are  numerous,  and  exist  in 
the  juices  of  the  plant  in  combination  with  some  base,  organic 
or  inorganic.  They  are  variously  constituted,  sometimes  con- 
taining only  carbon  and  oxygen,  at  other  times  O,  C,  and  H  in 
various  proportions. 

Oxalic  Acid,  Cg,  O3,  is  extensively  diffused  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  occurring  in  the  Rhubarb,  Oxalis,  and  many  Lichens, 
usually  in  combination  with  lime,  though  sometimes  free. 
Easily  formed  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  sugar. 

Malic  Acid,  C4,  Hg,  O4,  occurs  in  nearly  all  the  sour  juices 
of  plants,  in  connection  with  other  acids.  Apple,  Plum,  Cur- 
rant, Whortleberry,  &c.,  owe  their  acidity  mostly  to  this  acid. 

Tartaric  Acid,  with  the  preceding,  is  found  in  most  sour 
fruits.  Tamarind,  Pineapple,  and  unripe  Grapes  derive  their 
sourness  mostly  from  this  acid. 

Citric  Acid,  Cg,  H3,  Og,  is  the  predominating  acid  in 
Lemons  and  Oranges,  and,  together  with  the  two  preceding, 
forms  the  acids  of  most  edible  fruits. 

Gallic  Acid,  Cj^,  Hg,  0,o,  is  found  in  some  plants.  Tannin 
is  readily  converted  into  it. 

Tannic  Acid,  C^g,  Hg,  0,2,  is  a  weak  acid,  found  in  most 
plants.  It  is  characterized  by  its  astringent  taste,  turning  solu- 
ble salts  of  iron  blue  or  black,  and  precipitates  gelatine.  Exists 
abundantly  in  Nutgalls,  Oak  bark,  and  Chestnut-wood.  Con- 
verts skins  into  leather. 

Mcconic  Acid  is  one  of  the  acids  in  opium.  Kinic  Acid  in 
the  Cinchona  bark,  with  Quinine. 

301.  Vegetable  products  containing  Nitrogen. — These 
are  in  much  smaller  quantities  than  many  of  the  preceding,  but 
no   less  important.     Those   that  make  part  of  our  food  are 

"What  is  gutta  percha  ?  Whence  obtained  ?  Its  properties  ? — 300.  How 
do  vegetable  acicls  exist  ?  What  is  said  of  oxalic  acid  ?  Malic  ?  Tanarifi  ^ 
Citric  ?    Gallic  ?    Tannic  ? 


VEGETABLE  PEODUCTS.  155 

called  Protein  compounds,  and  exist,  in  greater  or  less  quanti- 
ties, in  nearly  or  quite  all  the  vegetable  products  that  come  to 
our  table. 

Protein^  C^^,  Hsg,  Ng,  O^,  (from  proteuo,  I  have  the  fii'st 
place),  is  a  compound  obtained  by  certain  agencies  on  flesh, 
white  of  an  egg,  milk  curd,  and  hence  has  been  made  the  basis 
of  Fihriri,  Albumen,  and  Casein,  which  are  found  not  only  in 
flesh,  egg,  and  milk,  but  are  diffused,  under  some  slight  modifi- 
cations, throughout  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

302.  The  nitrogenized  substance  of  flour  is  obtained  by 
washing  a  piece  of  dough  inclosed  in  a  thin  linen  cloth  in  much 
water.  We  get  a  mass  of  gray  elastic  substance,  consisting  of 
coagulated  albumen  and  what  has  been  called  gluten.  The 
gluten  is  soluble  in  boiling  alcohol,  and  precipitates  on  cooling, 
and  this  has  been  called  fibrin.  The  albumen  does  not  differ 
from  the  white  of  an  egg.  Legumin,  or  vegetable  casein,  is 
found  with  starch  in  the  Leguminous  plants.  The  three  varie- 
ties may  be  derived  from  the  same  juice  in  the  following  man- 
ner: Take  some  Turnip  juice,  and  when  first  pressed  out  it  is 
clear.  By  standing  it  becomes  turbid  by  the  deposition  of  the 
fibrin,  which  coagulates  spontaneously.  Boil  a  portion  of  the 
liquid,  and  the  albumen  coagulates.  Add  a  small  quantity  of 
vinegar  to  another  portion,  and  it  will  coagulate  the  casein. 
The  nitrogenized  compound  of  corn  is  called  zeine. 

The  Formula  for  these  compounds  is : 

20  Proteiiie-f-S^-f  P  for  albumen. 
S  -f  P  for  fibria 
"         -f-S  for  casein. 

These  form  the  nutritious  portions  oi  the  plants  we  eat,  being 
most  abundant  in  flour  and  beans. 

303.  Another  class  of  vegetable  nJtrogenize<l  products  are 
the  organic  bases  or  alkalies.  The  most  common  are  the  fol- 
lowing: 

Daturin  is  a  base  found  in  the  Datura  stramonium,  James- 
town weed,  very  poisonous,  and  is  the  active  principle  in  that 
powerful  plant 

Morphin,  NC^g,  H.^©,  Og,  is  one  of  the  active  ingredients  in 
Opium,  the  one  whose  action  is  supposed  to  occasion  sleep. 


301.  "What  the  nitrogenized  eompounds  called  ?  Constitution  of  pro- 
tein ?  Forms  the  basis'of  what  ? — 302.  How  is  the  nitrogenized  materials 
of  flour  obtained ?  What  portion  called  fibrin  ?  Where  is  casein  found? 
How  may  albumen,  casein,  and  fibrin  be  obtained  from  the  same  juice  ? 
What  are  the  formuhi  for  these  compounds?  Mention  some  of  them. — 
803.  What  other  class  of  nitrogenized  compounds?  Mention  some  ot 
them. 


156  VEGETABLE   PRODUCTS. 

Narcotin  is  another  element  of  Opium,  and  is  said  to  be  nearly 
inert,  medicinally. 

Codein  is  a  third  compound  in  Opium  ;  resembles  morphiu 
in  its  effects,  and  is  a  strong  base. 

Emetin^  from  Ipecacuanha,  is  the  active  portion  of  the  Ipecac, 
producing  vomiting  in  very  small  doses. 

Cinchonin,  Ng,  C^o,  H24,  Oj,  is  foun( 
Cinchona  bark.  Quinine  is  produced  from  the  Cinchona  Jiava, 
brought  from  the  v;est  coast  of  South  America.  It  is  the  active 
principle  in  the  cinchona  bark,  and  is  used  most  extensively  as 
a  tonic  when  such  an  effect  is  to  be  produced  promptly. 

Piperin  is  the  active  principle  of  pepper,  and  is  sometimes 
used  in  medicine. 

304.  Coloring  matters.  These  exist  in  great  varieties  in 
plants,  and  are  very  different  in  character  and  constitution. 

Indigo.  NCig,  H5,  Oj.  This  is  one  of  the  most  durable 
vegetable  colors.  It  is  yielded  by  several  plants.  It  occurs  in 
the  cells  in  a  colorless  state,  and  is  converted  into  blue  Indigo 
by  absorbing  oxygen  from  the  air.  Several  species  of  the 
Indigofera,  Galega  tinctoria,  Nerium  tinctorium.  Polygonum 
tinctorium,  Asclepias  tingeus,  and  several  species  of  Orchis, 
yield  Indigo.  By  allowing  the  full  flowering  plant  to  lie  in  a 
tub  or  vat  covered  with  water  till  it  ferments,  we  obtain  a 
yellowish  solution ;  by  adding  a  little  limewater,  and  exposing 
it  to  the  air,  the  Indigo  is  deposited.  Fuming  sulphuric  acid 
dissolves  Indigo,  and  this  solution  is  used  by  the  manufac- 
turers. 

Chlorophyl.  NCig,  Ho,  Og.  All  the  green  parts  of  plants 
owe  their  color  to  chlorophyl.  Digest  fresh  leaves  with  ether, 
evaporate  and  dissolve  the  residue  by  absolute  alcohol,  evapo- 
rate again,  and  digest  the  residue  in  concentrated  hydrochloric 
acid.  By  diluting  this  solution,  the  chlorophyl  is  deposited  in 
a  deep-green  powder.  Soluble  in  sulphuric  acid,  yielding  a 
beautiful  green  color. 

Xanthophyl  is  the  yellow  coloring  matter  in  the  leaves  of 
autumn.  It  is  a  dark  yellow  fat.  Insoluble  in  water.  Soluble 
in  ether  and  pure  alkalies. 

Erythrophyl.  This  is  the  coloring  matter  of  red  leaves  and 
red  fruit.  Soluble  in  water.  Alkalies  give  it  a  grass-green 
color,  which  acids  turn  again  to  red. 

Coloring  matter  of  flowers  we  have  treated  of  in  color  of 
flowers.     The  substance  of  the  blue  series  is  soluble  in  water 

304.  What  is  said  of  coloring  matter  ?     Constitution  of  indigo  ?     How 
does  it  occur  ?    How  obtained  i    What  is  chlorophyl  i     Ho'.v  obtained 
What  is  xanthophyl  ?     Erythrophyl  ? 


VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS.  157 

and  alcohol.  The  coloring  matter  of  the  yellow  series  is  mther 
resinous,  and  is  colored  blue  by  sulphuric  acid.  They  are  un- 
doubtedly modifications  of  chlorophyl. 

Alizarin  and  Purpurin,  Cgo,  Hio,  0,o,  are  the  coloring  matter 
of  Madder,  from  the  root  of  the  Rubia  tinctoria.  Alizarin  is 
soluble  in  boiling  water.  Takes  various  colors  in  varied  cir- 
cumstances, but  is  used  in  dyeing  red.  The  Turkey- red  pro- 
duced on  cotton  is  produced  by  alizarin.  With  alumina  it 
forms  Madder-laJce.  Animals  with  madder  taken  in  their  food 
have  their  bones  colored  red. 

Anchusin,  a  red,  resinous  coloring  matter,  is  from  the  An- 
chusa  tinctoria.  It  assumes  a  great  variety  of  colors,  under 
ditierent  circumstances. 

Carthamin,  from  the  Carthamus  tinctorius.  A  red  and  yellow 
coloring  matter  is  obtained  from  it. 

Hcematoxylin  is  the  coloring  matter  of  Logwood.  The  ex- 
ti-?ict  by  ether  is  yellow.  Ammonia  changes  it  to  a  dark  red ; 
Potassa,  to  a  violet ;  Hydrates  of  the  earths,  oxides  of  zinc,  and 
Bismuth,  to  purple;  Iron,  to  black. 

Cucurmin,  turmeric,  is  from  the  root  of  the  Cucurma  longa  ; 
Dragon's-blood,  from  the  Dracaena  draco.  Various  lichens  give 
peculiar  coloring  matters,  from  one  of  which  our  Litmus  comes. 


Whence  alizarin  and  purpurin  t 
lin  1    Turmeric  ?    Dragon's-blood  i 


Anchusin  ?    Carthamin  ?   IJBematoxv- 
Litmus  ? 


PART  II. 

TAXONOMY; 

OB  TUB 

CLASSIFICATION    OF    PLANTS. 


305.  To  classify  requires  knowledge  of  the  objects  to  be  class- 
ed; and  the  more  extensive  the  knowledge,  the  more  valuable  the 
classification.  We  might  have  before  us  any  number  of  bodies, 
and  class  them  readily  by  their  color.  We  might  put  gold, 
sulphur,  and  turmeric  in  the  same  class,  because  they  are  yellow. 
Any  one,  however,  acquainted  with  these  substances,  would  read 
our  ignorance  in  our  classification.  Any  classification  that  throws 
together  bodies  that  are  entirely  unlike  in  all  important  partic- 
ulars, can  have  no  claim  to  a  scientific  or  philosophical  classifi- 
cation, however  useful  it  may  be  in  some  respects. 

To  arrange  the  individuals  which  nature  presents  us,  in  such 
a  manner,  that  those,  most  nearly  related  in  fact,  may  be  con- 
tiguous in  our  system,  is  the  true  object  of  scientific  classifica- 
tion. To  throw  the  unnumbered  species  of  plants  in  groups, 
and  place  these  groups  in  the  positions  with  regard  to  each 
other  that  their  real  nature  demands,  is  the  aim  of  botanical 
classification. 

306.  Nature  presents  us  only  with  species.  All  the  groups 
we  make  are  more  or  less  artificial. 

A  species  includes  all  those  individuals  that  may  be  consid- 
ered as  originating  from  a  common  parent.  Plants  arising  from 
seeds,  cuttings,  grafts,  buds,  bulbs,  or  layers,  are  of  the  same 
species  as  the  plant  from  which  they  originated.  These  plants 
may  differ  in  many  respects,  more  or  less,  from  the  parent  plant, 
owing  to  the  different  circumstances  under  which  they  are  pro- 
duced, thus  forming  varieties. 

Races  are  produced  by  the  long-continued  application  of  the 
causes  that  produce  varieties,  so  that  the  variation  becomes  com- 
paratively permanent.  Races  are  produced  and  kept  up  and 
varied  by  the  skill  of  the  gardener  ;  as  is  exhibited  in  our 
grains,  cabbages,  turnips,  peas,  beets,  <fec.     Hybrids  are  pro- 


160  CLASSIFICATION    OF   TLANTS. 

duced  by  the  application  of  the  pollen  of  one  species  to  the 
stigma  of  a  nearly  allied  species.  Nature  perhaps  often  exhib- 
its the  products  of  this  operation  to  the  perplexity  of  the  bot- 
anist. The  seeds  of  hybrids  rarely  germinate,  although  they 
may  appear  perfect. 

307.  A  genus  is  a  group  of  nearly  related  species.  Many  of 
the  genera  are  made  up  of  species  so  nearly  and  obviously  re- 
lated, that  the  most  common  observer  would  at  once  adopt  the 
same  grouping.  The  oaks,  pines,  lilies,  &c.,  are  natural  genera. 
Sometimes  some  of  the  species  are  more  nearly  related  to  each 
other  than  to  the  other  members  of  the  genus.  These  are 
grouped  as  sub-genera. 

308.  Genera  are  founded  entirely  on  the  character  of  the 
floral  organs  :  the  species,  on  the  whole  plant.  To  be  of  the 
same  genus,  the  plants  must  have  a  general  agreement  as  to 
the  floral  organs  :  to  be  of  the  same  species,  they  must  agree 
throughout,  from  root  to  fruit. 

In  naming  a  plant  we  give  it  two  names  :  the  name  of  the 
genus  and  the  name  of  the  species.  Thus  the  common  maple 
is  Acer  ruhrum.  Acer  is  the  genus  including  all  maples,  ru- 
hrum  is  this  particular  kind  of  maple :  the  former  is  called  th» 
generic,  the  latter  the  siyecific  or  trivial  name. 

309.  Generic  names  are  variously  derived.  Sometimes  in 
honor  of  some  man  ;  as  Kalmia,  in  honor  of  a  Swedish  botanist, 
Kalm.  At  other  times,  from  the  general  locality  of  the  species  ; 
as  Ranunculus,  from  growing  in  marshy  places,  which  frogs  in- 
habit. Sometimes  from  some  quality  or  structure  of  the  plants ; 
as  Sanguinaria,  blood-root,  &c.  The  generic  name  is  always 
considered  to  be  a  Latin  noun,  in  the  nominative  case  singular, 
and  takes  its  gender  according  to  the  laws  of  that  language. 
The  specific  name  is  an  adjective  generally,  and  must  agree  in 
gender  with  the  generic  name,  with  the  termination  of  Latin 
adjectives.  If  the  specific  name  is  derived  from  a  proper  name, 
or  from  an  old  genus,  it  must  retain  its  capital  initial  letter.  If 
the  name  is  given  in  honor  of  the  discoverer  of  the  plant,  or 
its  describer,  it  must  be  put  as  a  noun  in  the  genitive  case  :  thus 
Aster  Curtisii  shows  that  Mr.  Curtis  presented  this  plant  to  the 
world  as  a  discoverer,  or  that  he  pointed  out  its  peculiar  char- 
acters, that  made  it  a  new  species.  If  simply  in  honor  of  an 
individual,  it  is  formed  into  a  Latin  adjective,  and  must  agree 
in  gender  with  the  genus  ;  thus  Aster  Lindleyanus  is  an  Aster 
named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Lindley,  with  which  perhaps  he  had  no 
acquaintance. 

310.  Orders  are  formed  by  grouping  together  several  genera 
agreeing  in  some    general   characters.      Thus   Com^yositce  in- 


CLASSIFICATION    OF   PLANTS.  161 

eludes  all  compound  flowers ;  Lahiata;,  the  labiate  flowers ; 
Umbellifercc,  flowers  growing  in  umbels.  Sub-orders  include 
genera  that  stand  nearly  related.  Tribes  are  genera  under  sub- 
orders. The  names  of  orders  are  adjectives,  and  in  the  nomi- 
native plural,  feminine  gender,  to  agree  with  7;/a?i^GP,  and  gener- 
ally end  in  ace<x.     The  sub-orders  and  tiibes  generally  end  in  ce. 

311.  Classes  are  still  more  general  divisions,  depending  on 
some  very  general  characteristic.  Sub-classes  are  formed  on 
the  same  principles  as  sub-genera.  Alliances  are  still  less  gen- 
eral divisions,  being  groups  of  nearly  allied  orders. 

There  are  but  two  classes  in  the  following  Flora.  If  the  seed 
has  two  or  more  cotyledons,  it  belongs  to  the  first  class,  Dico- 
tyledoncB  ;  if  but  one  cotyledon,  it  belongs  to  the  second  class, 
Monocotijledonoe.  These  two  classes  include  all  flowering  plants. 
The  flowerless  plants  are  not  described. 

312.  In  describing  plants  it  is  important  that  a  regular  or- 
der should  be  followed. 

In  giving  the  characters  of  an  order  or  genus,  we  observe  the 
following  order  :  first  the  calyx  is  described  ;  then  the  corolla  ; 
next  the  stamens,  including  anther,  filament,  and  pollen ;  then 
the  disk,  if  any ;  then  the  ovary,  with  the  pistil  and  its  parts 
and  ovules ;  next  the  fruit  and  seed.  In  describing  a  species, 
we  commence  at  the  root  and  pass  through  the  stem,  branches, 
leaves,  inflorescence,  and  flowers,  and  describe  them  in  the 
order  as  given  for  genera.  Color  of  the  flower,  duration  of 
plant,  station,  habitat,  time  of  flowering,  height,  may  succeed. 

313.  The  portion  of  country  especially  included  in  the  follow- 
ing Flora  is  from  lat.  30°  to  "35°  north,  long.  80°  to  90°  west 
from  London,  including  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
parts  of  North  Carolina,  Florida,  and  Mississippi.  It  will  an- 
swer as  a  text-book  equally  well  for  all  the  Southern  States.  It 
includes  four  great  botanical  regions  :  the  mountainous  region 
on  the  north,  the  coast  region  on  the  east,  the  partially  tropical 
and  gulf  region  on  the  south,  and  the  upland  or  plane  region  of 
the  middle  portion.  This  middle  region  is  very  distinctly  marked 
by  a  peculiar  Flora  into  two  regions — the  primitive  and  tertiary. 
We  might  point  out  other  sections  of  the  territory  included, 
corresponding  with  the  geological  character. 

314.  Lindley  makes  2^75  orders  of  flowering  plants  in  the 
world  ;  we  have  142.  He  makes  3336  genera  ;  we  have  7o4. 
He  makes  70,073  species;  we  have  2231.  We  have  a  little 
more  than  one-half  the  orders,  less  than  one-fourth  the  genera, 
and  Jy  of  the  species  of  all  flowering  plants. 

According  to  a  table  constructed  by  Ad.  de  Jussieu  (see 
d'Hist.  Naturelles,  vol.  vi.  p.  102),  in  which  the  relative  number 


162  CLASSIFICATION    OF    PLANTS. 

of  species  in  the  principal  orders  is  given  for  tropical,  temper- 
ate, and  arctic  regions),  there  is  considerable  discrepancy  found 
by  comparing  our  orders  in  the  same  way.  Cyperacese,  which 
in  our  Flora  contains  j^y  of  all  the  species,  would  place  us  above 
lat.  50°  north  ;  Gramineie,  y'^,  would  do  the  same  ;  Compositae, 
i,  Leguminosse,  y^-g-,  would  give  us  a  latitude  between  45°  and 
52°  ;  Ericaceae,  j'y,  and  Euphorbiaceae,  J3-,  would  place  us  be- 
low 45°,  or  about  in  our  true  position  ;  Labiatae,  y^,  Umbel- 
liferse,  -^\,  give  about  the  same. 

In  comparing  our  Flora  with  that  of  New  York  (see  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  vol.  ii.  p.  523),  we  find  a  general  correspondence 
with  the  principles  of  Jussieu.  The  relative  number  of  Cype- 
racese,  ^j  with  us,  ^  in  New  York,  shows  the  general  decrease 
of  this  order  from  the  north  toward  the  south.  Labiatae,  Eri- 
caceae, Umbelliferae,  Leguminosae,  and  Euphorbiaceae,  confirm 
the  principles  laid  down — that  the  species  of  some  orders,  which 
are  extensively  distributed,  increase  in  number  from  the  equator 
toward  the  poles  ;  that  others  increase  from  toward  the  poles 
to  the  equator  ;  and  that  others  decrease  from  the  temperate 
regions  both  ways. 

315.  From  the  limits  of  a  text-book,  including  so  many  spe- 
cies, we  have  been  compelled  to  make  the  descriptions  short.  We 
have  aimed  to  make  them  correct,  and  as  far  as  possible  character- 
istic. The  greater  number  of  the  species  we  have  examined 
in  their  places  of  growth,  during  the  last  twenty  years,  from 
the  mountains  to  Florida,  along  the  coast  and  through  the  inte- 
rior, and  at  different  seasons  of  the  year.  In  those  genei-a  with 
numerous  species,  it  is  impossible,  in  a  limited  description,  to 
enable  the  student  to  determine  unerringly  every  species.  We 
would  recommend  to  students  who  intend  to  pursue  practical 
botany  to  any  extent  beyond  class  duties  in  connection  with  our 
book,  the  invaluable  work  of  Torrey  and  Gray,  The  Flora  of 
North  America. 

316.  We  have  adhered  as  much  as  possible  to  the  old  gen- 
era. The  disposition  in  botanists  to  increase  the  number  of 
genera  by  subdividing  old  ones,  we  conceive  to  be  a  great  evil. 
There  may  be  good  grounds,  theoretically,  in  most  cases,  for  the 
subdivision,  but  practically  it  is  increasing  the  difficulties,  which 
are  already  numerous  enough,  to  the  pursuit  of  this  subject. 
Andromeda,  for  example,  a  very  natural  genus,  is  divided  into 
Zeiwbia,  Lyorii,  Oxydendrum,  Leucothoe,  and  CaHsandra,  and  a 
pupil,  even  by  knowing  one  species,  would  hardly  fail  to  recog- 
nize any  other  species  of  the  genus.  Other  genera  are  treated 
with  as  little  respect. 

317.  W'e  have  given  the  Linnaean  Analysis,  and  the  Dichot- 


CLASSIFICATION    OF    PLANTS.  163 

ornous  Analysis.  Let  the  student  take  any  plant,  after  having 
studied  the  First  Part,  and  he  can  find  no  dillieiilty  in  using 
eitiier.  In  many  cases  we  have  appended  to  terms,  not  in  cojn- 
mon  use,  the  number  of  the  paragraph  where  the  explanation 
of  the  term  will  be  found.  After  the  name  of  each  genus  we 
have  put  the  number  indicating  the  Linnaean  Class  and  Order. 

318.  In  the  practical  part  of  Botany,  there  are  certain  arti- 
cles necessary  to  the  student.  The  most  important  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  a  pocket  microscope,  with  forceps,  a  sharp  knife,  and 
several  sharp  pins  or  needles.  He  wants  his  knife  to  cut  and 
dissect  objects  of  observation,  and  his  needle  to  raise  up,  separ- 
ate, and  fix  portions  for  examination  :  his  forceps  to  hold  small 
objects  steady  for  observation,  and  with  freedom  of  motion,  that 
they  may  be  viewed  in  every  position.  For  the  analysis  of 
plants  the  above  will  be  all  that  is  essential.  If  the  elementary 
tissues  are  to  be  examined,  or  the  contents  of  the  pollen,  or  the 
circulation  in  the  cells,  or  the  starch  grains,  a  good  compound 
microscope  must  be  at  command. 

319i  To  collect  plants,  the  student  wants  a  tin  box,  cylindrical 
or  flattened,  as  may  be  desired,  18  inches  long,  and  from  5  to  8 
inches  in  diameter.  If  it  is  large,  it  is  better  to  be  flattened, 
the  ends  being  oval — five  inches  in  their  shortest  diameter  and 
eight  inches  for  the  longest.  There  should  be  a  large  opening 
on  the  side  least  curved,  extending  nearly  the  whole  length  of 
the  box,  and  the  lid  be  made  to  fit  as  closely  as  possible. 
Two  rings  should  be  attached  to  the  ends,  or  on  one  side,  to 
receive  a  strap,  by  whi«?h  it  may  be  carried,  putting  the  strap 
over  the  shoulder.  Plants  will  remain  in  such  a  box  or  vascu- 
lum  many  hours  without  wilting,  and  even  days  by  sprinkling 
a  very  little  water  "U  them. 

In  collecting  j)!;-i;ts,  tlie  whole  of  a  plant  should  be  gath- 
ered when  it  can  be.  When  the  plant  is  too  large  for  this, 
leaves  should  be  taken  from  the  bottom,  middle,  and  top  of  the 
stem.  The  root  and  ripe  fruit  should  always  be  gathered  when 
possible,  and  if  too  large  to  be  otherwise  preserved,  should  be 
labeled  and  placed  on  shelves. 

A  stift-covered  blank-book,  with  a  strap  round  it,  with  a  buckle, 
is  always  convenient  to  put  up  delicate  plants  in,  and  those  flow- 
ers which  might  be  injured  in  the  box,  or  which  fall  ofi'  as  soon 
as  expanded. 

320.  To  preserve  the  plants  after  they  are  collected,  requires 
no  little  labor  and  care.  This  the  student  must  meet  promptly 
and  fully,  if  he  expects  to  accomplish  any  thing  useful.  A  iiitle 
perseverance  accomplishes  all,  and  no  labor  is  better  rewarded. 

Take  two  pieces  of  stift' plank,  of  the  size  of  the  paper  to  be  used, 


164:  CLASSIFICATION   OF    PLANTS. 

■with  cleats  on  one  side  of  each  to  keep  them  from  warping,  and  a 
supply  of  unsized  paper  (newspapers  will  do),  folded  to  a  proper 
size — 10  by  18  inches  is  large  enough.  If  it  is  larger  or  smaller, 
it  will  do.  Lay  one  of  the  boards  on  the  floor,  cleats  down,  and 
spread  on  this  a  dozen  thicknesses  of  paper.  Then  place  a  plant 
in  a  separate  sheet,  laying  out  the  leaves  and  parts  of  the  flower 
in  as  natural  a  manner  as  possible,  aiming  always  so  to  arrange 
the  specimens  that  every  organ  may  be  distinctly  seen  after  the 
plants  are  dry.  Several  specimens,  if  small,  may  be  put  in  one 
sheet.  Lay  this  sheet  with  the  specimens  in  it  on  the  sheets  on 
the  board.  Lay  several  empty  sheets  on  this,  and  then  one  filled 
with  specimens,  till  all  are  made  up.  Then  lay  as  many  sheets 
on  the  top  of  all  as  were  at  the  bottom.  On  all  place  the  other 
board,  with  the  cleats  up,  and  on  it  place  weights  to  the  amount 
of  one  hundred  pounds,  taking  care  that  the  weight  presses 
equally  on  all  sides.  They  may  remain  in  this  state  not  longer 
than  a  day,  when  the  specimens  must  be  changed  to  dry  sheets, 
and  the  sheets  from,  which  they  were  taken  placed  to  dry.  If 
all  the  sheets  are  exposed  to  dry,  and  an  entirely  new  set  put 
in,  it  is  better.  This  changing  must  be  continued  until  the 
thickest  parts  of  the  specimens  are  thoroughly  dry.  This  dry- 
ing of  plants  is  the  most  troublesome  part  of  the  pursuit,  but 
when  well  done,  the  value  and  beauty  of  the  specimens  fully 
compensate  for  all.  Several  specimens  of  a  kind  should  be  put 
up,  and  if  the  plant  is  peculiar  to  the  region  in  which  the  col- 
lection is  made,  a  great  number  should  be  put  up  for  exchange. 

When  the  specimens  are  perfectly  dry,  they  may  be  put  up 
in  the  herbarium.  The  mode  of  putting  up  herbaria  is  various. 
All  that  is  requisite  is  to  have  sheets  of  paper,  either  single  or 
double,  with  the  specimens  attached  to  them,  in  any  convenient 
manner. 

321.  There  should  always  be  attached  to  each  plant  its  iiame., 
ordcr^  locality,  time  of  Jiowering,  and  any  points  of  interest 
that  may  be  observed.  Plants  will  be  attacked  by  insects  unless 
great  care  is  taken  to  keep  them  out.  A  tight  can  or  box,  with 
camphor  kept  in  it,  is  the  most  effectual  mode  we  have  ever  tried. 
They  may  lie  on  dry  shelves  in  portfolios  with  camphor  among 
the  leaves,  if  examined  occasionally  to  remove  any  insects  that* 
may  get  in.  The  most  convenient  mode  of  attaching  specimens 
is  to  have  narrow  shps  of  paper  and  a  vial  of  gum  tragacanth, 
or  thick  paste,  and  stick  the  two  ends  of  the  paper  on  each  side 
of  the  main  part  of  the  specimen,  or  several  may  be  put  on  dif- 
ferent parts.  Those  intended  for  exchange  should  be  kept  by 
themselves. 


TABLE  OF  LINN^AN  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES  AND  ORDERS 


A.  Sta7)iens  and  pistils  in  the  same  Jloiccr. 

*  Stamens  free  and  equal. 

Cl.  1.  MoNANDRiA,  -with  1  Stamen,          6.  Hexandria,  with  6  stamens. 

2.  DiANDEiA,               2  stamens.  7.  Heptanduia,  7  stamens. 

3.  Triandria,             3  stamens.  8.  Octandria,  8  stamens. 

4.  Tetrandria,          4  stamens,  9.  Enneandria,  9  stamens. 

5.  Pentandria,          5  stamens.  10.  Decandria,  10  stamens. 

11.  IcosANDRiA,  20  or  more  stamens,  perigynous  or  inserted  on  the 

calyx. 

12.  PoLYANDRiA,  20  Or  morc  stamens,  hypogynous  or  inserted  on  the 

receptacle. 
Orders. — In  the  first  12  classes  tlie  orders  depend  solely  on  the  num- 
ber of  pistils,  and  they  are  named — Monogynia,  1  pistil.    Digynia  2.    Tri' 
gynia  3.     Tetragynia  4.     Pentagynia  5.     Hexagynia  6.     Heptagynia  7. 
Octagynia  8.    Ermeagynia  9.    Decagynia  10.    Foly gynia  more  than  10 

**  Stamens  free,  unequal. 

13.  DiDTNAMiA,  4  stamens,  2  longer  than  the  others. 

Two  orders.     1.  Gymnosperma,  the  seeds  naked.     2.  Angiosperma^ 
the  seeds  inclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

14.  Tetradynamia,  6  stamens,  4  longer  than  the  others. 

Two  orders.      1.  Siliculosa,  fruit  a  silicle  or  pouch.     2.  Siliquosa, 
fruit  a  long  pod  or  silique. 

***  Filaments  united. 

15.  Moxadelphia,  filaments  forming  1  set. 

16.  DiADELPuiA,  filaments  forming  2  sets. 

Orders  depend   upon  the  number  of  stamens,  and  have  the  same 
names  as  the  first  12  classes. 

****  Anthers  united. 

17.  Syngenesia,  5  stamens,  the  anthers  united  (compound  flowers). 
Five  orders.     1.  Polygamia  ^qualis,  florets  all  perfect.     2.   P.  Su- 

perfua,  disk  florets  perfect,  rays  pistilliferous.  3.  P.  Frustranea,  disk 
perfect,  rays  neutral.  4.  P.  Necessaria,  disk  with  stamens,  lays  with 
a  pistil     5.  P.  Segregata,  with  a  perianth  to  each  floret. 

•3Hfr***  Anthers  united  to  the  pistil. 

18.  Gynaxdria. 

Orders  named  according  to  the  number  of  stamens,  as  Monandria,  «tc. 

B.  Stamens  and  Pistils  in  different  flowers. 

19.  MoNosciA,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the  same  individuals. 

20.  DicECiA,  stamens  and  pistils  on  different  individuals. 

Orders  named  according  to   the  number  of  stamens,  except  whore 
there  is  a  union  of  the  filaments  ;  then  natned  Monaddphia. 


166 


GENERA  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  LINN^AN  ARTI. 
FICIAL  SYSTEM. 


CLASS  I.— MONANDRIA. 

Order  I— MONOGYNIA. 

Salicornia.  Perianth  ventricose,  fleshy,  free  from  the  ovary.  ChenO' 
podiacecB,  100.  ^ 

Carina.  Calyx  3-leave(3,  permanent.  Corolla  6-parted,  3  exterior 
segments  reflexed.     Capsule  3-celIed,  many-seeded.     MarantacecB,  123. 

Thalia.  Sepals  3,  concave,  small.  Corolla  tubular,  6-parted.  Cap- 
sule 2-celled.     Ilarantacece,  123. 

Order  II.— DIGYNIA. 

Callitriche.  Flowers  polygamous,  with  2  colored  bracts.  Fruit  4- 
lobed,  4-celled,  4-seeded.     Callitrichacece,  113. 

Grasses  that  may  fall  in  this  class  are  referred  to  the  Analysis  of 
Graminacese,  Order  142. 

CLASS  IL— DIANDPJA. 

Order  I— MONOGYNIA. 
A.     Corolla  1-petaled,  inferior. 

Chionanthus.  Calyx  minute,  4-cleft.  Corolla  4-cleft,  with  long,  lin- 
ear segments.     (Fringe-tree.)     Oleacece,  IS. 

Jasminum.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Segments  subulate.  Corolla  4 — 5-parted. 
Ovary  2-celled,  2-Jobed.     (White  Jasmine.)     Jasminacece,  77. 

Syringa.  Calyx  usually  4-ckft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  4-cleft.  Cap- 
sule 2-celled.     (Lilac.)     Oleacece,  78. 

Olca.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed.  Corolla  with  a  short  tubp,  4-cleft. 
Fruit,  a  drupe,  1-seeded  by  abortion.     (American  Olive.)     Oleacece,  78. 

Elytraria.  Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  with  the  front  segment  bifid.  Corolla 
3-cleft.  Stamens  with  2  barren  filaments.  Capsule  2-celled.  Acan- 
thacece,  93. 

B.     Corolla  1-petaled^  inferior,  irregular. 

Veronica.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-lobe(l,  lower  division  smaller. 
Capsule  obcordate,  2-celled.     (Speedwell.)     Scrophulariacece,  90. 

Gratiola.  Macranthera.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  5-parted.  Corolla  irregu- 
lar, sometimes  with  2  sterile  stamens.  Capsule  2-eelled.  (Hedge-hys- 
sop.)    Scrophulariacece,  90. 

llymnthes.  Lindernia.  Gratiola.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  bilabiate ; 
upper  lip  short,  erect,  bifid  ;  lower  lip  larger,  trifid.  Capsule  ovate  or 
obiong.     (Herbaceous  plants.)     Scrophulariacece,  90. 

Lindernia.  Calyx  5-parted,  pubescent.  Corolla  ringent ;  upper  lip 
very  short,  retuse ;  lower  lip  unequally  3-cleft,  2-keeled  at  the  base. 


LINN  JEAN    CLASS   m.  107 

Tlie  two  longest  stamens  barren.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved.  Scrophu- 
lariacecc,  90. 

Finguicula.  Calyx  bilabiate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  ringent,  spurred  at 
the  base ;  upper  lip  3-lobed,  lower  one  2-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled, 
many-seeded.     Lentibulariacece,  94. 

Catalpa.  Calyx  2parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  the  base  of 
the  tube  swollen.  Stamens  2,  fertile,  with  2  or  3  sterile.  Pod  long, 
slender,  2-valved,  2-celled.     Trees.     (Catalpa.)     Bignoniacece,  83. 

Justlcia.  Rhytiglossa.  Dicliptera.  Calyx  o-parted.  Corolla  bilabi- 
ate ;  upper  lip  emarginate  ;  lower  one  3-eleft.  Capsule  2-cleft.  Cap- 
sule 2-celled.     (Herbaceous  plants.)     Acanthacece,  93. 

Utricularia.  Calyx  bilabiate,  lips  undivided.  Corolla  ringent,  the 
lower  lips  spurred  at  the  base.  Capsule  1-ceIled.  Plants  growing  ic 
water  or  wet  places.     (Water-plants.)     Lentibulariacece,  94. 

Micranthemum.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-cleft,  segments  unequal 
Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved.  (Small,  herbaceous  plants.)  ScropJnelari- 
acecE,  90. 

C.     Fruit  with  1 — 4  iiut-like  seeds  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Lycopus.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  4-cleft ;  segments 
nearly  equal,  one  broader  than  the  others.  Nuts  4.  (Water-hore- 
hound.)     Labiatce,  9L 

Monarda.  Calyx  elongated,  lo-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  ringent; 
tube  long,  cylindric  ;  upper  lip  linear,  entire  ;  lower  lip  reflexed,  3- 
lobed.     Nuts  4.     (Mountain  Mint.)     Labiatce,  9L 

Salvia.  Calyx  ovate,  or  campanulate,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed  ; 
lower  lip  bitid.  Corolla  ringent,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  straight  or 
curved,  entire  or  notched  ;  the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  largest. 
Connectivum  elongated,  bearing  a  half  anther  on  each  end.  (Sage.) 
Labiatce,  91. 

Collinsonia.  Calyx  tubular,  2  lipped  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower 
one  bifid.  Corolla  funnel-form  ;  under  lip  many-cleft,  segments  capil- 
lary.    Nut  one.     (Horse-balm.)     Labiatce,  91. 

Eosmaririus.  Calyx  ovate,  campanulate,  bilabiate.  Corolla  bilabi- 
ate ;  lips  nearly  equal;  U[iper  one  erect,  emarginate;  lower  one  trifid. 
(Rosemar}-.)     Labiatce,  91. 

Grasses  that  would  properly  fall  here  are  referred  to  the  Analysis  of 
Graminaceae,  No.  142. 

CLASS  III— TRIANDRIA. 
Order  L— MONOGYNIA. 
A.     Flowers  superior. 
Fedia.     Calyx  obsolete,  or  a  border,  3 — 4-toothed.     Corolla  some- 
what irregular,  with   the  border   5-parted,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the 
ovary,  slightly  spurred  at  the  base.     Ovary  3-celled,  with  two  empty 
cells,  1-seeded.     (Corn  Salad.)     (Lamb  Lettuce.)      Valcrianaccce,  67. 

Iris.  Perianth  C-parted  ;  the  3  outer  divisions  large  and  reflexed  ;  the 
inner  smaller  and  erect.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3,  petal-like,  covering 
the  stamens.     (Flower  de  Luce.)     Iridacece,  124. 

Lac7ianthcs.  Perianth  6-parted,  wooly.  Style  thread-like,  declining. 
Capsule  3-celled,  globular.     L-idaccce,  124. 


168  LINN^AN    CLASS    III. 

Oxifhaphus.  Involucre  3 — 5-cleft,  1 — 3  flowered.  Perigonium  tabu- 
lar, limb  plicate,  eampanulate.  Stamens  3 — 4.  Fruit  ovate,  ribbed. 
(Herbaceous  plants.)     Nyctaginace<x,  98. 

Boerhaavia.  Perianth  on  a  minute,  glandular  rinor,  white  and 
tinged  with  purple.  Stamens  varying  in  number.  Fruit  angled,  ob- 
conic.     Nyctaginacece,  98. 

Burmayinia.  Perianth  tubular,  winged,  6  parted.  Alternate  seg- 
ments small,  connivent.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
BurmannlacecR,  125. 

Ixia.  Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.  Spathe  ovate,  short,  2 — 3- 
valved.    Iridaccce,  124. 

B.    Floxoers  inferior. 

Commelyna.  Sepals  3,  unequal.  Petals  3,  unequal.  Stamens  'un- 
equal. Style  simple.  Capsule  Scelled,  3-valved.  (Day-flower.)  Com- 
melynacece,  136. 

Xyri!^.  Flowers  in  dense  heads  ;  bracts  coiiaceous,  each  inclosing  a 
single  flower.  Sepals  3,  unlike.  Petals  3,  with  long  claws,  more  or 
less  cohering.     Style  3-cleft.     (Yellow-eyed  grass.)     Xyridacece,  133. 

Heteranthera.  Perianth  salver-form,  equally  6-parted.  Stamens  un- 
equal. Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  (Mud-plantain.)  Pontederia- 
ccce,  132. 

Syena.  Maycea.  Sepals  3,  or  calyx  deeply  3-parted,  persistent. 
Petals  3,  roundish.  Anthers  2-celled.  Stigma  3-cleft.  Capsule  1-celled, 
3-valved.     Pontederiacece,  132. 

Stipulicida.  Sepals  5,  or  calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  5,  oblong. 
Style  short.     Stigmas  3.     Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.     Illecchracece,  20. 

Any  grasses  that  might  come  in  this  place  are  referred  to  the  Analysis 
of  Cyperaceas,  No.  141. 

Order  II.— DIGYNIA. 

This  order  embraces  a  large  portion  of  the  grasses  which  are  referred 
for  analysis  to  the  order  Graminacece,  No.  142. 

Order  III— TRIGYNIA. 

Mollago.  Sepals  5.  Petals  usually  wanting.  Stamens  varying 
from  3 — 5.  Styles  short.  Pod  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
(Chick-weed.)     Caryophyllacece,  21. 

Lechea.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  narrow,  lanceolate.  Stamens  varying 
from  3 — 12.     Style  short.     Stigmas  fringed.     (Pin  weed.)     Cistac€ce,\%. 

Proserpiiiaca.  Calyx  3-parted.  Tube  3  sided.  Petals  none.  Stigmas 
papillose,  fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  (Mermaid-weed.) 
Onagracece,  60. 

Polycarpon.  Calyx  5-leaved.  Petals  5,  linear,  very  short,  emargi- 
Date.  Stamens  longer  than  the  corolla.  Capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  3- 
valved.     Illecebracea,  20. 

Triglochin.  Perianth  4 — 6-leaved,  lanceolate,  membranous.  Anthers 
sessile.  Style  none.  Carpels  3 — 4-seeded,  1  in  each  cell  Alismacecr 
137. 


LINN^AN    CLASS   IV.  16 J 

CLASS  IV.~TETRANDRIA. 
Order  L— MONOGYNIA. 

A.     Flowers  superior. a.     1-petaled. 

Cephalanthus.  Flowers  in  a  dense  globose  head.  Calyx  4-toothed. 
Corolla  4-toothed.     Style  exserted.     (Button-bush.)     Ruhiacece,  66. 

Galium.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  rotate,  4-cleft.  Styles  2. 
Fruit  twin-carpeled,  each  1-seeded.  (Bed-straw,  cleavers.)  Rubiacece, 
66. 

Spennacoce.  Calyx  4-leaved,  or  4-parted.  Corolla  4-parted.  Cap- 
sule 2-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell.     Rubiacece,  66. 

Diodia.  Calyx  2-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  4-eleft.  Capsule  2 
celled,  1  seed  in  each  cell.     (Button-weed.)     Rubiacece,  66. 

Hedyotia.  Houstonia.  Calyx  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  4-cleft, 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 
(Venus'  pride.)     (Dwarf-pink.)     (Bluets.)     Rubiacece,  66. 

Miichella.  Flowers  in  pairs.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  4-lobed, 
funnel-form,  bearded  inside.  Stigmas  4.  Fruit  a  double  drupe. 
(Partridge-berry.)     Rubiacece,  66. 

Polypremum.  Calyx  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  4-cleft,  rotate, 
throat  hairy,  capsule  compressed,  many-seeded.     Rubiacece,  82. 

Allionia.  Involucre  oblong,  simple,  3-flowered.  Perianth  longer 
than  the  involucre,  irregular.     Nyctaginaceoe,  98. 

Rubia.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  4 — 5-cleft,  bell-form.  Berries  2, 
one-seeded.     (Madder.)     Rubiacece,  66. 

b.  4:-petaled. 

Cornus.  Calyx  4-toothed,  minute.  Petals  4,  distinct.  Fruit  a 
drupe,  berry-like.     (Dog-wood.)     Cornacece,  63. 

Ludwigia.  Calyx  4-parted,  united  to  the  ovary.  Ovary  quadrangu- 
lar, 4-celled,  many-seeded.     (False  Loose-strife.)     Onagracece,  50. 

B.    Flowers  inferior. a.    l-petaled. 

Plantago.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  4-cleft.  Pod  2-celled,  2-several- 
Beeded.     (Rib-grass.)     (Plantain.)     Plantaginacece,  97. 

Centaurella.  Burtoyiia.  Calyx  4-parted,  persistent,  glabrous.  Co- 
rolla 4-cleft.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Gentianacece, 
82. 

Sanguisorba.  Calyx  tubular,  quadrangular.  Limb  4-parted.  Petals 
none.  Carpels  1 — 2.  Fruit  an  achenium,  included  in  the  calyx.  (Her- 
baceous.)    Rosacece,  44. 

Frasera.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-parted,  segments  with  bearded 
glands.  Capsule  oval,  flattened,  1-celled,  2-valved,  few-seeded.  (Wild 
Colombo.)     Gentianacece,  82. 

Scopa^^a.  Calyx  4 — 5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  4-cleft,  pilose  in 
the  throat.  Stamens  4.  Anthers  sub-sagittate.  Seeds  niinu'rous, 
angular,  minutely  reticulated.     (Herbaceous.)     Scrophulariacc(.e,  90. 

Ly./nm.  Calyx  4-tooihed,  sliort.  Corolla  tubular.  Stamens  some- 
times 6.     Fruit  2-celled,  many-seeded.     (Matrimony.)     Solanareie,  88. 

8 


170  LINX^AN    CLASS    V. 

Centunculus.  Calyx  4-cleft,  with  lanceolate  segments.  Corolla  4- 
lobed,  persistent,  with  acute  segments.  Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded 
Prhnulacece,  95. 

Callicarpa.  Calyx  small,  persistent,  4-cleft.  Corolla  tubular,  4- 
cleft.  Fruit  baccate,  4-celled,  juicy.  Purple  or  white.  (French  Mul- 
berry.)     Verbenacece,  92. 

Hypohrichia.  Calyx  4-lobed,  campanulate.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
2 — 4.  Ovary  globose,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  (Aquatic  plants.)  Ly- 
thracece,  47. 

Ammania.  Calyx  4-lobed,  with  4  intermediate  appendages.  Co- 
rolla wanting,  or  4-petaled.  Capsule  4-celled,  many-seeded.  (Tooth- 
cup.)     Lythracece,  47. 

Ptclea.  Calyx  4-sepaled,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  4,  spreading. 
Filaments  hairy  at  the  base.  Fruit  a  samara,  2-celled.  Zanthoxy- 
lacece,  28. 

Croomia.  Sepals  4,  broadly  oval.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4,  oppo- 
site the  sepals.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed.  Seeds  1 — 2.  Peduncles 
axillary,  2 — 3  flowered.     Berheridacece,  6. 

Krameria.  Sepals  5,  more  or  loss  irregular,  spreading,  colored. 
Petals  4 — 5,  smaller  than  the  sepals,  unequal.  Stamens  more  or  less 
unequal.     Fruit  globose,  1 — 2  seeded.     Polygalaceas,  15. 

Order  II.— DIGYNIA. 
Hamamelis.     Involucre  3-leaved.    Petals  4,  long.   (Witch-hazel)   Ha- 
mamelacece,  60. 

Order  IV.— TETRAGYNIA. 
Hex.     Calyx  minute.     Corolla  rotate.     Stigmas  4.     Capsule  4-celled, 
each  cell  1-seeded.     (Holly.)     Aquifoliacece,  75. 

Sagina.  Calyx  4-sepaled.  Capsule  4-celled,  many-seeded.  Cary- 
ophyllacecB,  21. 

Potamogeton.  Calyx  4-sepaled.  Petals  0,  seed3_4.  Flowers  in  a 
spadix.     (Pond- weed.)     Naiadacece,  139. 

Puppia.  Perianth  wanting.  Flowers  on  a  spadix.  Fruit  pediceled. 
Naiadacece,  139. 

CLASS  v.— PENTANDRIA. 

Order  I.— MOXOGYNIA. 
A.    Flowers  rnonopetalous,  inferior.     Fruit  achenia. 
Plants  of  this  division  form  the  Natural  Order  Boraginece. 

B.     Flowers  rnonopetalous,  inferior.     Fruit  a  capside  or  berry. 
1.     Capsule  l-celled. 
Anagallis.     Calyx  5-parted.   Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  dehiscent  trans- 
versely.    Primidacece,  95. 

Lysimachia.  Calyx  5 — 6-parted.  Corolla  5 — 6-parted.  Capsule 
globose,  5 — 10-valved.     Primulacece,  95. 

Dodccatheon.  Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  rotate,  lobes  re 
flexed.     Capsule  ovate,  5-valved,  many-seeded.     Primulacece,  95. 

Hottonia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed.  Stamen^ 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Capsule  globose.     Primulacece,  95. 


LINN^AN   CLASS    V.  171 

Villarsia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate.  Capsulo  1 -celled,  2- 
valved,  many -seeded.     Gentianacece,  82. 

Samolus.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  5  sterile  filaments. 
Capsule  1 -celled,  many-seeded.     Priinulaceoe,  95. 

Sahbatia.  Calyx  5 — 12-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5 — 12-parted.  Stig- 
mas 2,  spiral.     Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved.      Gentianacece,  82. 

Hydrophylhim.  Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  subulate.  Corolla  campanu- 
late,  filaments  beai-ded  in  the  middle.     Hydrophyllacece,  85. 

Nemophila.  Calyx  10-parted,  alternate  lobes  reflexed.  Corolla  cam- 
panulate,  5-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded.  Small  succu- 
lent plants.     Hydrophyllacece,  85. 

EUi4a.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  campanulate,  about  equal 
to  the  calyx;  tube  with  10  minute  appendages  within.  Limb  5-lobed. 
Ovary  conical,  2-seeded.     Annual  herbs.     Hydrophyllacece,  85. 

2.  Capsule  2-celled,  rarely  3- celled. 

Phacelia.  Cosmanthus.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  campan- 
ulate, with  10  plaits  on  the  inside.  Capsule  2-valved.  Hydrophylla- 
cece, 85. 

Spigelia,  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  long  tube. 
LoganiacecE,  81. 

Verbasciim.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  somewhat  irregular. 
Stamens  declined,  hairy.     (Mullein.)     Scrophulariacece,  90. 

Batatas,  Convolvulus.  Sepals  5.  Corolla  campanulate.  Stamens 
included.  Stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.  Ovary  4-celled,  or  by  abortion 
2— 3-celled.     Herbaceous  vinea     Convolvulacece,  86. 

Convolviilus.  Calystegia.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  or  without  2  bracts  at 
the  base.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  campanulate,  with  5  j)laits.  Capsule 
few-seeded.     Convolvulacece,  86. 

Ipomea.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  or  campanulate.  Cap- 
sule many-seeded.     Convolvulacece,  86. 

Quamoclit.  Ipomea.  Sepals  6.  Corolla  tubular,  cylindrical.  Sta- 
mens exsert.  Stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.  Ovary  4-celled.  Cells  1 -seed- 
ed.    Vines.      Convolvulacece,  86. 

Nicotiana.  Calyx  urceolate  or  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, the  limb  5-lobed  and  plaited.     (Tobacco.)     Solanacece,  88. 

Ophiorhiza,  Mitreola.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  5-cleft,  funnel-form. 
Stigmas  2.     Capsule  many-seeded.     Gentianacece,  82. 

Bumelia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  deeply  5-parted. 
Corona  5-leaved.    Fruit  a  drupe,  1-seeded  by  abortion.    Sapotacece,16. 

3.   Capsule,  3 — 5-cclled. 

Phlox.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-lobed, with 
the  tube  slightly  curved.     Polemoniacece,  84. 

Polemonium.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  Corolla  rotate.  Stamens 
bearded  at  the  base.     Polemoniacece,  84. 

Diapensia.  Calyx  5-sepaled,  with  3  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  sal- 
ver-form. Stigmas  3.  Capsule  S-celled,  many-seeded.  Hydrophylla- 
c€(e,  85. 


172  LINNJEAN   CLASS   V. 

Datura.  Calyx  tubular,  angled.  Corolla  plaited.  Capsule  thorny. 
Solanacea',  88. 

Azalea.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  oblique.  Stamens  de- 
clined.    Ericaceve,  72. 

Collomia.  Calyx  expanding,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form.  Tube 
straight,  long,  slender.     Capsule  3-cornered.     Polemoi^iaceoe,  84. 

Cantna.  Gilia.  Calyx  3 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form.  Long  cap- 
sule, 3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.     Polemo7iiacece,  84. 

Seed  in  a  berry. 

Physalis.  Cal^'x  5-cleft,  becoming  ventricose.  Corolla  campanu- 
late,  rotate.  Limb  plaited.  Tube  short.   Berry  2-celled.     Solanacece,  S8. 

Solanwn.  Calyx  5 — 10-parted.  Corolla  rotate  or  sub-campanulate, 
limb  plaited,  5 — 10-cleft.  Anthers  opening  by  pores.  Berry  2 — 6- 
celled.     Solanacece,  88. 

Atropa.  Calvx  5-parted,  5-angled.  Segments  sagittate.  Corolla 
campanulate.     Berry  3 — 5-celled.     Solanacea;,  88. 

Capsicum.  Corolla  rotate.  Calyx  angular.  Fruit  inflated,  juiceless. 
(Pepper.)     Solanacece,  88. 

Corolla  monopetalous.     Calyx  superior.     Fruit  a  capsule. 
Campanula.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  campanulate.     Capsule   3 — 5- 
celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores.      Campan'Macece,  70. 

Lobelia.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  irregular.  Anthers  cohering.  Lo- 
beliacccB,  69. 

Bicrvilla.  Calyx  oblong,  5-cleft,  with  2  bracts.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  5-cleft,  much  larger  than  the  calyx.  Capsule  4-celled,  many 
seeded.     Caprifoliacece,  65. 

Pinclcneya.  Calyx  5-parted,  1  or  2  of  the  divisions  large,  showy. 
Corolla  long,  tubular,  border  recurved.     Rubiacece,  66. 

Chiococca.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form.  Berry  compress- 
ed, 2-seeded.     Rubiacece,  66. 

Psychotria.  Calyx  ovate,  crowned.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft. 
Berry  drupe-like.     Rubiacece,  66. 

Seed  in  a  berry. 

Symphoi  icarpus.  Calyx  globose,  limb  small,  4 — 5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla funnel-form,  4 — 5-lobed.  Berry  4-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx. 
Caprifoliacece,  65. 

Triosteiitn.  Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft.  Corolla  5-cIeft,  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  gibbous  at  the  base.    Berry  3-celled,  3-seeded.    Caprifoliacece,  65. 

Caprifolium.  Lonicera.  Calyx  tube  sub-globose.  Limb  short,  5- 
toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  campanulate,  limb  5-cleft,  often  gibbous  at 
the  base.     Stems  more  or  less  twining.     Caprifoliacece,  65. 

Flowers  5-petaled,  inferior. 

Itea.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  teeth  subulate.  Petals  5,  lance- 
linear.     Capsule  2-celled.     Saxifragacece,  59. 

Impatiens.  Sepals  5,  the  lower  one  spurred.  Corolla  4-petaled,  ir- 
regular. Stigmas  5,  united.  Capsule  5-valved.  (Touch-me-not.)  Bat- 
sami'/tacew,  25. 


LINN^AN   CLASS    V.  173 

Viola.  Calyx  5-sepaled.  Corolla  irregular,  with  a  horn  behind. 
Capsule  1 -celled,  3-vulved.     (Violet.)      Violaccce,  16. 

Solca.  Sepals  5,  nearly  equal.  Flowers  irregular,  the  lower  petal 
2-lobed,  Stamens  cohering.  Capsule  3-sided.  Seeds  large,  6 — 8. 
Flowers  greenish.      Violacecc,  16. 

Claytonia.  Sepals  2  or  calyx  2-parted.  Corolla  5-pctaled,  eniargi- 
nate.     Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.     Portulacacece,  22. 

Ceanothiis.  Calyx  cup  form.  Petals  scale-like,  vaulted,  claws  long. 
Capsule  3-celled,  3  seeded.     (New  Jersey  Tea.)     Hhamjiaeece,  42. 

Evonymtts.  Calyx  5-parted,  flat.  Corolla  flat.  Capsule  5 -angled. 
5-celled,  5-valved,  colored.      Celastracece,  41. 

Cyrilla.  Calyx  minute,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  stellate.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  2-seeded.     Uricacece,  72. 

Galax.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-petaled.  Anther  tube  10-cleft. 
Stigma  3-lobed.     Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved.      Crassulacece,  58. 

Sageretia.  Calyx  urceolate,  5-eleft.  Petals  convolute  or  cucullate. 
Fruit  baccate,  3-celled.     Rhamnacece,  42. 

Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 
Rhamnus.     Calyx  urceolate,  4 — 5-cleft.     Petal  minute  or  wanting. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  2 — 4  nuts,     Rhamnacea;,  42. 

Berchemia.  Flowers  minute.  Calyx  tubular,  5-parted.  Segments 
erect.  Petals  5,  convolute.  Stamens  5.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  long 
2-celled  nut.     Climbing,  woody.     Rhamnacece,  42. 

Vitis.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Petals  cohering  at  the  apex.  Ber- 
ry 2-celled,  1 — 4-seeded,     (Grape.)      Vitacete,  37. 

Ampelopsis.  Calyx  nearly  entire.  Petals  5.  Berry  2 — 4-seeded. 
Vitacece,  37. 

Flowers  5-petaled,  sjiperior.     Petals  sometimes  wanting. 

Ribes.  Calyx  campanulate,  4 — 5-clcft,  Petals  4 — 5,  minute,  insert- 
ed on  the  calyx.  Berry  1-celled.  (Currant,  Gooseberry.)  Grossula- 
cecB,  55. 

Theseum.  Comandra.  Perianth  urceolate,  campanulate.  Stamens 
villous.     Fruit  dry,  1-celled.     Santalacece,  105. 

Anychia,  Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  sub-saccate  at  the  apex. 
Petals  none.     Styles  short.     Fruit  1-seeded.     Illccebracea;,  20. 

Paronychia.  Sepals  5,  linear.  Petals  minute  or  wanting.  Fruit 
1-seeded,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,     Jllecebracecc,  20. 

Siphonychia.  Sepals  5,  linear,  petaloid  above,  cohering  into  a  tube 
below.    Style  filiform.    Nectaries  5.    Fruit  1-seeded.    Illecebracece,  20. 

Order  II.— DIGYNIA. 
1.    Corolla  1-petaled,  inferior. 
Gentiana.     Calyx   4 — 5-cleft.     Corolla  bell-form.     Stigmas   2,  sub- 
sessile.     Capsule  1-celled,  elongated  ;  placentae  2,  longitudinal.     Floral 
parts  sometimes  4.     Gcntianacea:,  82. 

Cuscuta.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  4 — 5-cleft,  sub-campanulate. 
Capsule  2-celled.  Stamens  sometimes  4.  (Love-vine.)  ConvolvtdacetZy 
86. 


174  LINN^AN   CLASS   Y. 

Apocynum.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with 
scales  at  the  base,  alternating  with  ,the  lobes.  Anthers  sagittate. 
Follicles  long,  slender.  (Dog-bane.)  (Indian  Hemp.)  Apocynacecs, 
SO. 

Gelsemiimm.  Sepals  5,  small.  Corolla  funnel-form,  border  5  lobed. 
Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.     (Yellow  Jessamine.)    Loganiaceoe,  81. 

Asclepias.  Calyx  5-parted,  small.  Corolla  5-parted ;  lobes  lanceo- 
late, reflexed.  Staminal  crown  5-leaved  ;  leaflets  opposite  the  anthers, 
each  usually  with  a  subulate  process.  Follicles  smooth  or  muricate, 
rentricose.     (Milk-weed,  Silk-weed.)     Asclepiadacece,  79. 

Amsonia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  the  throat 
closed.     Estivation  twisted.    FoUicles  2,  erect.     Apocynacece,  80. 

Echites.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  acute  segments.  Corolla  funnel- 
shaped,  5-parted,  throat  naked.  Follicles  2,  distinct,  long,  slender. 
Apocynacece,  80. 

Gonolobtia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted.  Staminal 
crown  shield-form,  5-parted.    Follicles  2,  ventricose.    Asclepiadacece,  79. 

Hydrolea.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate.  Anthers  cordate. 
Styles  long,  diverging.  Capsule  2-celled.  Seeds  numerous.  Hydro- 
phyllacece,  85. 

Dichondra.  Calyx  5-parted.  Segments  spatulate.  Corolla  short, 
bell-form,  5-parted.  Capsule  2-celled,  1  seed  in  each  cell.  Gonvolvu' 
lacecB,  86. 

Stylisma.  Convolvulus.  Sepals  5,  equal.  Corolla  campanulate. 
Styles  2,  rarely  3,  stamens  included.      Convolvulacece,  86. 

Corolla  b-petaled. 

Heuchera.  Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft.  Petals  small.  Capsule  2-celled, 
many-seeded.     (Alum-root.)     Sazifragacece,  59. 

Panax.  Polygamous,  or  dioecious.  Flowers  in  umbels.  Styles  2 — 
3.  Involucre  many-leaved.  Fruit  somewhat  globular,  2 — 3-seeded. 
(Ginseng.)     Araliacece,  62. 

BoyTcinia.  Calyx  turbinate,  or  urceolate,  cohering  to  the  ovary; 
limb  5-cleft.  Petals  entire.  Styles  2 — 3.  Capsule  2 — 3-cell8d,  many- 
seeded.  Herbaceous,  perennial  plants.  Flowers  small  in  corymbose 
cymes.     Sazifragacece,  59. 

Corolla  wanting. 

Atriplex.  Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  5-sepaled  in  the  perfect 
flower,  2-sepaled  in  the  pistillate.  Fruit  depressed,  1-seeded.  Gheno- 
podiacecE,  100. 

Chenopodium.  Calyx  5-parted,  inclosing  the  fruit.  Style  2-cleft. 
Seed  1,  lens- like,     Ghenopodiacece,  100. 

Salsola.  Perianth  5-cleft,  investing  the  fruit.  Styles  2.  Embryo 
spiral.     ChenopodiacecB,  100. 

Ulmus.  Calyx  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft.  Seed  6,  inclosed  in  a  sa- 
mara.    Stamens  4 — 8.     (Elm.)      Ulmaceoe,  110. 

Geltis.  Polygamous.  Perfect  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted.  Styles 
spreading.  Drupe  1-celled.  Staminate  flowers,  with  the  calyx  6- 
parted.     Stamens  usually  6.     Small  tree.      Ulmacece,  110. 


LINN^AN    CLASS    V.  175. 

Beta.     Sepals    5.     Seed   inclosed   in   the  hardened   calyx.     (Beet.) 

Chcnopodiacece,  100. 

Planera.  Polygamous.  Calyx  4 — o-cleft,  campanulate.  Capsule 
globose,  luembranaceous,  1-celled,  1-seeded.     Ulmacecc,  110. 

Flowers  in  umbels,  petals  5,  superior,  carpels  2,  order  Umbelliferoe, 
No.  61. 

Oeder  III— TRIGYNIA. 

Flowers  superior. 

Viburnum.  Calyx  5-parted,  small  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft. 
Stigma  almost  sessile.     Drupe  1-seeded.     CaprifoliacecBy  65. 

Sambuctis.  Calyx  5-parted,  small.  Corolla  sub-urceolate  or  rotate, 
5-cleft.  Stigmas  minute,  sessile.  Berry  globose,  1-celled,  3-seeded. 
(Elder.)     Caprifoliacece,  65. 

Flowers  inferior. 

Rhus.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  Fruit  1-seeded,  small,  uearly 
globular.     (Sumac.)     (Poison-viue.)     Anacardiacecs,  29. 

Staphylea.  Calyx  5-parted,  colored.  Petals  5,  Capsules  inflated, 
2 — 3-celled.  Seeds  globular,  compressed,  generally  2  in  each  celL 
(Bladder-nut.)     Celastracece,  41. 

Turnera.  Calyx  5-cleft,  funnel-form.  Petals  5.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentae.     Seeds  numerous.     Turneracece,  52. 

Lepuropetalon.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  ovate  obtuse  lobes.  Petals  5, 
minute,  spatulate.     Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.     Saxifragacece,  59. 

Order  IV.— TETRAGYNIA. 

Parnassia.  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united.  Corolla  6-petaIed. 
Stamens  perigynous.  5  phalanges  of  sterile  stamens  opposite  the 
petals.     Capsule  4-valved,  1 — 2-celled.     Droseracece,  17. 

Order  V.— PENTAGYNIA. 

Aralia.  Flowers  in  umbels,  or  panicles.  Calyx  5-toothed,  superior. 
Petals  5,  spreading.  Fruit  5-lobed,  5-eelled,  1  seed  in  each  cell.  Ara- 
liacece,  62. 

Statice.  Calyx  tubular,  plaited,  entire.  Petals  5,  regular.  Fruit  1- 
seeded,  indehiscent.     Plumbaginacece^  96. 

Linum.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  unguiculate. 
Capsule  globose,  sometimes  10-celled.     (Flax.)     Linaccce,  23. 

Suriana.  Sepals  5,  persistent ;  aestivation  twisted.  Petals  5.  Car- 
pels 6,  coriaceous,  1-seeded.     (Sea-side  shrubs.)     Sarianacece,  57. 

Order  VI.— HEXAGYNIA. 

Drosera.     Sepals  5.     Petals   5,   hypogynous.     Capsule   1 — 3-cel...., 

many-seeded.     (Sun-dew.)     Droseracece,  17. 

Order  XIL— POLYGYXIA. 

■  Myosurus.  Sepals  5,  produced  downward,  at  the  base.  Petals  5, 
claw  filiform  and  tubular.  Stamens  5 — 20.  (Mouse-tail.)  Kanuncu- 
lacecB,  1. 

Zanthorhiza.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  on  pedicels.  Capsule  1 -seeded. 
Ranunculacece,  1. 


176  LINN^AN    CLASS   VI. 

CLASS  VI.— HEXANDRIA. 

Order  L— MOXOGYXIA. 

a.    Flowers  havijig  both  Calyx  and  Corolla. 

Tradescantia.  Sepals  3,  inferior.  Petals  3.  Filaments  with  jointed 
beard.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  (Spider-wort )  Commelyna- 
cece,  186. 

Leontice.  Caulophyllum.  Sepals  6,  inferior.  Petals  6,  bearing  a  reni- 
form  fleshy  scale.     Carpels  stipitate,  2 — 4-seeded.     Berberidacece,  6. 

Berberis.  Sepals  6,  bracteolate,  inferior.  Petals  6,  with  2  glands  at 
the  base  of  each.  Stamens  irritable.  Fruit  a  berry,  1 — 9-seeded.  (Bar- 
berry.)    Berber idacece,  6. 

Prinos.  Calyx  4 — 8-cleft.  Corolla  4 — 8-parted,  rotate.  Stamens 
4 — 8,  often  dioecious.     Fruit  baccate,  4 — 8-seeded.     Aguifoliacece,  75. 

Gynandropsis.  Sepals  4,  distinct,  spreading.  Petals  4.  1  stamen, 
usually  abortive.  Receptacle  elongated,  forming  a  long  stipe.  Pod 
linear,  oblong.     Capparidacecc,  14. 

Cleomella.  Sepals  4,  minute,  spreading.  Petals  4,  sub-spatulate. 
Pod  oboYate,  4 — 6-seeded.  Flowers  in  termin'al  racemes.  Cappari- 
dacecB,  14. 

T'dlandsia.  Calyx  3-parted,  persistent.  Petals  3.  Fruit  capsular, 
8-celIed.     Seeds  comose.     (Hanging  Moss.)     Bromeliacece,  129. 

Diphyllia.  Sepals  3,  deciduous.  Petals  6,  opposite  the  calyx. 
Ovary  ovate.     Fruit  baccate,  1 -celled,  2 — 3-seeded.     Berberidacece,  6. 

b.  Flowers  having  a  spathe  or  glume. 

Amaryllis.  Perianth  6-parted,  petaloid,  filaments  unequal,  inserted 
Into  the  throat  of  the  tube.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded. 
(Atamasco  Lily.)     Amaryllidacece,  127. 

Allium.  Nothoscordum.  Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  many  flowers 
in  the  spathe,  umbellate.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 
(Onion.)     Ziliacece,  130. 

Hypoxis.  Flowers  in  a  2-valved  spathe.  Perianth  6-parted.  Cap- 
sule elongated,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Flowers  yellow.  (Star-grass.) 
HypoxidQ.cecB,  128. 

Pontederia.  Perianth  6-parted,  bilabiate ;  the  under  side  perforated. 
Capsule  3-celled,  fleshy,  many-seeded.  Flowers  blue.  Pontederiacece, 
132. 

Narcissus.  Corolla  campanulate,  6-parted.  Corona  campanulate, 
shorter  usually  than  the  corolla.     (Jonquil.)     Amaryllidacece,  127. 

Pancratium.  Tube  of  the  perianth  long,  with  the  border  6-parted, 
bearing  a  12-cIeft  paracoroUa,  which  bears  the  stamens.  Amaryllida- 
cece, 127. 

Conostylis.  Perianth  6-parted,  persistent,  with  branching  hairs. 
Style  conic,  3-parted.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Hceynodoracece, 
126. 

c.     Flowers  not  having  a  spathe. 

Aletris.  PeriantJi  tubular,  ovate,  6-cleft,  rugose.  Style  triquetrous 
Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Hcemodoracece,  126. 


LINN  JEAN    CLASS    VI.  177 

Agave.  Perianth  6-parted,  erect,  tubular,  furrowed.  Style  spotted. 
Capsule  triangular,  many-seeded.     Amaryllidacece,  127. 

Ornithogahnn.  Perianth  6-leaved,  erect,  persistent.  Filaments  di- 
lated at  the  base.     Capsule  angled,  3-celied.     Liliacece,  130. 

Lilium.  Perianth  campanulate,  deeply  6-parted.  Segments  nearly 
straight,  or  reflexed,  with  a  line  below  the  middle.  (Lily-)  Liliacea^ 
180. 

Erythronium.  Perianth  6-leaved ;  leaves  reflexed,  campanulate. 
Style  3-angled.  Capsule  somewhat  stiped.  Flowers  yellow.  Lilia- 
cece, 130. 

Uvularia.  Perianth  six-leaved ;  leaves  erect,  with  a  nectariferous 
cavity  at  the  base.  Stigmas  3,  reflexed.  Capsule  3-celled,  with  trans- 
verse partitions,  many-seeded.     Flowers  yellow.     Melanthaceoe,  131. 

Sfreptopus.  Prosartes.  Helcorima.  Perianth  6-parted,  revolute,  cam- 
panulate, with  nectariferous  pores  at  the  base.  Fruit  baccate.  Me- 
lanthacece,  131. 

ConvaUaria.  Perianth  6-cleft,  campanulate.  Fruit  globose,  3-celled, 
1 — 2  seeds  in  each  cell.     Flowers  white.     Liliacece,  130. 

Smilacina.  Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.  Fruit  baccate,  3-celled. 
Flowers  pale  yellow  or  white,     Liliacece,  130. 

Pohigonatum.  Perianth  cylindrical,  6-cleft.  Stamens  inserted  near 
the  summit  of  the  tube.  Fruit  baccate,  3-celled,  2  seeds  in  each  cell. 
Liliacece,  130. 

Asparagus.  Perianth  inferior,  6-cleft  or  6-parted,  erect;  the  3  inner 
divisions  reflexed  at  the  apex.  Style  very  short.  Stigmas  3.  Berry 
3  celled,  cells  2-seeded.     Liliacece,  130. 

Polyanthus.  Perianth  funnel-form,  incurved.  Stamens  inserted 
into  the  throat.     Stigma  3-cleft.     (Tuberose.)     Liliacece,  130. 

Hyacinthus.  Corolla  urceolate  or  campanulate.  Border  reflexed, 
6-cleft.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  middle  of  the  corolla.  (Hyacinth.) 
Liliacece,  130. 

Tiilipa.  Perianth  6-leaved,  liliaceous.  Style  none.  Stigma  thick. 
Capsule  3-sided,  oblong.     (Tulip.)     Liliacece,  130. 

Yucca.  Perianth  campanulate,  deeply  6-parted.  Segments  reflexed. 
Flowers  in  large  panicles.     (Dwarf  Palmetto.)     Liliacece,  130. 

d.     Flowers  incomplete. 

Orontium.  Spadix  cylindrical,  crowded  with  flowers,  all  compact. 
Stigma  sessile.     Fruit  1-seeded.     Yellow.     Aracea:,  138. 

Acorus.  Spadix  cylindrical,  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  glu- 
maceous,  6-Ieaved.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  (Sweet  Flag.) 
Aracece,  138.  • 

Juncics.  Perianth  6-parted,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base,  glumaceous 
Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.     (Bulrush.)     Juncacece,  134. 

Luzula.  D.  C,  Juncus.  Perianth  ff -leaved,  regular,  glumaceous, 
spreading.  Stamens  6.  Antliers  linear  Capsule  1-celled,  3-vaIved, 
3-seeded.     (Grass-like.)     Juncacece,  13-1. 


178  LINN^AN   CLASS   VI. 

Okder  II.— DIGYNIA. 

Oryza.  Glumes  2,  1-flowered.  Paleae  2,  adhering  to  the  seeds. 
(Rice.)     Grayninacece,  142. 

Cabomba.  Sepals  3,  petaloid.  Petals  3.  Stamens  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Carpels  numerous,  1 — 3-seeded,  somewhat  fleshy.  Cabomba- 
cece,  7. 

Order  III.— TRIGYNIA. 

Melanihium.  Amiantanthus.  Perianth  6-parted,  expanding  rotate, 
with  2  glands  at  the  base.  Capsule  sub-ovate,  3-celled,  partly  trifid. 
Seeds  numerous,  winged.     Melanthacece,  131. 

Zigadenus.  Perianth  6-leaved,  spreading,  with  2  glands  at  the  base. 
Capsule  membranaceous,  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Melanthacece,  131. 

Hclonias.  Perianth  6-leaved  ;  leaves  flat,  sessile,  without  glands. 
Capsule  3-celled,  few-seeded,  horned.     Melanthacece,  131. 

Veratruvi.  Perianth  calyx-like,  deeply  6-parted,  spreading,  persis- 
tent, without  glands.  Capsule  ovoid,  membranaceous,  3-lobed;  seeds 
numerous.     Melanthacece,  131. 

Schaenocaulon.  Perianth  6-leaved,  persistent ;  leaves  linear,  oblong, 
slightly  3 — 5-nerved.  Stamens  6,  Anthers  renilbrm.  Carpels  3,  uni- 
ted by  their  interior  angles.  Ovules  6 — 8  in  each  carpel.  (Herbace- 
ous, with  bulbous  roots.)     Melanthacece,  131. 

Tofielda.  Perianth  6-parted,  with  a  small  S-part'-d  involucre.  Cap- 
sule 3 — 6-celled  ;  cells  united  at  the  base,  many-seeded.  Melanthacece, 
131. 

Stenanthmm.  Perianth  6-leaved,  colored  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  6.  Styles  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  (Herba- 
ceous, with  grass-like  leaves.)     Melanthacece,  131. 

Medeola.  Gyromia.  Perianth  petaloid,  6-parted,  revolute.  Stamens 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  perianth..  Bei'ry  3celled,  1 — 3-seeded. 
Trilliacece,  120. 

Trillium.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted;  3  outer  segments  sepaloid, 
spreading ;  3  inner  petaloid.  Fruit  ovoid,  3-celled,  many-seeded. 
Trilliacece,  120. 

Rumex.  Perianth  6-leaved,  3  inner  leaves  somewhat  colored.  Stig- 
mas many-cleft.     Nut  triquetrous.     (Sorrel.)     Polygonacece,  102. 

Sabal.  Flowers  perfect.  Spathes  partial.  Filaments  thickened  at 
the  base.     Fruit  dry,  cartilaginous,  bony.     Falmacem,  135. 

Chamerops.  Flowers  polygamous.  Spathe  compressed.  Spadix 
branching.  Fruit  3-celled,  1  cell  only  containing  a  seed.  Palmacecp., 
135. 

Nolina.  Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.  Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled, 
3-seeded.     Ziliacece,  130. 

Triglochin.  Perianth  6-leaved.  Anthers  3  or  6,  sessile.  Stigmas 
sessile.     Carpels  3 — 6,  each  1-seeded.     Alismacece,  137. 

Order  VI.— HEXAGYNIA. 

Cocculus.  Wendlandia.  Sepals  6,  in  a  double  series.  Petals  6,  fle-siiy 
auricled.     Menispermacea;,  5. 


LINN^AN   CLASS    VII.,  Vni.  1^9 

Order  XIL— POLYGYNIA. 

Alis-ina.  Sepals  8,  persistent.  Petals  3.  Ovaries  numerous.  Cap- 
eules  numerous,  distinct,  1-seeded.     Alismacece,  137. 

CLASS  VIL—HEPTANDRIA. 
Order  L— MONOGYNIA. 

uEsculus.  Sepals  united,  forming  a  4 — 5-toothed  tubular  calyx. 
Petals  4 — 5,  more  or  less  imequal.  Stamens  6 — 8,  usually  7.  (Buck- 
eye.)    HippocastanacecB,  39. 

Order  IV.— TETRAGYNIA. 

Saururus.  Flowers  naked,  seated  on  a  scale.  Anthers  cuneate. 
Fruit  consisting  of  4  indehiscent  nuts.     Saururacecc,  114. 

CLASS  VIIL— OCTANDRIA. 

Order  I.— MOXOGYNIA. 

a.     Flowers  superior. 

Rhexia.  Calyx,  with  the  tube  ventricose — ovate  at  the  base,  nar- 
rowed at  the  apex.  Limb  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  obovate.  Capsule  4-celled. 
MelastomacecB,  46. 

(Enothera.  Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft,  4-sided.  Petals  4,  obovate. 
Stigmas  4-lobed.     Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded.     Onagracece,  50. 

Gaura.  Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular,  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.  Petals 
4,  unguiculate.  Fruit  1-celIed,  1-seeded  by  abortion,  somewhat  ligne- 
ous.    Ona grace ce,  50. 

Epilobium.  Calyx  eampanulate.  Segments  4,  spreading.  Petals 
4.  Stamens  8,  alternate  ones  largest.  Stigma  clavate.  Capsule  4- 
angled,  4-celled.     Onagracece,  50. 

Oxj/coccus.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  with  4  linear  segments.  Antliers 
tubular,  2-parted.  Fruit  a  berry,  many-seeded.  (Cranberry.)  Vac- 
ciniacece,  71. 

6.     Flowers  inferior. 

Menziesia.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  globose,  4 — 5-cleft.  Capsule  4- 
celled.     Seeds  numerous,  oblong.     (Shrubs.)     Ericacecc,  72. 

Acer.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Stamens  varying  from  5 — 10.  Fruit  a  sa- 
mara, by  abortion,  1-seeded.     (Trees.)     Aceracea;  38. 

Dirca.  Perianth  tubular,  colored,  eampanulate.  Stamens  unequal. 
Fruit  a  drupe,  l-seeded.    (Shrubs  with  tough  bark.)    lliymeliacece,  104. 

Jeffersonia.  Sepals  4 — 5,  fugaceous,  colored.  Petals  8,  linear,  ob- 
long. Capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  a  slit  near  the  summit;  many- 
seeded.     Berberidacece,  6. 

Elliottia.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted.  Filaments 
glandular.  Anthers  sagittate.  Ovary  4-celled,  many-seeded.  Erica- 
ceae^ 72. 

Amyris,  Calyx  4-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  4,  cuneate,  having 
claws.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  petals.  Fruit  1-seeded.  Amyrida- 
cece,  81. 


180  LINN^AN    CLASS    IX.,    X. 

Dodonea.  Sepals  4,  Petals  ncne.  Style  3  cleft  at  the  apex.  Cap 
sule  winged.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell.     Sapindacece,  40. 

Order  IL— DIGYXIA. 

Chrysosplenium.  Calyx  4-cleft,  colored  within.  Petals  none 
Stamens  8 — 10,  filaments  short,  subulate.  Capsule  1-celled,  many 
seeded.     Saxifragacece,  59. 

Order  III.— TRIGYXIA. 

Polygonum.  Perianth  5-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Stamens  5 — 9 
Fruit  1  seeded,  mostly  triangular.     FolygonacecB,  102. 

Cardiospermum.  Calyx  4-leaved,  leaves  concave,  two  exterior  ones 
smallest.  Corolla  4-petaled.  Capsule  membranous,  3-valved.  Seeds 
globose,  solitary.     Sapivdacece,  40. 

Sapindus.  Sepals  4 — 5,  two  exterior  ones  largest.  Petals  4 — 5, 
lanceolate.  Stamens  8 — 1 0.  Stigmas  2 — 3.  Fruit  of  1  carpel,  2  sup- 
pressed.    SapindaceoB,  40. 

Order  IY.— TETRAGYNIA. 

Diamorpha.  Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  concave.  Stamens  8,  with  purple 
anthers.     Carpels  4.     (Succulent  herbs.)     Crassulacece,  58. 

CLASS  IX.— ENNEANDRIA. 

Order  I— MOXOGYNIA. 

Laurus.  Perianth  4 — 6-cleft,  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious. 
Petals  none.  3  inner  stamens  usually  sterile.  Fruit  1-seeded,  drupe. 
(Sassafras.)     Lauracece,  103. 

Order  II— DIGYNIA. 

Eriogonum.  Involucre  campanulate,  many-flowered.  Perianth  6- 
cleft.     Stigmas  3.     Seed  3-angled.     Polygonaceee,  102. 

Order  III— TRIGYNIA. 

Pleea.  Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.  Styles  3.  Capsule  3-angled, 
3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Ilelanthacece,  131. 

Rheum.  Perianth  6-cleft,  permanent.  Nut  1,  3-sided.  Polygona- 
eecB,  102 

CLASS  X.— DECANDRIA. 

Order  L— MONOGYNIA. 

a.    Flowers  polypetalous,  irregular. 

For  Cassia,  Baptisia,  Cercis,  Sophora,  Cladrastris,  see  order  Legu- 
minosce,  43. 

h.    Flowers  polypetalous,  regular. 

Pyrola.  Calyx  minute,  5-parted,  Anthers  opening  by  2  pores. 
Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed.     Capsule  6-celled.     Ericacece,  72. 

Decodon.  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  with  10  teeth,  unlike.  Petals 
5.     Capsule  globose,  3-celled,  many-seeded.    Lythracece,  47. 

Chimapkila.  Calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  preceding.  Stigma  ses- 
sile. Anthers  beaked.  Capsule  5-celled,  dehiscing  at  the  angles. 
Ericacece,  72. 


LINN^AN    CLASS    X.  181 

Leiophyllum.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  5,  scarcely  unite«l. 
Stamens  exserted.  Capsule  5-celled,  opening  at  the  summit.  (Small 
shrub.)     Ericacece,  12. 

Clethra.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Style  1 — 3-cleft  at 
the  summit.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  inclosed  by  the  calyx.  Eri- 
caceae, 72. 

Mylocarhon.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stigma  capitate,  3-cornered. 
Capsule  3-celled,  angular.     Ericacece,  72. 

Melia.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  often  cohering  at  the  base. 
Stamens  united  by  their  filaments.  Fruit  globose,  5-celled,  5-seeded. 
(China  Tree.)     Meliacece,  35. 

Swietetiia.  Calyx  short,  5  cleft.  Petals  4 — 5.  Stamens  alter- 
nately shortened.  Ovary  5-celled,  on  a  torus.  Fruit  a  woody  3 — 5- 
celled  capsule.     (Mahogany.)     Cedrelacece,  36. 

Dionea.  Calyx  parted.  Petals  5.  Stigma  fringed.  Capsule  round- 
ish, gibbous,  2-celIed,  many-seeded.    (Venus'  Fly-trap.)    Droceracece,  17. 

Jussicea,  Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  superior,  permanent.  Petals  4 — 5, 
ovate.  Capsule  4 — 5-celled,  oblong,  ribbed.  Seeds  numerous.  Ona- 
gracea;,  50. 

Limonia.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  urceolate.  Petals  4 — 5.  Anthers  cor- 
date.    Fruit  4 — 5-celled,  or  by  abortion  fewer.     Aurantacece,  30. 

Kallstroemia.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Ovary  5-carpeled,  10- 
celled,  lO-seeded.     Zygophyllacex,  27. 

c.  Floioers  monopetalous. 

Epigaea.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  hypo- 
crateriform,  border  5-parted,  tube  villous  within.  Carpels  5-celled. 
Ericacece,  72. 

Gaultheria.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  ovate. 
Filaments  hairy.     Capsule  5  celled,  baccate.     Ericacece,  72. 

Vaccinium.  Calyx  superior,  4 — 5-cleft.  Fruit  globose,  4 — 5-celled, 
many-seeded.      Vaccinacecc,  71. 

Andromeda,  Zenobia,  Lyoni,  Oxydendrum,  Leucothcc,  Caasandra. 
Calyx  inferior,  small,  S-parteJ.  Corolla  ovate,  roundish,  a  sub-cylin- 
dric  border,  5-cleft.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved.  Stamens  sometimes 
8.     Ericacece,  72. 

Ealmia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  continuing  at  the 
base  into  10  cornute  protuberances,  in  the  cavities  of  which  the  authcrd 
are  concealed.     Capsule  5-celled.     Ericacece,  72. 

Rhododendron.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  funnel-shaped, 
with  an  irregular  border.  Stamens  declined.  Capsule  5-celled.  Sta- 
mens varying  from  5 — 10.     Ericacece,  72. 

.    d.  Flowers  without  green  herbage. 

Schweinitzia.  Sepals  5,  erect,  unguiculate,  gibbous.  Corolla  cam- 
panulate,  5-cleft.  Nectary  5-cleft,  in  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary 
sub-globose,  4 — 5-angled.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  emitting  the  odor 
of  violets.     Ericacece,  72. 

Monotropa.  Calyx  5-parted,  cucuUate  at  the  base.  GorolLa  6- 
petaled.  Capsule  5-valved,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  (Parasite.) 
(Indian  Pipe.)     Ericacca;,  72. 


182  LINN^AN    CLASS    X. 

Hypopitys.  Calyx  none.  Petals  erect,  oblong.  Stamens  shorter 
than  the  petals.  '  Ovary  sub-globose,  4 — 5-anglecl,  many-seeded. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.     (Parasite.)     Ericaceae,  72. 

Order  II.— DIGYNIA. 

Hydrangea.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Flowers  futile  or  sterile.  Calyx  of 
the  sterile  flowers  membranaceous,  colored,  flat,  dilated.  Petals  5, 
ovate,  sessile.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.  (Shrubs.)  Saxifra- 
(jacece,  59. 

Saxifraga.  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united.  Petals  5.  Capsule  2- 
relled,  2-beaked,  opening  by  a  hole  between  the  beaks.  Saxifragacece, 
19. 

Saponaria.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Cap- 
»ule  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved.      Caryophyllacece,  21. 

Dianthus.  Calyx  inferior,  cylindrical,  with  several  bracts  at  the 
6ase.  Petals  5,  with  claws.  Capsule  cylindrical,  1-celled,  dehiscing  at 
ihe  top.      Caryophyllacece,  21. 

Astilbe.  Tiarella.  Calyx  eampanulate,  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens exserted.  Anthers  cordate.  Capsule  2-celled.  Flowers  in 
pani(des.     Leaves  compound.     Saxifragacece,  59. 

Order  III.— TRIGYNIA. 

Silene.  Sepals  usually  5,  inserted  into  a  tube.  Petals  5,  unguicu- 
late, with  long  claws,  crowned  at  the  summit  of  the  claw.  Limb  2- 
cleft.  Capsule  3-celled,  opening  at  the  apex  with  G  teeth.  Caryo- 
phyllacece, 21. 

Stellaria.  Sepals  6,  expanding.  Petals  5,  2-parted.  Capsule  3- 
valved,  1-celled,  many-seeded.     Caryophyllacece,  21. 

Arenaria.  Sepals  5,  expanding.  Petals  5,  entire.  Carpels  3-valved, 
1-celled,  many-seeded.      Caryophyllacece,  21. 

Order  V— PENTAGYXIA. 

Spergtda.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Capsule  3 — 5-valved,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  compressed,  orbicular,  or  reniform.     Illecebracece,  20. 

Ceraativm.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  2-cleft,  or  emarginate.  Capsule  1- 
celled,  5-valved,  dehiscing  at  the  apex,  with  5  or  10  teeth.  Caryo- 
phyllacece, 21. 

Lychnis,  Agrostema,  or  Githago.  Calyx  tubular,  5-sided.  Petals  5, 
unguiculate  ;  limb  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  or  partly  6-celled.  Caryo- 
vhyllacece,  21. 

Oxalit.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Alternate  stamens  longest.  Capsule 
fi-angled.     Seeds  few,  rugose.     Oxalidacece,  26. 

Penthorxim.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  or  none.  Carpels  5,  united 
into  a  5-angled,  5-celled  capsule,  with  5  diverging  beaks.  Seeds  nume- 
rous, minute.      Crassidacece,  58. 

Sedum.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior.  Petals  4 — 5.  Pods  many-seeded  , 
a  little  scale  at  the  base  of  each.      Crassulacece,  58. 

Order  X.— DECAGYNIA. 

Phytolacca.  Perianth  5-parted,  petaloid.  Ovary  lO-celled,  1  ovule 
in  each  cell.     Fruit  indehiscent,     (Pokeweed,)     Phytolaccaceo!,  lOl. 


LINNiEAN   CLASS   XI.,    XH.  183 


CLASS  XL— ICOSANDRIA. 
Order  L— MONOGYNIA 

Cactus  or  Opuntia.  Sepals  numerous,  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Petals 
numerous,  obovate,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous.  Fruit  1-celled, 
many-seeded.     Cactacece,  66. 

Lythrum.  Calyx  cylindrical,  with  4 — 6  short  teeth,  generally  with 
as  many  intermediate  processes.  Petals  4 — 6.  Capsule  2-celled, 
many-seeded.     LythracecB,  47. 

Cuphea.  Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  6-toothed,  generally  with  as 
many  intermediate  processes.  Petals  6,  unequal.  Capsules  membra- 
nous, 1 — 2-celled.     Lythracece,  47. 

Decumara.  Calyx  8 — 12-cleft,  tube  campanulate.  Petals  8 — 12, 
narrow,  oblong.  Capsule  5 — 10-celled,  ribbed,  opening  between  the 
ribs.     SaxifragacecB,  59. 

Philadelphus.  Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  4 — 5,  broadly 
obovate.  Styles  more  or  less  united.  Capsules  4 — 5-celled.  Seeds 
numerous.     Saxifragacece,  59. 

For  Prunus,  Cerasus,  Amygdalos,  Chrysobalanus,  see  Natural  Order, 
44. 

Mentzelia.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  sometimes  10,  the  inner  ones 
usually  smaller.  Stamens  numerous,  the  outer  ones  often  petaloid. 
Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  about  6-seeded.     (Herbaceous.)    LoasacecB,  51. 

Order  II.  to  Order  V.— DI-PENTAGYNIA. 
*    Fothergilla.     Calyx  5 — 7-toothed,  or  truncate,  campanulate.     Petals 
aone.     Styles   2,   filiform,    distinct.     Capsule    2-lobed.     Seeds  one  in 
•iach  cell.     Hamamelaceoe,  60. 

For  the  other  genera  of  this  order,  viz.,  Agrimonia,  Crategus,  Ame- 
^anchier,  Pyrus,  Spirea,  and  Gillenia,  see  Natural  Order,  44. 

Order  XIL— POLYGYNIA. 

Calycanthus.  Sepals  and  petals  confounded.  Segments  colored,  pe- 
'aloid,  seeds  numerous,  contained  in  an  enlarged,  ventricose  calyx. 
^Sweet  shrub.)     Calycanthacece,  45. 

For  the  other  genera  of  this  order,  viz.,  Rosa,  Eubus,  Waldsteinia, 
Geum,  Potentilla,  Fragaria,  see  Natural  Order,  44. 

CLASS  XIL— POLY ANDRIA. 

Stamens  numerous,  perigynous. 
Tilia.     Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base.    Petals  5.    Ovary  5-celled,  with 
2  ovules  in   each  cell.     Fruit  ligneous,  sometimes  only  1-celled,  1 — 2- 
seeded.     Trees.     Tiliacece,  34. 

Corchorus.  Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  4 — 5,  hypogynous.  Capsule  2 — 5- 
celled,  pod-like,  seeds  numerous.     Nearly  herbaceous.     Tiliacece,  34. 

Helianthenncin.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  the  2  exterior  small,  bract-like, 
sometimes  wanting.  Petals  5,  sometimes  wanting.  Stigmas  3.  C-ap 
8ule  3-angled.     Cistacece,  18. 

Portulacca.     Calyx  superior,  2-parted.     Petals  4 — 6,  equal,  inserted 


184  LINN^AN    CLASS    XII. 

on  the  calyx.  Styles  3 — 6-cleft.  Capsule  4-celled,  many-seeded.  For 
tulaca:,ece,  22. 

Talinum.  Sepals  2.  Petals  5,  distinct.  Style  filiform,  cleft  at  the 
apex.     Capsule  3-valved,  1-celled,  many-seeded.     Portulacacece,  22. 

Chelidoniiim.  Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Capsule  2-valved, 
1-celled,  many-seeded,  linear,  dehiscing  from  the  base  upward.  Papa- 
veracece,  11. 

Polanisia.  Sepals  4,  spreading.  Petals  4,  unequal,  entire,  nearly 
orbicular.     Pod  linear,  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Capparidacece,  14. 

Glaucium.  Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Capsule  linear,  2-valved» 
2-celled,  many-seeded,  seeds  reniform.     Papaveraceoe,  11. 

Argenione.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6.  Stigmas  4 — '7.  Capsule 
opening  by  valves,  separating  from  the  placenta.     Papaveracece,  11. 

Sanguinaria.  Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  8 — 12.  Stigmas  2.  Cap- 
sule oblong-ovate.     Seeds  numerous.     Papaveraceoe,  \\. 

Papaver.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stigmas  4 — 20,  sessile,  radiating. 
Capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  pores  beneath  the  lobes  of  the  stigma. 
Papaveracece,  11. 

Podophyllum.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6 — 9,  obovate.  Stigma 
large,  sessile.  Fruit  fleshy.  Seeds  numerous,  on  a  lateral  placenta. 
Berber idaceoe,  6. 

Actoia.  Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  4 — 8  or  none,  spatulate,  oblong,  short- 
er than  the  stamens.  Fruit  baccate,  solitary,  many-seeded.  Ranuncu- 
lacece,  1. 

Sarracenia.  Sepals  5,  with  a  8-leaved  involucre.  Petals  5,  ungui- 
culate.  Stigma  very  large,  6-angled,  petaloid,  covering  the  stamens. 
Capsule  o-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.     Sarraceniacece,  10. 

Nuphar.  Sepals  5 — 6.  Petals  numerous,  small,  inserted  on  the  re- 
ceptacle.  Fruit  berry-like,  many-celled,  many-seeded.   Nymphceacece,  9. 

Nymph(Ba.  Sepals  4.  Corolla  many-petaled.  Stigma  a  broad  disk. 
Fruit  berry-like,  many-celled,  many-seeded.     Nymphaiacece,  9. 

Bejaria.  Calyx  7-cleft.  Corolla  T-petaled.  Style  1.  Capsule  many- 
seeded,  Y-celled.     PJricacece,  72. 

Bhizopkora.  Calyx  superior,  limbs  4,  many-lobed.  Petals  oblong, 
emarginate,  coriaceous.  Fruit  ovate,  1-celled,  indehiscent.  Trees. 
Rhizophoracece,  48. 

Citrus.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong,  dilated  at  the  base.  Fruit 
9 — 18-celled.     Awrantacece,  30. 

Oeder  II.  TO  Order  V.— DI-PENTAGYNIA. 
The  genera  belonging  to  these  orders  will  be  found  under  the  Nat- 
ural Orders  1  and  19.     Delphinium,  Aconitum,  Aquilegia,  Cimicifuga, 
under  the  1st ;  Ascyrum,  Hypericum,  and  Elodea,  under  the  19th. 

Order  XII.— POLYGYRIA. 

Magnolia.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6 — 12.  Carpels  arranged  in 
a  cone,  2-valved,  1 -seeded.     Magnoliacece,  2. 

Ziriodendron.  Sepals  3,  concave.  Petals  6,  in  two  series,  obovate, 
lanceolate,  campanulate.  Carpela  imbricated  in  a  dense  cone,  1 — 2- 
seeded.     (Tulip-tree.)     Magnoliacea;,  2. 


LINNJ^AN    CLASS    XIII.  185 

Illicium,  Sepals  3 — 6,  petaloid.  Petals  numerous,  interior  ones 
smallest.  Carpels  numerous,  arranged  in  a  circle,  follicular.  Mayno- 
liaccce,  2. 

Ashnina.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  the  3  outer  ones  larger.  Carpels 
oblong,  pulpy  within,  several-seeded.     (Papaw.)     Anonacete,  3. 

Brasniia.  Sepals  3 — 4,  persistent,  petaloid.  Petals  3 — 4,  longer 
than  the  sepals.     Carpels  numerous,  1 — 2-seeded.     Cabombacece,  7. 

Nelumbium.  Sepals  4 — 6,  petaloid.  Petals  numerous.  Filaments 
petaloid.  Disk  remarkably  developed.  Ovaries  lodged  in  separate 
cavities.     Fruit  a  nut.     Nelumbiacece,  8. 

The  remaining  genera  of  this  order,  viz.,  Hepatica,  Ranunculus,  Ado- 
vis,  Hydrastis,  Clematis,  Thalictrum,  Anemone,  Caltha,  Isopyrum,  and 
IVautvetteria,  will  be  found  under  the  Natural  Order  Hanunculacece,  1. 

CLASS  XIII.— DIDYNAMIA. 
Order  I.— GYMNOSPERMA. 

Plants  with  bi-labiate  corolla,  4  nuts  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  form 
the  first  order  of  this  class.  It  is  a  part  of  the  Natural  Order  Labiatce, 
No.  91,  to  which  the  student  is  referred.  Verbena  is  referred  to  Verbe- 
nacece,  Order  92. 

Order  II.— ANGIOSPERMA. 

Obolaria.  Calyx  2-parted,  in  the  form  of  bracts.  Corolla  campanu- 
late,  4-cleft,  segments  equal,  entire,  or  crenulate.  Carpels  1-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.      Gentianacece,  82. 

Lantana.  Calyx  4- toothed.  Corolla  with  the  limb  4-cleft.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous.  Flowers  in  heads.  Fruit  a  drupe,  2-celled.  Verbe- 
nacece,  92. 

Zapania.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous. Flowers  in  heads.  Seeds  2,  the  membranous  pericarp  disap- 
pearing.     Verbenacea:,  92. 

Orobanche.  Conopholis.  Anoplanthus.  Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Segments 
unequal.  Corolla  ringent.  Capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
Orobanchaceie,  89. 

Epipherius.  Calyx  short,  5-toothed.  Flowers  polygamous,  upper  ones 
sterile,  lower  ones  fertile.  Capsule  truncate,  oblique,  1-eelled.  Oro- 
banchacece.  89. 

Bignonia,  Tecoma.  Calyx  obscurely  5-cleft,  cup-shaped.  Corolla 
campanulate,  5  lobed,  ventricose  beneath.  Stamens  4,  didynamous. 
Pod  2-celled,  seeds  with  membranaceous  wings.     Birjnonacecc,  83. 

Ruellia.  Hygrophyla.  Calophanes.  Diptericanthus.  Cryphiacanthus. 
Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  a 
6-lobed  border.  Stamens  4 — 5.  Capsule  tapering,  seeds  few.  Aca7i- 
thacete,  93. 

Martynia.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  bilabiate.  Limb  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  didynamous.  Ovary  spuriously  4-celled.  Fruit  ligneous,  ter- 
minated by  a  hooked  beak.     Bignonacece,  83. 

The  remaining  genera  of  this  order  belong  to  the  Natural  Order 
Scrophulariaceo'.,  No.  90. 


186  LINN^AN    CLASS    XIV. XVII. 

CLASS  XIV.— TETRADYNAMIA. 

Order  L— SILICULOSA.     Pod  short. 
Order  II— SILIQUOSA.     Fod  long. 
The  genera  of  this  class  make  the  Natural  Order  Cruci/ercc,  13. 

CLASS  XV.— MONADELPHIA. 
Order  IIL— TRIANDRIA. 

Sisyrinchium.  Perianth  6-leaved.  Stamens  3,  usually  monadelphous. 
Capsule  triangular.     Small  plant  with  grass-like  leaves.     Iridacccc,  124. 

Order  V.— PENTANDRIA. 

Passijlora.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  a  campanulate  tube.  A  filamen- 
tous crown  inserted  in  the  throat.    Stigmas  3,  clavate.    PassifloracecEy  53. 

Achyranthes.  Telanthera.  Perianth  double,  exterior  one  3-leaved, 
the  interior  5-leaved.  Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Capsule  1-celled,  1-seed- 
ed.     Amarayithacece,  99. 

Oplothcca.  Froelichia.  Perianth  double,  the  exterior  2-leaved,  trun 
cate,  the  interior  5  cleft,  tomentose.  Stamens  5.  Capsule  1-seeded. 
Amaranthacece,  99. 

Order  VIIL— OCTANDRIA. 

Pistia.  Perianth  a  spathe,  tubular,  strap-shaped,  hooded.  Stamens 
3 — 8.    Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.   An  aquatic  plant.     Arace(c,\Z%. 

Order  X.— DECANDRIA. 

Geranium.  Sepals  5,  equal  Petals  5,  regular.  Stamens  10;  alter- 
nate ones  largest,  with  a  scale  at  the  base.  Carpels  with  long  awns. 
Geraniacece,  24. 

Acacia,  Mitnom,  Darlingtonia,  and  Schrankia  will  be  found  in  Legu- 
minosce,  order  43. 

Order  XIL— POLYANDRIA. 

The  genera  of  this  order  will  be  found  forming  the  three  Natural 
Orders  jfalvacece,  No,  33,  Ternstrmmiacece,  No,  32,  and  Styracece,  No.  73. 

CLASS  XVI.— DIADELPHIA. 
Order  V.  to  Order  VIIL— PENTOCTANDRIA. 

Polygala.  Sepals  5,  permanent,  unequal,  2  of  them  wing-like,  large, 
colored.  Corolla  irregular.  Capsule  obcordate,  2-celled,  2-valved. 
Polygalacea^,  15. 

The  remaining  genera  of  these  orders  form  the  Natural  Order  Fu.ua- 
riacece.  No.  12. 

Order  X,— DECANDRIA, 

The  genera  of  this  order  belong  to  the  Natural  Order  Lcguminoscpy 
No.  43. 

CLASS  XVII.— SYNGENESIA. 

This  class  forms  the  Natural  Order  Compositce,  No,  C8,  where  it  will 
be  found  explained  and  analyzed. 


LINN^AN    CLASS   XVIII.,    XIX.  187 

CLASS  XVIIL— GYNANDRIA. 
Orders  I.  and  II.— MONANDRIA  and  DIANDRIA 

The  §renera  of  these  orders  form  the  Natural  Order  Orchidacece,  No. 
122. 

Order  V.— PENTANDRIA 

Asclepias.  Sepals  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  reflexed.  Sta- 
minal  crown  5-leaved,  each  with  a  subulated,  averte  process.  Pollen 
in  10  masses,  arranged  in  pairs.  Follicles  2.  Seeds  comose.  Asclepi- 
adacece,  79. 

Gonolobus.  Calyx  small.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted.  Starainal  crown 
shield-form,  lobed.  Pollen  masses  iu  5  pairs.  Follicles  2.  Asclepiada- 
cece,  79. 

Apocynum.  Calyx  persistent,  6-cleft.  Corolla  5-lobed,  regular. 
Estivation  twisted.  Stamens  5.  Anthers  sagittate.  Follicles  long, 
linear.     Apocynacece,  80. 

Amsonia.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  the  throat 
closed.     Follicles  2,  erect.     Seed  terete.     Apocynacece,  80. 

Echites.  Calyx  o-parted,  with  acute  segments.  Corolla  funnel- 
shaped.  Throat  naked.  Anthers  adhering  to  the  stigma.  Follicles  2, 
long,  slender.     Apocynacece,  80. 

Orders  VI.  and  X.— HEXANDRIA  and  DECANDRIA 
These  genera  form  the  Natural  Order  Aristolochia,  No.  106. 

CLASS  XIX.— MONCECIA. 
Order  I.— MONANDRIA. 

Zostera.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  and  j)istils  separated  in  two  rows 
upon  one  side  of  the  spadix.     Drupe  1-seeded.     Naiadacece,  1.39. 

Caulbia.  Nojas.  Perianth  none.  Anther  1,  sessile.  Style  filiforn 
Stigma  2  cleft.     Capsule  1-seeded.     Naiadaccie,  139. 

Euphorbia.  Involucre  campanulatc,  5 — 10-toothed,  the  inner  seg 
ments  erect.  Stamens  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  involucre.  Fila 
ments  articulated.  Pistil  central.  Fruit  stiped,  3-angIed,  S-celled. 
EuphorbiacecB,  108. 

Order  II. 

Podostemum,  Flowers  naked,  bursting  through  an  irregularly  lacer 
ated  spathe.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Ovary  2-celled,  capsular. 
Seeds  numerous.     Podostemacect,  112. 

Lemna.  Spirodela.  Sterile  and  fei-tile  flowers  collateral.  Perianth. 
1-leaved.  Stigma  funnel-form.  Capsule  1-celled,  1 — 5-seeded.  Ara- 
cecB,  138. 

Order  III.— TRIANDRIA 

Typha.  Flowers  collected  into  a  long,  dense,  cylindric  spike.  Sta- 
minate  florets  above.  Pistillate  florets  below,  on  the  same  axis.  Fruit 
Vei-y  suiall,  oblong,  stipitate.     Aracecv,  138. 

Spargannm.  Flowers  in  dense,  si)herical  heads,  the  sterile  ones 
above.     Perianth  3-leaved.     Fruit  drv,  1-secded.     Aracece,  138. 


188  LINN^AN   CLASS    XIX. 

Carex.  Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious.  Stamens  usually  8, 
rarely  1 — 2.  Fertile  Fl.  Perigynium  membranaceous,  2-tootiied,  emar- 
giuate  or  truncate.  Stigmas  2 — 3.  Aclienium  lenticular.  Cyperacetc, 
141. 

Sderia.  Staminate  flowers.  Glumes  2 — 6,  many-flowered.  Paleae 
without  awns.  Fertile  flowers.  Glumes  2 — 6,  1 -flowered.  Pak-se 
none.     Seeds  sub-globose.     Cyjieracece,  141. 

Tripsacum.  Sterile  spikelets  in  pairs,  on  each  joint  of  the  rachis 
collateral,  2-flowered  ;  each  with  2  paleae.  Fertile  spikelets  solitary, 
2-flowered.  Flowers  with  2  palese;  the  lower  one  neutral,  upper  one 
fertile.     Gramhiacece,  142. 

Comptonia.  Sterile  florets  in  cylindrical  aments.  Scales  1 -flowered. 
Perianth  2-parted.  Stamens  3-forked.  Fertile  florets  in  globose  head«. 
Amentacece,  115. 

Zea.  Staminate  flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Glume  2-flowered, 
awnless.  Pistillate  flowers  in  a  lateral  compact  spike.  Style  1,  long, 
filiform.     Seed  solitary.     Graminacece,  142. 

Tragia.  Flowers  in  spikes.  Staminal  ones  with  perianth  3-parted. 
Pistillate  flowers  perianth  5-parted.  Capsules  3-celled,  3  seeded.  Eu- 
phorbiacece,  108. 

Orper  IV.— TETRANDRIA. 

Eriocaulon.  LacJijiocaulon,  Pcepalanthus.  Flowers  in  dense  lieads, 
sterile  florets  occupying  the  center.  Perianth  4-parted.  Fertile  florets 
in  the  circumference.     Perianth  4-parted.     Restiacece,  140. 

Alnus.  Sterile  flowers  in  a  long,  cylindrical  ament.  Scales  3-lobed, 
3-flowered.  Fertile  flowers  in  an  ovate  ament.  Scales  2-flowered. 
Styles  2.     Amentacece,  115. 

Bcehmeria.  Sterile  flowers  with  a  4-parted  perianth.  Fertile  flowers 
with  no  perianth.     Style  1.     Nut  compressed.      UrticacecB,  109. 

Urtica.  Sterile  flowers  with  a  4-leaved  perianth.  Stamens  4.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  a  2-leaved  perianth.    Seed  1,  shining.    Urticacece,  109. 

Parietaria.  Flowers  surroimded  by  a  many-cleft  involucre.  Peri- 
anth 4-cleft.     Seed  1,  inclosed  by  the  perianth.      Urticaceoi,  109. 

Morus.  Flowers  in  aments  or  heads.  Perianth  usually  divided. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  receptacle  covered  by  numerous  achenia.  Artocarpa- 
cece.  111, 

Pachysandra.  Flowers  in  spikes,  the  upper  sterile,  the  lower  fertile. 
Perianth  4-leaved.  Styles  3.  Capsule  3-horned,  3-celled,  2  seeds  in 
each  cell.     EuphorbiacecB,  108. 

Order  V.— PENTANDRIA. 

Crotonopsis.  Flowers  in  spikes.  Perianth  5-parted,  with  5  petaloid 
scales.  Stigmas  3,  bifid.  Capsule  1 -seeded,  indehiscent.  Euphov 
biacece,  108. 

Amaranthus.  Euxolus.  Perianth  2 — 5-leaved.  Styles  3.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  superior,  1-seeded.     Amaranthacece,  99. 

Scliizandra.  Sepals  and  petals  confounded,  roundish,  concave.  An- 
thers connate.  Ovaries  numerous,  on  a  conical  torus,  which  elongates 
in  maturity.  Carpels  baccate,  1-seeded,  forming  a  loose  spike.  Schi 
zandracece,  4. 


LINN^AN    CLASS    XX.  189 

Order  VI.— HEXANDRIA. 

Zizania.     See  Graminacece,  142. 

Order  XIL— POLYANDRIA. 
a.    Ste7ns  not  woody. 

Myriophyllum.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4 — 8. 
Ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  of  4  indehiscent  carpels.  (Aquatic  plants.) 
Onagraceoe,  50. 

Sagittaria.  Flowers  in  whorls  ;  the  upper  sterile,  the  lower  fertile 
Petals  3.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  numerous,  indehiscent,  each  1- 
seeded.     AHsmacece,  137. 

Arum.  Peltandra.  Ariscenia.  Flowers  on  a  spadix,  naked  at  the 
summit ;  staminal  flowers  in  the  middle ;  fertile  ones  at  the  base. 
Perianth  none.     Fruit  1-celled,  many-seeded.     Aracece,  138. 

Caladium.  Flowers  on  a  spadix;  staminate  ones  at  the  summit; 
fertile  ones  at  the  base.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Fruit  1- 
celled,  many-seeded.     Aracece,  138. 

b.    Stems  woody. 
The  genera  under  this  division  are  included  in  the  Natural  Order 
Amentaceae,  No.  115,  and  Juglandacece,  116. 

Order  XV.— MONADELPHIA. 

The  running  plants  of  this  order  belong  to  the  Natural  Order  Cucur- 
bitacece,  No.  54. 

The  erect,  herbaceous  plants  of  the  order  belong  to  Euphorhlacece, 
No.  108. 

The  woody  plants  of  the  order  belong  to  Coniferce,  No.  11*7. 

CLASS  XX.— DIGECIA. 

Order  II.— DIANDRIA. 

Vallisneria.  Flowers  on  a  spadix.  Spathe  2 — 4-parted.  Sepals  3. 
Stamens  2.  Fertile  flowers,  with  a  spiral  scape.  Spathe  2-cleft.  Sepals 
3.  Elongated  petals  3.  Capsule  cylindrical,  1-celled,  many-seeded, 
HydrocharidacecB,  121. 

Salix.  Sterile  flowers,  in  a  cylindrical  ament.  Scales  1 -flowered, 
imbricate.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1 — 5.  Fertile  flowers  in  an 
ament.  Scales  l-flowered.  Capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
comose.     Amentacece,  115. 

Fraxinus.  Calyx  small,  3 — 4-cleft,  or  none.  Corolla  4-pctaled,  or 
Qone.  Samara  2-eelled,  compressed,  winged  at  the  apex ;  by  abortion 
I -seeded.     Oleacece,  78. 

Borya.  Flowers  in  spikes.  Perianth  4-leaved.  Slignia  capitate. 
Fruit  i-seeded.     Euphorbiacece,  108. 

Ceratiola.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Perianth  consisting 
of  imbricated  scales.  Fruit  a  berry,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Empetracece, 
107. 

Order  III.— TRIANDRIA. 

Ficus.  Receptacle  fleshy,  spherical,  inclosing  the  floiets;  calyx  ad- 
hering to  tho  ovary,  3— 5-parted.     Artorarpar.r.a',  111. 


190  LINN^AN    CLASS   XX. 

Ordee  IV— TETRANDRIA. 

Myrica.  Flowers  in  aments.  Scales  crescent-shape4\  Anthers  4* 
valved.  Fertile  flowers.  Stigmas  2.  Drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded. 
Amentacece,  115. 

Viscum.  Sterile  florets,  with  calyx  3 — 4-parted.  Segments  trian- 
gular, erect.  Anthers  many-celled,  opening  by  pores.  Fertile  flowers. 
Calyx  obsolete.  Petals  3 — 4,  coriaceous.  Fruit  baccate,  1-celled,  1- 
seeded.     Loranthacece,  64. 

Madura.  Calyx  and  corolla  none.  Style  1,  filiform,  villous.  Car 
pels  numerous,  uniting  into  a  dense  globose  head,  fleshy.  Seeds  ovate, 
compressed.     (Osage  Orange.)     Artocarpacece,  111. 

Oeder  v.— PENTANDRIA. 
Nyssa.     Staminate    flowers.     Perianth    5-parted.     Stamens    5 — 10. 
Pistillate   flowers.     Perianth    5-parted.     Style   1.     Drupe   inferior,  1- 
eeeded.     (Trees.)     Santalacece,  105.  . 

Hamiltonia.  Perianth  turbinate,  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  5. 
Stigmas  2 — 3.     Drupe  inferior,  1-seeded.     (Shrub.)     Santalacece,  105. 

Zanthoxyhim.  Staminate  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  none. 
Stamens  3 — 8.  Pistillate  flowers.  Styles  2 — 5.  Carpels  crustaeeous, 
2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded.     Zanthoxylacece,  28. 

Cannabis.  Staminate  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  5.  Fertile 
flowers.  Perianth  oblong,  acuminate,  convolute  ;  the  base  yentricose,  in- 
cluding the  ovary.  Stigmas  2,  long,  subulate.  Nut  2-valved.  (Hemp.) 
UrticacecB,  109. 

Acnida.  Sterile  florets,  with  the  perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5. 
Fertile  florets,  with  the  perianth  3-parted.  •  Stigmas  3 — 5,  sessile. 
Fruit  1-seeded.     ChenopodiacecBy  100. 

Httmulus.  Sterile  florets,  with  the  perianth  5-parted.  Anthers 
with  2  pores.  Fertile  florets  in  aments,  with  large  scales.  Perianth 
none.     UrticacecB,  109. 

Irisine.  Sterile  florets,  with  a  double  perianth,  exterior  ones  2 — 3- 
leaved  ;  the  interior  5-leaved,  petaloid.  Fertile  florets,  with  the  inner 
perianth  surrounded  by  long  hair.  Capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  1-seeded. 
Amaranthacece,  99. 

Negundo.  Calyx  minute,  unequally  4 — 5-toothed.  Petals  none. 
Anthers  4 — 5,  linear,'  sessile.     (Ash-leaved  Maple.)     Aceracece,  38. 

Barhya.  Perianth  simple,  turbinate,  4 — 5-cleft  to  the  middle. 
Lobes  ovate,  spreading.  Stamens  4 — 5,  arising  from  the  disk,  opposite 
the  lobes  of  the  perianth.     (Small  shrub.)     Santalacece,  105. 

Order  VI.— HEXANDRIA. 

Smilax.  Perianth  campanulate,  spreading,  6-parted,  petaloid ;  3 
styles.  Fruit  baccate,  globose,  3-celled.  (Mostly  twining  plants.) 
Smilacece,  119. 

Dioscorea.  Perianth  superior,  6-cleft.  Ovary  3-eelled,  1 — 2  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  thin  compressed  capsule.  (Twining  plants.) 
Dioscoreacece,  118. 

Gleditschia.  Calyx  consisting  of  3 — 8  sepals,  united  at  the  base. 
Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals.  Legume  large,  compressed. 
(Trees.)     Leguminosoe,  43. 


LINN^AN    CLASS    XX.  191 

Order  VIIL— OCTANDRIA. 

Populus.  Anient  cylindrical.  Scales  lacerate.  Perianth  turbinate. 
Capsule  superior,  2-celle<l,  '2-valved,  many-seeded.  iSeeds  comose. 
Amcntaceiv,  115. 

Diospi/ros.  Calyx  4 — 6-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  urceolate,  regular, 
4 — 6-clet't.  Fruit  fleshy,  globular,  8 — 12-seeded.  (Persimmon.)  jEbe- 
nacecc,  74. 

Order  IX.— ENNEANDRIA. 

Hydrocharis.  Sepals  3,  oval,  membranaceous.  Petals  3,  narrower 
than  the  appals.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Capsule  6-celled,  many-seeded. 
HydrocharidacecB,  121. 

Order  XII.— POLYANDRIA. 

Menispermum.  Sepals  4 — 8,  in  a  double  series.  Petals  4 — 8,  oi 
none.  Fruit  a  drupe,  solitary.  Nut  woody,  globose,  reniform.  Me 
nispermacecE,  5. 

Order  XV.— MONADELPHIA. 

Juniperus.  Sterile  florets,  in  an  ovate  ament.  Calyx  a  scale,  pel 
tate.  Fertile  flowers  are  in  a  globose  ament.  Scales  3,  concave. 
Fruit  a  berry;  3  long  1-seeded  nuts.     (Cedar.)     Coniferoe,  117. 


DICHOTOMOUS  ANALYSIS. 


Ant  term  that  the  student  may  not  understand,  he  will  find  it  explained  by  turn- 
ing to  the  Index  at  the  end  of  the  volume,  or  he  will  find  a  number  referring  to  the 
paragraph  in  the  First  Part,  where  i^  is  explained. 

1.  Plants  having  distinct  bark   and  pith,  reticulately-veincd  leaves.    Floral 

organs,  usually  4 — 5  in  a  whorl 2 

Plants  with  no  distinct  bark  and  pith,  parallel-veined  leaves.    Floral  organs, 
usually  3 — 6  in  a  whorl 1S8 

DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

2,  Flowers  having  calyx  and  corolla 3 

Flowers  having  no  corolla 91 

Dichlamydece. 

8.  Petals  distinct 4 

Petals  united,  forming  a  tube 143 

Polypelahe. 

4.  Stamens  numerous,  generally  more  than  20 5 

Stamens  few,  less  than  20 25 

5.  Ovary  inferior 6 

Ovary  superior . .     10 

6.  Leaves  with  stipules Sub-order  Pomem—Ovder  Rosacem,  44 

Leaves  without  stipules 7 

7.  Aquatic  plants NymphcBacecB,  9 

Not  aquatic  plants 8 

8.  Shrubs  or  vines Styracece,  73.  Saxifragacece,  59 

Herbaceous  plants ". 9 

9.  Fleshy  plants Cactncem,  56 

Not  fleshy  plants Loasaceoe,  51 

10.  Leaves  with  stipules 11 

Leaves  without  stipules 18 

11.  Carpels  more  or  less  distinct  or  solitary. 12 

Carpels  united 13 

12.  Stamens  hypogynous LeguminoscB,  43.  Magnoliacece,  2 

Stamens  perigynons Rosacea;  44 

13.  Flowers  monoecious Eupfiorhiacece,  108 

Flowers  perfect 14 

14.  Herbaceous  plants 15 

More  or  less  woody  plants 17 

15.  Stamens  Monadelphous Malvacem,  33 

Stamens  not  Monadelphous 16 

16.  Sepals  2 Portulncacea;  22 

Sepals  more  than  2 Ciaiacecp,  IS 

17.  A  small  shrub,  with  1—2  ovules Rnsacem,  44 

A  tree,  or  with  more  than  2  ovules Tdiacem,  34 

18.  Carpels  more  or  less  distinct  or  solitary 10 

Carpels  united 23 

19.  Stamens  perigynous Rosacea^  44 

Stamens  hypogj-nous 20 


DICIIOTOMOUS    A^^ALYS1S.  193 

20.  ricrbaceous  plants 21 

Trees  or  shrubs Cctlycantkacece,  45.  Mag  noli  acecB,  2 

21    Leaves  peltate 22 

Leaves  not  peltate Jianunculacece,  1 

22.  Ovaries  imbedded  in  a  fleshy  disk NelumbiaceCB,  8 

Ovaries  not  imbedded  in  a  fleshy  disk Cabombacece,  7 

23.  Fruit  1-celled Cistacece,  18.    Hypericacece.,  19.  Papaveracece,  11 

Fruit  more  than  1-celled ^ymphceaceoi,  9 24 

24.  Herbaceous  plants Uypericaceoe,  19.  Sarraceniacecz,  10 

Trees  or  shrubs Ternsiroamiacece,  32 

25.  Ovary  more  or  less  inferior ,  26 

Ovary  superior 38 

26.  Leaves  with  stipules 27 

Leaves  without  stipules 29 

27.  Leaves  opposite Rhizophoracece,  48 

Leaves  alternate 28 

28.  Fruit  3-celled,  or  drupaceous Rhamnacece.,  42 

Fruit  a  ligneous,  2-cellod  capsule IlamamelacecB^  60 

29.  PlacentfP  parietal 30 

Placentae  central 31 

30.  Flowers  monoecious Loranthacecv^  64.  Cucurhitacem,  54 

Flowers  perfect Grossulucece,  55 

81.  Flowers  in  umbels Umbelli/ercB,  61 

Flowers  not  in  umbels 32 

82.  Carpels  separatintr  at  the  apex Saxifragacece,  59 

Carpels  wholly  united 33 

83.  Calvx  5-cleft,  or  5-leaved 34 

Calyx  4-cleft,  or  4-leaved    36 

34.  Leaves  compound Araliacece,  62 

Leaves  simple 35 

35.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals RhamnacecB,  42 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals SaxifrogacecCy  59 

36.  Stems  herbaceous 37 

Stems  woody,  stamens  4 Cornaiiece.,  63 

Stems  woody,  stamens  5—12 Styracece,  73 

37.  Pollen  triangular Onagrto'ece,  50 

Pollen  not  triangular Jlela-stonuiceiv,  46 

38.  Leaves  with  stipules 39 

Leaves  without  stipules 56 

39.  Carpels  distinct  or  solitary 40 

Carpels  united 42 

40.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  raonadelphons LeguminoscB.  43 

Stamens  not  united Leguyninosm,  43 41 

41.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals BerbeHihicea,  6 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  numerous Rosacece,  44 

42.  I'lacentaj  parietal 43 

Piacentie  central 45 

43.  Flowers  with  a  filamentous  crown Passijloracecp,  bS 

Flowers  without  a  filamentous  crown 4t 

44.  Flowers  regular Dro-teracfia;  17 

Flowers  irregular Violaceiv,  16 

45.  Styles  distinct  at  the  base 46 

Styles  more  or  less  united 49 

46.  Flowers  monoecious XupJiorbiacece,  103 

Flowers  perfect ■*' 

47.  Carpels  2,  separating  at  the  apex Saxifragacece,  59 

Carpels  un  ited Oxalidacecp,  26. ^ 

48.  Leaves  alternate,  with  ochrcfe Polygonacea,  102 

Leaves  opposite,  connected  by  siipiilar  membrane Illfccbracea;  20 

0 


11^4  DICIIOTOMOUS    ANALYSIS. 

49.  Stems  herbaceous ILlecehrcicem,  20 60 

Stems  woody 53 

50.  Stamens  5 Portulacacece,  22 

Stamens  10 51 

51.  Leaves  simple,  lobed Geraniacece,  24 

Leaves  compound 52 

62.  Leaves  ternate Occalidacece,  26 

Leaves  pinnate Zygophyllacece,  27 

53.  Vines Vitaceoe,  37 

Not  vines ^ 54 

54.  Small  tree Sapindacece,  40 

Shrubs 55 

55.  Leaves  opposite Celastracece,  41 

Leaves  alternate Rhamnacece,  42 

50.  Carpels  more  or  less  distinct  or  solitary Eanunculaceoe,  1 ^  57 

Carpels  consolidated 6S 

57.  Flowers  with  a  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calvx 5R 

Flowers  with  no  disk Berber idacecB,  6.  60 

58.  Stamens  8 Amyridaceee,  31 

Stamens  5 59 

59.  Ovaries  5 Surianaeece,  57 

Ovary  solitary Anacardiacece,  29 

60.  Fruit  a  legume Leguminosoe,  43 

Fruit  not  a  legume ,- Gl 

61.  Carpels  with  bypogynous  scales Crassnlacece.,  58 

Carpels  without  bypogynous  scales 6'"^ 

62.  Calyx  and  corolla  confounded Calycanthdce.cv.,  45 

Calyx  and  corolla  distinct C5 

63.  Herbaceous  plants 64 

Trees  and  shrubs  or  vines 66 

64.  (.'alyx  3— 4-leaved 65 

Calyx  5-leaved,  or  confounded  with  the  corolla Jiu7tunciUacece,  1 

65.  Aquatic  plants  with  floating  leaves CaJmmhncece,  7 

Plants  not  aquatic Berberidacece,  6 

66.  Trees  and  erect  shrubs AmyridacecB,  80 67 

Trailing  suiFructicose  plants,  sepals  and  petals  cox^fowa^&i..SchizandracecE,  4 

"  "  "         "  "     not       "       MeniapermacecB,  b        ' 

67.  Flowers  yellow Berheridacece,  6 

Flowers  brown  or  greenish Anonacece,  3 

68.  Fruit  1-eelled  or  spuriously  2-celled 69 

Fruit  several-celled 73 

00.  Stamens  tetradynamous Cruci/erce,  13 

Stamens  not  tetradynamous 70 

70.  II ypogynous  disk  large Capparidaccoe,  14 

Disk  absent Caryophyllacem,  21 71 

71 .  Stamens  5,  distinct Droseracece,  17.  Turneracece,  52 

Stamens  6,  distinct Smilaceoe,  119 

Stamens  numerous,  distinct Papo'veraceoe,  11 

Stamens  united  in  1  or  2  sets 79- 

72.  Stamens  6,  diadelpbous Fumariacece,  12 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous Meliacem,  35 

73.  Placentte  covering  the  dissepiments Wymphaiacece,  9 

Placentaj  in  the  axis 74 

74.  Styles  distinct Hypericacece,  19 , 70 

Styles  consolidated 81 

75.  Stamens  numerous Ilypericacece,  19 

Stamens  not  numerous 76 

76.  Stamens  6 77 

Stamens  aot  6 ,  . .  78 


DICHOTOMOUS    ANALYSIS.  195 

T7.  Fruit  a  berry Sniilacece,  119 

Fruit  a  capsule Trilliacece,  120 

78.  Herbaceous  plants  with  tumid  nodes CaryophyUncecp,  21 

Plants  not  having  tumid  nodes 79 

79.  Carpels  5 80 

Carpels  less  than  5 Saxifragacece,  59 

80.  Sfatnens  5 Linacetp,  23 

Stamens  8—10 Crassulaeece,  5S 

81.  Shrubs  or  trees 82 

Herbaceous  plants 89 

82.  Leaves  compound 83 

Leaves  simple Ericacece,  72 87 

S3.  Leaflets  palmately  arranged Hippocastanacem,  39 

Leaflets  pinnately  arranged 84 

a4.  Stamens  monadelphous  Meliacem,  85 

Stamens  not  monadelphous 85 

85.  Fruit  baccate 86 

Fruit  not  baccate Cedreleacecs,  36.  ZanthoxT/lacece,  28 

86.  Sepals  united Aiirantincece,  31 

Sepals  not  united Sapindacece,  40 

87.  Fruit  a  samara Aceracecp,  38 

Fruit  not  a  samara Styraceoe,  73 88 

88.  Fruit  2.seeded Empetrnce(r,  107 

Fruit  usually  more  than  2-seeded VitacecB,  37.  Rhnmnacecr,  42 

Fruit  3  or  several  celled,  many-seeded CircaceoB,  72 

89.  Sepa's  irregular 90 

Sepals  regular Ciataeece,  18.  LythracecB,  47 

90.  Fruit  many-seeded Bdlxaminaceai,  25 

Fruit  2-seeded  Sapmdacece,  40.  Polygalaceca,  Vo 

91.  Calyx  present  in  some  states 92 

Calyx  absent laS 

• 

MONOCHLAMYDEOUS  PLANTS. 

92.  Ovary  inferior .       9? 

Ovary  superior 104 

9-3.  Leaves  with  stipules 94 

Leaves  without  stipules  95 

94.  Flowers  perfect Aritttnlochinrerp,  106 

Flowers  not  perfect Amentacece,  115— Sub-order  CupulifercB. 

95.  F'owers  having  only  stamens  or  pistils 96 

Flowers  having  both  stamens  and  pistils 99 

96.  F'owers  in  aments  or  catkins 9T 

Flowers  not  in  aments 98 

97.  Leaves  simple Ameniacecp,  115 — Sub-order  Myricacpcr. 

Leaves  compound,  pinnate JuglnnditceiV,  116 

98.  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous f^antahioca',  105 

Flowers  monoecious,  vines Cucicrhitacetr,  54 

99.  Ovary  manv-celled 1(K» 

Ovary  1-celled 101 

100.  Ovary  .3— 6-celled Aristoloohiacea;  106 

Ovary  4-cened Onagraceir,  50 

101.  ParaMtic  plants Loranthacecr,  64 

Not  parasitic  plants 102 

102.  Pollen  triangular Onagraccr.  50 

Pollen  not  triangular NyctaginacecB,  98 103 

103.  Fruit  drupaceous •. Santnlacfifv,  1<»5 

Fruit  membranaceous  or  baccate  , Clieiiopndia<'P(v.  100 

Fruit  capsular    Snoci/ragacra.  59 

104.  Leaves  with  stipules l"-*^ 

Leaves  without  stipules IIT 


196  DICHOTOMOUS    ANALYSIS. 

1C5.  Flowers  having  only  stamens  or  pistils 106 

Flowers  perfect 109 

106.  Carpels  solitary 3forac^ce,  111.    Ui-ticacece.  109 

Carpels  more  than  one lOT 

107,  Flowers  in  aments  or  catkins 108 

Flowers  not  in  aments Eaploorhiacece,  IDS 

lOS.  Fruit  succulent Artocarpeacce,  111 

Fruit  not  succulent Ameniacece,  115 — Sub-order  Bettilince. 

109.  Sepals  2 Portulacacem,  22 

Sepals  more  than  2 1 10 

110.  Carpels  solitary  or  separate Ill 

Carpels  consolidated 114 

111.  Fruit  a  legume Leguminosm,  43 

Fruit  not  a  legume 112 

112.  Calyx  membranaceous IllecebracecE.,  20 

Calyx  firm  and  herbaceous .''  113 

113.  Stipules  not  ochres Rosacece,  44 

Stipules  ochreae Polygonaceoe,  102 

114.  Placentse  parietal Passifloracem,  53 

Placentae  in  the  axis 115 

1 15.  Calyx  membranaceous  and  laciniate TJlmacece,  110 

Calyx  firm  and  equally  lobed 116 

116.  Stamens  4 — 5,  opposite  the  petals Rhamnnaeee,  42 

Stamens  8—10,  or  numerous Tiliacece,  34 

117.  Flowers  having  stamens  and  pistils 118 

Flowers  having  only  stamens  or  pistils 181 

1  la  Calyx  tubular,  without  a  limb TJiymeliacecp,  104 

Calyx  not  tubular 119 

119.  Sepals  2 Portulacacece,  22 

Sepals  more  than  2 120 

120.  Carpels  several,  united 121 

Carpels  solitary  or  distinct ? 125 

121.  Shrubs  or  small  trees Lauracecp,  103 

Herbaceous  plants 122 

122.  Carpels  separated  at  the  apex Saxi/ragacem,  59 

Carpels  united 123 

123.  Stamens  perisynous 124 

Stamens  hypogynous Caryophyllacem,  21    . 

124.  Capsule  1-celled Prim^dacece,  95 

Capsule  2— 4-celled Lythracece,  47 

Fruit  10-celled Phytolacca ceoR^  lid 

125.  Carpels  several Ranunculacece,  1 

Carpels  solitary 126 

126.  Flowers  with  a  disk Anacardiacece,  29 

Flowers  without  a  disk 127 

127.  Fruit  a  legume Legutninosoi,  43 

Fruit  not  a  legume 128 

128.  Calyx  membranaceous 129 

Calyx  hardened  in  the  fruit XyctaginacecB,  93 

129.  Fruit  triangular .Polygonace(t.  l02 

Fruit  not  triangular 139 

130.  Calyx  dry  and  colored Amaranthacece,  99 

Calyx  not  colored Che7iopodiace(B,  100 

131.  Leaves  compound Zanthoxylaceoe,  28 

Leaves  simple Empetracece^  107 131 

182.  Ovary  3-celled EapTiorhiacem,  108 

Ovary  1-celled Amarantliacece,,  99.  Lauracece,  103 


DICUOTOMOUS    ANALYSIS.  197 


ACHLAMYDEOUS  PLANTS. 

183.  Leaves  with  stipnles f.' -."4 

Leaves  without  stipules 137 

134.  Ovules  numerous Amentaceoi,  115 — Sub-order  Salianece. 

Ovules  few 133 

135.  Carpels  3 Eup7iorbiace<v.,  103 

Carpels  single 136 

13G.  Small  shrub A  mentacecu,  115— Sub-order  Myricacecc. 

Large  trees Amentaceoc,  115— Sub-order  FlatanecB. 

137.  Flowers  havinii  only  stamens  or  pistils 140 

Flowers  perfect 142 

140.  Ovules  naked ;  fruit  a  cone ConifercR. 

Ovules  covered 141 

141.  Shrubs Amentacem  115 — Sub-order  Myricaoecc, 

Aquatic  plants J*odo8teinaceoe,  112.  Callitrichacece,  113 

142.  Flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes Saururncecp,  114 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  panicles Podostomacece,  1 12 

MONOPETALOUS  PLANTS. 

143.  Ovnry  superior 144 

Ovary  inferior « 178 

144.  Flowers  regular 145 

Flowers  irregular 1~1 

Monopetalce.    Regular  Floivers. 

145.  Ovary  4-lobed Borarjinacem,  S7 

Ovary  somewhat  2-lobed  or  spherical Scrophulariaceoc,  90 

Ovary  not  lobed :..  146 

146.  Anthers  opening  by  pores 147 

Anthers  opening  by  slits 148 

147.  Ovary  2-celled Solnnacecp,  88 

Ovary  more  than  2-celled Ericacem,  12 

148.  Trees,  shrubs,  undershrubs,  or  with  evergreen  foliage 149 

Herbaceous  plants 1">5 

149.  Twining  plants    Loganiaceo',  81.     Gelsemhium. 

Plants  not  twining 150 

150.  Stamens  2 Oleocece,  78 

Stamens  more  than  2 151 

151.  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous 152 

Flowers  perfect 153 

152.  Fruit  a  large  berry  8— 12-seeded Ehpuncem,  74 

Fruit  a  small  berry  3 — 6-seeded Aqui/oliacecc,  75 

153.  Stamens  somewhat  monadelphous Sti/racew,  73 

Stamens  distinct Vaecinacea;  71    154 

154.  Flowers  conspicuous Ericacecp,  72 

Flowers  inconspicuous SapoUiceii,  76 

155.  Plants  without  g|^en  herbage 156 

Plants  with  green  herbage 157 

156.  Parasitic  vines Convolvulacem,  86.     Cuecuta. 

Erect  plants Ericaceae,  72.     Monotropa. 

157.  Twining  plants 158 

Plants  not  twining 160 

158.  Fruit  follicular 159 

Fruit  capsular Convolriducea;,  86 

159.  Flowers  in  umbels AscUpiadacece,  79.     Gonolohun. 

Flowers  in  corymbose  racemes Apocynacem,  80.    Echites. 

160.  Fruit  follicular 161 

Fruit  not  follicular It's 

161.  Flowers  in  umbels Asclepindacecr,  79 

Flowers  not  in  umbels Apocynacei^  80 


198  DICIIOTOMOUS    ANALYSIS. 

162.  Inflorescence  coiled  up 163 

Inflorescence  straight 166 

163.  Flowers  red,  tube  long Loganiacea,  81 

Flowers  not  red 164 

164.  Stigmas  5 rium'baginacecc,  96 

Stigmas  less  than  5 «. 165 

165.  Ovary  4-lobed Boraginacecv,  S7 

Ovary  not  4-lobed  IIyd)'ophyllacea\  So  ^ 

166.  Stamens  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla Primulacem,  95 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  segments  16T 

167.  Stamens  4,  with  flowers  inconspicuous,  on  a  scape Plantaginacem,  97 

Stamens  more  than  4,  or  not  on  a  scape 168 

163.  Capsule  3-celled 169 

Capsule  1— 2-celled 170 

1 69.  Evergreen  plants IlydrophyllacecB,  85.     Dlapensia. 

Not  evergreen  plants Polemoniaceoe,  84  ' 

170.  Leaves  opposite Gentian acece,  82 

Leaves  alternate Solanacecs,  88 

Monopetalce.    Irregular  Flowers. 

171.  Ovary  4-lobed Labiatce,  91 

Ovary  undivided 172 

172.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  nut-like,  2— 4-seeded Verbenacece,  92 

Fruit  capsular 173 

173.  Fruit  a  ligneous,  2-bcaked  capsule Bignoniacece,  S3.    Martynia. 

Fruit  notligneous 174 

174.  Seeds  winged,  shrubby  vines Bignoniacece,  83 

Seeds  without  wings,  herbaceous 175 

175.  Parasitic  plants  without  green  foliage Orobanchacece,.S  9 

Plants  with  green  foliage ScrojjhidariacecB,  90. ,  .-r: . . .  176 

176.  Fruit  2-celled 177 

Fruit  more  than  2-celled E'icacece,  72 

Fruit  with  free  central  placentae Leyidbtdariacece,  94 

177    Seeds  without  appendages ScrophulanacecB.  90 

Seeds  with  hooked  appendages Acanthacece,  93 

M'MO'petalcf'.    Inferior  Ovary. 

178.  Carpels  solitary Caprifoliacece,  65. 179 

Carpels  more  than  one IS') 

179.  Anthers  united CompnsU(e.  68 

Anthers  distinct Styracece,  73.   Valerian acecB,  67 

130.  Anthers  united LoheliacexB,  69 

Anthers  distinct ISl 

181.  Anthers  opening  by  pores Ericacem,  72 

Anthers  opening  by  slits 182 

182.  Stipules  between  opposite  leaves Rabiacece,  66.     CinchonacecB. 

Stipules  absent 183 

183.  Leaves  alternate ^ 184 

Leaves  opposite r. -. 186 

184.  Trees  or  shrubs Ebenacea:,  74 

Herbaceous  plants 185 

185.  Twining  plants  ..   Bioscoreacea;,  118 

Not  twining Campanulacece,  70 

186.  Leaves  in  pairs ._ Valerianacece,  67.    Caprifoliacea:,  65 

Leaves  in  whorls 187 

187.  Stem  square Euhiacece,  66 

Stem  round Dioscoreacea;,  118 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

188.  Flowers  having  distin  ot  petals 1 80 

Flowers  not  having  distinct  petals 20T 


DICHOTOMOUS    ANALYSIS.  199 

189.  Flowers  gynandrous OrcMdace<B,  122 

Stamens  and  pistils  separate 190 

190.  Ovary  inferior 191 

Ovary  superior 199 

191.  Veins  of  the  leaves  reticulated Diosooreacece,  118 

Veins  of  thejeaves  parallel 102 

192.  Veins  diverging  from  the  midrib Maro/iitaceoe,  123 

Veins  paraltel  with  the  midrib 193 

193.  Stamens  2,  or  3 Ilydrocharidacea:,  121 

Stamens  3 194 

Stamens  6 196 

194.  Flowers  yellow HoBmodoracecB,  126 

Flowers  not  yellow 195 

195.  Loaves  minute,  subulate Burmanniacece,  125 

Leaves  large,  ensit'orm Iridacecc,  124 

IOC).  Parasitic,  growing  on  trees Bromeliacece,  129 

Not  parasitic 197 

197.  Flowers  yellow  or  white 198 

Flowers  not  yellow AinaryUiddceLe,  127 

19S.  Leaves  grass-like ITypocridaceoe,  12S 

Leaves  ensiform Ho^modoracece,  126 

199.  Carpels  separate Alismacem,  137 

Carpels  united 200 

200.  Sepals  and  petals  distinct 201 

Sepals  und  petals  confounded 203 

201.  Stigma  1,  leaves  with  parallel  veins Syena,    Coj)imelynacece,  136 

Stigmas  3,  or  3-cleft 202 

202.  Leaves  linear,  ensiform Xyridaceoe,  133 

Leaves  broad,  reticulateiy  veined Ti-UliacecE,  120 

203.  Flowers  brownish Juncaceo:,  134 

Flowers  colored 204 

204.  Leaves  fan-like JWmncece,  135 

Le.ives  simple 205 

2  5.  Leaves  reticulateiy  veined Smilucw,  119 

Leaves  parallel  veined 206 

206.  Anthers  extrorse 3Iel(i>itfiace<F,  131 

Anthers  introrse LUiacexe,  130 

207.  Flowers  glumaceous 216 

Flowers  not  glumaceous 208 

2C8.  Flowers  on  a  spadix 209 

Flowers  not  on  a  spadix 218 

209.  Fruit  succulent Aracecc,  138 

Fruit  dry , 210 

210.  Capsule  5-celled,  many-seeded 211 

Capsule  1-celled,  1-seeded 212 

211.  Flowers  pale  yellow Anicecv,  13S.    Acorns. 

Flowers  blue  or  white Pontederiurecp,  132 

212.  Leaves  ensiform,  marsh  plants Aracece,  13S 

Leaves  not  ensiform,  water  plants Naiadacea:,  lo9 

213.  Floatin;.'  plants. .' Aracece,  13S 

Lai.d  plants 214 

214.  Flowers  in  small  dense  heads liestiacecB,  Uj) 

Flowers  not  in  small  dense  heads 215 

215.  Stamens  0,  or  more Aracece,  138.   Jit/ncace(p,  13t 

Sii^mi'us  less  than  6 Alinmacece,  137 

210.  Stem  solid Cypcraci  ce,  141 

Siem  i-ouud  and  hollow Graminaoeoe,  142 


DESCRIPTIVE    BOTANY. 


DICOTYLED'ONJE. 

Trunk  consisting  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith  distinct,  more  or 
less  conical,  increasing  by  an  annual  deposit  of  new  wood  and 
cortical  substance  between  the  wood  and  bark.  Leaves  attached 
to  the  stem  by  articulation  ;  their  veins,  and  those  of  the  floral 
envelopes,  reticulated.  Embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite 
cotyledons. 

(The  student  will  readily  distingnisli  the  plants  of  this  class  hy  the  reticulated  veins 
of  the  leaves,  sepals,  and  petals;  by  the  presence  of  bark  and  pith.  It  includes  all 
our  shrubs  and  forest  trees.) 

POLYPET'AL^. 

Flowers  generally  consist  of  calyx  and  corolla  ;  calyx  cod 
sisting  of  several  distinct  sepals.  Petals  several,  distinct,  hj 
pogynous,  rarely  united,  sometimes  wanting. 

Order  L— RANUNCULA'CE^.     {Crow-foot  Family) 

Sepals  3 — 15,  usually  5,  mostly  deciduous.  -Estivation 
imbricate  (except  Clematis,  which  is  valvate).  Petals  3 — 15 
or  none.  Anthers  adnate.  Carpels  numerous,  distinct,  or  uni- 
ted into  a  single  pistil.  Seeds  anatropous,  erect,  or  pendulous. 
Embryo  minute.  Albumen  large,  corneous,  or  fleshy.  Plants 
generally  with  acrid,  transparent  juice. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Vines Clematis,  1 

Not  vines 2 

2.  Fruit  achenia 3 

Fruit  a  capsule,  pod,  or  berry 9 

3.  Petals  none.     Perianth  petal-like 4 

Petals  present 6 

4.  Involucre  separate  fi-om  the  flower,  leaf-like 5 

Involucre  calyx-like 7 

5.  Achenia  ribbed,  grooved,  or  inflated Thalictrum,  15 

Achenia  not  ribbed  or  inflated Anemonf,  2 


ORDER    I. RANUNCULACE.E.  201 

6.  Lpaves  palmately  lobcd Trautvetteria,  14 

Leaves  not  ijalmately  lobed RanunculuH,  5 

7.  Leaves  tri pinnate Adonis,  4 

Leaves  8-!obed Ilepatica,  3 

Leaves  simple,  dissected,  lobed 8 

8.  Achenia  in  an  elongated  spike Jfi/osurus,  6 

Achenia  in  a  compact  head ....   Ranunculus,  5 

Achenia  uith  plumose  tails ...       Cleinatis,  1 

9.  Petals  none.    Perianth  petal-like 10 

Petals  present 12 

10.  Sepals  8,  petaloid Hydrastis,  17 

Sepals  more  than  3 H 

11.  Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  simple Caltha,  7 

Flowers  white.    Leaves  compound Isopyrum,  8 

12.  Stem  woody Zanthnrhiza,  16 

Stem  herbaceous 13 

13.  Flowers  regular 14 

Flowers  more  or  less  irregular 15 

14.  Pistil  1,  forming  a  several-seeded  berry Actcea,  12 

Pistils  1 — S,  forming  a  several-seeded  pod Cimicifuga,  13 

15.  Petals  5,  spurred,  tubular Aquilegia,  9 

Petals  4,  of  two  forms Delphiniu m,  10 

Petals  2,  concealed  imder  the  hood  of  the  sepal Aconitum,  11 

Genus  I. —CLEM' ATIS.     L.  12— 12.     {Virgiii's  Boicer.) 

(From  the  Greek  klema,  a  shoot  or  tendril,  in  allusion  to  the  climbing  habit  of  th« 

genus.) 

Sepals  and  Petals  confounded.  Perianth  4 — 10- leaved,  col- 
ored. Anthers  linear,  extrorse.  Fruit  an  aclienium,  usually 
with  long  plumose  tails. 

a.    Flowers  paniculate.     Leaves  ternately  or  hiternaiely  divided. 

1.  C.  Virginia'na,  (L.)  Climbing,  covering  small  trees  and  bushes 
with  its  foliage.  Stem  terete,  pubescent  when  3'oung.  Leaves  ternate, 
leaflets  cordate-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  toothed,  or  lobed;  veins  and 
margins  pubescent.  Flowers  panicled,  dioecious.  Sepals  4,  oval,  pubes- 
cent, fragrant.  Carpels  with  long  plumose  tails. — White.  ^ .  Aug. 
Can.  to  Flor.     Fertile  soil. 

2.  C.  Catksbya'na,  (Pursh.)  Stem  climbing,  pubescent,  similar  to  the 
preceding  species.  Leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  subcordate,  3-lobed,  lobes 
entire,  acuminate.  Panicle  divaricate,  dichotomous.  Flowers  small, 
the  pistillate  florets  bearing  abortive  stamens.  Sepals  4,  oblong,  downy 
on  the  outer  surface. — White.    ^ .     July  to  Aug.     So.  Ca.  and  Geo. 

3.  C.  holoser'icea,  (Pursh.)  Climbing,  the  whole  plant  silky.  Flow- 
ers dioecious  in  paniculate  corymbs,  trichotomous,  few-flowered.  Leaves 
ttirnate,  pubescent  on  both  sides;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  entire.  Se- 
pals Waear.  Tails  of  the  carpels  long,  feathered. — White.  ^.  July 
to  Aug.     Geo. 

b.     Peduncles  solitary,  l-flowered.     Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

4.  C.  cylin'drica,  (Pursh.)  Climbing,  pubescent.  Leaves  pinnate, 
membranaceous,  decompound;  leaflets  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  gla- 
brous, petiolate.  Peduncles  l-flowered,  terminal,  solitary.  Flowers 
cylindrical,  nodding.  Sepals  coriaceous,  acuminate,  margin  undulate. 
Tails  of  the  seed  plumose. 

0* 


202  ORDER   I. RANUNCULACE^. 

5.  C.  Walte'ri  differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  the  leaflets  linear 
lanceolate. — Bluish  purple.    ^  .     July.     Car.  and  Geo. 

6.  C.  lixearilo'ba,  (D.  C.)  Stem  terete,  slender,  glabrous.  Leavei 
pinnate,  3 — 4  pair,  smooth ;  leaflets  entire  or  3-parted  ;  lobes  linear. 
Peduncles  1-flowered,  terminal,  solitary.  Sepals  acute,  pubescent  along 
the  margins,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. — Perhaps  the  above  is  a 
variety  of  Cylindi-ica. 

7.  C.  vior'na,  CL.)  Stem  climbing.  Leaves  glabrous,  pinnately  di- 
vided ;  segments  oval,  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-lobed.  Floral  leaves  en- 
tire. Peduncles  1-flowered,  occasionally  2  or  8-flowered.  Sepals  cori- 
aceous, about  one  inch  long,  with  the  apices  reflected.  Flowers  nod 
ding. — Purple.    ^  .     Penn.  to  Geo. 

8.  C.  reticula'ta,  (Walt.)  Climbing.  Leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous, 
pinnate ;  leaflets  3  or  4  pairs,  petiolate,  entire  or  variously  lobed,  some- 
times obtuse,  at  other  times  acute  and  mucronate,  strongly  veined  on 
both  sides.  Sepals  connivent.  Carpels  with  plumose  tails. — Dull  pur- 
ple.   ^.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     May  to  Aug. 

9.  C.  CRis'pA,  (L.)  St€7n  climbing,  pubescent.  Leaves  pinnate,  ter- 
nate,  or  3-lobed,  generally  glabrous.  Ploicers  solitary,  on  the  summit 
of  small  branches,  campanulate.  Sepals  coriaceous,  rugose,  the  apex 
reflexed,  margin  crisped.  Stamens  very  numerous,  half  the  length  of 
the  sepals.  Carpels  numerous,  tomentose,  with  short  tails. — Purple. 
^ .     Low  country.     May. 

c.     Herbaceous  plants,  erect. 

10.  C.  ocHROLEu'cA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent.  Leaves 
simple,  ovate,  entire  ;  when  young,  pubescent,  on  short  petioles.  Flow- 
ers solitaiy,  terminal,  pedunculate,  inclined.  Sejyals  silky  on  the  out- 
side.— Yellowish.     11.     Mountains.     12  in. 

11.  C.  ova'ta,  (Pursh.)  ^^e;n  erect,  simple.  Zea yes  broad,  ovate,  gla- 
brous, on  short  petioles  ;  lower  ones  subcordate.  Flowers  terminal,  sol- 
itary.    Tails  of  the  seed  very  long. — Purple.     2f.     Mountains. 

12.  C.  Baldwin'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Sietn  erect,  somewhat  branching,  slen- 
der, slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire,  or  3-cleft,  or  lobed,  the  lobes  linear.  Peduncle  terminiil, 
elongated,  1-flowered.  Flowers  cylindrical,  campanulate.  Sepals 
woolly  on  the  margin.  Carpels  with  very  long  plumose  tails. — Pur- 
plish.    12  to  18  in.     Florida. 

The  above  genus  contains  no  plants  used  for  any  other  purpose  than  ornament. 
Some  of  them  secrete  an  exceedingly  acrid  juice,  which  produces  blisters;  and  the  C. 
erecta  and  flammula  are  used,  it  is  said,  by  the  beggars  on  the  continent  of  Europe 
for  the  production  of  ulcers,  to  excite  the  compassiou  of  the  public. 

Gknus  II.— ANEMO'NE.     L.  12— 12.     (Windfower.) 

(From  the  Greek  aneincs,  wind,  from  the  supposition  that  the  flowers  open  only 
when  the  wind  blows.) 

Involucre  3 -leaved,  variously  divided,  remote  from  the 
flower.  Perianth  5 — lo-Ieaved.  Carpels  numerous,  mucro- 
nate.    Herhs  perennial,  with  radical  leaves. 

1.  A.  Carolinia'xa,  (Walt.)  Scape  6 — 18  inches  high,  pubescent, 
particularly  towards  the  summit.    Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  notched  and 


ORDER    I. RANUNCULACE.E.  203 

serrated.  Involucre  3-leaved  near  the  middle  of  the  scape  ;  loaflets  3- 
cleft,  se.i^sile.  Sepals  16 — 20  ;  the  exterior  oblong,  oval,  thick,  and 
sprinkled  with  purple  specks;  the  inner  thin,  petal-Jike,  and  sometimes 
almost  linear.  Carpels  in  an  oblong  cylindrical  head,  covered  with  a 
silky  down. — While.    ^  .     March.     Geo.  and  Car. 

2.  A.  NEMOuo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  6 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  ternate;  leaf- 
lets lobed,  toothed,  acute,  1-flowered.  Corolla  5  or  6-petaled.  Seeds 
ovate,  with  a  short,  hooked  point.  6 — 17  in. — White,  tinged  with 
purple.     March.     Geo,  and  Car.  Wood  Anemone. 

3.  A.  Virginia  NA,  (L.)  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  simple,  pubescent. 
Leaves  ternate,  rugose,  hairy.  Segments  3-cIeft,  acuminate,  serrate. 
Involucre  similar,  petiolate.  Sepals  5,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface, 
coriaceous;  the  2  exterior  green,  lanceolate,  acute;  the  interior  ellipti- 
cal. Carpels  in  an  oblong  ovate  capitulum,  woolly.  Peduncles  1-flow- 
ered, 3 — 4  from  each  involucrum. — Yellowish  green,  h  .  Car.  and 
Geo.     July  to  August.     18  inches.  Wind-flower.     Thimble-ioeed. 

Many  beautiful  foreign  species  of  this  genus  are  cultivated,  M'hich  are  very  showy, 
varying  in  color  through  the  t-eries  from  blue  to  red  ;  but  of  our  own  species  no  cars 
has  been  taken  for  their  improvement  by  cultivation,  which  would  richly  repay  the 
florists  care. 

Gen-US  III— HEPAT'ICA.     Dill.  12—12.     {Liver-leaf.) 
(From  the  Greek  hepar,  the  liver,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.) 

Involucrum  3-leaved,  resembling  a  calyx  near  tlie  flower. 
Leaves  of  the  perianth  6 — 9,  arranged  in  2  or  3  rows.  Achc' 
nia  numerous,  without  tails. 

1.  H.  tri'loba,  (Chaix.)  Leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  entire,  thick,  coria- 
ceous. Scape,  petioles,  and  involucrum  villous. — Rose-colored.  ^ . 
Common.     Feb.     5  in.  Liverwort. 

This  plant  has  enjoyed  groat  celebrity,  both  in  this  country  and  Europe.  It  has 
been  deemed  almost  a  specific  in  hepatic  or  liver  atfections,  and,  not  many  years 
since,  vvms  higlily  extolled  as  a  certain  cure  for  chronic  coughs.  It  is  a  mild  tonic  and 
astringent,  and  may  be  taken  in  any  quantities  by  infusion  in  water. 

Genus  IV.— ADO'NIS.     L.  12—12.     {Pheasant's  Eye.) 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5 — 15,  cmarginate,  concave,  conniveiit. 
Achenia  spicate,  terminated  by  the  short  style.  Leaves  cauline, 
tripinnate,  segments  linear  and  numerous.  Flowers  solitary,. on 
the  extremity  of  the  stem  or  branches. 

1.  A.  autumna'lis,  (L.)  Stem  branched,  herbaceous.  Carpels  some- 
what reticulate,  collected  into  an  ovate  head. — Bright  scarlet.  ©.  Aug. 
Car.  and  Lou. 

A  beautiful  plant  of  easy  culture.  Derives  its  name  from  the  supposition  that  it 
sprung  from  the  blood  of  Adonis,  when  wounded  by  a  boar. 

Genus  V.— RANUN'CULUS.     L.  12—12.     {Croiofoot.     Buttercup.) 
(From  the  Latin  rana,  a  frog,  the  plants  growing  in  wet  places  where  ft-ogs  abound.) 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5  or  none,  with  a  scale  on  the  inside  of 
the  base  of  the  petals.     Stamens  generally  numerous.     Ache- 


204  ORDER   I. RANUJ^^CULACE^E. 

nia  numerous,  ovate,  pointed,  compressed,  smooth,  striated,  or 
tuberculated,  arranged  in  a  cjlindric  or  globose  head. 

1.  R.  aquat'ilis,  (L.)  Stem  floating,  long,  slender,  jointed.  Leaves 
submersed,  capillary,  alternate,  petioled.  Cali/x  glabrous.  Petals 
white  ;  claw  yellow,  with  a  conspicuous  pore.  Achenia  tra-nsversely 
wrinkled. —  ^  .     June  to  Aug.     Ponds  and  streams.     Car.  and  Geo. 

a.     Leaves  undivided,  fotcers  yellow,  carpels  smooth. 

2.  R.  laxicau'lis,  (T.  ct  G.)  Stem  weak,  much  branched,  declined, 
rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  glabrous.  Leaves  smooth,  linear-lanceolate, 
or  elliptical,  oblong  ;  upper  ones  linear.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves, 
1 — 2  inches  long.  Carpels  with  a  subulate  beak  in  a  globular  head. 
Petals  mudi  longer  than  the  calyx,  slender  at  the  base. —  ^  .  Ditcher 
Car.  and  Geo.     July. 

8.  R.  pusil'lus,  (Poir.)  Stem  decumbent,  little  branched,  glabrous. 
Leaves  on  long  petioles,  entire  or  denticulate,  obtuse  ;  lower  ones 
ovate  or  subcordate  ;  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate.  Peduncles  opposite 
the  leaves,  1-flowered.  Sepals  ovate,  obtuse.  Flowers  small.  Petals 
small,  nearly  round.  Pore  at  the  base  of  the  limb  of  the  petal.  Sta- 
mens few.  Styles  none.  Achenia  ovate. — Yellow.  '^  .  Very  common 
in  wet  soils.     March. 

b.     Leaves  divided. 

4.  R.  ABORTi'vus,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  simple,  or  branching.  Radi- 
cal leaves  on  petioles,  cordate,  reniform,  or  broadly  ovate ;  sometimes 
3-parted,  crenate  ;  cauliue  ones  3 — 5-parted,  with  long,  entire,  linear 
lobes.  Sepals  glabrous,  reflexed,  longer  than  the  petals.  Floicers  small, 
scale  large.  C'ar/)e/«  in  a  globose  head. —  ^.  Common  in  the  middle 
regions  of  Geo.  and  Car.     May. 

5.  R.  scelera'tus,  (L.)  Boot  fibrous.  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  fistulous, 
thick,  leafy.  Leaves  on  petioles,  lower  ones  with  petioles  4  or  5  inchea 
long,  sheathing,  3-parted,  radical  ones  with  the  divisions  3-lobed  and 
obtusely  incised,  upper  ones  with  oblong  linear  entire  lobes.  Sepals 
reflexed,  colored.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  generally  opposite  the  leaves ; 
petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  shining.  Stamens  12 — 15,  shorter  than 
the  petals.  Carpels  small,  numerous,  in  a  cylindrical  head. —  ^  .  Com- 
mon in  the  Ioav  country.     May. 

6.  R.  Pur'shii,  (Richards.)  Submerged  leaves  filiformly  2  or  3- 
chotimously  dissected,  with  segments  flat ;  emersed  ones  reniform,  3 — 
6-parted,  the  lobes  variously  divided.  Petals  twice  as  large  as  the  re- 
flexed sepals.  Carpels  in  globose  heads,  smooth,  with  a  short  and 
straight  ensiform  style. — In  ponds  and  muddy  places.  N.  Car.  and 
Lou.     Torrey  &  Gray. 

7.  R.  ke'pens,  (L.)  Stems  prostrate  and  creeping,  sometimes  erect. 
Leaves  trifoliate,  segments  cuneate,  3-lobed,  incisely  toothed,  middle 
one  petioled.  Calyx  spreading.  Carpels  with  a  straight  point.  This 
plant  is  very  variable  :  sometimes  villous,  at  otliers  glabrous.  Floicers 
vary  in  size,  and  number  of  petals  from  5 — 8.  The  R.  Nitidus  of 
Elliott,  we  believe,  is  only  a  variety  of  this,  as  we  have  seen  it  assuming 
all  the  peculiarities  of  that  plant,  with  good  reason  to  believe  it  was 
the  one  described. — In  wet  grounds,  very  common  in  Middle  Geo. 

8.  R.  palma'tus.  Carolinia'nus.  Stem  erect,  12 — 18  inches  high, 
hairy,  hair  above  appressed,  below  spreading  ;  branches  long,  1-flowored 


ORDER   I. EANUNCDLACE^.  205 

Leaves  all  petioled,  radical  ones  palmately  3-parted,  lobes  toothed,  the 
apper  3-cleft,  with  the  lobes  nearly  entire,  linear-lanceolate.  Flou^cn 
opposite  the  leaves,  on  long  slender  peduncles.  Carpels  compressed, 
margined,  with  beak  broad,  nearly  straight. — May.  Swamps.  Cur. 
and  Geo. 

9.  R.  His'piDUS,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  erect,  branching,  12 — 18  inches  high. 
Leaves  3-cleft  or  3-parted,  segments  oval,  acute,  toothed.  Petioles 
covered  with  dense  expanding  hair.  Radical  leaves,  with  segments 
generally  separate,  hairy.  Floiocrs  generally  on  long  peduncles,  covered 
with  appressed  hair.  Petals  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  obovate. 
Carpels  with  a  short  straight  point. — Rich,  shaded  soil.     May — June. 

10.  R.  recurva'tus,  (Poir.)  Stem  erect,  12 — 18  inches  high,  clothed 
with  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  3-parted,  but  not  to  the  base,  villous, 
sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  hair  appressed,  segments  broad,  ovate, 
acutely  serrate,  lateral  ones  2-lobed.  Floioers  small,  on  short  pedun- 
cles, calyx  refiexed,  petals  narrow-oblong,  smaller  than  the  sepals. 
Carpels  in  a  globose  head,  with  a  hooked  point.     "Woods.     July. 

11.  R.  Pennsylva'nicus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  strong,  branching,  1 — 2 
feet  high,  hispid,  with  stiff  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  ternate,  villous, 
hairs  appressed,  petioles  covered  like  the  stem,  lower  ones  on  long 
petioles,  leaflets  petiolate,  lanceolate,  incised.  Flowers  small,  calyx  re- 
flexed,  sepals  much  larger  than  the  petals.  Carpels  compressed  in  an 
ovate  head,  smooth,  with  a  sharp  point. — July.  In  the  upper  districts 
of  Geo.  and  Car. 

12.  R.  TOMENTo'sus,  (Poir.)  Stem  short,  ascending  at  the  summit, 
covered  with  dense  soft  expanding  hair,  1  or  2-flowered.  Leaves  3- 
parted,  segments  3-lobed,  ovate,  dentate,  tomentose,  hair  appressed, 
upper  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  entire.  Petals  obovate.  Sepals  villous, 
nearly  as  large  as  the  petals. — Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

c.     Carpels  tubercled  or  prickly. 

13.  R.  murica'tus,  (L.)  Stem  erect  or  procumbent,  12 — 18  inches 
high,  branching,  succulent,  pilose.  Leaves  glabrous,  petioled,  sometimes 
entire,  sometimes  3-cleft  even  to  the  base,  lobes  toothed,  floral  ones  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  entire,  lower  ones  slightly  cordate,  shining,  toothed. 
Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  about  1  inch  long.  Petals  obovate, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Sepals  reflected,  lanceolate.  Carpels  with  a 
thick  margin,  tuberculate,  aculeate,  with  a  straight  or  slightly  hooked 
beak. — ©.     In  cultivated  laud.     March — May. 

14.  R.  Parviflo'rus,  (L.)  Stejn  erect  or  slightly  decumbent,  12 — 15 
inches  high,  slender,  villous.  Leaves  orbicular,  3-lobed  or  tornate, 
notched,  pubescent.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  short.  Flowers 
small.  Petals  3 — 5,  equal  to  the  sepals.  Srpals  reflexed.  Carpels 
with  thin  margin,  tubercled,  with  a  hooked  point. — May. 

The  Eanunculi  are  distinguished  for  an  exceedingly  acrid  juice,  which  is  so  volatile 
that  drying  or  infusion  in  water  renders  plants,  whicli  otherwise  act  as  a  powerful 
epispasiics,  perfectly  inert.  Some  of  these  plants  have  been  used  for  drawing  blister?, 
and  for  the  want  of  the  Spanish  tlies,  may  be  used  with  advantage,  although,  from 
their  powerful  action,  should  be  used  with  care.  The  K.  Sceleratus  will  produce  « 
blister  in  an  hour  and  a  half. 


206 


ORDER    I. RANUNCULACEJ. 


Genus  VI.— MYOSU'RUS.     Dill.  5—12.     {.Mouse-taii) 


(From  the  Greek  inus,  a  mouse,  and  oiira,  a  tail,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  spik« 
to  the  tail  of  a  mouse.) 

Sepals  5,  produced  downward,  at  the  base,  beyond  their  in- 
sertion. Petals  5,  the  claw  fihtbrm  and  tubular.  Stamens 
generally  numerous,  5 — 20.  Achcnia  triquetrous,  spicate,  on 
an  elongated  torus.     Seeds  suspended. 

1.  M.  min'imus,  (L.)  Scape  2 — 4  inches  high.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches 
long,  very  narrow,  radical.  Flowers  minute.  Spikes  of  carpels  terete, 
tapering. — Pale  yellow.      ©.     April.     Geo.  and  Lou. 

Genus  VII.— CAL'THA.    L.  12— 12.    (Cowslip.    Marsh  Marigold)^ 
(From  the  Greek  kalathos,  a  goblet.) 

Calyx  colored.  Sepals  5 — 9,  resembling  petals.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  numerous.  Follicles  numerous,  compressed, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  ovate,  raphe  prominent. 

1.  C.  ficarioi'des,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  1 -flowered,  1 -leaved,  radi- 
cal. Leaves  petioled,  cordate-ovate,  obtuse,  sparingly-toothed,  many- 
nerved.     5(?jDa/s  elliptic. — Yellow.    ^.     8 — 12  in.     Swamps. 

The  Caltha  possesses  the  same  acrid  properties  as  the  Ranunculus,  but  by  boiling  is 
rendered  harmless,  and  is  prepared  for  food  in  early  spring. 

Genus  VIIL— ISOPY'RUM.     T.  &  G.  12—12. 
(From  the  Greek  isos,  equal,  and  puros,  wheat;  the  allusion  uncertain.) 

Sepals  5,  petaloid.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  10 — 40. 
Ovaries  3 — 20.     Follicles  ovate,  or  oblong. 

1.  biterna'tum,  (T.  &,  G.)  (Enemion  biternatum,  Raf.)  Slender  herb, 
with  leaves  2 — 3-ternately  divided,  the  segments  2 — 3-lobed.  Flowers 
axillary  and  terminal.  Carpels  3 — 6,  broadly  ovate,  divaricate,  nerved, 
?.-seeded. —  ©.     Kentucky  and  Florida. 

Genus  IX.— AQUILE'GIA.     L.  12—5.     {Columbine.) 
(Latin  name  aquila,  an  eagle.) 

Sepals  5,  deciduous,  colored.  Petals  5,  somewhat  bilabiate, 
each  petal  being  produced  into  a  spur,  projecting  between  the 
sepals.     Follicles  5,  many-seeded,  terminated  by  a  style. 

1.  A.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  on  long 
3-cleft  footstalks,  ternate  and  biternate,  leaflets  lobed  and  crenate, 
glaucous.  Flowers  peudulou*,  spurs  straiL^ht,  stamens  exsert,  nume- 
rous, disposed  in  several  parcels. — Scarlet,  tinged  witli  yellow.  $ . 
Mountains.     Islay. 

Aqnilegia  affords  beautiful  ornaments  for  the  flower  garden,  and  as  such  severa/ 
•pecies  arc  cultivated. 


ORDER    I. RANUNCULACEJ5.  207 

Gexus  X.— delphinium.     L.  12—5.     (Larkspur.) 

(Fiom  the  Greek  delj)hi7i,  a  dolphin,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  some  part  of  the 

flower.) 

Sepals  5,  deciduous,  irregular,  petaloid,  tlie  upper  one  pro- 
duced downward  into  a  long  spur.  Petals  4,  irregular,  two 
upper  ones  horned,  with  the  horns  inclosed  in  the  spur  of  the 
calyx.  Capsules  mostly  3,  many-seeded.  Flowers  in  terminal 
racemes. 

1.  D.  Consol'ida,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  divaricately  branched,  glabrous. 
Leaves  petiolate,  palmately  divided.  Flowers  few,  in  a  loose  raceme. 
Pedicels  longfer  tlian  the  bracts.  Petals  united  into  one.  Carpels 
smooth  or  pubescent. — White,  blue.     Common.     Introduced. 

2.  D.  tricor'ne,  (Mich.)  Root  tuberous.  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high, 
glabrous.  Leaves  5-parted,  with  the  divisions  3 — 5-cleft.  Petioles 
slightly  dilated  at  the  base,  2 — 4  inches,  glabrous,  lobes  linear,  acute. 
Flowers  in  loose  terminal  racemes,  large,  6 — 12-flowered,  hairy  on  the 
outside.  Spur  sti-aight,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Carpels  3,  ovate. — Blue. 
■^ .     Mountains.     May. 

3.  D.  azu'reum,  (Mich.)  Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  pubescent.  Leaves  on 
short  petioles,  3 — 5-parted,  many-cleft,  segments  linear,  pubescent. 
Flowers  in  long  racemes,  on  short  peduncles,  petals  bearded  at  the 
apex,  shorter  tihan  the  sepals,  lower  ones  deeply  2-cleft,  claw  hispid  on 
one  side,  the  other  with  a  spurdike  process  at  its  base. — Blue,  large. 
^ .     Middle  Geo.     May. 

4.  D.  exalta'tum,  (Ait.)  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  pubescent  toward 
the  summit,  branching.  Leaves  flat,  3 — o-cleft  below  the  middle,  lobes 
wedge-shaped,  3-cleft  at  the  summit,  acuminate.  Lateral  ones  often 
2-lobed.  Racemes  erect,  petals  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  the 
lower  petals  fringed.  Spur  straight,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Bright 
blue.    ^ .     Mountains. 

5.  D.  viREs'cENs,  (Nutt.)  StemS — 12  inches  high,  pubescent.  Leaves 
3_5.parted,  the  middle  division  generally  entire,  lateral  lobes  2 — 3- 
cleft  ;  lobes  lanceolate,  petioles  slightly  dilated.  Flowers  in  a  loose 
few-flowered  raceme,  slightly  pubescent.  Sepals  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
marked  with  a  spot  near  the  apex,  longer  than  the  petal  ;  lower  petals 
deeply  2-cleft,  densely  bearded,  capsules  3. — Flowers  large,  yellowish 
or  greenish  white.     ^.     June.     Macon. 

6.  D.  vimin'eum,  (Don.)  Petioles  scarcely  dilated  at  the  base.  Leaves 
flat,  3-parted,  segments  cuneate,  obtuse,  3dobed,  mucronate,  upper- 
most ones  linear,  undivided  or  3-parted,  racemes  loose,  velvety,  limbs 
of  the  inferior  petals  bitid  at  the  summit,  spur  straight,  as  long  as  the 
sepal,  ovary  silky. — Torrey  &  Gray. — Azure.     Texas. 

A  beautiful  genus,  with  every  variety  of  hue  through  the  blue  series,  much  culti- 
vated as  a  border  flower.  The  D.  consolida  has  been  used  in  medicine.  The  flowers 
ure  bitter  and  acrid,  and  have  been  used  in  healing  wounds.  A  tincture  of  an  ounce 
of  seeds  in  a  pint  of  alcoliol  is  said  to  he  useful  in  asthma  and  dropsy;  ten  drops  a 
dose.    The  root  possesses  the  same  properties. 

Genus  XL— ACONI'TUM.     L.  12—5.     [Monk's-hood.) 
(From  Acone,  a  town  in  Bithynia.) 

Sepals  petaloid,  the  two  lateral  ones  orbiculate,  the   two 


208  ORDER    I. — RANUNCULACE^. 

lower  ones  oblong,  irregular,  deciduous,  upper  one  concave, 
shield-like.  Petals  5,  three  lower  ones  minute,  often  wanting, 
the  two  upper  on  long  claws,  concealed  under  the  upper  sepal. 
Follicles  3 — 5,  many-seeded.     Stamens  numerous. 

1.  A.  uncina'tum,  (L.)  Stem  twining,  branching,  slender,  pubescent 
when  young.  Leaves  3 — 5-lobed,  coriaceous,  coarsely -toothed,  trun- 
cate at  the  base.  Lolpes  3-ribbed,  lateral  segments  often  2-lobe(i. 
Flowers  in  a  loose  panicle,  galea  large,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  beak, 
spur  thick,  inclined. — Blue.     2^.     Mountains.     2  feet.         MonJSs-hood. 

The  same  powerful,  Tolatile  principle  noticed  under  Kanunculus  exists  in  the 
Aconitum  in  a  state  of  much  greater  concentration.  Another  principle  of  a  narcotic 
character  is  found  in  the  different  species  of  this  genus,  called  Acuniiin.  The  leaves 
of  the  Aconitum  act  powerfully  on  the  human  system,  producing,  in  large  doses,  the 
usual  effects  of  the  most  violent  poisons.  In  small  doses  of  one  or  two  grains  of  the 
powdered  leaves,  it  has  been  employed  la  rheumatism  (in  which  it  has  produced 
most  salutary  oft'ects),  gout,  scrofula,  cancer,  &c.  It  acts  most  powerfully  on  the 
nervous  system,  producing  delirium  in  over  doses.  The  A.  uncinatum  is  cultivated 
as  an  ornament  of  the  flower  garden. 

Genus  XII.— ACT^'A.     L.  12—1.     {Baneherry.     Cohosh.) 
(From  the  Greek  akte,  the  elder,  from  a  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 

Sepals  4 — 5,  deciduous.  Petals  4 — 8,  spatulate,  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  stamens,  or  none.  Stamens  numerous,  anthers 
introrse.  Stigma  sessile.  Carpels  baccate,  solitary,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  compressed,  smooth. 

1,  A.  al'ba,  (Big.)  Steyn  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  teruately  decom- 
pound, leaflets  acutely  serrate,  notched,  slightly  pubescent.  Raceme 
oblong,  pedicels  very  thick  when  the  fruit  is  matured,  flowers  crowded. 
Fruit  white. — Mountains.     April — May.  Necklace  iveed. 

Gexus  XIIL— CBIICIF'UGA.     L.  12—5.     (Bugbane.) 
(From  the  Latin  clmex,  a  bug,  and/agfo,  to  drive  away.) 

Sepals  4 — 5.  Petals  4,  sometimes  none,  concave  or  unguic- 
ulate.  Stamens  numerous.  Anthers  introrse.  Styles  short. 
Leaves  2  or  3-ternately  divided.  Segments  incised,  toothed. 
Flowers  in  long  racemes. 

1.  C.  RACEMo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem  3 — 8  feet  high,  generally  pubescent, 
furrowed,  leafy  near  the  middle.  Leav^es  decompound,  incised,  acutely 
eerrate.  Flowers  monogynous,  bracteate,  in  long  terrninal  racemes, 
branched.  Sepals  caducous.  Petals  none,  or  very  small,  with  long 
claws.  Capsules  ovate,  seeds  7  or  8,  compressed. — Yellowish  white. 
^  .     Thick  woods.     Mid.  Geo. 

2.  C.  America'na,  (Mich.)  Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  glabrous.  Leaves 
decompound,  triternate,  segments  ovate,  the  terminal  3-parted  or  3- 
cleft,  incisely  lobed,  cuneate  or  subcordate  at  the  base.  Flowers  in 
racemes,  on  short  bracteate  pedicels.  Sepals  5,  ovate.  Ovaries  2 — 5, 
stipitate,  smooth,  compressed,  generally  fewer  in  the  upper  than  in  the 
lower  flower. — Mountains.     Aug.  and  Sept. 

3.  C.  coedifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Resembles  the  two  preceding.  Leavet 
biternate.  Leaflets  3 — 5 — 7-lobed,  cordate.  Ovaries  2 — 3,  glabroufi^ 
sessile. — Mountains.     July. 


OKDER    I. liANLNCULACK^E.  2()1 

The  C.  raconiosa  has  long  been  used  in  medicine;  in  families  as  a  remedy  fo* 
rheumatism,  drops}-,  hysteria,  and  affections  of  the  lunges;  and  by  i<hysicians  wit! 
decided  success  in  cases  of  chorea,  St.  Vitus'  dance.  The  decoction  of  the  root  is  thi 
form  in  which  it  is  usually  administered. 

Genus  XIV.— TRAUTVETTE'RIA.     F.  &  M.  12—12. 
(In  honor  of  Trautvetter,  a  German  botanist.) 

Perianth  4 — 5-leaved,  leaves  equal,  orbiculate.  Stainem 
numerous.  Anthers  introrse.  Caijsules  15 — 20,  membrana- 
ceous and  indehiscent,  3-carinate,  1 -seeded,  tipped  with  a  very- 
short  hooked  style,  seed  erect.  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  pal- 
mately  lobed.  Stem  simple,  or  branching  above.  Infio- 
rescence  cymose. 

1.  T.  Palma'ta,  (F.  &  M.)  Leaves  slightly  coriaceous  with  conspicu- 
ous reticulated  veins.  Cymes  mostly  compound.  Torrey  &,  Gray.— 
Mountains,  N.  C.     July  and  Aug.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XV.— THALIC'TRUM.     L.  12—12.     {Meadow-rue) 
(Supposed  to  be  from  the  Greek  thallo,  to  be  green.) 

Sepals  and  Petals  confounded.  Perianth  4 — 5-leaved. 
Stamens  numerous,  very  long.  Anthers  innate.  Carpels  4 
— 15,  without  tails,  striate.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles. 
Often  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

1.  T.  counu'ti,  (L.)  Stem  slender,  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  ternately 
decompound  ;  leaflets  roundisl),  obovate,  or  elliptical,  3-lobed  or  entire, 
glaucous  beneath,  slightly  rugose  on  the  upper  surface,  margin  revolute 
when  old.  (The  leaves  of  this  species  vary  from  the  common  type  in 
almost  every  respect.)  Panicle  terminal,  compound.  Sepals  oblong, 
small.  Filaments  clavate.  Anthers  oblong,  pointed.  Carpels  glabrous. 
— White.    ^  .     Can.  to  Geo.     June— August. 

2.  T.  Dioi'cuM,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous.  Leaves  generally 
triternate  on  short  petioles ;  leaflets  rounded,  crenately  and  obtusely 
lobed,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  dioecious.  Filaments  filiform.  An- 
thers linear,  mucronate.      Carpels  strongly  striate,  sessile,  oblong. 

Var.  Stipitatum.  Carpels  stipitate. — White.  ^.  May  to  July. 
Mountains. 

3.  T.  anemonoi'des,  (Mich.)  Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  in  bunches. 
Leaves  radical  and  cauline ;  radical  ones  on  long  petioles ;  biternato, 
cauline  ones  verticillate,  trifoliate,  sessile  ;  leaflets  roundish,  pctiolate, 
obtusely  3 — 5dobed.  Sepals  6 — 10,  elliptical.  Ovaries  6 — 10  ;  stigma 
sessile,  simple. — White  4 — 8  in.    Mar.  Ap.    Mountains.     Rice  Anemone. 

4.  T.  fil'ipe9.  Stem  smooth.  Leaves  thin,  biternatc  ;  leaflets  round- 
ish, 3 — 5-lobed.  Flowers  in  a  loose  corymbose  panicle.  Carpels  com- 
pressed, striate. — N.  Ca.     2  feet. 

The  Thalictrums  are  easy  of  cultivation,  and  quite  ornamental,  from  thoir  briirht 
green  and  decompound  leaves  and  delicate  tlowers.  They  possess,  in  a  slight  degree, 
the  acrid  properties  characteristic  of  the  order,  but  are  applied  to  no  use  except  orna- 
ment. 


210  ORDER   II. — MAG  NOLI  ACE^. 

Genus  XVL— ZAXTHORHI'ZA.     Mar.  5—12.     {Yellow-root.) 
(From  the  Greek  xanthos,  yellow,  and  ridza,  a  root) 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  on  pedicels.  Stamens  5 — 10.  Ovaries 
5 — 10,  with  2 — 3  ovules.  Follicles  small,  mostly  1-seeded, 
seed  suspended. 

1.  Z.  apiifo'lia,  (L'Her.)  A  shrub.  Root  large,  yellow,  aud  bitter. 
Stern  ^imple,  smooth,  and  glabrous.  Leaves  t liter uate,  crowded  at  the 
sum;nit  of  the  stem,  leaflets  incised,  under  surface  pubescent,  petioies 
6 — 8  inches  long.  Flowers  in  racemes,  axillary  and  compound,  minute, 
often  polygynous. — Dark  purple.  "^ .  Ap.  Upper  districts  of  Car. 
and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

The  root  of  this  plant  is  exceedingly  bitter,  and  is  used  as  a  tonic.  It  is  also  usfed 
in  Coloring  yellow.  It  possesses  decided  properties,  and  we  doubt  not  might  be  ap- 
plied to  useful  purposes. 

Genus  XVII.— HYDRASTIS.     L.  12—12. 
(From  the  Greek  hudor,  water,  in  allusion  to  its  habit.) 

Leaves  of  the  perianth  3,  ovate,  petaloid.  Stamens  and 
ovaries  numerous.  Carpels  berry -like,  in  a  globose  head  ;  1, 
and  rarely  2-seeded. 

1.  H.  CANADEx'sis,  (L.)  Root  yellow  and  bitter.  Stem  simple,  2- 
leaved.  Leaves  altern;ite,  cordate,  palmate,  acutely  serrate;  lower 
leaf  petioled,  upper  subsessile,  glabrous.  Flowern  solitary,  terminal. — 
Rose-color.     If.     Mountain-^.     April — May.     6 — 8  int-hes. 

Yellow  Root.     Orange  Root.     Turmeric  Root. 

Order  IL— MAGXOLIA'CE^.    Juss.     {Magnolia  Family) 

Sepals  3 — 6,  deciduous.  Petals  3 — 30,  hypogynous,  in  sev 
eral  rows  ;  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogy- 
nous ;  anthers  adnate,  introrse,  bursting  by  a  longitudinal  slit ; 
filaments  short.  Carpels  few  in  a  single  row,  or  numerous  in 
several  rows.  Seeds  anatropous,  suspended,  or  ascending.  Em- 
hryo  minute  ;  albumen  fleshy.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  coria- 
ceous, with  caducous  stipules.  Flowers  generally  large,  and 
fragrant.      Trees  and  shrubs. 

Genus  L— MAGXO'LIA.     L.  12—12. 
(In  honor  of  Magnol,  a  French  botanist.) 

Sepals  3,  caducou.s,  sometimes  wanting.  Petals  G — 12,  ca- 
ducous. Carpels  2-va!ved,  1-seeded,  imhi-icate  in  their^arrange- 
ment,  forming  an  ovate  strobile-like  I'ruit.  Seeds  suspended. 
Trees. 

1.  M.  grandiflo'ra,  (L.)  Leaves  evergreen,  oval,  lanceolate,  coria- 
ceous, ferruginous  underneath,  0 — 8  inches  long,  branches  somewhat 
whorled.     Petals  9 — 12,  obovate,  abruptly  unguiculate.     Stamens  nu 


ORDER    II. MAGNOLIACK.E.  211 

merous,  imbricate.  Style  short,  recurved.  Carppls  1 — 2-seeded  ;  seeds 
covered  witli  a  scarlet  pul]). — White.  If.  June.  Geo.  to  tlie  Miss. 
A.  large  tvee.  Magnolia. 

2  M.  GLAu'cA,  (L.)  Leaves  deciduous,  alternate,  acute,  oval,  glaucous 
underneath,  pubesct-ut  when  young,  the  upper  surface  shining.  Flo^v- 
ers  terminal,  solitary,  fragrant.  Sepals  membranous,  as  long  as  the 
petals.  Petals  6 — 12,  obovate,  narrowed  at  tlie  base. — White.  21  • 
Common  in  swamps.     Small  tree.     April  and  May.  Bay. 

S.  M.  acumixa'ta,  (L.)  Leaves  deciduous,  oval,  acuminate,  sometimes 
broad  and  lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath.  Petals  obovate,  obtuse. 
Fruit  cylindrical,  2 — 3  inches  long. — Dull  yellow,  tinged  with  blue.  If. 
June  and  July.     Geo.     50 — 60  feet.  Cucumber-tree. 

4.  M.  tripet'ala,  (L.)  Leaves  large,  deciduous,  cuneate,  lanceolate, 
acute,  silky  when  young,  crowded  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches, 
15 — 20  inches  long,  6 — 8  wide.  Sepals  3,  reflexed.  'Petals  9,  ovaldan- 
ceolate,  acute,  odor  of  the  flowers  disagreeable.  Fruit  oval,  red,  3 — 4 
inches  long. — White.      If.     May  to  June.     Common.     SO — 40  feet. 

Vmbrella-tree. 

5.  M.  corda'ta,  (Mich.)  Leaves  deciduous,  broud-ovate,  subcordate, 
acute,  4 — 6  inches  long,  slightly  tomentose  underneath.  Sepals  small. 
Petals  oblong,  acute,  6 — 9.  Fruit  cylindric,  3 — 4  inches  long.  Bark 
furrowed. — Yellowish,  faintly  streaked  with  red.  2f .  Mountains.  May 
45 — 50  feet. 

6.  M.  auricula'ta,  (Walt.)  Leaves  deciduous,  spatulate-ovate,  acute, 
auriculate  at  the  base,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  8 — 12  inches  long.  Sep- 
als 3,  spreading.  Petals  9,  oblong  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base. 
2—3  inches  long. — White,  fragrant.  2f.  May.  Mountains.  84 — 40 
feet. 

7.  M.  macrophyl'la,  (Mich.)  A^^fm  smooth  with  fragile  branches,  bark 
white.  Leaves  deciduous,  alternate,  very  large,  1 — 3  feet  long  and  6 — 8 
inches  wide,  crowded  near  the  summirs  of  the  branches.  P'towers  large; 
petals  4 — 5  inches  long,  ovate. — White,  tinged  with  purj)le,  fragrant. 
If.     June.     Mid.  Geo.     20—30  feet. 

Tlie  indiviiUials  of  this  interesting  genns  present  subjects  of  much  interest  amonc; 
the  trees  of  their  native  forests.  The  mnjostic  and  noble  appe!ir;ince  of  the  {7rani/i- 
_;7o/-a,  the  enormous  leaves  oi  the  a iir if  uUttd  and  macropht/Un,  &w\  the  abiindnnt 
odor  of  ihe  glauca  during  its  season  of  tiowering,  perfuming  the  atmosphere  of  tlie 
sections  of  its  growth,  render  the  species  of  this  genus  conspicuous  objects  wherever 
they  are  found.  The  {/lnuea  and  dcuminata  have  been  used  in  medicine,  and  an  in- 
fusion of  the  bark  or  fruit  in  brandy  is  a  jiopular  remedy  in  rheumatism. 

For  cultivation,  they  require  moist,  rich  soil,  and  much  care  is  required  to  continue 
in  vigor  the  growth  of  the  larger-leaved  species. 

Genus  II.— ILLl'CIUM.     L.   12—12. 
(From  the  Latin  illicio,  to  allure,  in  allusion  to  its  pleasant  odor.) 

Sepals  petaloid,  3 — 6.  Petals  numerous,  in  three  series, 
interior  ones  smallest.  Carpels  numerous,  arrang-ed  in  a  circle, 
follicular.  Seeds  shining.  Leaves,  when  bruised,  exliale  the 
odor  of  anise.     Eoergreeii  shrubs. 

1.  I.  parviflo'kum,  (Mich.)  Leaves  smooth,  perennial,  on  short  pe- 
tioles, oblong.  -Floivers  small,  axillary,  nodding;  petals  G — 12,  ovate 
or  roundish,  concave.     Stamens  short.      Carpels  arranged  around  a  ceu 


212  ORDER   III. ANONACE^. 

tral  receptacle. — Dull  yellow.      "^  .     May,     Flor.  and  lower  districts  ol 
Georgia.     6 — 10  feet.  Ayifse-tree. 

2.  L.  florida'num,  (Ellis.)  Leaves  acuminate.  Petals  27 — 30,  the 
exterior  oblong,  the  interior  ligulate.  Flowers  larger  than  the  preced- 
ing.— Dark  purple.      ^  .     May.     Florida  in  swamps. 

In  this  country,  the  Illiciums  are  used  only  as  ornaments,  but  they  are  used  in 
other  countries  as  aromatics,  and  stimulants,  and  carminatives.  In  Cliina  they  are 
burnt  in  the  temples.  In  Europe  they  are  used  In  giving  a  peculiar  flavor  to  certain 
liquors.    They  are  easily  propagated  by  layers. 

Genus  III— LIRIODEN'DROK     L.   12—12.     {Tulip-tree) 
(From  the  Greek  lirion,  a  tulip,  and  dendron,  a  tree.) 

Sepals  3,  concave.  Petals  6,  in  2  series,  obovate,  lanceolate, 
campaniilate.  Fnnt  composed  of  densely  imbricated  carpels 
1 — 2  seeded,  the  apices  produced  into  lanceolate  wings. 

1.  L.  tulipif'era,  (L.)  Leaves  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  truncate, 
glabrous. — Greenish  yellow,  orange  within.  If.  May.  Common, 
50 — 100  feet.  "     Whitewood. 

The  Liriodendron  is  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  our  forests,  sometimes  attaining  the 
size  of  8 — 9  feet  in  diameter,  and  120—150  feet  in  height.  It  possesse.-  similar  proper- 
ties to  the  magnolia.  It  has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  Peruvian  bark,  in  intei- 
mittents.    The  powdered  bark  is  said  to  be  the  most  efficient  in  its  operation. 

Order  III. — ANOXA^CE^E.    Juss.     {Custard-apple  Famibj.) 

Sepals  3 — 4.  Petals  6,  coriaceous,  with  a  valvular  aestivation, 
arranged  in  two  rows,  hypogynous.  Stamens  indefinite  ;  fila- 
ments short,  angular;  anthers  adnate.  Ovaries  numerous, 
closely  packed  ;  styles  short,  or  none ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit 
succulent,  or  dry,  composed  of  carpels  separate,  or  united,  1  or 
many  seeded.  Seeds  anatropous.  Albumen  ruminated.  Em- 
bryo small.     Leaves  alternate,  entire.     Flowers  axillary. 

Genus  L— ASI'MINA.     Adan.  12— 12.     {Uvaria,!..) 
(Xamed  from  Asiminier,  of  the  French  colonists.) 

SejMls  3,  sometimes  united  at  the  base.  Petals  C,  the  three 
outer  ones  larger.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  a  conical  or 
hemispherical  torus.  Carpels  oblong,  pulpy  within,  several- 
seeded.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

1.  A.  pavriflo'ra,  (Dunal.)  A  small  shrub  with  a  few  branches  near 
the  summit.  Leaves  alternate,  obovate,  cuueate,  mucronate.  on  short 
petioles.  Branches  covered  with  a  brownish  pubescence.  Flowers  sol- 
itary. Calyx  deciduous,  pubescent.  Petals  6,  the  3  exterior  ones 
twice  as  large  as  the  calyx,  pubescent.  Fruit  1  inch  long,  fleshy. — 
Greenish  purple.      71.     May.     On  the  coast  of  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 's  ft. 

2.  A  tkil'oba,  (Dunal.)  A  small  tree,  with  alternate  slender  and 
glabrous  branches.  Leaves  glabrous,  oblong-oA^ate,  acuminate,  alternate, 
f  n  short  petioles.     Flowers  solitary.     Petals  nearly  round,  much  larger 


ORDEK    V. MKNISPKIIMACE.E.  213 

than  the  calyx.     Fruit  2 — 3  inches  long,  eatable,  with  6—8  seeds. — 
Brownish  purple.      If.     April.     Middle  Geo,     15 — 20  ft.  Fapaw. 

3.  A,  guandiflo'ra,  (Dunal.)  Xeaves  cuneate,  obtuse,  with  the  under 
surface  aud  branches  covered  with  a  ferruginous  pubescence.  Flowers 
few,  large  ;  the  outer  petals  obovate,  2 — 3  inches  long. — Yellowish 
white.     U'    April.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

4.  A.  pygm^'a,  (Dunal.)  Leaven  coriaceous,  long,  4 — 6  inches,  cu- 
neate,  obtuse,  oblong,  obovate  or  elliptical,  variable  in  size  and  form. 
Petals  obovate-oblong,  outer  ones  1  incli  long. — Reddish  brown.  IX. 
April.     Geo.  and  Flor.     6 — 18  inches. 

Order  IV.— SCHIZANDRA'CE^.     Blum. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  staminate  flowers  5-sepaled,  5-petaled, 
anthers  sessile ;  pistillate  flowers,  ovaries  numerous,  on  a  conical 
torus,  which  in  maturity  becomes  elongated.  Caj-pels  baccate, 
1 -seeded,  in  maturity  forming  a  loose  spike  on  the  elongated 
torus.     Albumen  fleshy,  cotyledons  ovate. 

Genus  I.— SCHIZAN'DRA.     Mich.  19—5. 
(From  the  Greek  sehizo,  to  cut,  and  andros,  a  stamen,  the  stamen  being  clefL) 

Sepals  and  petals  confounded,  roundish,  concave.  Anthers 
connate.  Before  ihQ  fruit  ripens  the  carpels  are  aggregated,  as 
in  the  Rubus,  but  as  it  matures  the  torus  lengthens  and  the 
carpels  separate,  and  do  not  form  a  mass  as  in  the  Rubus,  but 
become  detached  and  scattered. 

1.  S.  coccin'ea,  (Mich.)  A  trailing  shrub.  Leaves  alternate,  variable, 
ovate  or  oval,  sometimes  denticulated,  tapering  at  each  end,  frequently 
somewhat  cordate.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles,  up- 
per ones  staminate.  Carpels  small,  red  ;  torus  red.  Seed  suspended. — 
Red,  If.  May,  June.  Rich  damp  soil.  10 — 15  feet. 
A  handsome  plant,  and  easily  cultivated. 

Order  V.— MENTSPERMA'CE^.    Jus.    (Moonseed  Family) 

Floivers  dioecious,  small,  in  racemes  or  panicles.  Sejmls  and 
petals  often  confounded,  hypogynous,  deciduous.  Stamens  rao- 
nadelphous,  or  separate,  generally  equal  the  petals  in  number, 
and  opposite  them,  sometimes  three  or  four  times  as  many. 
Anthers  adnate  or  innate,  4-lobed.  Ovaries  several,  distinct. 
Drupes  baccate,  1-seeded,  incurved.  Embryo  curved.  Climb- 
ing shrubs  or  suftructicose  plants.  Leaves  alternate,  simple, 
palraately  veined.     No  stipules. 

Genus  L— COC'CULUS,     Bau.  6—6, 

(From  the  Latin  coccus,  cochineal,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  fruit.) 

Sepals  6,  in  a  double  series.  Petals  6,  fleshy,  auricled. 
Staminate  jiowers,  stamens  3 — (i,  distinct;  filaments  thickened 


214  ORDER    VI. BERBERIDACE^. 

at  the  summit.     Pistillate  flowers^  sometimes  with  6  abortive 
stamens.      Ovaries  3 — 6.     Drupes  1 — 6. 

1.  C.  Cakoli'nus,  (D.  C.)  Stem  slender,  sarmentose,  minutely  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  variable,  cordate  or  ovate,  or  nearly  orbicular,  commonly 
with  several  obtuse  lobes,  mucronate,  pubescent  underneath,  frequently 
coriaceous  when  mature.  Petals  with  two  inflexed  auricles  at  the  base 
of  each.  Drupe  compressed,  red  ;  nut  curved,  forming  nearly  a  ring  — 
White.     "^ .     June.     Geo.  to  Mississippi. 

Genus.  II.— MENISPER'MUM.     L.  20—12. 

(From  the  Greek  mejie,  the  moon,  &r\dspe)'ma,  seed;  in  allusion  to  the  crescent  shape 
of  the  seed.) 

Floivers  dioecious.  Sepals  4 — 8,  in  a  double  series.  Petals 
4 — 8,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  numerous,  distinct ;  anthers 
4-lobed,  2-celled,  adnate.  Ovaries  2 — 4  ;  drupes  usually  soli- 
tary, nut  woody,  globose,  reniform.  Racemes  axillary.  Stam- 
inate  and  pistillate  flowers  often  dissimilar. 

1.  M.  Caxaden'se,  (Lin.)  Stem  climbing,  slender,  herbaceous  or  suf- 
fructicose.  Leaves  with  3 — 5  lobes,  peltate,  petiole  obtusely  angled, 
inserted  near  the  base.  Flowers  small,  sterile  ones  in  paniculate  supra- 
axillary  compound  racemes.  Sepals  4 — 7,  larger  than  the  petals,  obo- 
vate.  Petals  6 — 7,  orbicular,  obtusely  cuneate.  Drupe  black,  when 
mature,  curved  so  that  the  style  is  brought  near  the  base  ;  nut  com- 
pound, forming  nearly  a  ring.  Greenish  yellow.  Common  on  banks  of 
streams.     8 — 12  feet.  Moonseed. 

2.  M.  Lyo'xVI,  (Pursh.)  Stem  climbing.  Jjenves  large,  long-petioled, 
peltate,  3 — 5-lobed,  cordate,  lobes  acuminate,  hirsute  on  the  veins  be- 
nea'th.  Sepals  6,  obovate,  oblong,  obtuse.  Staminate  Jlovjers  with  12 
stamens,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  cells  of  the  anthers  linear-oblong,  fil- 
aments compressed.  Pistillate  flowers  witli  6  abortive  stamens,  stig- 
mas sessile,  fimbriate.  Drupe  oval,  compressed,  nut  excavated  in  front, 
convex  on  the  Ijack.      U.     July.     linear  ^ew  Orleans. 

Oj^dek  VL— BERBERIDA'CE^.     Vent. 

Sepah  in  two  rows,  3 — 4 — 6,  deciduous,  often  surrounded 
by  petaloid  scales.  Petals  liypogynous,  equal  or  double  the 
number  of  sepals,  and  opposite  them,  generally  with  an  append- 
age at  the  base.  Stamens  equal  or  double  the  number  of  petals, 
and  opposite  them.  Ovarium  solitary,  1 -celled,  style  lateral, 
stigma  orbicular.  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular.  Seeds  1 — 2—3, 
attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  cell,  or  numerous,  attached  to  the 
ventral  suture.  * 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Sepals  3 2 

Sepals  moro  than  3 \\',,      8 

2.  Flowers  solitary Podpphyllum.  5 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme Diphyllia.  S 

8.  Sepals  6 4 

Sepals  4—5 5 


ORDKK    V'l. CEIillKRIDACEJ!:.  215 

4.  A  shrub Berleria.  1 

An  herbaceous  plant Leontice.  2 

5.  Stamens  4 Crocmiin.  6 

Stamens  8 Jeffersonia.  4 

Genus  L— BER'BERIS.     L.  6—1.     Barberry. 
(From  berberid,  the  Arabian  name  of  the  fruit.) 

Sepals  6,  generally  bracteolate.  Petals  6.  with  2  glands  at 
the  base  of  each.  Stamens  6,  irritable,  flying  up  on  being 
touched  at  the  base.  Stigma  sessile,  orbicular,  depressed. 
Fniit  a  berry,  1 -celled,  1 — 9-seeded,  seeds  erect. 

1.  B.  Canaden'sis,  (Pursh.)  Branches  tliickly  dotted,  numerous,  an- 
gular, when  young,  yellow,  glabrous.  Leaves  simple,  obovate,  with 
remote  spine-like  serratures,  obtuse,  mucronate,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
glabrous,  by  pairs  on  young  shoots,  clustered  on  the  summits  of  the 
last  year's  buds.  Flowers  in  racemes,  6 — S-flowered.  Sepals  ovate, 
acute.  Petals  ovate,  emarginate,  Avith  2  purple  glands.  Berry  oval, 
red,  acid.     Yellow.     U.     April.     Mounlains.     1 — 3  feet. 

The  Barberry  of  the  gardens  (which  is  the  European  variety)  differs  in  some  respects 
from  tlie  B.  Canadensis" above  described.  Tlie  berries  are  larger  and  more  juicy.  It 
is  cultivated  for  the  berries  and  bark  ;  the  former  are  sour,  and  are  u.'sed  for  their  grate- 
ful acid  tlavor.  Tliey  are  iLsed  in  preparing  drinks  in  febrile  diseases,  and  are  said  to 
be  antiscorbutic.  The  bark  is  used  in  medicine  for  jaundice,  and  in  the  arts  for  dye- 
ing yellow.     The  coloring  inatter  is  a  crysta.li/able  substance  culled  berberin. 

Genus  II.— LEOX'TICE.     L.  6—1.     Cohoi^h. 

(Abridged  from  LeontopeUilon,  which  is  derived  from  leon^  a  lion,  and  petalon, 
a  leaf,  because  the  leaf  of  the  L.  leontopetalon  is  said  to  bear  some  resemblance  to  a 
lion  s  foot.) 

Seimls  6,  colored.  Petals  6,  opposite  the  calyx,  bearing  a 
reniforin  scale  within.  Stamens  G,  opposite  the  petals.  Carpel 
stipitate,  2 — 4-seeded  ;  seeds  erect,  globose. 

1.  L.  thalictroi'des,  (Linn.)  Stem  simple,  glabrous..  Leaves  3-tcr- 
nate,  leaflets  ovate,  obiique  at  the  base,  terminal  one  broadest,  petiolate, 
radical  ones  with  long  petioles,  cauline  ones  sessile,  lower  3-ternate, 
up[)er  smaller,  and  2-ternate.  Leajtcls  incisely  lobed.  Flowers  small, 
in  panicles.  Seeds  oval,  dark  blue,  stiped. — Greenish  yellow.  ^ . 
April.     Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.     12 — 14  in.        Pappoose  Root. 

Genus  III.— DIPHYLLE'IA.   Mich.  6—1. 
(From  the  Greek  dis,  double,  &nil phuUo7i,  leaf) 

Sepals  3,  deciduous.  Petals  6,  without  glands.  Stamens 
6,  oppo.site  the  petals  ;  anthers  oblong,  2-celled.  Ovary  ovate, 
eccentric ;  stigma  subsessile,  peltate.  Fruit  baccate,  1 -celled, 
2 — 3-seeded  ;  seeds  reddish. 

1.  D.  cvMo'sA,  (Mich.)  Root  perennial,  thick.  Stem  herbaceous, 
erect.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  2  on  each  stem,  peltate,  deoply  2-lobed, 
lobes  angled,  each  division  7 — 9-lobed,  serrate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal 
cyme.  Petals  oval.  Style  short.— White.  U.  .Tune.  Mountains. 
1—2  feet. 


216  ORDER    YII. — CABOMBACEiE. 

Genus  IV.— JEFTERSO'JS'IA.     Bart.  8—1.     {Twin-leaf) 
(In  honor  of  Thos.  Jefferson.) 

Sepalf  4 — 5,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  linear,  oblong.  Stamens 
8  ;  anthers  linear.  Ovary  obovate  ;  stigma  peltate.  Capsule 
1 -celled,  opening  by  a  slit  near  the  summit.  Seeds  arranged 
on  a  broad  lateral  placenta,  in  several  rows.  Rhizoma  horizon- 
tal, throwing  up  a  1 -flowered  scape. 

1.  J.  diphyl'la,  (Pers.)  Leaves  in  pairs,  glaucous  beneath.  Stigma 
with  an  undulate  margin.  Pericarp  coriaceous. — White,  li.  May. 
Mountains. 

There  are  two  varieties  of  this  species;  o,  leaves  obscurely  sinuate  or  nearly  entire, 
&,  leaflets  incisely  5— 7-lobed. 

Genus  V.— PODOPHYL'LUM.     L.  12—1.     {Mandrake,  May  Apple.) 
(From  the  Greek  podos,  a  foot,  and  p7iullon,  a  leaf.) 

Sejyals  3,  caducous.  Petals  obovate,  6 — 9.  Stamens  16 — 18  ; 
anthers  linear.  Stiyma  large,  sessile.  Capsule  indehiscent, 
fleshy.     Seeds  numerous,  on  a  lateral  placenta. 

1.  P.  pelta'tum,  (L.)  Rhizoma  horizontal ;  stem  simple,  terminated 
by  2  leaves  and  1  flower.  Leaves  peltate,  5 — 7-parted  ;  lobes  toothed 
or  cleft  at  the  apex.  Flowers  arising  from  between  the  leaves,  large, 
nodding. — White.     If.     May.     Common.     12 — 15  inches. 

The  root  of  the  Podophyllum  is  an  important  medicine.  It  is  among  tlie  most  pow- 
erful cathartics,  and  is  said  to  resemble  Jalap  in  its  operations,  and  has  been  used  as 
a  substitute  for  that  article  in  connection  with  calomel.  In  bilious  complaints  it  is 
said  to  act  very  favorably.  In  minute  doses,  it  produces  relief  from  distressing  coaglis 
in  consumption  and  catarrh.    Full  dose,  20  grains  of  powdered  root. 

Genus  VI.— CROOMIA.      T.  &  G.  4—1. 
(In  honor  of  the  late  H,  B.  Croom  of  Florida.) 

Sepals  4'  broadly  oval.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4,  opposite 
the  sepals.  Ovary  globose-ovate,  with  4 — 6  suspended  ovules. 
Fruit  ovate,  compressed.  Seeds  1 — 2.  Peduncles  axillary, 
2 — 3-flowered  ;  flowers  small. 

C.  pauciflo'ra,  (T.  <fe  G.)  An  herbaceous  plant,  throwing  up  sev- 
eral simple  stems,  sheathed  at  the  base.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  cor- 
date at  the  base,  entire,  5 — 9-ribbed,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem.  {Cisa7npelos paucijlora,  Nntt.  Anonytnous  discoroides,  Croom.) 
— IX-     Greenish  white  and  purphsh.    Middle  Flor,    8 — 12  inches. 

Order  VII.— CABOMBA'CEtE.  Rich.  {Water-shield  Family.) 

Sepals  2 — 4,  petaloid.  Petals  2 — 4,  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
Stamens  6 — 18 — 36,  hypogynous  ;  anthers  innate.  Ovaries 
2 — 18.  Carpel  1 — 2-seeded,  terminated  by  the  permanent 
style.  Seeds  orthotropous,  globular,  pendulous.  Embryo  mi- 
nute ;  albumen   fleshy,  with   the   embryo  at  its  base.     Planti 


OKDER    VIII. NELUMBIACEJ^..  217 

growing  in   the  water,  with  floating,  peltate  leaves,  the  sub- 
mersed leaves  with  filiform  lobes. 

Genus  I.— CABOM'BA.     Aub.  6—2.     (Nectris,  Pureb.) 

Sepals  3,  petaloid.  Petals  3.  Stamens  6,  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Carpels  numerous,  1 — 3-seeded,  somewhat  fleshy. 
Leaves  opposite. 

1.  C.  Carolinia'na,  (Gray.)  Stem  branching.  Leaves  floating  and 
submersed,  the  floating  ones  elliptical  or  oblong,  about  an  inch  long, 
submersed  ones  filiformly  dissected.  Petals  oval,  obtuse,  with  two  yel- 
low spots  at  the  base.  Sometimes  only  two  sepals  and  2  petals. — 
White.      U.     May.     From  N.  Car.  to  Lou. 

Genus  II.— BRASE'NIA.     Schr.  12—12.     {Hydropeltis,  Mich.) 

Sepals  3 — 4,  persistent,  petaloid.  Petals  3 — 4,  longer  than 
the  sepals.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  numerous,  somewhat 
oblong,  1 — 2-seeded.  All  the  submersed  parts  of  the  plant  cov- 
ered with  a  transparent,  gelatinous  substance. 

1.  B.  pelta'ta.  (Pursh.)  Stem  long,  slender,  of  a  purplish  color,  no 
part  of  the  plant  being  green  but  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves. 
Leaves  alternate,  the  floating  ones  peltate,  entire,  elliptical.  Peduncles 
1-flowered,  solitary.  Grows  in  still  water. — Brownish  purple.  If. 
July.     Canada  to  Geo.     1 — 10  feet.  Water-shield. 

Order  VIIL— NELUMBIA'CE.^.     L.   12—12. 

Sepals  4 — 6,  petaloid.  Petals  numerous  from  the  outside  of 
the  disk.  Stamens  numerous,  in  several  rows  ;  filaments  peta- 
loid; anthers  introrse.  Disk  remarkably  developed,  with  the 
ovaries  lodged  in  separate  cavities  in  its  substance.  Fruit  a 
nut,  crowned  with  the  persistent  style.  Seed  orthotropous, 
without  albumen.  Embryo  very  large,  with  two  fleshy  cotyle- 
dons.    Herbaceous  plants  growing  in  deep  water. 

Genus  I.— NELUM'BIUM.     Juss.  12— 12.     {Sacred  Bean.) 
(The  name  of  an  East  Indian  specie?.) 

1.  N.  lu'teum,  (Wild.)  Pedujicles  arising  from  a  rliizoma.  Leaves 
large,  1 — 2  feet  in  diameter,  peltate,  orbicular.  Flowira  large. — Pale 
yellow.     If.     N.  Y.  to  Lou.     June.  Water  chinqut pin. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  aquatic  plants  of  North  America.  It  yields  a  milky 
juice  when  wounded.  The  root  bears  tubers,  which  are  very  farinaceous,  and  are  used 
as  food  bv  the  Indians.  The  flowers  are  the  largest  of  any  North  American  plant  ex- 
cept the  Magnolia  macrophylla.    (NutLall.) 

Order  IX.— NYMPH^A'CE.^E.  Sal.    ( Water-lily  Family.) 

Sepals  persistent,  4 — 5 — 6.  Petals  numerous,  imbricate. 
Stamens  numerous  in  several  rows,  some  of  the  filaments  peta- 

10 


21 S  ORDER   X. SARRACENIACE^, 

loid.  Anthers  adnate,  introrse.  Fruit  many-celled,  fleshy, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  containing  farinaceous  albu- 
men.    Embryo  minute.     Aquatic  plants,  herbaceous. 

Genus  L— NYMPHS' A.     Tourn.  12—1. 
(From  the  Greek  munpJie,  a  nymph. 

Sepals  4,  persistent.  Petals  and  Stamens  numerous  and 
passing  into  each  other. 

1.  N.  odoea'ta,  (Ait.)  Rhizoma  very  large.  Leaves  floating,  nearly 
orbicular  or  cordate,  strongly  veined  beneath.  Stigma  sessile,  with 
numerous  rays,  incurved.  The  leaves  of  this  plant  vary  consideidhly 
in  form,  giving  rise  to  several  varieties — the  lobes  of  some  being  much 
more  acute  than  those  of  others;  and  in  one  variety,  called  the  N.  ro- 
sea, the  leaves  are  smaller  and  flowers  rose-color. — White.  If.  June. 
Common  in  ponds.  White  Pond-libj. 

We  have  met  with  a  variety  of  this  plant,  hnving  round  leaves, 
emaller  flowers,  and  perfectly  inodorous. — Black  Lake,  near  Macon. 

A  beautiful  plant,  distinguished  by  the  delicious  odor  of  ifs  large  white  flowers.  The 
genus  is  more  properly  the  indigenous  production  of  the  East  Indies — several  species 
growing  there,  and  but  one  on  the  continent  of  North  America.  The  plant  has  been 
sometimes  employed  in  medicine,  but  we  believe  has  pretty  much  passed  from  use. 
Tl)e  Egyptian  Lotus  is  a  species  of  this  genu-s, — the  N.  lotus,  which  is  said  to  resem- 
ble our  species. 

Genus  II.— XUPHAR'.     Smith.   12—1. 
(The  Arabic  name  for  Pond-lily.) 

Sepals  5 — 6.  Petals  numerous,  small,  externally  nectarife- 
rous, inserted  with  the  stamens  into  the  base  of  the  torus.  Fruit 
fleshy,  many-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  N".  adve'na,  (Ait.)  Leaves  semi-orbicularly  cordate,  lobes  diverg- 
ing ;  petioles  long,  solitary.  Flowers  large,  emerging.  Petals  and  fil- 
aments nearly  confounded.  Cells  of  the  fruit  equal  in  number  to  the 
raj-8,  and  when  perfectly  matured,  separate  spontaneously. — Yellow. 
If.     July.     Canada  to  Florida,  in  deep  water.  Yelloto  Fond-lily. 

2.  N.  sagittifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Leaves  on  long  sub-spiral  petioles, 
membranaceous,  nearly  afoot  long,  sagittate,  obtuse.  Petals  none;  the 
inner  sepals  petaloid,  the  outer  green. —  If.     Ju.     N.  C.  to  Geo. 

Order  X.— SARRACENIA'CE^.     (Pitcher-plants.) 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  restivation  imbricate,  with  a  three-leaved 
involucre.  Petals  5,  unguiculate,  concave.  Stamens  numer- 
ous ;  anthers  adnate,  introrse.  Ovary  5-celled,  with  a  central 
placenta.  Stigma  very  large,  5-angled,  petaloid,  peltate,  cov- 
ering the  stamens.  Capsules  5-celled,  o-valved,  many-seeded, 
with  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  anatropous.  Herbaceous 
plants,  growing  in  swamps. 


OKDEK   XI. PAl'AVERACE^.  219 

Genus  I.  — S ARRACE'NI A.     Touin.  12—1.     {Sidesaddle flower.) 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Sarrazin,  of  Quebec.) 

Roots  fibrous.  Leaves  all  radical,  pitcher-shaped,  the  petiole 
being  formed  into  a  tube  generally  inflated  in  the  middle,  ani 
the  himina,  which  is  small,  generally  inflected  over  the  orifioe. 
Scape  1-flowered  ;  flower  nodding. 

1.  S.  purpu'rea,  (L.)  Leaves  sliort,  curved  inward,  with  a  broad 
wing  running  down  the  tube,  inflated,  partially  filled  with  water.  La- 
mina erect,  cordate.  Petals  inflected  over  the  stigma. — Purple.  If. 
June.     Can.  to  Geo.  in  swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  S.  ru'bra,  (Walt.)  Leaves  slender,  elongated,  with  the  wing  linear  ; 
throat  not  contracting.  Lamina  erect,  muirunate,  hairy  on  the  inner 
surface,  contracted  at  the  base.  Petals  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base. 
—Dark  purple.      U-     May.     N.  C.  to  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

3.  S.  fla'va,  (L.)  Leaves  large,  with  throat  expanding,  scarcely  any 
wing.  Lamina  erect,  reniform,  with  reflected  margins ;  base  con- 
tracted, muerofiate,  with  purple  veins.  Petals  obovate-oblong.  Stig- 
ma very  large,  with  each  angle  2-cleft. — Yellow.  If.  April.  Middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     18  inches  to  2  feet. 

Groom  thitiks  the  S.  Catesbcei  of  Elliott  is  only  a  variety  of  the  S. 
flava. — Sill.  Jour.,  vol.  xxviii.  p.  167. 

4.  S.  drummon'dii,  (Groom.)  Leaves  very  long,  erect.  Tube  dilated 
above,  with  a  very  narrow  wing  ;  the  upper  portion,  as  well  as  the  or- 
bicular, erect.  Lamina  whitish,  and  strongly  reticulated  with  purple 
veins,  20 — 30  inches  long.  Flower  Iixy^q. — Purple.  If.  April.  Flori- 
da,    2 — 3  feet. 

5.  S,  psittaci'na,  (Mich.)  Leaves  3 — 4  inches  long,  decumbent,  pur- 
ple, spotted  nearly  all  over  with  white  ;  dorsal  wing  broad,  lanceolate ; 
appendix  nearly  closing  the  tube,  and  shaped  like  the  head  of  a  parrot. 
Grows  in  the  wet  pine  barrens  of  Florida. — Groom,  Sill.  Jour.,  vol 
XXV.  p.  75, 

6.  S,  variola'ris,  (Mich.)  Leaves  nearly  erect,  slightly  ventricose 
Juhe  spotted  on  the  back.  Lamina  arched;  wing  slightly  dilated, 
Pt^z/s  obovate-spatulate,  inflected  over  the  stigma. — Yellow.  If.  Ju. 
Geo.  and  Car.  in  pine-barren  ponds. 

This  genus  affords  a  strikinsr  example  of  a  creat  modific.ition  of  the  petiole,  since 
there  is  no  doubt  that  the  tube  part  is  the  petiole,  and  what  we  called  the  lamina,  the 
true  lamina  of  the  lejif  These  tubes  are  generally  tiHed  with  water,  wliith  is  sup- 
po^^ed  to  l)e  secreted  by  the  plant,  and  this  always  contains  dead  insects.  The  tube 
could  not  have  been  formed  in  a  better  manner  to  accomplish  a  given  end,  than  this  is 
to  catch  insects.  The  .saccharine  secretion  which  surrounds  the  orifice  decoys  insects 
to  the  tube,  and  the  water  entices  them  in.  There  are  hairs  pointing  downward,  so  as 
to  permit  an  easy  descent,  but  makes  the  egress  ditlicult. 

Order  XL— PAPAVERA'CE^.     {Poppy  Family.) 

Sepals  2 — 3,  caducous  ;  sestivation  imbricate.  Petals  4 — 12. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  some  multiple  of  their  mini 
ber.  Anthers  innate.  Ocary  composed  of  two  or  more  car- 
pels. Stigma  generally  sessile.  Fruit  1  celled,  many-seeded, 
with  parietal  placentae  either  opposite  or  alternate  with  tue 
stiguisis.     Seeds  minute,  anatropous;  albumen   oily.     Phu.n 


220  ORDER    XI. PAPAVERACEiE. 

generally  with  a  milky  or  yellow  juice,  often  acrid,  and  gene- 
rally narcotic.     Flowers  all  belonging  to  the  yellow  series. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Sepals  2 2 

Sepals  3 Argemone,  2 

2.  Petals  8 — 12 Sanguinaria,  3 

Petals  4 3 

8.  Plants  yielding  a  white  juice Papa'ver,  1 

Plants  yielding  a  yellow  juice  4 

4.  Peduncles  1-flowered Glauciutn,  5 

Flowers  in  umbels Olielidonium,  4 

Genus  L— PAPA'VER.     L.  12—1.     {Poppy.) 
(Origin  of  the  name  uncerbiin.) 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  numerous.  Style  1.  Stig- 
mas 4 — 20,  radiating,  sessile.  Capsule  1-celled,  opening  by 
pores  beneath  the  lobes  of  the  stigma  ;  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  sommf'erum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  smooth.  Leaves  amplexicaul, 
incised,  repand ;  teeth  blunt.  Petals  lai'ge.  Capsule  smooth,  with 
numerous  parietal  placenta,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  stigma. — White 
or  purple.     July.     Nearly  naturalized. 

This  is  the  species  that  yields  the  opium  of  commerce.  The  opium  is  the  hardened 
juice  of  the  capsule,  obtained  by  incision  soon  after  flowering.  The  composition  of 
opium  is  very  complex,  containing  not  less  than  seventeen  distinct  substances. 

Genus  II.— ARGEMO'NE.     L.  12—1.     (Prickly  Poppy.) 
(From  the  Greek  argeme,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  for  which  the  juice  was  used.) 

Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6.  Stamens  numerous.  Stig- 
mas 4 — V,  sessile,  or  nearly  so.  Capsule  opening  by  valves 
separating  from  the  placentas.     Herbs  with  a  yellow  juice. 

1.  A.  Mexica'na,  (L.)  Leaves  alternate,  pinnatifid,  and  spiny.  Flozo- 
ers  solitary,  axillary,  and  terminal.     Calyx  and  capsule  prickly. 

There  seems  to  be  several  variations  from  the  above  description, 
which  constitute  varieties  of  this  species.  The  flowers  vary  much  in 
size  and  color,  and  in  some  the  capsule  is  not  prickly.  We  have  never 
met  with  such  a  one. — W^hite.  0.  From  June  through  the  summer. 
In  cultivated  places,  common. 

Genus  III— SANGUIXA'RIA.     L.  12—13.     {Blood- root.) 
(From  itsjuice  resembling  blood.) 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  vary  from  8 — 12.  Stamens 
numerous.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Capsule  oblong-ovate.  Seeds 
numerous.     Rhizoma  yellowish-red. 

1.  S.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Leaves  reniform,  palmate,  6 — 7-lobed,  glau- 
cous. Petals  oblong,  caducous.  Scape  1-flowered.  Plant  yields  a 
light  red  juice. — White.     If.     March.     Common.  Puccoonroot. 

This  plant  enjoys  considerable  reputiition.  both  in  the  regular  practice  of  medicine 
and  in  tlie  family  pvai'tico.     It  is  a  powerful  nuMlicincs  and  should  be  URcd  by  tlio:-o 


ORDER  XII. FUMARIACE^.  231 

unacquainted  wifh  it  with  care.  It  is  a  stimulant  in  small  doses  ;  in  larjrer,  produces 
violent  vomiting  and  much  irritation.  It  is  one  of  the  earliest  and  protiiost  llowers 
of  spring,  and  as  au  early  border  flower  deserves  the  attention  of  the  llorisL 

Genl-3  IV.— CHELIDO'NIUM.     L.  Il'— 1.     {Celandine.) 
(From  the  Greek  chelidon,  a  swallow,  the  plant  flowering  at  the  return  of  swallows.) 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4,  small.  Stamens  numerous. 
Capsules  2-valved,  1 -eel led,  many-seeded,  linear,  dehiscing  from 
the  base  upward.     Yields  a  deep  yellow  juice. 

1.  C.  ma'jus,  (L.)  Leaves  pinnate-lobed,  glaucous.  Segments  ovate, 
the  terminal  one  obovate.  Floiuers  in  axillary  umbels. — Yellow.  2^. 
Naturalized.     Grows  in  waste  places. 

Genus  v.— GLAU'CIUM.     L.  11— 1.     {Horjicd  Poppy.) 
(From  the  Greek  glaukos,  glaucous,  from  the  appearance  of  the  plants.) 

Sejmls  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Cajysule  linear,  2-valved,  2- 
celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  somewhat  reniform.  Plant  yield- 
ing a  yellow  juice. 

1.  G.  fla'vum,  (Grant.)  Stem  glabrous.  Floral  leaves  repand ; 
cauline  ones  clasping  and  pinnatifid  ;  radical  ones  bipinnatifid,  large, 
pubescent.  Peduncles  1 -flowered.  Capsule  tuberculate. — Yellow.  ^. 
June.     Introduced. 

The  EschschoW  zia  Calif  or' nica,  extensively  cultivated,  belongs  to 
Papaveracece. 

Order  XIL— FUMARIA'CE^.     {Fumatory  Family.) 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4,  cruciate ;  one  or  both  of  the  two 
outer  ones  saccate  or  spurred  at  the  base  ;  the  two  inner  co- 
hering at  the  apex,  and  inclosing  the  anthers  and  stigma. 
Stamens  6,  in  two  parcels.  Anthers  membranous,  adnate,  ex- 
trorse  ;  the  lateral  ones  of  each  parcel  I -celled,  the  middle  one 
2-celled.  Ovary  1 -celled,  2-valved,  with  parietal  placentae. 
Style  filiform.  Stigma  with  two  or  more  points.  Fruit  a  nut 
or  capsule  ;  if  a  nut  2-seeded,  if  a  capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds 
arilled,  anatropous.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  watery  juice. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Climbing  plant Adlumia,  'I 

Plants  not  climbing 2 

2.  Flowers  yellow Conjdalis,  3 

Flowers  purple 8 

3.  Capsule  many-seeded Diebjtra,  1 

Fruit  1-seeded Fumaria,  4 

Genus  L— DIELY'TRA.     Borli.  16—5. 

(From  dis,  two,  and  elytron,  a  sheath,  in  allusion  to  double  spurs  at  the  base  of  the 

petals.) 

Sepals  2.  Petals  2-spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base.  Capsule 
many-seeded,  pod-shaped.  Flotvers  in  a  compound  raceme, 
with  cymose  branches. 


222  ORDER  XII. — fumariacf:^. 

1.  D.  FORMo'sA,  (D.  C.)  Lfaves  3 — 8,  or  one  visaing  from  the  crn-R-r 
of  the  rhizouia.  Spur  short,  obtuse,  somewhat  incur*,  ei  ;  w  ng-  if  .  ht- 
inner  petals  projecting  beyond  the  summit.  Stigma  2-hor  e.i  at  rli*-- 
apex. — Reddish-purple".  If.  Mountains  of  Vir.  and  N.  C.  »— 12 
inches.     (T.  &  G.) 

Genus  II.— ADLU'MIA.     Eaf.  16—5.     {Climbing  Colic-weed.) 
(In  honor  of  Major  Adlum.) 

Petals  united  into  a  spongy,  persistent,  monopetalous  corolla, 
bigibbous  at  the  base,  4-lobed  at  the  apex.  Capsule  pod- 
shaped,  linear-oblong,  many-seeded.  Flowers  in  racemose 
cymes.     Plant  climbing,  herbaceous. 

1.  A.  ciRRHo'sA,  (Raf.)  Stem  branching,  climbing  by  cirrhose  tendrils. 
Leaves  biternately  divided.  Segments  obovate.  Flowers  numerous. 
Stamens  monadelphous. — Pale  violet  or  white.  $  .  June.  Canada  to 
N.  C. 

Gexus  III.— CORYD'ALIS.     D.  C.  16—5. 
(From  the  Greek  corudalis,  the  name  of  the  plant) 

Only  one  of  the  petals  spurred.  Capsule  2-valved.  many  or 
few  seeded,  compressed.  Style  persistent.  Racemes  terminal 
or  opposite  the  leaves,  simple. 

1,  C.  au'rea,  (Wild.)  Stem  branching.  Leaves  bi pinnate,  or  vari- 
ously dissected  ;  lobes  oblong,  linear,  glaucous,  alternate.  Spur  straight, 
obtuse.  Flowers  in  terminal,  supra-axilbiry  racemes,  or  opposite  the 
leaves.  Pedicels  bracteolate,  with  bracts  sometimes  extt  nding  beyond 
the  flower. — Yellow.     ^.     April  to  August.     Middle  Geo. 

Genus  IV.— FUMA'RIA.     L.  16—5.     {Fumitory.) 
(From  the  Latin /wwiws,  smoke.) 

One  petal  only  gibbous  or  spurred.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  nut, 
indehiscent. 

1.  F.  officina'lis,  (L.)  Root  annual,  fusiform.  Stem  branching,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  variously  dissected,  glabrous,  and  slightly  glaucous.  Seg- 
ments manj'-cleft.  Flowers  in  small,  dense  racemes.  Sepals  toothed. 
Petals  4,',  the  lower  one  free;  the  three  i;pper  united  at  the  base, 
bearing  a  spur.  Stigma  bilamellate. — Purple.  $ .  April.  Natural- 
ized. 

The  order  FumariaeecB  possesses  some  striking  peculiarities.  The  general  fornc 
of  the  flower  is  singular,  resembling  more  the  works  of  art  than  of  nature.  The  cliar- 
acteristic  of  having  the  different  celled  anthers  some  unilocular  and  others  bilocnlar, 
is  a  striking  variation.  Torrey  &,  Gray  ren)ark.  that  "tlie  two  lateral  stamens  of  e^ich 
pnrcel,  having  unilocular  anthers,  may  be  considered  as  haff  stamens,  formed  b}-  tiie 
division  of  the  two  stamens  which  correspond  to  the  inner  petals;  the  true  nunibtr 
in  the  order,  according  to  this  view,  being  4 — one  to  each  petal."'  The  situation  of 
the  anthers  and  stigma  in  the  indurated  summit  of  the  pet.;Iti.  in  which  !hey  rem.iin 
firmly  inclosed  till  after  fertilization,  would  seem  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  the 
pollen's  coming  in  contact  with  the  stigma.  To  adapt  herself  to  these  eircum-tances, 
nature  hvis  placed  two  horn-like  appendages  to  the  stigma,  wh:ch  extend  under  the 
anther  cells,  and  by  the  mere  contraction  of  the  valvos,  the  f>ollen  is  conveyed  to  the 
stigraatic  surface  without  any  change  in  position  of  the  organs.  The  ditl'erent  genera 
of  this  order  possess,  nearly  the  same  properties,  and  the  Fumaria  has  been  used  in 
medicine,  particularly  for  its  action  on  the  liver  and  in  cutaneous  eruptions. 


ORDER    XIII. CRUCIFER^.  223 

Order  XIIL— CRUCIPER^.     {Mustard  Famihj) 

Sepals  4,  deciduous,  cruciate  ;  asstivation  generally  imbri- 
cate. Petals  4,  cruciate,  alternating  with  the  sepals.  Stamens 
6,  tetradynamous ;  the  two  shorter  lateral,  occasionally  toothed, 
inserted  lower  than  the  others.  Disk  often  with  small  green 
glands  inserted  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens  and  ovari- 
um. Ovary  1-celled,  consii^ting  of  two  carpels,  with  two  pari- 
etal placentae,  which  are  reflected  into  the  cavity,  where  they 
unite  and  form  a  false  dissepiment.  Stigma  opposite  the  dis- 
sepiments (a  remarkable  variation.)  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle, 
2-ceIled,  produced  by  the  spurious  dissepiment  mentioned 
above  ;  one  or  many  seeded.  Seeds  campylotropous,  attached 
in  a  single  row  to  each  side  of  the  placentc-e.  Herbaceous 
plants,  with  a  watery  and  generally  with  an  acrid  juice,  form- 
ing Class  XIV.  of  the  Linnrean  system. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Fruit  linear,  a  silique » 2 

Fruit  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  a  silicle 8 

2.  Seeds  arranged  in  two  rows  in  each  cell N'asturtimn,  1 

Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell 3 

3.  Silique  4-cornered  Enjuimvm,  7 

Sdique  terete  or  flat 4 

4.  Flowers  purple  or  pink Warea,  S 

Flowers  white 5 

Flowers  yellow 7 

5.  Sil'que  lanceolate,  flowers  in  terminal  racemes T Dentaria,  4 

Silique  linear 6 

6.  Silique  curved,  long Anibi'',  2 

Silique  straight,  flowers  small Cardamine,  3 

7.  Silique  terete,  tapering,  appressed  to  the  stem Sisymhrmm,  6 

Silique  oblong,  linear,''comi)re^sed,  few-seeded Leaveincorthid,  5 

Silique  ensiform,  or  nearly  terete Sinaj^is,  10 

8.  Silicle  oval,  oblong Draha,  12 

Silicle  reniform Coro)>opu.>t,  13 

Silicle  emarginate Capaella,  15 

9.  Silicle  cordate LepUIium,  14 

Silicle  2-jointed,  somewhat  4-angled Cakile,  IG 

Genus  L— NASTURTIUM.     R.  Br.  14—2.     {Cresses.) 
(From  the  Latin  nasiLS  tortus^  convulsed  nose,  from  its  pungent  qualities.) 

Silique  nearly  terete,  sometimes  resembling  a  silicle,  usually 
curved.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Sepals  spreading.  Seeds  arranged 
in  two  series,  minute,  destitute  of  margins.  Foun"d  in  wet 
places. 

1.  K  offic:na'le,  (Brown.)  Leaves  piniiutely  diviileil ;  soi,'ineMl3 
ovnt.?,  sub-cordate,  repand.  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx. — Wliite. 
Ill  trod  need. 

2.  N.  tanacetifo'lium,  (Hook.)  Stetn  much  branclied,  diffuse.  lycavcs 
piniiately  divided,  lobes  sinuate   or  toothed,  obtuse,  smooth.     Floicera 


224  ORDER    Xin. CRUCIFER^. 

small;  peials  linear      Stipnas  neai-ly  scsaWe.     SUiques  erect  or  curved, 
^Seec^-s  numerous. — Yellow.      S.     South  Carolina,     5 — 12  inches. 

3.  N.  I'alus'tre,  (D.  C.)  Leaves  pinnatifid,  2 — 3  inches  long,  clasping 
and  ciliate  at  the  base,  lobes  confluent,  toothed,  glabrous,  oblong-lance- 
olate. Floioers  very  small ;  petals  equal  the  sepals.  Silique  declined, 
ovate-oblong,  a  little  curved. — Yellow.  If.  June  to  August.  Wet 
places.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  IT.— AR'ABIS.     L.  U— 2.     {Roch  Cress.) 
(Named  from  the  country,  Arabia.) 

Silique  linear,  generally  compressed,  terminated  by  the  ses- 
sile stigma,  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  in  one  series,  orbicular, 
compressed.      Calyx  erect. 

1.  A.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  glabrous  toward  the  summits, 
pubescent  below.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  pubescent,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, remotely  toothed,  the  lower  ones  petiolate  and  occasionally  lyrate. 
Floivers  in  long  terminal  racemes."  Sepals  hispid,  colored.  Petals  ob- 
long-linear, much  longer  than  the  sepals.  Silique  long,  2 — 3  inches, 
linear,  curved. — White.     If.     June.     Middle  Georgia.  Sickle-pod. 

Genus  III— CARDAM'INE.     L.   14—2. 
(From  the  Greek  Jcardia,  a  heart.) 

Silique  linear,  usually  deliiscing  elastically,  -with  revolute 
valves ;  valves  nerveless.  Sepals  expanding  at  the  summit. 
Seeds  ovate. 

1.  C.  spathula'ta,  (Mich.)  ^S^^n  decumbent,  slender,  glabrous.  Rad- 
ical leaves  spatulate,  pubescent,  about  an  inch  in  length,  entire  ;  cauline 
ones  narrow  and  somewhat  toothed.  Flower's  in  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes.  Sepals  hairy,  oval.  Petals  oblong  and  obovate.  Silique 
about  an  inch  long. — White.  @.  April.  Mountains  and  Mid.  Dist.  of 
Geo.  and  Car.    4 — 6  inches. 

2.  C.  Yirgin'ica,  (L.)  Ste77i  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  pin- 
nate, leaflets  lanceolate,  with  a  single  tooth  on  one  or  both  sides.  Floiv- 
ers in  terminal  racemes,  erect.  Petals  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals  ; 
stigma  sessile.  Yaries  much  during  the  summer,  and  in  different  loca- 
tions, so  that  any  description  may  be  inapplicable  under  different  cir- 
cumstances.— White.  2f.  April  to  June.  Upper  districts  of  Geo.  and 
Car.     4 — 12  inches. 

The  Pennsylvanica  of  Elliott,  and  Yirginica,  are  supposed  to  be  a 
variety  of  the  Hirsuta  of  Linnseus. 

Genus  IY.— DEKTA'RIA.     L.  14—2.     {Tooth-icort.  Pepper-root.) 
(From  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth.) 

Silique  lanceolate,  dehiscing  elastically.  Valves  nerveless, 
plane  ;  dissepiment  somewhat  fungous.  Stigma  emarginate. 
Rhizoma  fleshy,  often  dentate.  Perennial,  herbaceous  plants, 
with  variously  divided  leaves. 

1.  D.  lacinia'ta,  (Muhl.)  Rhizoma  moniliform,  tubers  slightly  con- 
nected.    Leaves  usually  3,  ternate,  leaflets  incised  or  irregularly  notch 


ORDER    XIII. CRUCIFEK.E.  225 

ed,  latoral  ones  lobed  ;  radical  leaves  sometimes  wantin,^.  Floioers  in 
terminal  racemes.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  Petals  much  larijer  than 
the  sepals.  Taste  of  the  root  pungent,  like  mustard. — Pale  purple.  %. 
May  to  June.     Mountains  and  Middle  Geo,     4 — 12  inches. 

2.  D.  diphyl'la,  (Mich.)  Rhizoma  toothed,  creeping.  Leaver  eauline, 
1 — 2,  ternately  divided  ;  leaflets  ovate,  oblong,  toothed,  and  incised  ; 
petioles  about  1  inch  long.  Root  very  pungent. — Pale  purple.  %. 
May  to  June.     Mountains. 

3.  D.  multif'ida,  (Muhl.)  Rhizoma  tuberous.  Leaves  2,  opposite, 
2 — 3  inches  long,  variously  divided ;  segments  and  lobes  linear.  Flou> 
crs  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  lanceolate.  Petals  much  longer  than 
the  sepals. — White.     2^.     N.  C.  and  Ala.     4 — 6  inches. 

Genus  V— LEAVENWOR^THIA.    Tor.   14—2. 
(la  honor  of  Dr.  Leavenworth.) 

Cali/x  somewhat  erect,  equal  at  the  base.  Petals  equal, 
cuneate,  truncate,  emarginate.  Filaments  distinct,  toothless. 
Silique  sessile,  oblong-linear,  compressed,  somewhat  inflated, 
and  contracted  between  the  seeds.  Scedsm  a  single  series, flat- 
tened, with  a  broad  winged  margin.  Annual  herbaceous  plants. 
Leaves  lyrately-pinnatifid.  Flowers  in  loose  racemes,  or  solitary 
on  long  sub-radical  peduncles. 

1.  L.  au'rea,  (Torrey.)  Stem  at  first  short  and  simple,  but  at  length 
branching  from  the  base  ;  branches  ascending.  Leaves  mostly  radical, 
pinnatifid,  somewhat  fleshy ;  segments  2 — 4  pairs,  roundish  oblong,  ob- 
tusely toothed.  Racemes  4 — lO-flowered.  Sepals  loose,  tinged  with 
purple.  Petals  golden  yellow,  tapering  into  a  long  cuneate  base.  Si- 
lique  rather  more  than  an  inch  long.-  Seeds  4 — 5  in  a  cell. — Alabama. 
2 — 6  inches. 

Genus  VI.— SISYM'BRIUM.     L.  14—2. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  plant) 

Silique  terete,  or  slightly  angled,  with  a  short  beak.  Stigma 
capitate.  Sepals  equal  at  the  base,  expanding.  Petals  ex- 
panding.    Seeds  ovate  or  oblong. 

1.  S.  c-\NEs'cENs,  (Nutt.)  Root  annual.  Stem  erect,  branching. 
Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  hoary,  doiibly-pinnatifid  ;  segments  lioary, 
dentate,  obtuse.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  oval,  pubescent. 
Petals  obovate,  equaling  the  calyx,  expanding.  Silique  somewliat  cla- 
vate,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  angled.  Seeds  obovate,  many  in  each 
cell. — Yellowish.     0.     March  and  April.     Common.     1 — 2  ft. 

2.  S.  officina'le,  (Scop.)  Stem  hairy.  Leaves  runcinate,  hairy. 
Flowers  in  elongated  racemes,  small,  pedicels  very  short,  appressed  to 
the  axis  after  flowering.  Petals  cuneate,  larger  than  the  calyx.  Si- 
lique sub-ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  style. — Yellow.  0.  May  and 
Aug.      Waste  places.     1 — 3  ft.  Hedge  Mustard. 

The  latter  plant  possesses  somewhat  the  pungency  of  mustard,  and  has  been  recom- 
mended in  the  treatment  of  chronic  coughs,  hoarseness,  and  ulceration  of  the  montb. 
Tlie  Juice  with  sugar,  or  the  seeds  may  be  taken. 

10* 


226  ORDER   XIII. CRUCIFER^ 

Genus  VIL— ERYS'IMUM.     L.   14—2. 
(From  the  Greek  eruo^  to  cure.) 

>Si'%2ie  columnar,  4-sided.  Sepals  deciduous,  closed.  Style 
short.     Stigma  small.      Cotyledons  oblong. 

1.  E.  oheikanthoi'des,  (L.)  Stem  simple  or  branche'^l  with  a  minute 
appressed  pubescence,  somewhat  scabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire, 
sometimes  denticulate.  Silique  erect,  about  an  inch  long.  Flowers 
small. — Yellow.     July  and  Aug.     %.     1 — 2  ft.     Along  streams. 

Genus  VIII— WA'REA.     Nutt.  14—2. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  Ware.) 

Silique  flat,  stiped,  elongated,  slender,  curved,  pendulous'. 
Sepals  deflected,  spatulate,  or  ligulate,  colored,  caducous.  Pe- 
taU  spreading,  with  long  claws.  With  six  glands  at  the  base 
of  the  stamens.     Leaves  entire. 

1.  W.  amplexifo'lia,  (Xutt.)  Stem  branched  above,  gl  ibroua. 
Leaves  oblong,  ovate,  acute.  Flowers  in  umbel-like  racemes,  mut-h 
crowded  ;  petals  with  the  limb  nearly  orbicular,  claw  longer  than  the 
limb.  Silique  linear,  stipe  fiUform,  purplish. — Pale  purple.  #.  Fiur. 
1—3  feet. 

2.  W.  cuneifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stem  branched  above,  glabrous.  Leaves 
nearly  sessile,  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  oblong-linear.  Racemes  with 
the  flowers  clustered  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches.  SepaLs  mi- 
nute. Petals  with  the  limb  nearly  round,  supported  on  a  long  claw. 
Stamens  longer  than  the  petals.  Anthers  linear.  Stigmas  sessiie.  Si- 
lique tiliform,  nearly  2  inches  long. — White,  tinged  with  purple  ^. 
June  and  Aug.     Middle  Geo.  and  Car.     1 — 2  ft. 

The  last  species  is  a  beautiful  plant,  and  would  well  repay  the  florist's  care,  if  it  im- 
proved none  by  cultivation. 

Genus  IX.— BRAS'SICA.     L.   14—2.     {Cabbage.) 
(From  the  Celtic  word  bresic,  which  signifies  cabbage.) 

Calyx  erect,  converging.  Silique  roundish,  crowned  with  a 
short  style.  Seeds  in  one  row.  Flowers  in  racemes,  pedicels 
filiform,  bractless.  Radical  leaves  lyrate  or  pinnatifid.  Bien- 
nial plants. 

1.  B.  olera'cea,  (L.)  Leaves  glaucous,  fleshy,  repand  or  lobed. —  #. 
Yellow.     England.  Cabbage,  Cautijlower,  Collard,  Brussels  Sprouts. 

2.  B.  ra'pa.  Radical  leaves  lyrate,  not  glaucous,  upper  ones  entire. 
Roots  napiform,  or  fusiform. — @.     Europe,  I'urnips. 

Genus  X— SINATIS.     L.  14—2. 
(From  the  Greek  sinapi,  applied  to  all  plants  resembling  cabbage  or  turnip.) 

Silique  nearly  terete,  nerved.  Style  short,  acute.  Seeds 
in  a  single  series.  Sepals  spreading.  Leaves  usually  lyrate. 
Flowers  in  elongated  racemes. 


OEDEE   XIII. — CRCCIFEEJE.  227 

1.  S.  ni'gra,  (L.)  Lower  leaves  large,  lyrate,  scabrous;  upper  ones 
lanceoliite,  entire,  glabrout*.  Sepals  colored.  Petals  obovate,  unguic- 
ulate.  Silique  appresseil,  about  three  quarters  of  an  inch  lung,  gla- 
brous.— Yellow.     ©.     June.     Introduced.  Black  Muxtard. 

The  seeds  of  the  S.  nitrra  (common  mustard)  are  too  extensively  known  and  used 
to  denmnd  a  notice  of  tlieir  properties  liere.  There  are  circumstances  connected  with 
the  exhibition  of  their  well-known  properties,  which  are  sinpjular  and  interesting. 
The  mustard-seeds,  in  a  perfectly  dry  state,  may  be  pressed  and  made  to  yield  an  oil, 
possessiniT  none  of  the  active  properties  of  mustard,  these  remainin":  in  the  seed.  But 
if  the  oil  be  obtained  by  water,  it  is  powerful  in  its  operation,  producin<r  speedy  ves- 
Eication.  This  latter  oil  it  seems  does  not  exist  ready  formed  in  the  seed,  but  is  formed 
by  the  action  of  the  water.  Tlie  chemical  difference  of  the  two  is,  probably,  that  the 
latter  contains  sulphur,  as  this  is  found  in  the  white  mustard  in  a  principle  called 
Sidpko-i^inapisin,  possessing  the  same  properties  as  this  oil,  and  formed  b}'  the  aclian 
of  water. 

Gen-US  XL— RAPH'ANUS.     L.   U— 2. 

(From  the  Greek  rapJianis,  to  appear  quickly ;  from  the  rapid  germination  of  the 

seed.) 

Cali/x  closed.  Silique  transversely  many-celled.  Seeds  in 
one  row.     Flowers  in  racemes,  opposite  the  leaves. 

R.  s.^Ti'vus,  (L.)  Pods  terete,  pointed.  Hoots  more  or  less  fleshy,  of 
various  forms. — 0.     Asia.  JladisK 

Genus  XIL— DRA'BA.    L.  14— L 
(From  the  Greek  drahe,  acrid.) 

Silicle  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  minutely  hispid,  especially 
along  the  margin,  or  glabrous.  Seeds  numerous.  Ca/y.r  equal. 
Petals  emarginate  or  entire. 

1.  D.  cuneifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stem  leafy  at  the  lower  part,  very  pu- 
bescent, slender.  Leaves  with  few  teeth  ;  cauline  ones  oblong  ovate, 
narrowed  at  the  base  ;  radical  ones  spatulate-obloiig.  Floweis  large  ; 
petals  several  times  the  length  of  the  calyx. — White.  0.  Florida. 
4 — 8  inches. 

2.  D.  Carolinia'na,  (Walt.)  Stein  leafy  and  hispid  at  the  base,  na- 
ked and  smooth  above.  Leaves  hispid,  entire.  Flowers  corymbic  or 
raceined;  petals  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  or  minute,  and 
sometimes  wanting.  Silicle  nearly  linear,  glabrous,  4 — 6  lines  kmg, 
many-seeded. — White.     ©.     April  and  June.     Mid.  Geo.     1 — 6  inches. 

3.  D.  braciiycar'pa,  (Nutt.)  Stem  simple  or  branched,  leafy.  Leaves, 
cauline  ones  linear  or  oblong,  with  2  or  3  minute  teeth  or  entire ;  radi- 
cal ones  roundish-ovate,  i)etioled.  Flowers  in  racemes,  many-flowered  , 
silicles  oval,  glabrous,  cells  5 — 6  seeded  ;  petals  entire  or  slightly  emar- 
ginate, 

Var.  fastigia'ta,  (Nutt.)  Stein  more  pubescent,  seldom  branched  , 
radical  leaves  generally  4-toothed,  silicle  pubesc^jnt. — White.  0. 
March — ^April.     Middle  Georgia. 

Genus  XIIL— COROXOTUS.     L.  14— L     (Senebicra.) 
(From  the  Greek  korone,  a  crow,  and  poiis^  a  foot) 

Silicle  reniform,  didymous,  compressed  contrary  to  the  sep 


228  OKDEK    XIII. CRUCIFER^. 

turn,  sometimes  1-celled ;  cells  1-seeded  ;  seeds  globose-trique- 
trous.    Herbaceous  plants  with  small  white  flowers 

1.  C.  Did'yma,  (Pursh.)  Stem  branching,  lying  flat  on  the  earth. 
Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  pinnately  divided ;  the  lobes  3 — 4-parted, 
toothed  or  incised,  mucronate.  Flowers  in  small  corymbs,  opposite  the 
leaves  ;  but  by  the  elongation  of  the  raehis,  the  fruit  is  in  racemes. 
Calyx  4-leaved.  Petals  none,  or  very  minute.  Silicle  emarginate. — 
White.     ®  or  5  .     February — June.     Open,  dry  fields.     Common. 

2.  C.  Ruel'lii,  (Pursh.)  Resembles  the  preceding,  and  grows  with  it. 
Leaves  pinnately  divided ;  segments  entire,  toothed,  or  piunatifid. 
Flowers  few.     Style  prominent.     Silicle  entire,  not  emarginate. 

Genus  XIV.— LEPID'IUM.     L.  14— 1.     {Wild  Pepper-grass.) 
(From  the  Greek  lepis,  a  scale,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  pods.) 

Silicle  cordate,  emarginate,  2-seeded  ;  valves  keeled.  Seeds 
compressed. 

1.  L.  Virgin'icum,  (L.)  Steyyi  herbaceous,  branching  generally,  leafy, 
glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  eiliate,  notched  ;  upper  ones  smaller 
and  nearly  entire.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  lanceolate, 
membranaceous  along  the  margin,  pubescent  on  the  back.  Petals  a 
little  longer  than  the  sepals.  Silicle  compressed,  orbicular,  slightly 
emarginate. — White.     @.     Through  the  summer.     Common. 

Genus  XV.— CAPSEL'LA.     Vent.  14—1.     {Thlaspi,  L.) 
(The  diminative  of  capsula,  a  little  capsule.) 

Silicle  triangular,  cuneiform  ;  valves  boat-shaped,  wingless, 
coriaceous  ;  cells  small,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  bur'sa-pas'toris,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  slightly  branched. 
Radical  leaves  pinnatifid,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  petiole;  cauline 
leaves  small,  entire,  or  with  a  few  teeth,  connate,  lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  in  elongated  racemes. — White.  %.  Sent  to  me  by 
Wm.  S.  Rockwell,  Esq.,  Baldwin  Co.     12  baches. 

Genus  XVI.— CAK'ILE.    Tourn.  14—1. 
(An  old  Arabic  name.) 

Silicle  lanceolate,  somewhat  4-aijgled,  jointed.  Seed  in  the 
upper  cell  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous.  Annual  maritime 
herbs. 

1.  C.  mariti'ma,  (Scop.)  Stem  erect,  with  expanding  branches.  Leaves 
alternate,  oblong,  cuneiform,  sinuately  toothed,  lower  ones  sometimes 
nearly  hastate.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbose  racemes.  Lower  joint 
of  the  silicle  short,  the  upper  one  with  a  line  on  each  side.  Seed  1  in 
each  jointj  oval,  glabrous. — White.     0.     April — July.     On  the  coast. 

This  plant  deserves  the  attention  of  the  gardener  as  a  culinary  vegetable.  It  bas 
been,  in  some  cases,  cultivated,  and  has  always  been  highly  esteemed.  Many  other 
nseful  plants  belong  to  this  order.  The  Horseradish  is  the  CocJdearia  armoracea. 
Isatis  tinctoria  yields  the  Woad,  which  yields  a  blue  dye.  Cvanibe  maritima  is  the 
eea-kale. 


ORDER   XIV. CAPPARIDACE^.  229 

Order  XIV.— CAPPARTDA'CE^. 

Sejmls  4,  deciduous,  sometimes  marcescent ;  asstivation  im- 
bricate or  united,  forming  a  tube.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  cru- 
ciate, unguiculate,  sometimes  a  nectary  at  the  base  of  the  outer 
petal,  more  or  less  unequal.  Stamens  almost  perigynous,  7 — 
12,  or  many,  seldom  4.  Disk  hemispherical  or  elongated. 
Ovary  compressed,  of  2  carpels  united,  stipitate,  with  parietal 
placentce ;  styles  united,  filiform,  or  none.  Fruit  a  1-celled, 
pod-shaped  capsule,  many-seeded.  Seeds  campylotropous,  ren- 
iform  ;  albumen  wanting.  Embryo  curved.  Leaves  alternate. 
Annual  plants. 

Genus  I.— CLEOMEL'LA.     D.  C.  6—1. 
(The  diminutive  of  Cleome.) 

Sepals  minute,  spreading.  Petals  4,  sub-spatulate.  Torus 
oblong.  Stamens  6.  Pod  4 — 6-seeded,  obovate  ;  stipe  fili- 
form. Embryo  conduplicate.  Leaves  compound  ;  leaflets  lin- 
ear.    Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  leafy. 

1.  C.  Mexica'na,  (D.  C.)  Stem  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  with 
flat  linear-lanceolate  leaflets,  longer  than  the  petiole.  Pod  flattened. 
Style  short. — Yellow.     ©.     Louisiana. 

Genus  II— GYNANDROP'SIS.     L.  6—1. 

(From  gune^  a  pistil,  amer,  stamen,  and  opsis,  like,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils  to  each  other.) 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  4.  Torus  elongated.  Stamens 
6,  adhering  to  the  torus.  Pod  raised,  on  a  long  stipe  rising 
from  the  summit  of  the  torus. 

1.  G.  pentaphyl'la,  (D.  C.)  Stem  pubescent,  viscid.  Leaves  simple 
and  3— 5-foliate ;  upper  ones  simple,  cordate-lanceolate ;  middle  and 
lower  ones  3 — 5-foliate ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  ovate,  tapering  at  each 
extremity,  entire  or  slightly  serrulate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
Calyx  deciduous.  Petals  with  long,  slender  claws.  Pod  2 — 3  inches 
long. — White.  ®.  May — July.  In  cultivated  grounds.  Introduced. 
2—3  feet. 

Genus  III.— POLANIS'IA.     Raf.  12—1. 

(From  the  Greek  jpoZ«,  much,  and  anisos,  unequal,  in  allusion  to  the  stamens.) 

Se2Mls  4,  spreading.  Petals  4,  unequal,  entire,  nearly  orbic- 
ular, on  short  claws.  Stainens  8 — 12,  on  the  receptacle.  Torus 
minute.     Pod  hnear,  scarcely  stipitate.     Annual  plants. 

1.  P.  tendifo'lia,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  slender,  branched,  viscid,  glandu 
lar.  Leaves  trifohate,  nearly  glabrous ;  leaflets  linear.  fiUform.  Floic- 
ers  in  racemes  ;  pedicels  filiform ;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary.  Plant 
with  an  unpleasant  odor. — Nearly  white.  0.  June.  Georgia,  Low 
country.     1 — 2  feet. 


230  ORDER   XV. POLYGALACE^. 


Order  XV.— POLYGALA'CE^E. 

Sepals  5,  persistent;  the  two  lateral  ones  introrse, 
and  petaloid  ;  the  three  exterior  small.  Petah  3,  irregular, 
somewhat  papilionaceous,  the  keel  crested.  Stamens  hypngy- 
nous,  from  6 — 8,  monadelphous,  with  the  tube  split  on  the 
upper  side.  Ovary  consists  of  two  carpels,  with  a  central  pla- 
centa, 2-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  in  each  cell,  pendulous. 
Seeds  anatropous,  with  much  albumen.  Embryo  generally 
straight,  as  long  as  the  albumen.  Herbaceous,  with  bitter 
root. 

Genus  L— POLYG'ALA.     Mich.  16—5. 
(From  the  Greek  polity  much,  and  gala,  milk.) 

Sepals  5,  permanent,  unequal,  the  two  lateral  ones  larger, 
colored.  Petals  3,  united  to  the  tube  of  stamens.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  2-celled,  compressed,  obcordate,  or  elliptical.  Flowers 
in  racemes,  approachmg,  in  different  cases,  spikes  or  heals, 
more  commonly  the  latter. 

a.     Flowers  capitate  or  in  .spikes.     Seeds  with  a  2lobcd  caruncle. 

1.  P.  sanguin'ea,  (L.)  Stem  branched.  Leaves  linear,  acute,  less 
than  an  inch  long.  Flowers  capitate  or  in  an  oblong  spike.  Wiiiga 
membranaceous,  bright  rose-color.  Crest  minute.  Capsules  obovate. 
Seeds  black. — Red.  ®.  Aug. — Sept.  In  dry  soils,  common.  4—6 
inches. 

2.  P.  purpu'bea,  (Nutt.)  Stem  fastigiately  branched ;  sometimes 
simple,  erect,  angular,  and  slightly  winged.  Leaves  alternate,  linear- 
lanceolate,  1  inch  long.  Flotvers  in  oblong  spikes.  Wings  broad-ovate, 
green,  tinged  with  purple.  Crest  minute.  Seeds  hairy,  with  a  carun- 
cle nearly  as  long  as  the  seed,  nearly  black. — Red.  0.  June.  Com- 
mon.    8 — 12  inches. 

3.  P.  crucia'ta,  (L.)  Steyn  erect,  branching,  winged.  Leaves  verti- 
cillate,  linear,  punctate.  Flowers  in  ovate  spikes,  nearly  sessile.  Sta- 
mens short.  Wings  dilated  at  the  base,  with  a  purple  border.  Crest 
minute.  Seed  obovate,  slightly  hispid. — Red,  with  green.  0.  July. 
8 — 12  inches. 

4.  P.  lu'tea,  (L.)  Ste77i  branched  or  simple.  Flotvers  in  an  ovate 
spike,  nearly  globular.  Wings  broad,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  yellow. 
Crest  minute.  Radical  leaves  spatulate  ;  the  cauline  ones  lanceolate, 
ftcute.  Seeds  hairy. — Yellow.  0.  June— September.  Common.  8— 
12  inches. 

5.  P.  na'na,  (D.  C.)  Stem  simple.  Leaves  cuneate,  obovate,  obtuse ; 
sometimes  with  a  long  attenuated  base.  Fioicers  in  a  dense  cylindrical 
spike,  nearly  sessile.  Wings  ovate,  acuminate,  with  a  setaceous  point, 
yeUow-sh-green.  Crest  large.  Seed  obovate,  a  little  hairy. — Yelii^w- 
ish-green.     0.     June— Sept.     Pine  woods.     1 — 6  inches. 


ORDER    XV. I'OLYGALACE.E.  231 


b      Floioers  in  terminal  cymes  ;  carui.de  with  no,  or  very  small,  appen- 
dage. 

6.  P.  coRYMBo'sA,  (Micii.)  Ramo'.sa,  (Ell.)  Stem  simple,  angular,  ter- 
minated with  a  large  cyme,  ncaily  naked.  Lraves  spatulate,  the  U|per 
ones  linear,  and   at  the  t^ummit  ^~mall.     F/mrerx  in  a  compoui.d  cy\ue. 

Wings  oval,  long,  niueronate,  greenish-yellow.     ;Sf (?c/ oblung. — Yellow. 
S.     June — Aug.     Wet  places  in  pine  barrens.     Cumnion.     8 — 12  in. 

7.  P.  cYMo'sA,  (Walt.)  CouYMBo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem,  erect,  terete,  nearly 
naked.  Lower  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  small,  linear, 
at  the  summit  degenerated  into  scales.  Cyme  simple.  Wings  oval  or 
ellij>tical-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  mucronate.     Seeds  smooth'. — Yellow. 

$  .     June — Aug.     Common  in  wet  pine  barrens.     2 — 5  feet. 

8.  P.  Baldwin'ii,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  branching  near  the  summit, 
leafy.  Leaves,  lower  ones  spatulate,  upper  ones  lanceolate.  Flowerft 
in  a  compound  cyme,  sub-globose,  compact.  Wirigs  lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  corolla  ;  keel  but  slightly  fiinbi'iate,  if  at  all.  Seeds  ovate, 
very  hairy. — Yellowish-white.  $  .  June — Aug.  Low  country  of  Geo. 
2—3  ieet. 

c.     Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes  ;  caruncle  spongy,  cristate. 

9.  P.  fncarna'ta,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  slender,  slightly  angled.  Leavez 
scattered,  subulate,  nearly  linear.  Flowers  in  long  terminal  spikes. 
Wings  oval,  margin  colored,  limbs  of  the  petals  not  united.  Crest  con- 
spicuous. Seeds  ovate,  hairy. — Purple.  $  .  May — Aug.  Common  in 
the  middle  region  of  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

10.  P.  seta'cea,  (Mich.)  Stem  very  small,  erect,  angled,  generally 
with  several  slender,  erect  branches.  Leaves  very  small,  setaceous. 
Flowers  in  a  compact  spike,  small  Wings  oblong,  acuminate  ;  limbs  of 
the  lateral  pi4als  ovate.  Crest  conspicuous.  Seeds  ovate,  hairy. — 
Rose-color.     @.     Ju.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     10 — 12  inches, 

d.     Flowers  in  elongated,  racemose  spikes  *  caruncle  with  a  2-lobed  ap- 
pendage. 

11.  P.  verticilla'ta,  (L.)  Stetn  erect,  branching.  Leaves  verticil- 
late,  linear,  acute,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  ptduncuhite  tapering  spikes, 
dense.  Wings  m-arly  round  or  obovate,  longt-r  than  the  corolla.  Lat- 
eral petals  spreading ;  keel  fimbriate.  Seeds  hispid. — Greenish-white. 
Q.     June — Aug.     Old  sandy  fields.     6 — 10  inches. 

12.  P.  sen'ega,  (L.)  Stein  erect,  simple,  terete.  Leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  sometimes  broad,  acute,  acuminate.  F/owers  in  a  dense 
epike,  sessile.  Wings  orbicular,  obi)vate,  concave.  Seed  hirsute,  with 
spreading  hairs. — White.  2^.  Mountains  and  upper  districts  of  Car. 
and  Geo.     6 — 8  inches. 

13.  P.  Boykin'ii,  (Nutt.)  Stem  branching.  Leaves  vertieillate  by 
fours  or  fives,  obovate,  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  dense  tapering  spikes, 
pedicellate.  Wings  obovate.  Petals  obovate,  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
wing.  CV^.s^  minute.  6>ec?  hirsute,  with  appressed  hairs. —  0.  June — 
September.     Middle  Geo.     12 — 18  inches. 

14.  P.  Chapman'ii,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  glabrous,  branching  from  the 
base  or  sununit.  Leaves  numerous,  linear,  subulate.  Floxrers  in  a 
looMe  spike.    Wings  with  a  short  claw ;  the  posterior  sepal  very  broad, 


232  ORDER    XVI. TIOLACE^. 

obtuse ;  scarcely  any  crest ;  limb  of  the  petals  distinct.  Seed  black, 
hairy.  io6es  of  the  caruncle  small. — Rose-color.  ®.  Florida.  12 — 
15  inches. 

15.  P.  polyga'ma,  ("Walt.)  Ste7n  glabrous,  angled,  branching  from 
the  base,  numerous.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong,  linear,  mucronate.  Flowers 
pedunculate,  in  loose  racemes.  Wings  with  short  claws ;  keel  3-lobed, 
middle  lobe  fimbriate.  Radical  racemes  destitute  of  corolla  or  wings. 
— Purple  or  reddish-purple.     $  .     Dry  lands.    Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

e.     Flowers  in  loose  racemes  ;  Tceel  not  cristate  ;  caruncle  without  appen- 
dages. 

16.  P.  grandiflo'ra,  ("Walt.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  branching. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent,  strongly  veined.  Flowers 
12 — 18,  the  lowest  more  remote.  Pedicels  recurved  after  flowering. 
Wings  large,  nearly  round,  covering  the  other  parts  of  the  flower ; 
when  first  expanded  red,  afterward  green.  Seed  villous. — Red.  If. 
May — Aug.     S.  C.  and  Geo.     Dry  soils.     8 — 12  inches. 

f.     Floicers  few,  axillary  or  terminal. 

17.  P.  paucifo'lia,  (Willd.)  Stem  simple,  erect,  naked  at  the  base, 
leafy  at  the  summit,  rising  from  a  branching  rhizoma.  Leaves  clus- 
tered, ovate,  petioled.  Flowers  generally  terminal,  by  threes,  larger 
than  those  of  any  other  species ;  keel  fimbriate  ;  wings  obovate,  atten- 
uate at  the  base.  Lateral  petals  united  with  the  keel  nearly  to  the 
summit. — Purple.     If.     May — July.     Mountains.     3 — 4  inches. 

The  P.  senega  or  Seneca  »naJce-root  is  the  only  plant  of  this  order  appropriated 
to  any  use  in  this  countiy,  although  several  of  the  species  are  heautiful  flowers,  and 
would  make  ornaments  of  the  flower  garden.  The  root  of  the  Senega  is  extensively 
used  as  a  medicine,  and  possesses  valuable  properties :  among  the  most  important  is 
its  action  as  an  expectorant  On  this  account  it  enters  into  the  composition  of  most 
medicines  for  coughs,  croup,  asthma,  and  affections  of  the  lungs.  It  is  entirely  an 
American  medicine,  being  first  used  in  Virginia.  It  is  cathartic,  and  is  used,  in  com- 
bination with  other  medicines,  for  this  property. 

Genus  II.— KRAME'RIA.     Loefl.  4—1. 
(In  honor  of  Kramer,  a  German  botanist.) 

Sepals  4—5,  more  or  less  irregular,  colored,  the  innermost 
smaller.  Petals  4 — 5,  smaller  than  the  sepals,  three  with  long 
claws.  Stamens  4,  hypogynous,  more  or  less  unequal.  Ovary 
1-celled,  gibbous,  hair}^,  or  hirsute.     Under-shrubs. 

1.  R.  lanceola'ta.  Stem  much  branched  from  the  base,  silky  or 
hirsute.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  rarely  3-foliate.  Flowers  termi- 
nal and  axillary,  sometimes  in  secund  racemes.  Claws  of  the  petals 
united. — Florida. 

Order  XVI.— VIOLA'CE^. 

Sepals  5,  persistent ;  aestivation  imbricate,  usually  auricled, 
or  elongated  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  marcescent, 
or  deciduous,  with  an  oblique,  convolute  aestivation,  one-spurred 
at  the  base,  generally  unequal.     Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 


ORDER   XVI. VIOLACEJ::.  233 

petals  ;  anthers  adnate,  bilociilar ;  filaments  extending  bevond 
the  anthers,  two  of  them  appendaged  at  the  base.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  with  3  parietal  placentce  ;  capsule  many-seeded,  with 
a  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  conspicuous 
chalaza.     Herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  L— VI'OLA.     L.  5—1. 
(The  Latin  name  of  the  plant.) 

Sepals  5,  unequal,  auricled  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  irregular, 
with  a  horn  at  the  base  of  one  of  them.  Stamens  5  ;  anthers 
cohering,  the  two  lower  ones  with  appendages  on  the  back. 
Capsule  3-valved,  1-celled.  Seeds  caruncled.  Leaves  alternate. 
Floioers  nodding.     Perennial,  herbaceous  plants. 

a.    Without  stems,  scape  and  leaves   arising  from  a  rhizoma.     Stigma 
with  a  recurved  beak. 

1,  V.  peda'ta,  (L.)  Leaves  pedate,  7-parted,  segments  entire,  or  in 
cisely  toothed,  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Stig- 
ma thick,  margined  ;  beak  short.  Petals  glabrous. — Blue  or  nearly 
white.  U-  April — May.  Common  in  the  middle  and  upper  country  o/ 
Georgia.     4 — 6  inches. 

2,  V.  palma'ta,  (L.)  Rhizo'ma.  Xfai'^-s  thick,  cordate,  very  variable, 
pubescent,  palmate,  5 — 7-lobed,  lobes  of  various  forms,  toothed,  the 
middle  one  the  largest.  Sepals  lance-ovate,  ciliate.  Petals  entire, 
veined,  "white  at  the  base,  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  upper  one  marked 
with  blue  lines.  Early  plant  with  almost  entire  leaves.  A  variable 
plant, — Bright  blue,  sometimes  pale.  If.  May.  Common,  4 — 6 
inches. 

3,  V.  cuculla'ta,  (Ait.)  Leaves  reniform  or  cordate,  cucullate,  ser- 
rate, generally  glabrous.  Sepals  subulate,  acuminate.  Petals  white  at 
the  base,  lateral  ones  bearded,  which,  with  the  upper  one,  are  marked 
with  blue  lines.     Stigvia  triangular,  margined. 

There  have  been  several  varieties  found  of  this  species  by  botanists, 
but  the  situation  and  the  time  when  observed,  will  account  for  neai-ly, 
if  not  quite,  all  the  variations.  In  open  dry  places  the  plant  is  pubes- 
cent;  in  spring,  the  leaves  nre  almost  uniformly  cordate,  in  fall  as  uni- 
formly reniform  ;  the  color  of  spring  is  blue,  of  summer,  nearly  or  quite 
white, — Blue  or  purplish-blue.     If.     Common,     4 — 6  inches, 

4,  v.  SEPTEMLo'nA,  (Le  Conte.)  Leaves  ovate-cordate,  slightly  succu- 
lent, glabrous,  dentate,  lower  leaves  entire,  the  others  pedate,  7-lobed, 
middle  lobe  the  largest.  Sepals  lanceolate.  Petals  entire,  upper  ones 
large,  villous,  lateral  ones  densely  bearded,  marked  with  blue  lines. — 
White.     %.     March,     Low  country  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

5,  V,  sagitta'ta,  (Ait)  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  cordate,  sagittate,  in- 
cised at  the  base,  pubescent,  slightly  ciliate.  Inferior  petal  glabrous, 
the  rest  bearded.     Spur  short,  oblu.se. 

Var.  ova'ta.     Leaves  ovate,  somewhat  cordate  ;  petiole  margined. 

Var,  emaegina'ta.  Glabrous.  Leaves  almost  triangular,  lacorately 
toothed  near  the  base. — Pale  blue.  11.  March  aud  April.  Upper 
dbtricts  of  Geo.  and  Car,     6 — 8  inches. 


234  ORDER    XVI. VIOLACE^. 

6.  V.  viLLo'sA,  (Wal.)  Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  pubescent,  apprcssed, 
toothed,  with  purple  veins.  S'paU  acute  or  obtuse.  Petals  villous, 
lateral  ones  bearded. — Pale  blue.  U.  March  and  April.  tSau-iy  soil, 
commou. 

7.  V.  rotun'DIfo'lia,  (Mich.)  Leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  somewhat 
crenate,  i^Librous.  Petiole  pubescent.  Sepals  obtu.-e.  Petals  .some- 
time-^ eraargiiiate.  upper  ones  small,  marked  with  a  few  browu  lines. 
Spur  short. — Yellow.      If.     May.     Mountains. 

8.  V.  primul^fo'lia,  (L.)  Leaves  oblong,  somewhat  cordate,  serrate. 
Petioles  membranous.  Petals  entire,  green  at  the  base,  lateral  ones 
bearded.  Stigma  capitate,  margined. — White.  If.  Feb.  to  April. 
Comjiion.     2 — 3  inches. 

9.  V.  lanceola'ta,  (L.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  narrow,  glabrous,  attenu- 
ate at  the  base  into  a  long  petiole,  obtuse,  caneate.  Peduncles  reddi.-n, 
of  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute. 
Petals  entire,  green  at  the  base,  the  upper  one  marked  with  blue  lines; 
all  beardless. — White.     If,    April — May.     Damp  places.     3 — 8  inches. 

h.    With  stems.     Stigma  convex,  not  viargined. 

10.  V.  stria'ta,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  nearly  terete,  branching. 
Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  acute,  serrate,  with  conspicuous  stipules,  cili- 
ate.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate.  Petals  entire,  upper  one 
marked  with  blue  lines,  naked,  glabrous,  lateral  ones  bearded.  Stigma 
tubular,  recurved. — Yellovish-white.  2f .  April — May.  Common  in 
moist  places.     6 — 12  inches. 

11.  V.  Muhlexber'gii,  (Torrey.)  Stem  glabrous,  terete,  weak,  as- 
surgent  or  prostrate.  Leaves  reniform-cordate,  upjier  ones  ovate,  cru- 
ciate. Stipules  lanceolate,  sub-pinnate,  serrate,  ciliate.  Sepals  linear, 
acute,  snb-ciliale.  Petals  without  veins,  lateral  ones  beorded,  and  with 
the  upper  one  marked  with  blue  lines.  Stigma  tubular,  papillose. — 
Blui.sh-purple.      If,     May.     Moist  places.     6— ItJ  inciies. 

12.  V.  hasta'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  sim|  le,  leafy  at  the  summit,  nearly 
glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  hastate,  with  obtuse  lobes,  and  deltoid- 
lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  on  shoi't  petidles.  Stipules  ovate  dentate. 
iSV/)a^.s  lance  linear ;  lateral  petals  slightly  bearded.  Stigina  hairy  on 
each  side,  with  a  furrow  on  the  top. — Yellow.  If.  May.  Upper  dis- 
tricts of  Georgia,  CuUoden.  First  discovered  by  Dr.  James  Green. 
6 — 12  inches. 

13.  V.  triparti'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  hirsuto,  simple,  leafy  only  at  the 
summit.  Leaves  deeply  3-parted,  the  lobes  latjceolate,  dentate,  very 
hairy  sometimes  ternate.  Stipules  villous,  lanceolate.  Peduncles  long, 
with  2  minute,  alternate  scales  near  the  middle.  Sepals  acute,  the  up- 
per petal  streaked  with  purple. — Yellow.  If.  March — April.  Upper 
districts  of  Geo.     8 — 12  inches. 

14.  V.  puuEs'cENS,  (Ait.)  Stem  terete,  erect,  villou.?,  naked  below. 
Leaves  broad  ovate,  cordate,  dentate,  on  short  petioles.  Stipules  large, 
ovate  dentate.  Sepals  lanceolate.  Petals  striate,  lateral  ones  beard- 
ed. Stigma  globose,  strongly  l)earded  ou  each  side. — Yellow.  2f. 
April — May.     Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

15.  V.  Canadensis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves 
broadly  cordate,  acuminate  serrate,  nerves  pubescent.  Stipules  entire, 
membranaceous,  oblong,  sub-ovate.     Sepals  subulate,   entire.     Petals 


ORDER    XVII. DROSERACE.E.  235 

entire,  veined,  upj^er  one  brond.  expanding,  lat-ral  ones  ])enrdod.  spur 
short,  saccate.  Stigma  short,  pube>eent.  Flowers  odorous. — DifFyiunt 
pt^tids  white,  yellow,  and  violet.      2f .     May.     Woods.     6  in.  2  fl. 

c.    With  stem.f.     Stirpna  urceolatc,  hair  if  on  each  side. 

16  V.  arven'sis,  (D.  C.)  Stem  anfi:led,  furrowed,  glabrou.".  Leaves 
■ipatubite,  ovate,  lower  ones  nearly  orbicular.  Stipules  pinnatifid.  Se- 
p'lls  ciliati',  about  equal  in  letigih  to  the  petals,  Petals  whh  the  lateral 
ones  bearded. — Ytdlowiah-blue,  spotted  with  purple.  0.  May.  Mid- 
dle Geo.     10 — 12  inches. 

The  plants  of  this  eenus  have  been  objects  of  rejrard  in  all  ages,  and  the  heni't'a 
enfie  is  nim-h  and  justly  esteemed  for  its  modest  beauty.  The  palm<tta  particularly 
is  very  mueilaginous,  and  is  used  by  the  negroes  in  their  soups.  The  mots  are  all 
emetics,  and  the  roots  of  plants  belonging  to  tliis  order  arc  met  with  in  commerce  as 
Ipecacuanha. 

Genus  II.— SO'LEA.     Git].  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  W.  Sole.) 

Sepals  5,  nearly  equal,  not  auricled.  Floivers  irregular,  the 
lowest  petal  2-lobed,  and  somewhat  gibbous  at  the  base,  the 
othci's  eniaro-inate.  Stamens  coherincr  the  two  lowest  bearinof 
a  gland  above  \he  middle.  Sti(jma  uncinate.  Capsule  3-sided, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  concave  torus.     Seeds  6 — 8,  large. 

1.  S.  Conco'lor,  (Gin.)  Stem  simple,  leafy.  Leaves  oblono:,  lance- 
olate, somewhat  eruct,  attenuated  at  each  exti'emity.  L(»wust  petal 
twice  as  long  as  the  others.  Stigma  hooked,  perforate.  Spiir  short. — 
Greenish.  U-  July — August.  Mountains  of  Carolina.  JS^ear  Table 
Rock.     Culloden,  Ga.     1—2  feet. 

Order  XVIL— DROSERA'CE^. 

SejMls  5,  persistent,  equal,  aestivation  imbricate.  Petals  5, 
hypogynous,  marcescent.  Stamens  5 — 10 — 15,  distinct,  mar- 
cescent,  filaments  capillary,  or  flattened  ;  antliers  extrorse,  in- 
nate. Fruit  a  capsule,  1-celled,  3 — 5-valve<l,  with  parietal 
placentee,  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  Slt/les  2 — 5,  distinct,  or 
connected  at  the  base,  each  2-parted  or  branched.  Seeds  ana- 
tropous.  Herbaceous  plants,  generally  glandular.  Leaves  al- 
ternate with  circinate  vernation. 

Genus  I— DRO'SERA.     L.  .5—6.     (Dew-plant.) 
(From  the  Greek  drosera,  dewy.) 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Stf/!es3 — 5,  each  2 -part- 
ed or  multifid.  Capsules  3 — 5-valved,  valves  placentiferous  to 
the  summit.  Seeds  numerous  in  several  rows  on  each  placenta  ; 
small  herbs  growing  in  wet  places.  Leaves  bearing  glandular 
hairs. 

1.  D.  rotundifo'lia,  (L.)  Without  stem.  Leaves  orbicular,  sjiread- 
ing,  tapering  at  the  base.     Petiole  long,  hairy,  appressed  to  the  ground, 


336  ORDER    XVII. DROSERACE^. 

covered  with  glandular  hairs,  rufous.  Scope  5 — lO-flowered,  with  the 
calyx  and  scape  of  nearly  the  same  color  as  the  leaves. — V^Liie.  0. 
April.     Common  in  shaded  spots.     4 — 10  inches.  Sun-dcio. 

2.  D.  longifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  terete,  ascending  or  decumbent,  spatu- 
late,  oblong,  erect,  attenuate  into  a  long  naked  petiole.  Scape  declined 
at  the  base.  Pe^a^s  short.  Sti/le  very  short — White,  li-  June — Aug. 
Swamps  of  the  middle  and  low  country  of  Ga.     3 — 8  inches. 

3.  D.  brevlfo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Leaves  forming  a  dense  tuft,  not  more 
than  an  inch  in  diameter,  broadly  cuneiform,  obtuse.  Petals  obovate 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  2 — 8  flowers  in  a  scape.  Scap% 
filiform.  Styles  deeply  2-parted. — Rose-color.  If.  June.  Florida 
3 — 8  inches. 

4.  D.  FiLiFOPv'jns,  (Raf.)  Leaves  long,  6 — 10  inches,  filiform,  nearly^ 
erect,  glandular,  hairy  ,  petiole  naked.  Scape  sub-ramose,  terete,  gla- 
brous, 8 — 20-flowered.  Petals  obovate,  erosely  denticulate,  much  lon- 
ger than  the  calyx.  Styles  2-parted  to  the  base. — Nearly  white.  If. 
Aug. — Sept.     Florida.     12 — 15  inches. 

Genus  II.— DIOi^^'A.    Ellis.  10—1. 
(One  of  the  names  of  Venus.) 

Stamens  10 — 15.  Stigma  fimbriate.  Capsule  2-celled, 
many-seeded,  gibbous. 

1.  D.  MUScip'uLA,  (Ellis.)  "Without  stem.  Leaves  spreading.  Pet- 
iole winged,  foliaceous  ;  lamina  articulated  to  the  petiole,  circular,  arm- 
ed with  stiff,  spine-like  cilise,  very  sensitive ;  when  touched,  it  closes 
up  with  considerable  force.  Scape  about  10-flowered. — White.  %. 
April — May.  North  and  South  Carolina,  (-a  the  Cape  Fear  and  Santee 
rivers;  in  turfy  sandy  bogs.     6 — 12  inches.  Venus'  Fly-Trap. 

This  is  a  most  interestin£r  plant.  The  "  sensitiveness  of  its  lamina''  is  said  to  residCi 
by  the  Eev.  M.  A.  Curtis,  "  in  only  three  or  four  hair-like  processes  of  its  upper  sur- 
face, so  placed  that  an  insect  can  hardly  traverse  it  without  interfering  with  one  oi 
them,  when  the  two  sides  suddenly  collapse  and  inclose  the  prey,  the  i'ringe  or  haira 
of  the  opposite  sides  of  the  leaf  interlacing  like  the  fingers  of  two  hands  clasped  to- 
gether." The  circumscribed  geographical  section  in  which  the  plant  has  been  found 
is  remarkable.  This  plant  is  found  only  in  the  section  above  indicated,  nor  has  this 
or  any  other  species  of  the  genus  been  found  in  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

Gexds  III.— PARNAS'SIA.     Tourn.  5—4. 
(Named  from  Mt  Parnassus.) 

Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united,  aestivation  imbricate,  united  to 
the  ovary  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  nearly  perigynous,  persistent. 
Stamens  5,  perigynous,  alternate  with  the  petals,  with  an  indefi- 
nite number  of  ovate  sterile  stamens  united  into  5  phalanges 
opposite  the  petals ;  these  probably  consist  of  two  series,  ac- 
counting for  their  being  opposite  the  petals.  Perennial  herbs, 
growing  in  wet  places.      Capsule  4-valved. 

1.  P.  Carolinia'na,  (Mich.)  ii?avi?.<!  orbicular-ovate,  or  broad  cordate, 
entire,  glabrous,  5 — 7 -nerved  on  long  petioles,  2 — 8  inches,  rather  cori- 
aceous. Cauline  leaves  low  down,  clasping.  Stem  1 -flowered.  Sepals 
small,  united  at  the  base,  oval,  3  ribbed,  with  a  membranaceous  margin. 


ORDEK    XVIII. CISTACKJ£.  237 

Petals  oval  or  ovate,  with  5 — 7  green  nerves.  Sterile  filaments  in  5 
bunches,  each  composed  of  3  filaments,  distinct  nearly  to  the  base,  aV)out 
the  length  of  the  stamens,  terminated  by  an  awn.  Anthem  sagittate. 
Styles  4,  short, — White,  U.  July — Aug.  Near  Columbia,"  S.  C. 
10—20  inches, 

2,  P.  asarifo'lia,  (Vent.)  Leaves  reniform,  the  cauline  one  nearly 
orbicular,  slightly  cordate,  sessile.  Petals  ovate,  broad,  obtuse,  un- 
guiculate  ;  sterile  filaments  separate  nearly  to  the  base,  united  by 
threes.  Leaves  and  flowers  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species. — 
White.     2^.     July — August.     Mountains.     1 — 2  feet. 

Order  XVIIL— CISTA'CE^. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  unequal,  the  outer  smallest  or  wanting, 
the  3  inner  with  an  imbricate  and  sometimes  twisted  ciestiva- 
tion.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  fugitive,  twisted  in  an  opposite 
direction  from  the  sepals.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous, 
distinct.  Anthers  short,  innate.  Ovary  3 — 5-valved,  1-celled 
capsule,  with  a  loculicidal  dehiscence,  or  with  the  membranes 
bearing  the  placentae  extending  nearly  to  the  center,  making  it 
imperfectly  3 -celled,  and  in  the  Lechea  called  3 -celled.  Seeds 
3  to  many,  orthotropous.     Perennial  herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  L— HELIAN'THEMUM.     Tourn.  12—1. 

(From  7ielio8  the  sun,  and  anthos,  a  flower;  because  the  flower  opens  with  the  rising 
of  the  sun.) 

Sepals  5,  unequal,  the  two  exterior  small,  bract-like,  and 
sometimes  wanting.  Petals  5,  fugitive,  or  occasionally  want- 
ing. Stigmas  3,  large,  more  or  less  united  into  one.  Capsule 
3-valved,  few  or  many  seeded,  triangular.  Sun-rose. 

1.  H.  Canaden'se,  (Mich.)  Stan  erect,  at  first  simple,  afterward 
branched,  branches  hairy.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  hairy,  pale 
beneath,  margins  revolute.  Flowers  of  the  stem  few  or  solitary,  termi- 
nal, large;  of  the  branches  axillary,  small,  nearly  sessile,  with  very 
small  or  no  petals.  Petals  erosely  emarginate,  double  the  length  of  the 
sepals. — Yellow,  y.  May — June.  In  dry  soils.  Middle  Geo.  and 
Car.     6 — 18  inches. 

2.  H.  coRYMBo'suM,  (Mich.)  Stem  branching,  covered  with  stellular 
pubescence.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  canescent  beneath.  Flowers  in 
terminal,  corymbose  cymes.  Petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx; 
secondary  flowers  mostly  apetalous.  Sepals  villous,  the  two  exterior 
long  and  linear. — Yellow,  ir.  April — May.  Dry  soils  on  the  coast 
of  Car.  and  Geo.     10 — 15  inches. 

3.  H.  Carolinia'num,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute,  generally  purj)le. 
Leaves  nearly  sessile,  obovate,  slightly  denticulate,  villous  when  young, 
crowded  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  sometimes  nearly  orbicular.  Floie 
ers  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  few,  large.  Sepals,  the  two  exterior 
linear,  expanding;  the  three  interior  larger,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Stamens  numerous,  unecpial.     Seeds 


238  ORDER    XIX. UYPERICACE^. 

numerous. — Yellow.     If.     May — June.     Dry  soils,  Geo.  and  Car.     6 — 
12  inches. 

This  is  a  beautiful  genus  of  flowering  plants,  of  which  Europe  produces  more  than 
forty  species,  while  North  America  produces  only  five.  We  know  not  that  our  in- 
digenous species  are  cultivated,  but  well  deserve  it,  beyond  that  of  many  imported 
plants. 

Genus  II.— LE 'CHE A.     L.  3—3. 
(In  honor  of  Leche,  a  Swedish  naturalist) 

Sei^als  3,  with  two  exterior,  narrow,  and  bract-like.  Petals 
3,  minute,  lanceolate.  Stamens  Z — 12.  Stigmas  ^^  on  2^  ^hori, 
somewhat  united  style,  fimbriate.  Capsule  3-valved,  appa- 
rently 3-celled,  with  roundish  placentae,  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
valves,  about  2-seeded.     Perennial  herbs. 

1.  L.  ma'joe,  (Mich.)  Stem  herbaceous,  branching,  scabrous;  young 
branches  villous,  radical  branches  tufted.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate ; 
those  on  the  radical  branches  opposite,  and  sometimes  nearly  round  on 
the  stem,  alternate.  Flowem  in  lateral  racemes,  with  short  pedicels. 
Capsule  somewhat  3  sided,  depressed.  Petals  lanceolate,  obtuse.  An- 
thers bilocular,  pink. — White.  U.  July — Aug.  Sandy  soils,  common. 
1—2  feet. 

2.  L.  mi'nor,  (Lam.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent ;  radical 
branches,  if  any,  hair}'.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scattered,  or  occa- 
sionally nearly  verticillate.  Flovjers  in  terminal  panicles,  with  ap- 
pressed  pedicels. 

Var.  racemulo'sa.  Stem  much  branched  near  the  summit,  with  sel- 
dom any  radical  branches.     Leaves  small,  narrov\'. 

Var.  texufo'lia.  Stem  decumbent  and  asj^urgent,  very  much  branch- 
ed, somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  subulate,  linear.  Flowers  solitary,  at  the 
extremities  of  the  branches. — White.  2f.  Sandy  soils,  in  middle  Car. 
6 — 18  inches. 

3.  L.  thymifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  frutescent,  decumbent  at  the  base, 
much  branched  above,  hoary-villous.  Leaves  linear,  acute,  numerous; 
those  of  the  procumbent  radical  branches  small,  imbricate,  elliptical. 
Flowers  2 — 6,  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  in  leafy  panicles. 
Calyx  tomentose. — White.  1i.  Sandy  soils.  May — Aug.  10—15 
inches. 

Order  XIX.—HYPERICA'CE^. 

Sepals  4  —  5,  cohering  at  the  base,  or  distinct,  persistent,  un- 
equal ;  aestivation  imbricate.  Petals  hypogynous,  as  many  as 
the  sepals  ;  veins  oblique,  with  a  twisted  [estivation.  Stamens 
hypogynous,  usually  very  numerous,  polydelphous,  usually  in 
three  parcels.  Anthers  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  composed  of 
2 — 5  united  carpels.  Styles  several,  persistent.  Capsule  with 
a  septicidal  dehiscence,  1 — 2 — o-celled  ;  when  1-celled,  the  pla- 
centa parietal  ;  when  more  than  1-celled,  the  placentae  central. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  anatropous.  Embryo  straight,  cylindri- 
cal. Herbs  and  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stip- 
ules, dotted. 


OKDLK    XI X. lIVi'EKlUACKJi. 

Genus  I.— ASCY'RUM.     L.  12—5.     (St.  Andniox  Cross.) 
(From  a,  privative,  not,  and  akuros,  hard — a  sort;  plant.) 

Sepah  4  ;  the  two  ext^ei-ior  usually  broad  and  toliaceous ;  the 
two  interior  smaller.  Petals  4.  Stamens  usually  united  by 
their  tilaments  into  four  parcels.  Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled,  2 
valved,  with  parietal  placentae.  Styles  2 — 3,  occasionally 
united.  Shrubby  or  sutFructicose.  Leaves  usually  with  black 
dots.     Floioers  yellow. 

1.  A.  Crux-An'dre^,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  spreading. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile,  dotted,  small.  Flowers  soli- 
tary, axillary,  and  terminal.  The  outer  sepals  cordate,  ovate,  acute  ; 
the  interior  small;  two  small  bracteal  leaves  at  the  ba<e  of  the  calyx. 
Petals  linear-oblong.  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-valved,  compressed. — Yel- 
low.    If.     July.     Pine  woods.     Car.  and  Geo.     8 — 12  inches. 

2.  A.  ruMi'LUM,  (Mich.)  Stem  prostrate,  much  divided,  slightly  wing- 
ed. L<aves  linear-oval,  small,  obtuse,  toothed,  perennial.  Flowers  soli- 
tary, axilhiry  ;  exterior  sepals  ovate,  acute,  marked  v.'ith  dots.  Petals 
obovate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous,  not  dis- 
tinctly united  into  parcels.  Style  1,  long.  Capsule  ovate.  A  variable 
plant. — Yellow.  If.  ISIarch.  Pine  barrens,  middle  Geo.  6 — 10 
inches. 

3.  A.  htpericci'des,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  sparingly  dichotomous,  branch- 
ed, ancipital,  slightly  w^iiigcd.  Leaves  ses?ile,  opposite,  somewliat 
clasping,  oblong,  obtuse,  glaucous.  Flowers  terminal  or  axillary,  on 
erect  peduncles  ;  exterior  s<'pals  large,  cordate-ovate,  nearly  orbicular, 
nerved,  dotted.  Fetals  obovate.  Stamens  very  numerous.  Styles  2. 
Caj[),s7i/e  triangular.  Seeds  striate. — Yellow,  'h  .  Through  the  sum- 
mer.    Damp  soils. 

4.  A.  amplexicau'le,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  sparingly  branched; 
branches  ancipital.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  oblong,  cordate,  clasping. 
Flowers  erect;  exterior  sepals  cordate,  broad.  Petals  obovate.  Sta- 
mens very  numerous.  Styles  3. — Yellow.  If.  Through  the  summer. 
Southern  Geo.  and  Florida.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  A.  microsep'alum,  (T.  &  G.)  Ste?n  nearly  terete,  much  branched. 
Leaves  very  small,  oblong-linear,  crowded.  Flowers  erect,  on  long  pe- 
duncles, large,  clustered  at  the  sunnnit  of  the  branches.  Sepals  nearly 
equal  in  length;  the  exterior  ones  about  a  third  broader  than  the 
others.  Petals  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  se|>als  ;  one  of  them 
usually  much  shorter  than  the  others.  Styles  filiform,  long. — Yellow. 
March — April.     Middle  Florida.     A  foot  or  more  high. 

Genus  II.-IIYPERaCUM.     L.  12—5. 
(Origin  of  the  name  doubtful.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  foliaceous.  Petals  5,  oblique. 
Stamens  numerous,  united  at  the  base  into  3 — 5  parcels.  Pis- 
Uls  3 — 5,  persistent.  Capsule  1 -celled,  with  parietal  placentae, 
or  3 — 5-celled. 

1.  H.  PttOLiF'icuv,  (L.)     Stem  shrubby  or  suffructicose,  with  dichoto- 


240  ORDER    XIX. IirrERICACE^. 

mous,  ancipital  branches.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate.  Sepals  foliaceou?, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Petals  obovate,  longer  tlian  the  sepals. 
Capsules  3-celled,  ovate-oblong. — Yellow.  ^ .  June.  Middle  Geo. 
and  Car.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  H,  galioi'des,  (Lam.)  Stem  terete,  slender.  Leaves  fasciculate, 
linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  margin  revolute,  dotted 
Flowers  axillary,  terminal.  Sepals  linear,  reflexed  when  mature.  Pe* 
ah  obovate,  with  a  tooth  near  the  summit.  Stamens  numerous,  scarcely 
divided  into  parcels.  Pistils  3. — Yellow.  ^ .  June — Aug.  Wet 
places.     Geo.,  Car.,  and  Florida.     2 — 3  feet. 

3.  H.  fascicula'tum,  (Lam.)  Stem  branching,  branches  angled. 
Leaves  linear,  coriaceous,  crowded,  sessile,  revolute,  dotted.  Flowers 
axillary,  near  the  summit.  Sepals  linear,  resembling  the  leaves.  Pet- 
als oblong,  ovate,  toothed  lilce  the  preceding.  Filaments  slightly  co- 
hering into  parcels.  Pistils  3,  united.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved. — 
Yellow.    ^  .     June — Aug.     Pine  barrens.     1 — 2  feet, 

4.  H.  Au'nEiTNr,  (Bar.,)  amce'num,  (Pr.rsh.)  Stem  much  branched,  branch- 
es ancipital.  Leaves o\a.\,  obhng,  with  slightly  undulated  margin,  glau- 
cous beneath.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Sepals  ovate,  acute.  Petals 
ovate,  reflexed.  Stameris  very  numerous.  Styles  3,  s^-parating  as  the 
fruit  matures. — Yellow.  ^  .  June — Aug.  On  the  Ociuulgee,  one  mile 
above  Macon.     2 — 3  feet.  Golden  Hypericun. 

5.  H.  myrtifo'lium,  (Lam.,)  glau'citm,  (Mich.)  Stem  terete,  with  a 
few  branches  near  the  summit.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  obtuse,  clasping, 
glaucous,  dotted,  coriaceous.  Flowers  in  fastigiate  cymes,  leafy.  Sep- 
als ovate,  reflexed.  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  with  a  tooth 
near  the  summit.  Stamens  numerous,  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals. 
Styles  3,  at  first  united,  but  separating  as  the  fruit  matures. — Yellow. 
^.     May — June.     Wet  placts.     Middle  Geo.     18 — 24  iuches. 

6.  H.  ambig'uum,  (Ell.)  Stem  with  numerous  ancipital,  opposite 
branches,  with  scaly  bark.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  mu- 
cronate,  with  a  white  point.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  near  the 
summits  of  the  branches.  Sepals  unequal,  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the 
base.  Petals  oblique,  obovate,  with  a  tooth  near  the  summit.  Styles 
united.  Capsule  3-celled. — Yellow.  ^  .  May — June.  On  the  Conga- 
ree,  near  Columbia.     2 — 4  feet. 

7.  H.  kudiflo'rum,  (Mich.)  Stem  branching ;  branches  angled  and 
winged.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  punctate,  with  reddi!>h 
dots,  pale.  Floioers  in  a  dichotomous  panicle.  Sepals  lanceolate,  ob- 
long, or  linear.  Petals  obovate,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Styles 
3,  united  at  the  base.  Capsule  3-celled. — Yellow.  ''2  .  Aug. — Sept. 
Swamps.     Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

8.  H.  opa'cum,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  slender,  with  few,  opposite,  slender 
branches,  nearly  square,  winged.  Leaves  narrow,  oblong,  sessile,  punc- 
tate witli  minute  brown  dots,  thick,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Flowers  in 
a  naked  cyme.  Sepals  oblong  or  obovate,  unequal.  Petals  very  ob- 
lique, double  the  length  of  the  sepals.  Pistils  3,  united. — Yellow.  ^  . 
July — Aug.     Near  Macon.     18 — 24  inches. 

9.  H.  fastigia'tum.  Stem,  branching ;  branches  ancipital.  Leaves 
long,  narrow-lanceolate,  acute,  connate,  tapering  at  the  base,  dotted, 
paler  on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  corymbs,  with  solitary  flowers 
m  the  lower  divisions  of  tlie  corymbs.     Sepals  lanceolate,   half  the 


ORDER    XIX. IIVI'ERICACK.K.  24-1 

length  of  the  petals.  Styles  united,  not  separating  with  the  niaturiii" 
of  the  fruit. — Yellow.  ^^  .  June — July.  Low  country,  j)iue  woods. 
2—3  feet. 

10.  H.  macula'tum,  (Walt.)  Stem  terete,  glaucous,  erect,  the  whole 
plant  dotted  with  black.  Leaves  cordate-oblong  and  oval,  clasping. 
Floicers  numerous,  in  a  compound  panicle.  Sepals  lanceolate,  united 
at  the  base.  Petals  obovate-oblong,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  numerous.  Pistils  3,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Stigmas  pur- 
ple. Capsule  3-celIed,  3-valved. — Yellow.  If.  May — Aug.  Dry 
soils.     Geo.  and  Car.     2 — 2  feet  6  inches. 

11.  H.  riLo'suM,  ("Walt.)  simplex',  (Mich.)  Stem  terete,  erect,  virgate, 
tomentose.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  appressed,  dotted,  acute, 
anijilexicaul.  Flowers  in  panicles.  Sepals  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Petals  oblong.  Stt/lcs  3.  Capsule  1-celled. — Yellow.  0.  June — 
§ept.     Common  in  the  middle  country,  in  wet  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

12.  H.  ANGULo'suM,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  branching  toward 
the  summit.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  amplexicaul,  dotted, 
appressed.  Floxocrs  in  a  loose  panicle,  frequently  in  the  divisions  of 
the  stem.  Sepals  united  at  the  base,  unequal,  ovate,  acute.  Petals 
obovate,  with  a  tooth  near  the  summit.  Pistils  3.  Capsule  3-valved, 
1-celled. — Yellow.     2+.     May — Aug.     Wet  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

13;  H.  PARViFLo'uor,  (L.,)  MU*riLUM.  Stem  erect,  branching,  gla- 
brous, 4-angled.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  claspmg,  punctate.  Flowers  in 
the  divisions  of  the  stem.  Sepals  lanceolate.  Petals  oblong.  Stamens 
6  — 10,  longer  than  the  coiolla.  Pistils  3,  expanding.  Capsule  1- 
celled,  3-valved. — Yellow.  @.  July — Sept.  Wet  grounds,  common. 
1—2  feet. 

14  II.  Canade.n'se,  (L.)  Stem  slightly  angled,  dichotomous  toward 
the  summit.  Leases  linear,  sessile,  ta|)ering  at  the  base,  dotted.  Stpals 
lanceolate,  acute.  Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  oblong.  Pistils  4 — 
6.  Stiginas  capitate.  Ca/>™/(?  of  a  dull  red  color. — Yellow.  0.  June 
— Aug.     Common  in  wet  places.     6 — 12  inches. 

15.  H.  saroth'ra,  (^Mich.)  Stem  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  fili- 
form, quadranirular.  Leaves  subulate,  minute,  opposite,  appressed. 
Flowers  minute,  solitary,  axillary.  Sepals  linear-lanceolate.  J'etals  ob- 
long, linear,  longer  than  the  calyx.  Sta7ne7is  5.  Pistils  3,  spreading. 
Si/ffinas  capitate.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  purple. — Yellow.  Q. 
June — Aug.     Common.     8 — 12  inches. 

Sarothra  Gentianoides  of  Elliott. 

16.  H.  Drummond'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  branching,  terete  below,  quad- 
rangular above  ;  branches  generally  alternate.  Leaves  linear,  acute 
dotted.  Sfpals  unequal,  lane olate.  Petals  oblong,  longer  than  the 
sepals.  Stamens  lO — 20.  Pistils  3.  Capsule  ] -celled,  3-valved.  Seeds 
ribbed.- Yellow.     0.     July— Sept.     Middle  Geo.     10—18  inches. 

Sarot/a'a  Drwnynondii. 

We  are  not  aware,  with  one  exception,  that  the  hypericums  aro  used  for  any  otlicr 
purpose  than  ornament.  Some  of  them  bear  elegant  llowers.  The  //.  aimvuum 
bears  a  splendid  flower,  of  the  richest  golden  yellow.  It  has  been  traihercd  fmm  tlio 
banks  of  our  .streams  and  transferred  to  gardens,  and  it  is  hardly  surpas-cd  by  any  c.v- 
olics  in  its  claims  on  the  lliiri>t's  attention.  The  //.  perfinuttuin,  an  introduced  spe- 
cies, and  which  covers  the  ti.lds  in  tlie  Northern  and  Middle  States,  lias  long  enjoyed 
considerable  rvptitaiion  in  the  cure  of  diseases;  but  with  the  fact.  ty.  wc  be  levi-.  it  is 
pretty  much  abandoned,  but  s.ill  retains  a  place  among  the  hou.^ewife's  Lerls.  li  is 
astu-ingent,  and  possesses,  uo  doubt,  some  of  the  propei'-t  es  of  the  tur[)eutir)e.  It  is 
Qscd  for  burns  and  bruises,  in  pectoral  complaints,  jaiindi  e  and  a-  a  MMinifiiffv. 

11 


242  ORDER    XX. ILLECEBRACEiE. 

Genus  III.— ELO'DEA.     Ad.  12—5. 

(From  the  Greek  elos,  a  marsb.) 

Sejmls  5,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Sta- 
mens 9 — 15,  united  into  three  parcels,  with  an  intervening 
gland.  Pistils  3,  distinct,  spreading.  Capsule  3-celled,  3- 
valved. 

1.  E.  Virgin'ica,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous,  terete,  with  opposite 
branches.  Leaves  opposite,  oblong,  sessile,  clasping,  glaucous  under- 
neath. Floivers  in  axillary  and  terminal  cymes ;  axillary  ones  about 
3-flowered  ;  terminal  ones  more  numerous.  Sepals  oval,  nerved,  not 
dotted,  glabrous.  Petals  oval  or  obovate-oblong,  marked  with  reddish 
veins.  Stamens  usually  9. — Orange-purple.  U.  Aug. — Sept.  Wfet 
soils.     18 — 24  inches. 

2.  E.  petiola'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  petiolate,  attenu- 
ated at  the  base,  oblong-oval.  Flowers  opposite,  by  threes.  Stamens 
united  above  the  middle.  Sepals  oval,  obtuse,  with  membranaceous 
margins.  Petals  lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
9,  in  three  parcels.  Capsule  8-celled. — Orange- purple.  If.  Aug. — 
Sept.     Around  ponds  and  ditches.     2 — 2  feet  6  inches. 

Order  XX.— ILLECEBRA'CE^. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.  Petah 
5  or  none,  alternate  with  the  sepal^,  minute,  sometimes  resem- 
bling sterile  filaments.  Stamens  e(\WA\  in  number  to  the  sepals, 
or  fewer,  and  opposite  them,  perigynous,  filaments  distinct,  an- 
thers 2-celled.  Ovary  compressed,  of  several  carpels,  with  the 
dissepiments  obliterated,  so  as  to  form  a  pyxidium,  with  central 
placentae,  1  or  many  seeded.  Seeds  campylotropous.  Embryo 
more  or  less  curved.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  opposite,  entire 
leaves,  with  scabrous  stipules. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Style  1,  filiform,  petals  none,  or  subulate  SiphonycJda,  3 

Styles  or  stigmas  more  than  1 .  ■. 2 

2.  Stvles  5 Spergula,  6 

Styles  less  than  5 8 

3.  Styles  3  4 

Styles  2  5 

4.  Flowers  in  fascicles,  terminal,  stipules  multifid Stipulicida,  4 

Flowers  cyraose Poli/carpon,  5 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary Spergula^  6 

^.  Sepals  cuspidate,  or  curved  at  the  summit  Paronychia,  1 

Sepals  sub-saccate  at  the  apex Anyc'iii,  2 

Genus  I.— PARONY'CHIA.     Jus.  5—1. 
(From  the  Greek  paro7iicchia,  something  that  cures  maladies  of  the  nails.) 

Sepals  united  at  the  base,  cuspidate  or  curved  at  the  summit, 
the  inner  portion  colored,  cucullate,  or  concave  at  the  summit. 


ORDER    XX. — ILLECEBRACE^.  243 

Petals  resembling  sterile  filaments,  very  minute  or  wanting. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  edge  of  the  disk  that  lines  the  base 
of  the  sepals.  Stujmas  2.  Styles  more  or  less  united.  Pyx- 
idiurn  inclosed  in  the  sepals. 

1.  P.  pichot'oma,  (Nutt.)  Stem  branching  from  a  thick  woody  base, 
glabrous.  Leayes  opposite,  subulate,  mucronate,  dotted,  with  4  stipules 
at  each  joint.  Flowers  in  dichotomous  cymes,  diffuse.  Sepals  yellow- 
isl),  lineal-,  3-ribbed,  lined  with  a  whitish  disk.  Style  filiform,  cleft  about 
one-fourth  its  length. —  21.  July — Nov.  North  and  South  Carolina. 
Texas.     6 — 12  inches. 

2.  P.  argteoco'ma,  (Nutt.)  Root  fusiform.  Stem  terete,  jointed, 
branching,  dichotomous,  glabrous  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  linear, 
acute,  slightly  hairy,  with  2  stipules,  sometimes  4,  longer  than  the  joints. 
Florvers  in  glomerate  cymes.  Sepals  linear,  hairy,  setaceously  cuspidate, 
the  inner  portion  bearded  above. —  U-     -Aug.     Slountains.     4 — 10  inch. 

3.  P.  herniarioi'des,  (Nutt.)  Stem  diffusely  branched,  prostrate. 
Leaves  sessile,  oblong-oval,  ciliate,  mucronate.  Flowers  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves.  Sepals  subulate,  mucronate,  expanding.  Stipules 
longer  than  the  leaves. — If.     Upper  districts  of  S.  Car.  and  Geo. 

Genus  II.— ANY'CIIIA.     Mich.  5—1. 
(Name  of  similar  origin  with  tlie  preceding,  application  not  apparent.) 

Sepals  ovate-oblong,  united  at  the  base,  slightly  concave, 
sub-saccate  at  the  apex,  sub-mucronate  on  the  back.  Corolla 
none.  Stamens  2 — 5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals.  Pis- 
tils very  short,  2.  Styles  distinct  or  united.  Annual  plants,  di- 
chotomously  divided. 

1.  A.  Caxaden'sis,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  much 
branched  at  the  summit,  dichotomous,  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite, 
nearly  glabrous,  sessile,  dotted.  Stipules  generally  four  at  each  joint, 
membranous.  Flowers  solitary,  and  terminal  on  each  branch.  Sepals 
somewhat  hooded  at  the  point.  Stamens  commonly  3,  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  Stigmas  2, — %.  July — Aug.  Upper  districts  of  Car.  anil  Geo. 
4 — 10  inches. 

2.  A.  Baldwin'ii,  (T.  (feG.)  Stem  decumbent,  diffuse,  branching  from 
the  base.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute.  Stamens  5.  Styles  distinct  nearly 
to  the  base. — 0.     Middle  Florida. 

Genus  III— SIPHONY'CHIA.    T.  &  G.  5—1. 

Sepals  5,  cohering  below  into  a  tube,  petaloid  abo\e,  concave 
at  the  summit.  Petals  none,  or  subulate,  filaments  like  the  pet- 
als inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5.  Style  fili- 
form, about  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

I.  S.  America'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  branching,  diffuse,  procumbent,  mi- 
nutely and  reirorsely  puberulent.  L^caves  oblung-lanceolate,  ciliate, 
slightly  hairy  beneath,  shorter  near  the  summit.  Ftoioers  in  glomerate 
cymes,  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches  numerous.  S'pals  white 
above,  minutely  hispid,  with  hooked  bristles  at  the  base. —  Q.  Inly — 
August.     Middle  Georgia. 


244  ORDER   XX. — ILLECEBRACEJ5. 

Genus  IV.— STIPULI'CIDA.     Mich.  3—1. 
(From  siiptda,  a  stipule,  and  coedo,  to  cut,  the  stipule  being  divided.) 

Sejmls  5,  united  at  the  base,  or  separate.  Petals  5,  narrow, 
oblong,  cuneate.  Stamens  3.  Pistils  3,  with  short  styles. 
Ca}}sule  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  S.  SETA  CEA,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  dichotomous,  setaceous.  Leaves 
near  the  root  opposite,  spatulate,  petiolute  ;  of  the  stem  small,  setaceous. 
Stipules  multitid.  Flowers  minute,  in  small  terminal  fascicles. — White 
0.     May.     Middle  Geo.     Common.     6 — 10  inches. 

Genus  V.— POLYCARTOK     L.  .3—3. 
(Fom  the  Greek  polus,  many,  and  karpos,  fruit  or  seed.) 

Sepals  5,  distinct,  ovate,  acuminate,  keeled,  unequal.  Petals 
5,  linear,  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 3,  longer  than  the  corolla.  Pistils  3,  styles  united,  short. 
Capsule  3-valved,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  tetraphyl'lum,  (L.)  Steyn  ascending,  much  branched,  glabrous, 
striate,  knotted.  Leaves  opposite  and  by  fours,  obovate,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous, entire,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  several  membranous  stipules  at  each 
joint.  Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles,  dichotomous,  with  a  flower  in 
each  division.  Petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals. — White.  0.  May 
— June.     Charleston.     Introduced.     3 — 6  inches. 

Genus  VI.— SPER'GULA-     Bart.   10—5. 
(From  spargo,  to  scatter.) 

Sepals  5,  distinct.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  5 — 10,  some- 
times only  2,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Pistils  3 — 5.  Capsule 
3 — 5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed,  orbicular,  or 
reniform. 

1.  S.  arven'sis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  verticillate,  subu- 
late-linear, numerous  at  each  joint.  Flowers  in  dichotomous  panicles, 
with  a  flower  in  each  division.  Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  Pistils 
5.  Seeds  margined. — White.  #.  May — August.  Common,  10 — 12 
inches- 

2.  S.  decum'bens,  (Ell.)  Stem  branching,  decumbent.  Leaves  linear, 
subulate-,  glabrous,  opposite,  connected  by  a  stipular  membrane.  Floio- 
ers  on  solitary  or  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  ob- 
long, obtuse,  persistent.  Stainc?is  10,  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Stigmas  5, 
nearly  cessile.  Seeds  small. — White.  %.  March— April.  Common. 
1 — 4  inches, 

3.  S.  ru'bra,  (T.  &  G.)  {Arenaria  rubra.  A.  Canadensis.)  Stem 
much  branched,  glabrous,  procumbent  and  assurgent,  succulent.  Leaves 
linear,  subulate,  fleshy,  mucronatc.  Stipules  ovate,  cleft,  membranaceous. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Sepals  lanceolate,  with  membranaceous  mar- 
gins. Petals  lanceolate.  Stamens  variable,  2 — 10.  Stigmas  glandular. 
—Pale  rose-oolor.     0.     April — May,     Salt  marshes,     3 — 6  inches. 


ORDER   XXI. — CARYOPIIYLLACE^.  245 


Order  XXL— CARYOPllYLLA'CE^.  J  uss. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base  into  a  tube,  per- 
sistent. Petals  4 — 5,  sometimes  wanting,  hypofrvnous,  unguic- 
ulate,  inserted  on  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary,  or  destitute  of  claws, 
and  inserted  on  a  nearly  perigyn(jus  disk.  Stamens  generally 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them.  Fila- 
iiients  sometimes  cohering.  Ovary  stipitate.  Pistils  2 — 5, 
with  the  stigmatic  surface  extending  the  whole  length.  Cgt^j- 
sule  2 — 5-vaIved,  1-celled,  rarely  2 — 5-celled,  dehiscence  locu- 
licidal,  or  by  the  apex,  by  the  capsule  splitting  into  twice  as 
many  teeth  as  stigmas,  with  a  central  placenta.  Seeds  campy- 
lotropous.  Herbs,  with  tumid  nodes.  Leaves  opposite,  or  in 
whorls. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Cal3'x  tubular 2 

Calyx  not  tubular 3 

2.  Styles  2 Snponaria,  8 

Styles  3 Sil^ip,  6 

Styles  5 Lyclinis,  7 

8.  Capsule  3-celled Mollugo,  1 

Capsule  l-celled 4 

4.  Petals  2-parted Stellaria,  4 

Petals  entire 5 

5.  Capsules  opening  by  10  teeth Cerastium,  5 

Capsules  opening  by  3 — 5  valves 6 

6.  Pistils  3 Aranaria,  3 

Pistils  4  or  5  Sagina,  2 

Genus  L— MOLLU'GO.     L.  3—3. 
(The  Eonian  name  of  this  or  some  similar  plant.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  minute,  or  more  frc' 
quently  none.  Stamens  3 — 5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Styles  3. 
Capsule  8-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  M,  verticilla'ta,  (L.)  Stem  prostrate,  branching,  glabrous.  Lravea 
Bpatulate — those  toward  the  summit  lanceolate,  generally  verticillate, 
with  6  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  axillary  in  sessile  umbels.  Sepals  expand- 
ing, 3-nerved,  with  membranaceous  margins.  Stamens  usually  3.  Styles 
3.     Stigtnas  plumose. — April — Sept.     Common. 

Genus  II.— SAGI'XA.     Bart.  4—4. 
(From  sagiria,  fatness,  in  allusion  to  its  fattening  sheop.) 

Sepals  3 — 5,  united  at  the  b;ise.  Petals  4 — 5,  or  none. 
Stamens  4: — 10.  Styles  A — 5.  Capsuled — 5-valved,  1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

1.  S.  Procum'bens,  (L)  Stem  procumbent,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear, 
clustered  at  tlje  extremity  of  tlie  branches,  rloicers  on  solitary,  axil- 
lary peduncles.  Petals  about  half  the  length  of  the  sepals,  or  none. — 
Barren  fields.     South  Carolina.     2 — 4  inches. 


246  ORDER   XXI. — CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 

Genus  III.— ARENA'RIA.     L.   10—3. 
(From  are?ia,  sand,  in  which  tiie  species  grow.) 

Sepals  5,  expanding.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  almost 
always  10.    Pistils  3.    C«/'Sw/e  3- valved,  1 -celled,  many -seeded. 

1.  A.  serpyllifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  diffuse,  dichotomously  divided,  re- 
trorsely  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate,  ciliate.  Flowers  axillary,  or  in  the 
divisions  of  the  stem,  solitary.  Sepals  hairy,  acuminate,  lanceolate, 
somewhat  unequal.  Petals  oval,  erect,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Sta- 
mens unequal,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  St/npnas  3,  simple. — White.  0. 
April — May.     Common  in  dry  pastures.     3 — 6  inches. 

2.  A.  SQUARRo'sA,  (Mich.)  Steyn  much  divided  near  the  base,  glandular 
pubescent.  Leaves  short,  subulate,  the  lower  ones  densely  squarrose- 
imbricate,  rather  obtuse,  upper  ones  few.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles, 
few-flowered.  Sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  without  n:  rves.  Petals  obovate, 
three  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. — White.  If.  April — June.  Sand- 
hills.    Common.     6 — 10  inches. 

3.  A.  stric'ta,  (Mich.)  Stems  diffusely-coBspitose,  glabrous,  branched 
from  the  base.  Leaves  subulate,  linear,  erect,  1-nerved,  fascicled  in  the 
axils.  Floivers  in  a  few-flowered  panicle.  Sepals  ovate,  rigid,  3-ribbed. 
Petals  oblong-ovate,  longer  than  the  sepals. — White.  U.  May— June. 
Mountains.     4 — 6  inches. 

4.  A.  gla'bra,  (Mich.)  Ste77u  filiform,  decumbent  at  the  base,  C5espi- 
tose,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  spreading,  almost  setaceous.  Flowers 
8 — 12.  Sepals  oval,  obtuse,  membranaceously  margined,  nerveless. 
Petals  obovate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals. — White.  ©. 
June — July.     Mountains.     4 — 6  inches. 

Genus  IV.— STELLA'RIA.    L.  10—3.     (Chickweed.) 
(From  Stella,  a  star,  the  form  the  petals  assume.) 

Sepals  5,  expanding,  somewhat  united  at  the  base.  Petals 
5,  2-parted,  often  perigynous.  Stamens  10,  or  fewer  by  sup- 
pression. Pistils  8,  or  rarely  4.  Capsules  3-valved,  1-cclled, 
many-seeded. 

1.  S.  me'dia,  (Smith.)  Sie7n  procumbent,  with  an  alternate  pubes- 
cent line.  Leaves  ovate,  glabrous.  Floivers  terminal  or  axillary.  Sep- 
als hairy.  Petal  oblong,  deeply  divided,  hypogynous.  Stamens  3 — 
10.     Pistils  3.— White.     ®.     March — Oct,     Common.     4 — 8  inches. 

2.  S.  prostra'ta,  (Bald.)  Stejn  procumbent,  slightly  channeled,  fis- 
tulous, slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  cordate,  acute,  smooth,  the 
lower  ones  on  slender  ciliate  petioles.  Flowers  solitary.  Sepals  erect, 
ovate.  Petals  deeply  divided,  segments  linear.  Stamens  usually  7. — 
White.     Q.     March — April.     Flor.     1 — 4  feet  long. 

3.  S.  pu'bera,  (Mich.)  Stems  decumbent,  with  two  opposite  pubes- 
cent lines.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  ciliate.  Floivers  axillary,  solitary. 
Sepals  with  membranaceous  margin.  Petals  deeply  divided,  longer 
than  the  sepals.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  3. — White.  May.  In  rich  soils 
6 — 12  inches. 

4.  S.  uniflo'ra,  (Walt.)     (Arenaria  glabra  of  Ell.)     Ston  branching, 


ORDER    XXI. CARYOrilYLLACE^.  247 

glabrous,  erect,  slender.  Leaves  subulate,  acute,  slightly  connate. 
Flowers  on  filiform,  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  oblong,  persistent. 
Petals  obcordate,  emnrginate,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals. — White. 
^.     May.     In  the  low  country,  swamj>s.     10 — 12  inches. 

5.  S.  LANUGiNo'sA,  (T.  (fe  G.)  {ArejiaHa  diffusa  of  Ell.)  Stcni  branch- 
ing, diifuso,  decumbent.  Leaves  oblong-lanccolate,  acute,  alternate  at 
the  base.  Flowers  on  solitary,  axillary,  1-flowered  peduncles.  Sepals 
ovate,  acute,  persistent.  Petals  oval,  very  small,  or  entirely  wanting. 
— White.  0.  April — June.  Damp  soils.  2 — 3  feet  long,  supporting 
itself  on  small  plants. 

Genus  V.— CERAS'TIUM.     L.  10—5.     {Chickweed.) 
(From  the  Greek  keras,  a  horn,  tlic  shape  of  the  capsules.) 

Seixds  5,  somewhat  united  at  tlie  base.  Petals  5,  2-eleft,  or 

emarginate.     Stamens  10,  seldom   a  less  number.     Pistils  5. 

Capsules  1-celled,  5-valved,  dehiscing  at  the  apex,  producing 
10,  rarely  5  teeth,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  vulga'tum,  (L.)  {C.  hirsufuni  of  Ell.)  Stem  procumbent, 
branching,  fistulous,  hirsute.  Xeat>^s  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  coimate. 
Flowers  ia  diehotomous  panicles  with  a  flower  in  each  division.  Sepals 
persistent,  "with  membranaceous  margin.  Petals  oblong,  expanding, 
double  the  length  of  the  sepals.  Stamens  unequal.  Styles  sliort. 
Stigmas  glandular. — W^hite.  0.  April — Sept.  Very  common.  6 — 12 
inches. 

2.  C.  visco'suM,  (L.)  Stem  hirsute  and  viscid,  diffuse.  Leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, obtuse.  Flowers  in  a  loose  cyme.  Petals  oho\^.iQ,  scarce- 
ly longer  than  the  calj'x.  Capsule  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
— White.      If.     May — Sept.     Old  pastures,  common. 

3.  C.  arven'se,  (L.)  Stems  declined  at  the  base,  retrorsely  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute.  Flowers  few  on  an 
elongated  pedunc-le.  Sepals  obtuse,  half  the  length  of  the  petals.  Pe- 
tals obcordate. — White.     If.    May — July.     Rocky  places.    2 — 8  inches. 

Genus  VI.— SILE'NE.     L.  10—3. 
(From  sialon,  saliva,  from  the  viscid  substance  on  the  stem.) 

Sepals  5,  united  into  a  tube.  Petals  5,  unguiculate,  with 
long;  claws,  usually  crowned  at  the  summit  of  the  claw  ;  limb 
2-cleft.  Stamens  10,  inserted  on  the  stype  of  the  ovary.  Pis- 
tils 3.      Capsule  3-celled,  opening  at  the  apex  with  six  teeth. 

1.  S.  stella'ta,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  njinutely  pubescent. 
Leaves  vrtic  Hate  by  fours,  broad-lanceolate,  acute.  Flowers  in  j>ani- 
c!ed  cyn '-s.  Petals  fimbi-iate,  not  crowMied. —  White.  If.  ThrouL;h 
the  >umrv'''.     So.  Car.     Dry  woods.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  S.  ■  •  a'ta,  (I'ursh.)  Stem,  simple,  erect,  pubescent,  many  from  the 
same  rr  Leaves  bioad  at  the  base,  lanoeolate-ovate,  acuminate,  ;i- 
nervrd  FUmers  in  cytiiose  panicles.  Cahjx  ovate.  Petals  4-cleft; 
lobes  m   ititid.     No  crown. — White.     If.     Car.  and  Geo.     2 — I  feet. 

3.  S     "UINquevul'nera,  {L.)     Stem  divided  from  the  base,  hairy,  hir- 


SJrS  OEDER   XXI. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

sute.  Leaves  eimeate-oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  linear.  Flowers  in 
spikes.  ;iSep«/s  very  villous.  Pt^a/.s- witli  nearly  round  lamina,  small ; 
crown  bind. — Pink  color.     #•     July.     On  the  coast.     8 — 12  inches. 

4.  S.  Penxstlva'nica,  (Midi.)  Stem  viscidly  pubescent,  numerous 
from  the  same  root.  Leaves  lanceolate-acute, .  radical  ones  cuneate. 
Flowers  in  trichotomous  panicles,  terminal.  Calyx  tubular,  viscid,  5- 
cleft,  slightly  ventricose.  Claws  of  the  petals  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx,  crowned  with  a  2-lobed  leaflet.  Lhnh  erosely  crenulate,  emar- 
ginate. — White  or  rose-color.  2f.  April — June.  Middle  and  low 
country.     8 — 10  inches. 

5.  S.  Virgin 'icA,  (L.)  Stem  erect  and  generally  simple,  pubescent, 
viscid.  Leaves  of  the  stem  oblong-lanceolate  ;  radical  ones  spatulate, 
with  ciliate  petioles.  Calyx  slightly  ventricose.  Petals  obovate, 
deeply  2-cleft.  Stamens  exserted. — -Bright  crimson.  2f.  June-^ 
July.     On  the  coast.     12 — 18  inches. 

6.  S.  re'gia,  (Sims.)  Stem]arge,  rigid,  viscid,  branched  above,  the  lower 
nodes  approximate,  swollen.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  Flow- 
ers many,  in  cymes.  Calyx  tubular,  long,  10-striate.  Petals  usually 
entire,  broad-lanceolate.  Stamens  and  styles  exserted. — Bright  scarlet. 
2i.     June — Jul}''.     Lou.     4 — 5  feet. 

7.  S.  ANTiRRiii'xVA,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  near  the  base,  occasionally 
spotted.  Lower  leaves  spatulate,  pubescent  along  the  midrib. 
Flowers  in  dichotonious  panicles,  with  a  flower  in  each  division.  Calyx 
10-nerved.  Petals  sometimes  wanting,  small,  2-cleft.  Stamens  nearly 
as  long  as  calyx,  sometimes  5,  abortive. — White.  ®.  March — April. 
Moist  soil.  Common  along  rivers  in  middle  and  lower  Georgia.  1 — 2 
feet. 

8.  S.  fimbria'ta,  (Bald.)  Steyn  weak,  pilose  ;  lower  leaves  obovate 
or  spatulate,  ciliate,  obtuse  ;  upper  leaves  small,  lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  in  a  3 — 5-flowered  cyme.  Petals  with  the  limb  broadly 
cuneiform,  fimbriate. — White.  2^.  April.  Common  about  Macon, 
Geo.     6 — 8  inches.  >S'.  Baldwinii,  Nutt. 

Genus  VIT.—LYCH'^'IS.     D.  C.  10— 5.    {Agrosiemma,'L.) 
(From  luchnos,  a  lamp.) 

Cali/x  tubular,  5-sided.  Petals  5,  unguiculate  ;  limb  entice. 
Stamens  10.  Stt/les  5.  Capsule  usually  1-celled,  or  partly  5- 
celled,  at  the  base. 

1.  L.  Githa'go,  (Lam.)     Stem  hirsute,  dichotomous.    Leaves  opposite, 

linear-lanceolate.      Segments   of  the   calyx   longer    than    the    corolla. 

Flowers  solitary,  large.— Purple.     ®.     June— July.     Introduced.     18 

— 20  inches.  Corn  Cockle 

Genus  VIII.— SAPONA'RIA.     L.  10—2. 

(From  sapo,  soap.) 

Cah/x  tubular,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stai7iens 
10.     Styles  2.      Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved. 

1.  S.  Officina'lis;,  (L.)  Stem  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate-lance- 
olatt'  or  oval,  opposite,  connate,  3-nerved,  glabrous.      Floivers  in  clus- 


ORDER   XXII.— PORTLLACACE^.  249 

tfi-ed  panicles,  frequently  double  ;  crown  of  the  petals  line.ir. — White, 
tinged  with  red.  If.  Through  the  sumraer.  lutroduced.  12—20 
inches. 

Genus  IX.— DIAN'THUS.     L.  10—2. 

(From  the  Greek  dios,  divine,  and  anthofi,  a  flower.) 

Cali/x  tubular,  5-toothed,  with  scales  at  the  base.  Petals  5, 
with  long  claws.     Stamens  10.      Styles  2.      Capsule  1-celled. 

_  1.  D.  Capolinia'na,  (Walt.)     Flowers  aggregated,  on  long  peduncles, 
pink.     Scales  of  the  calj'x  half  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Order  XXII.— PORTULACA'CE^.     Juss. 

Sepals  2,  seldom  3 — 5,  cohering  at  the  base.  Petals  gener- 
ally 5  ;  sestivation  imbricate.  Stamens  5 — 20,  and  opposite  the 
petals,  inserted  with  them  into  the  base  of  the  sepals.  Anthers 
versatile.  Styles  3-cleft,  stigmatose  within.  Capsule  1 — 4-celled, 
with  a  transverse  dehiscence.  Placenta  central.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, campylotropous.  Embryo  curved.  Succulent  plants. 
Leaves  without  stipules. 

Genus  L— PORTULAC'A.       L.  12—1. 
{Yrom  porto,  to  carry,  and  lac,  milk.) 

Calyx  cohering  to  the  ovary,  2-parted.  Petals  4 — 6,  in- 
serted on  the  caly.x,  equal.  Stamens  8 — 20.  Styles  3 — G- 
cleft  at  the  apex,  or  parted.      Capsule  4-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  olera'cea,  (L.)  SU7yi  fleshy,  spreading  on  the  ground.  Leaves 
cuneiform,  obtuse,  fleshy.  Flowers  8e^elle,  in  clusters,  a.xillary  and 
terujinal,  small. — Yellow.     0.     Introduced.  Purslane. 

Genus  II.— TALI'NUM.     Adans.  12—1. 
(Supposed  to  be  derived  from  thalia,  a  green  branch,  in  allusion  to  its  verdure.) 

Sepals  2.  Petals  5,  distipct  or  somewhat  united  at  the  base. 
Stamens  10 — 20.  •  Style  filiform,  cleft  at  the  apex.  Capsule 
1-ceIled,  S-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  T.  teretifo'lium,  (Pursh.)  Steml — 4  inches  long.  Leaves  terete, 
subulate,  fleshy.  Flowers  in  cymes.  Peduncles  elongated,  3 — 8  inches, 
naked.— Purple.     If.     N.  C. 

Genus  III.— CLAYTO'JS'IA.     L.  6—1. 
(In  honor  of  John  Clayton.) 

Calyx  2-sepaled.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  obcordate,  emar 
ginate,  bitid,  sometimes  entire,  unguiouhbte,  the  claws  more  or 
less  connate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  claws  of  the  petals. 
Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-valved,  few-seeded.  Seeds  smooth 
and  shining.     Herbs  with  simple  stems. 

11* 


250  OEDER   XXIV. GERANIACE^. 

1.  C.  Carolixia'na,  (Mich.)  Root  tuberous.  Radical  leaves  long 
petioled,  spatulate  ;  cauline  leaves  ovate-lauceolate  or  oval,  one  or  two 
pair  on  a  stem.  Flowers  in  racemes,  on  a  nodding  ]>edicel.  Sepnh 
obtuse.  Petals  nearly  round,  with  purple  veins. — Rose-color^-d.  If. 
March.     Mountains. 

2.  C.  Yirgin'ica,  (L.)  Radical  leaves  few,  linear-lanceolate  ;  cauline 
snes  a  single  pair,  linear-attenuate  at  the  base,  glabrous.  Flouvrs  in 
a  simple  raceme.  Peduncles  1 — 2  inches  long,  nodding.  Sepals  hmce- 
Dlate-acute,  persistent.  Petals  oval,  obtuse,  striate,  much  long-r  than 
the  sepals.  Anthers  erect,  oblong,  rose-colored. — Rose  colored,  li. 
March — April.     Near  Columbia  and  Macon.  Spring-beauty. 

Order  XXIII.— LINA'CE^.     D.  C. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  an  imbricated  aestivation.  Petah 
5,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  with  a  twisted  aestivation,  hypogy- 
nous,  unguiculate.  Stamens  5.  Anthers  attached  by  the  mid- 
dle. Pistils  5.  Styles  few,  spreading.  Stigmas  capitate. 
Capsule  globose,  or  by  false  dissepiments,  10-celIed;  dehiscence 
septicidal.  Seeds  suspended,  anatropous,  ovate,  compressed, 
mucilaginous  when  moistened.     Herbaceous  plants,  annuals. 

Genus  L— LI'NUM.     L.  5—5. 

(Latin  luium,  a  thread.) 

There  is  but  this  genus  belonging  to  this  order,  and  the  descriotion 
of  the  order  will  suffice  for  the  geuus. 

1.  L.  Virginia'num,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  smooth,  branching  above,  gla- 
brous. Radical  leaves  ovate,  spatulate  ;  cauline  ones  alternatf,  linejir 
lanceolate.  Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles,  l-x.  S'pals  acute,  ovate. 
Petals  small.  Capsule  neaily  globose.— Yellow.  0.  May— June. 
Common  in  Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     18— 3G  inches.  Wild  Flax. 

2.  L.  rig'idum,  (Pursh.)  Stem  angled,  branched  above.  Leaves  lin- 
ear, acute,  rigid,  with  scabrous  margins.  Sepals  bruad  lanceolate,  cus- 
pidate, with  scabrous  margins,  with  3  strong  nerves.     Yellow.     ©. 

The  Linum  usitatissarmim,  the  common  FJax,  has  become  almost  naturalized  in 
some  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  is  the  only  species  wliicli  is  appropriat.-d  to  any 
nse;  but  the  others  possess  similar  useful  properties.  Tlie  woody  fibre  of  tlfe  bark  is 
the  material  from  which  all  linen  fabrics  are  manufactured,  and  a  mucilnre  <-om- 
posina  a  part  of  the  testa  of  the  seed  is  used  in  medicine,  and  a  fixed  oil,  CDntainei  in 
the  kernel  of  the  seed,  is  the  common  painters"  oil,  known  under  the  name  oi  Lin- 
seed Oil. 

Order  XXIV.— GERANIA^CE^.     D.  C. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  an  imbricated  testivation,  ribbed, 
one  sometimes  spurred  or  saccate.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  un- 
guiculate, distinct.  Stamens  hypogynous,  monadelphous,  10. 
Ovary  composed  of  5  carpels,  arranged  around  the  extended 
axis.  Stijles  5,  cohering  round  the  axis,  the  stigmatic  surface 
within  the  summit.  Carjyels  distinct  in  fruit,  each  1  or  2  seed- 
ed, dehiscing  by  the  inner  suture.     Seeds  pendulous,  anatro- 


ORDER   XXV. BALSAMINACE^.  251 

pons,  without  albumen.     Embryo  curved,  cotyledons   plaited. 
Stems  tumid,  and  separate  at  the  joints. 

Gexus  I.— GERA'NIUM.     L.  15—10. 

(From  geranos,  a  crane ;  the  long  termination  of  the  carpels  gives  it  the  nanio  of 
Crane's-bill.) 

Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal.  Sta?7ic)is  10,  alternate 
ones  larger,  with  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base.  Cmycls  ter- 
minated by  long  awns. 

1.  G.  macula'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  retrorsely  pubescent,  dichoto- 
inou3,  somewhat  angled.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 5-parted,  notched.  Seg- 
ments cuneate,  pubescent.  Flowers  few,  the  terminal  peduncle  2-flo\v- 
ered.  Sepals  hairy,  oblong-lanceolate.  Petals  villous,  obovato,  cune- 
ate, entire. — Purple.     If.     April — May.     Common. 

Crowfoot.     Spotted  Crane's-bill. 

2.  Gr.  Carolixia'num,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  af^surgent,  pubescent, 
diffiistly  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  o-lobed,  3-cloft.  Flowers  in  the 
divisions  of  the  stem.  Peduncles  2-flower -d.  Sepalu  ovate,  haiiy,  3- 
nerved,  mucronate.  Petals  obovate,  em.irginate,  equal  in  length  to  the 
sepals;  five  exterior  stamens  shortest.  Stigmas  6.  Seeds  oval,  mi- 
nutely reticulated. — Rose-color.  0.  March — June.  Common  about 
cultivated  lands. 

Order  XXV.— BALSAMINA'CE.E.     Rich. 

Sepals  5,  apparently  only  4,  from  the  union  of  the  two  upper 
ones,  and  sometimes  only  2,  the  lowest  one  spurred;  aestivation 
imbricate.  Petals  4,  united  so  as  to  appear  but  2,  hypogynous. 
Stamens -5,  hypogynous.  Filaincnts  subulate.  Anthers  2- 
celled.  Ovary  5-celled,  with  a  central  phicenta.  Stigmas  5, 
sessile.  Fruit  1  or  5  celled,  o-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
suspended.  Embryo  straight,  anatropous.  Succulent  herbs. 
Flowers  a.xiUary. 

Genus  I.— IMPA'TIENS.     L.  5--1. 
(Latin  ittipatiens,  impatient,  from  the  bursting  of  the  seed-vessel  when  touched.) 

Sejmls  apparently  only  4.  Petals  apparently  only  2.  Stn- 
mens  5,  more  or  less  united  at  the  summit. 

1.  I.  pal'lida,  (Nutt.)  {I.  Noli  Tavgrre  of  Ell.)  Stem  much  branch- 
ed, succulent,  smooth.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  serrate  ;  teeth  mucronate, 
ou  long  petioles,  glabrous.  Lower  sepal  broad,  sj)urred. — Yt.llu\v. 
0.     July — Sept.     Comiuon  in  wet  places.     2 — 5  feet. 

Ba  Isam.     Sn  ap  weed. 

2.  I.  ful'va,  (Nutt.)  (/  hifora  of  Ell.)  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  ser- 
rate ;  teeth  mucronate.  Peduncles  2 — 4-flowerod.  Lower  sepal  acute- 
ly cor.iate,  with  a  lont^  lesnpinate  spur.  Flower  spotted  with  brown 
spots.  -P/aji^  >imilur  to  tiie  preceding. — Docp  orange.  Q.  July — Octo- 
ber.    Swamps. 


252  ORDER    XXYII. ZYGOPIIYLLACE^. 


Order  XXVL—OXALIDA'CE^.     D.  C. 

Sepals  5,  distinct  or  slightly  cohering  at  the  base,  persistent; 
aestivation  imbricate.  Petals  5,  hypog}mous.  unguiculate,  equal, 
with  a  twisted  aestivation.  Stamens^  those  alternate  with  the 
petals  shorter.  Anthers  innate,  2-celled.  Ovary  composed  of 
5  united  carpels,  opposite  the  petals,  5-angled,  5-ceIled,  with  5 
filiform  styles.  Fruit  a  5-celled,  5-valved  capsule,  1 — 12- 
seeded.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  loose  fleshy  testa,  which 
bursts  when  the  seeds  are  mature.  Emhryo  straight,  with  a 
long  radicle  and  foliaceous  cotyledon.  Plants  herbaceous,  with 
an  acid  juice. 

Genus  I— OXA'LIS.     L.  10— 5.     {Wood-sorreJ>i 
(From  ovcalis,  acid,  from  the  sourness  of  the  leaves.) 

Sepals  o,  distinct  or  slightly  cohering  at  the  base.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10,  those  opposite  the  petals  longer,  monadelphous  at 
the  base.  Styles  5.  Capsule  5-angled.  Seeds  one  or  several ; 
tegmen  ribbed,  rugose. 

1.  O.  vwla'cea,  (L.)  Bidb  scaly.  Scape  umbelliferous,  3 — 7-flo\r- 
ered.  Leaves  obcordate,  ternate,  glabrous,  dotted,  Floivers  large. 
Sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  an  orange-colored  2-cleft  gland  at  the 
summit.  Petals  obovate.  Stigmas  2-cleft, — Violet-colored,  2^,  March 
— May.     Rich  soils.     Common,     6 — 9  inches, 

2.  0.  cornicttla'ta,  (L.)  Stem  decumbent,  branched,  le«fj,  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  hairy  underneath,  ciliatp. 
Flowers  generally  two  on  each  peduncle.  Sepals  pubescent,  ereef,  cili- 
ate.     Petals  emarginate, — Yellow.     If,    Feb. — May.     Low  country. 

3.  0.  stric'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  leafy,  branching,  hairy.  Flowers  in 
small  umbels.  Peduncles  2 — 6-flowerpd.  Petals  obovate,  eene-allv 
entire.  Leaves  alternate  near  the  ba«e  of  the  stem,  it  vericillnte  clus- 
ters towards  the  summit ;  leaflets  obcordate.  Stifles  not  half  as  long 
as  the  shortest  stamens,  recurved. — Yellow.  @.  April — May.  Common. 

Order  XXVIL— ZYGOPHYLLA'CE^/E.     R.  Br. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  obovate  ;  sestivation  convolute. 
Stamens  10,  hypog}mous,  the  5  opposite  the  petals  somewhat 
abortive.  Ovary  of  5  carpels,  apparently  10-celled,  with  an 
ovule  in  each  cell.  Style  conical,  furrowed.  Stigma  capitate, 
ribbed.  Fruit  a  regma,  with  5  or  10  indehiscent  cocci.  Seeds 
anatropous.  Emhryo  green,  with  foliaceous  cotyledons.  Her- 
baceous plants,  with  opposite  stipulate  leaves. 


ORDER   XXVIII. ZANTHOXYLACE^.  253 

Genus  I.— KALLSTRCE'MIA.     Scop.  10—1. 
(From  an  obscure  botanist.) 

1.  K  MAx'iMA,  (T.  &  G.)  Ste7ns  procumbent,  diffuse,  trailing,  ]>ul)0!i- 
cent.  Leaves  j)innate,  generally  with  3,  sometimes  4  pairs  of  leaflets 
Leaflets  oblong,  mucronate,  slightly  falcate,  pubescent  beneath,  the  ter- 
minal one  largest.  Flowers  on  solitary,  axillary,  l-flowered  peduncles. 
Calyx  persistent.  Petals  obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering. 
Cocci  gibbous  below,  tubercled. — Yellow.  If.  June — Sept.  Intro- 
duced from  the  West  Indies.     Savannah.     1 — 2  feet  IoHj^. 

Order  XXVIIL— ZANTHOXYLA'CE^.     Ad.  Juss. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  3 — V,  cohering 
at  the  base.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  none,  aestivation 
twisted- con  vol  lite.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
peteils.  Filament  distinct.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovaries  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  or  sometimes  fewer,  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  of 
several  drupes,  or  baccate  or  membranaceous,  2 — 5-cel!ed,  sar- 
cocarp  flesh}^  separable  from  the  endocarp.  Seeds  anatropous, 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  pendulous.  Embryo  lying  within  fleshy 
albumen.     Trees  or  shrubs,  usually  with  prickles. 

Genus  I.— ZAXTHOX'YLUM.     L.  20—5. 
(From  the  Greek  xanthos,  yellow,  and  xulon,  wood.) 

DicECious.  SejMls  usually  5,  small,  united  at  the  base. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  3,  5,  6,  or  8,  tliose  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  rudimentary.  Pistillate  flowers  sometimes  with  a  co- 
rolla. Styles  2,  3,  or  5,  and  ovaries  as  many.  Carpels  crusta- 
ceous  in  fruit,  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded.  Seeds  black,  shining,  and 
globose  when  solitary,  hemispherical  when  in  pairs. 

1.  Z.  America'num,  ("Will.)  (Z.  Clava,  Jlcrcidis  of  Linn)  A  .«hrub, 
with  the  branches  armed  with  strong  stipular  prickles.  Leaves  pinnate. 
Leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  sessile,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Flow- 
ers in  axillary  umbels,  greenish. —  t,  _     April — May. 

Prickly-ash.      Toothache-bush. 

2.  Z,  Carolinia'num,  (Lam.)  (Z.  tricarpium  of  Ell.)  A  small  tree, 
with  numerous  expanding  branches,  baik  with  prickles.  Leaves  jnii- 
nate,  alternate ;  leaflets  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenate,  serrulate,  gla- 
brous, shining  above.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Sepals  minute. 
Petals  long-oval,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  usually  5,  but  varia- 
ble. Styles  2 — 3,  incurved.  Capsule  1-secdci}.  Leaves  and  bark  very 
pungent  to  the  taste. — June.  On  the  coast  of  Car.,  Geo.,  and  Floridju 
12—20  feet.  J'rickly-ash. 

Genus  IL— PTE'LEA    L.  4—1. 
(From  the  Greek  ptelea,  the  Greek  name  for  Elm.) 

Dkecious.     Sepals  4,  united  at  the  base.     Petals  4,  spread- 


254-  ORDER   XXIX. ANACARDIACE^. 

ing,  much  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with 
and  longer  than  the  petals.  Filaments  hairy  on  the  inside. 
Fruit  a  samara,  2-celled,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell,  wing  retic- 
ulated. 

1.  P.  trifolia'ta.  (L.)  A  shrub,  branchins:;  the  youn^  branches  pu- 
bescent. Leaven  ternate.  Leaflets  sessile,  ovate,  the  tei-niitial  one  at- 
tenuate at  the  base,  obscurely  creiiulate.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles. 
Petals  oval,  pubescfnt,  greenish.  Flowers  with  a  disagreeable  odor, — 
Greenish.     May — June.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     6 — 8  feet. 

Ailanthus  glandnlosa,  or  Tree  of  Heaven,  ha?,  become  a  veiy  common  and  very 
troublesome  tree.  It  has  little  or  nothing  to  recommend  it,  and  its  unpleasant  odor, 
when  in  bloom,  and  the  innumerable  shoots  it  sends  up  in  all  its  neighborhood,  are 
great  drawbacks  to  its  cultivation.    It  belongs  to  this  order. 

Order  XXTX.— ANACARDIA'CE.E.    R.  Br. 

Difficious  or  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  generally  5,  distinct, 
or  united  at  the  base.  Petals  of  the  same  number  as  the  sep- 
als, or  none,  when  present  inserted  into  a  glandular  disk  at 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens  the 
same  number  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  them,  or  twice  as  many, 
anthers  introrse.  Ovary  solitary,  of  1 — 5  carpels,  all  but  one 
abortive,  1 -celled.  Styles  usually  8,  distinct  or  united.  Stig- 
mas 3.  Fruit  usually  drupaceous,  1 -seeded.  Seed  erect  or  sus- 
pended, anatropous.  Embryo  curved.  Albumen  none.  Vines 
and  shrubs,  or  small  trees  with  a  caustic  juice.  Cotyledons  fo- 
^iaceous. 

Genus  I.— RHUS.     L  5—3. 
(From  the  Greek  rous,  red,  in  allusion  to  its  fruit.) 

1.  R.  typhi'na,  (L.)  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  branches  very  villous 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  11 — 31  leaflets,  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate, 
icutely  serrate,  pubescent  betieatli.  Petioles  sometimes  2 — 3  feet 
ong,  villous.  Flou'ers  often  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  dense  panicles. 
Fniit  a  compressed  drupe,  covered  with  an  acid,  crimson,  velvet-like 
down.  Cellular  tis-ue  of  the  wood  orange-color,  with  a  strong  aromatic 
odor.  Jw?C(?  resinous,  cojtious. — Greenish-yellow.  "^  .  June.  15 — 20 
'eel.     Middle  Georgia,  in  dense  bunches,  on  rich  land. 

Stag-horn  Sumach. 

2.  R.  gla'bra,  (L.)  a  large  shrub,  with  milky  juice,  glabrous,  gener- 
ally tinged  wilh  purple.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  13 — 31  leaflets,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, acuminate,  smooth,  acutely  serrate,  glaucous  beneath. 
Flowers  in  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicles,  often  dioecious.  Fruit  clothed 
with  crimson  acid  hairs. — Greenish-yellow.  ^  .  July.  Around  fields, 
common.     6 — 12  feet.  Smooth  Sumach. 

3.  R.  pumi'la,  (Mich.)  A  procumbent  shrub,  villous.  Leaves  pmnato, 
about  11  leaflets,  oval  or  oblong,  toothed,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal panicles,  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  clothed  with  a  re  1  silk}'-  pubes- 
cence. Said  to  be  very  poisonous. —  ^.  July.  Upper  country.  10 — 
14  inches 


ORDER    XXX. AMYRIDACEiE.  2o5 

4.  R.  copalo'na,  (L.)  a  branching  shrub  ;  brand) es  pi)>)esc'nt. 
LeavcR  pinnate.  Lvifict^^ — 21,  obliquc-ly-hmcoolate,  slightly  revnhit.-, 
ghibro  s  on  the  upper  surface,  pubevsceut  ow  the  lower,  unequal  at  the 
base.  Petiole  winged  and  jointed.  Flowern  in  terminal  panicles,  some- 
what leafy.  Fruit  red,  hairy,  sour. — Dull  yellow.  ^.  Aug.  Coiu- 
mou.     8—12  feet.  Sumach. 

5.  R.  ver'nix,  (L.)  a  slirub,  with  glabrous  branches,  poi^onoua 
LmfHs  7 — 13,  membranaceous,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  slender  panicles,  axillary,  mostly  dioecit^us.  Fruit  sub  glo- 
bose, smooth,  greenish- white. — Greenish,  ^^  .  May — June.  Middle 
and  upper  districts  of  Geo.  and  Car. 

Poison  Sumach.     R.  veneiiata,  D.  C. 

6.  R.  toxicoden'dron,  (L.)  A  small,  slender  shrub.  Leaves  trifoliate, 
somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  broad-oval  or  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  the 
lateral  ones  nearly  sessile,  unequilateral.  Floicers  in  axillary  racemes. 
Fruit  sub-globose,  white,  poison. — White.  ^^  .  April — Ma}-,  Com- 
mon in  dry  pine  woods,     2 — 6  feet.  Poison  Oak.     Poison  Vine. 

7.  R.  rad'icans,  (L.)  This  plant  agrees  in  many  respects  with  the 
R,  toxicodendron,  and  is  made  a  variety  of  that  species  by  Torrey  & 
Gray.  A  large  vine,  climbing  the  highest  trees,  giving  out  radicles  all 
along  the  stem,  whieh  enter  the  bark  of  the  tree,  and  afford  support  to 
the  vine ;  small  glabrous  branches  numerous.  Leaves  teinate,  ovate, 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  generally  entire,  lower  ones  rhomboidal. 
Differs  entirely  in  habit  from  the  R.  t.,  prefei-ring  damp  places.  Fruit 
white. — Yellow.    ^  .    May.    Common.    40 — 60  ft.  long.         Poison  Ivy. 

8.  R,  aromat'ica,  (Ait.)  A  small  aromatic  shrub  ;  the  young  branch- 
es tomentose.  Leaves  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  and  coriaceous 
when  old,  ternate.  Leaflets  sessile,  rhomboid-ovate,  iricisely  toothed, 
the  terminal  one  narrowed  at  the  base.  Floivers  dioecious,  in  axillary 
compact  panicles,  amentaceous.  Fruit  nearly  spherical,  light  red,  his- 
pid, acid. — Yellow.  ^  .  May — June.  Upper  districts  of  Car.  and 
Geo.     2—3  feet. 

Order  XXX.— AMYPJDA'CE.E.     R.  Br. 

Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  4,  small,  persistent.  Petals 
4.  Stamens  hypogynous,  8.  Ovary  solitary,  simple,  1-celled, 
on  a  thickened  disk;  ovaries  2 — C,  pendulous.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, 1 -seeded.     Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen. 

Genus  I.— AM'YRIS.     L.  8—1. 
(From  the  Greek  a,  and  muron,  balm.) 

Genus  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  A.  Florida'na,  (Nutt.)  A  shrub.  Leaves  on  very  short  petioles, 
S-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  strongly  veined.  Flowers  somewhat  panicled. 
Drupes  sub-globose. — White.     East  Florida. 

Order  XXXI.— AURANTIA'CE.E.     Corr. 

Cahj.r:  tubular,  4 — 5-oleft,  urceolate  or  campanulate.  Petuls 
4 — 5,  broad  at  the  base,  inserted  on  an  hypogynous  disk.    Star 


256  ORDER    XXXII.  — TERNSTRCEillACE^. 

me7is  usually  not  less  than  10;  lilaments  dilated  at  the  base. 
Ovary  several-celled,  composed  of  several  carpels.  Style  1,  cy- 
lindrical. Fruit  pulpy,  1  or  more  celled,  with  a  thick  rind, 
containing  receptacles  of  volatile  oil.  Seeds  anatropous,  raphe 
distinct.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

Genus  I. — LIMO'NIA.     L.  10 — 1.     {Lime,  Lemon,  and  Orange.) 
(From  limoun,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  urceolate.  Petals  4 — 5.  Stamens  8 — 18. 
Filaments  subulate.  Anthers  cordate,  receptacle  elevated.  Fruit 
4 — 5-celled,  or  by  abortion  fewer. 

1.  L.  AciDis'siMA,  (L.)  Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  roundish-oval,  er^ 
Date  ;  spines  geminate.  Flowers  odorous.  Fruit  yellowish,  about  the 
size  of  a  nutmeg.     Pulp  very  acid,  flesh-colored. — Florida. 

Genus  II.— CIT'RUS.     L.  10—1.     {Kitria,  lemon-tree.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong.  Filaments  dilated  at  the 
base,  in  several  parcels.     Fruit  9 — 18-celled. 

1.  C.  med'ica,  (L.)  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  with  hnear  petioles,  not 
winged. — Asia.  Citron. 

2.  C.  limo'mjm,  (L.)  Leaves  oblong,  acute.  Stamens  25 — 35.  Styles 
usually  wanting.     Fruit  yellow,  with  a  thin  rind,  very  sour. — Asia. 

Lemon 

3.  C.  auran'tium,  (L.)  Xf-a  res  oval-oblong.  ^/ame«s  about  20.  Fruit 
globose,  with  sweet  pulp. — Asia.  Orange 

Order  XXXIL— TERNSTRCEMIA'CE^.     Mirb. 

Seimls  5,  deciduous,  concave,  coriaceous,  aestivation  imbrf 
cate.  Petals  5,  united  at  the  base,  alternate  with  the  sepal? 
Stamens  numerous,  monadelphous,  generally  adhering  to  the 
base  of  the  petals.  Ovary  5-celled,  situated  on  a  flattened  to- 
rus. Placenta  central.  Styles  5  or  6,  distinct  or  united.  Fruit 
6  or  6  celled ;  capsule  baccate,  or  coriaceous  and  indehiscent. 
Seeds  anatropous  or  campylotropous,  large.  Fmhryo  straight 
or  curved.  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Floivers  large  and  showy. 

Genus  I— GORDO'NIA.     EIHs.  15—12. 
(In  honor  of  Gordon,  a  London  nurseryman.) 

Sepals  5,  coriaceous,  broad,  ovate,  or  nearly  round,  imbri 
cate.  Petals  5,  united  at  the  base.  Styles  5,  united,  forming 
a  five-angled  column.  Capsule  ligneous,  5-celled,  5-valved,  with 
2  winged  seeds  in  each  cell. 

1.  G.  lasian'thus,  (L.)     a  large  tree,  with  light,  coarse-grained,  ma* 


ORDER    XXXIII. MALVACE^.  257 

hoganj'-colorod  wood.  Leaves  laiicfolute-oblong:,  alternate,  glabrous, 
att'.'Huate  at  the  base,  coriaceous,  lucid  on  bolh  sides,  perennial,  serrate. 
Floiocrs  solitary,  axillary  toward  the  summit  of  the  branches.  Sepals 
silky,  ciliate,  ovate,  nearly  round.  Petals  hairy  on  the  outside,  obovate, 
united  at  the  base,  with  the  stamens  forming  a  short  tube.  Sta}tiens 
very  numerous.  Capsule  5-celled.  5-valved. — White.  ^  .  May — Aug. 
Swamps  and  wet  lands  near  the  coast.     60 — 80  feet.  Hully-bay. 

2.  G.  FUBEs'cENS,  (L'ller.)  A  tree,  with  spreading  branches,  the 
young  branches  smooth,  pubescent  at  the  summit.  Leaves  oblong-cu- 
neate,  sharply  serrate,  shining  on  the  upper  surface,  hoary  beneath,  thin, 
somewhat  membranaceous.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  thick 
peduncles.  Sepals  nearly  round,  silky  beneath.  Petals  obovate,  silky 
on  the  outer  surface.  Stamens  unequal,  numerous.  Styles  short.  Cap- 
sule nearly  globular. — White.  ^.  June — Aug.  On  the  Altamaha. 
40—50  feet 

Genus  II.— STUAR'TIA.     Cav.  15—12. 
(In  honor  of  John  Stuart,  Marquis  of  Bute.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  lanceolate.  Petals  5,  united  at 
the  base..  Stamens  very  numerous,  monadelplious,  with  the 
tube  united  to  the  base  of  the  petals.  Styles  5,  distinct  or 
united.  Capsule  5-cellcd,  5-valved,  somewhat  ligneous.  Seeds 
2  in  each  cell  slightly  margined.     Shrubs  with  showy  flowers. 

1.  S.  Virgin'ica,  (Cav.)  A  handsome  shrub,  with  somewhat  genicu- 
late branches,  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  j)ubescont  beneath.  Flowers  solitary  or  by  pairs,  axillary, 
on  very  short  peduncles.  Sepals  united,  forming  a  campanulate  calyx, 
pt-rsistent,  mucronate,  2  ovate  bracts  at  the  base,  and  with  the  sepals 
covered  with  a  silky  pubescence.  Petals  5,  a  httle  hairy,  obovate.  7^/7- 
aments  purple,  hairy  at  the  base.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  5-lobed. 
Capsule  hairy.— White.  ^  .  May.  Rich  soils.  Middle  Car.  and  Geo. 
8 12  feet.  S.  malachodcndron,  L. 

2.  S.  pentagtn'ia,  (L'lIer.)  A  shrub  very  much  like  the  preceding. 
Sepals  lanceolate,  bracteolate.  Petals  larger  than  the  preceding,  undu- 
late, deeply  crenulate.  Styles  distinct.  Capsule  hairy,  with  5  angles, 
ligneous.— Cream-colored.  ^.  June.  Mountains.  Car.  and  Geo. 
8—12  feet. 

Order  XXXIII.— MALVA'CE^.     Juss. 

Sepals  5,  seldom  3  or  4,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  often 
calyculate,  estivation  valvate.  Petals  hypogynous,  equal  the 
number  of  sepals.  Stamens  numerous,  monadelphous,  hypo- 
gynous. Anthcn  reniform.  Pollen  hispid.  Ovary  composed 
of  several  carpels,  generally  united,  with  as  many  styles.  Fruit 
usually  capsular,  seldom  baccate ;  cells  1  or  many  seeded  ;  de- 
hiscence loculicidal  or  septicidal.  Seeds  campylotropous  or  ho- 
terotropous.  Embryo  curved  with  foliaceous  cotyledons.  Herbs 
or  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate. 


258  ORDER   XXXIII. — MALVACE^. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Ca'ys  hariiic:  no  involuf^el 4 

Ca  yx  having  un  involucel 2 

2.  Involucel  many-leaved 5 

Involucel  y-leaved 3 

3.  Carpols  with  2  horns Modinla,  3 

Carpels  without  horns Malva,  2 

Carpels  without  horns,  yellow Malope,  1 

4.  One  ovule  in  each  cell Sida,  7 

Three  or  more  ovules  in  each  cell Ahutilon,  6 

5.  Styles  10,  cells  l-seeded Malvoviscus,  4 

Styles  5,  cells  several-seeded Hibiscus,  8 

Genus  I.— MAL'0?E.     L.   15—12. 

(From  the  Greek  malos,  tender ;  soft  leaves.) 

Sepals  5,  united,  with  3  setaceous  bracteoles,  hairy.  Capsules 
with  many  distinct  carpels,  each  1 -seeded,  aggregated. 

1.  M.  malacoi'des,  (L.)  Stem  sparingly  liranchnrl,  with  hairs  near 
the  summit.  Leavs  ovale,  crenate,  obtuse  at  the  ba.se.  ghibnius  on  the 
upper  surf  icp,  h  liry  along  the  veins  benerith.  Flowers  axillary  soli- 
tary. Petals  about  twice  as  lony-  a<  the  sepals.  CapHulen  lii.^^pid.  Seeds 
coiupresseJ. — Yellow.     ^.     Vii-gi  lia. 

Genus  II— MAL'VA.    L.  15—12. 
(From  malake,  soft,  in  allusion  to  the  mucilaginous  qualities  of  the  species.) 

Sepals  5,  united,  with  3  bracteoles  at  the  base,  both  hairy. 
Carpels  generally  more  than  5,  arranged  circularly,  indehiscent. 

1.  M.  rotu.ndifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  prostrate,  hairy.  Leaves  5 — 7- 
lobiHl.  cordate,  orbicuhir,  on  long  petioles;  lobes  obtuse,  hairy.  Flowers 
axillary  ;  bracteoles  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  sejmls,  hairy.  Style 
many-cleft. — White.  IX  May — July.  About  buildings.  1 — 2  feet 
long. 

2.  M.  papa'vek,  (Cav.)  Stem  herbaceous,  prostrate,  1 — 2  feet  long, 
hairy.  Petioles  long  (5 — 6  inches),  hairy.  Leaoes  dii^itate.  Lobes 
from  S — 5,  long;  margins  and  nerves  bristled.  Peduncles  \oT)<g  [o — 6 
inches),  hairy.  C'ali/x  usually  double,  the  interior  5-parted  ;  margins 
and  nerves  funushed  with  acute  bristles.  Petals  5,  obtuse,  fringed,  or 
lacitiiate  on  the  exterior  margins,  large,  dark  purple. — In  pine  woods. 
Florida  and  southern  parts  of  Georgia. 

Croom  in  Sill.  Jour.,  vol.  xxvi.  p.  313. 

Gexus  III.— MODI'OLA,     Moen.  15—12. 
(From  noodiolus,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  in  allusion  to  the  arrangement  of  the  carpels.) 

Cali/x  5-clefc,  with  3  bracteoles  at  the  base.  Carpels  ar- 
ranged circularly,  2-valved,  spuriously  2-ct41ed,  2-seeded. 

1.  M.  multik'ipa.  (Mcen.)  {Malva  Carolinia'na  of  Ell.)  Stem  dif- 
fuse, hirsute,  j^rostrate.  Leaves  3 — o-lohed,  obtuse,  cordate  at  tlie  base. 
Lobes  dissected.  Carpels  mrmerous.  hi>pi  1,  with  2  subuJare  horns,  lu- 
nate, compressed,  united  in  a  truncated  head. — Red.  0.  Ajiril — 
June.     Common  about  buildings. 


ORDER   XXXIII. MALVACE^.  259 

Genus  IV.— MALVAVIS'CUS.     Dill.   15—12. 
(From  mnlva,  mallows,  and  vihcus,  glue.) 

Cahjx  deeply  5-clet't,  siinoiinded  by  a  many-leaved  involucel. 
PctaU  erect,  convolute.  Stir/mas  10.  Carpels  5,  baccate,  1- 
seeded,  united  or  distinct. 

1.  M.  florida'nus,  (Nutt.)  A  small  shrub,  hirsute.  Leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  hispid,  crenately  serrate,  1 — 2  inches  long.  Peduncles  axillary  ; 
involucel  8 — 9-leaved.  i<^/c>M,'ers  nedding,  solitary. — Scarlet.  If.  East 
Florida. 

Genus  V.— GOSSYP'IUM.     L.  15—12. 
(From  an  Arabic  word  which  signifies  soft.) 

Calyx  cup-shaped,  obtusely  5-toothed,  surrounded  by  a  3- 
leaved  involucel,  cordate,  deeply  toothed  or  incised.  Stigmas 
3 — 5.  Capsule  3 — 5-celled  ;  dehiscence  loculicidal,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  imbedded  in  the  cotton.  Cotton. 

1.  G.  herb.a'ceum,  (L.)  Stem  smooth,  pubescent.  Leaves  usually  3 — 
5-Iobt'.i,  jiube.«scent ;  lobes  sometimes  rounded,  acuminate,  mucronate. 
Flowerit  ytli()wi.<h-white,  turning  to  led  when  old. — Native  of  Iiulia, 
Africa,  and  S^-ria.  Common  Cotton. 

2.  G.  Barbaden'se,  (L.)  Leaves  3 — 5-Iobed,  with  o  glands  beneath. 
Flowers  large,  with  a  purple  spot  at  the  base  of  each  petal. — Yellowish, 
finally  turniug  red.     Native  of  Barb;idoes.  Sea-hland  Cotton. 

Fourteen  species  of  cotton  are  described  by  authors,  but  many  of  them  probably 
are  only  varieties. 

Genus  VI.— ABU'TILON.     Dill.  15— 12.     {Sida  Abut  Hon  of  Ell.) 
(The  Greek  for  the  Mulberry,  applied  to  this  from  the  resemblance  of  its  leaves.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  naked.  Style  multifid.  Ovary  5  or  many- 
celled,  3 — 5  seeds  in  a  cell. 

1.  A.  Avicen'NuE.  (Gaert.)  Stem  2 — 4  feet,  with  spreading  branches. 
Leaves  broad-cordate,  velvety,  tomentose,  acuminate,  crenately  toothed. 
Carpels  generally  15,  3-seeded,  birostrate,  hairy.  Peduncles  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  1 — many-flowered. — Orange-yellow.  0.  Introduced.  Road- 
sides. 

Genus  VII.— SFDA.     L.  15—12. 
(The  Greek  name  of  a  plant  resembling  the  Althaea.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  angled,  without  an  involucel.  Ovary  5  or 
ipany-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Capsules  con- 
sisting of  5  or  more  carpels,  commonly  2-valved. 

1.  S.  SPiNo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  branching,  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, cord.ite-ova.,  or  broad-lanceolate,  serrate.  Stipules  setaceous, 
with  a  spinose  tubercle  at  the  base.  Floivers  axillary,  solitary,  en  short 
peduncles.  Calyx  |)ubescont.  Petals  obovate.  Stiyma  5-cleft.  Cur- 
pels  5,  easily  separated  when  mature,  2-lobed. — Yelhjw.  f^.  ^lay — 
July.     Sandy  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 


260  OKDEK   XXXIir. MALVACEje. 

2.  S.  Elliott'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  slender,  herbaceous,  nearly  glabrous 
with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  linear,  seirate,  varying  in  -width,  ob- 
tuse at  the  base,  nearly  glabrous.  Fh-wcrs  axillary.  Sef/mcuts  of  the 
calyx  broad,  Pdah  emarginate,  striate,  expanding.  Styi's  niany-clel't. 
Carpels  10,  united,  into  a  splierical  head,  glabrous. — YeJiow,  If. 
Aug. — Sept.     On  the  coast  of  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 4  feet.        Sida  glabtr. 

3.  S,  HIS  PiDA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  branching,  stellular  tomentose.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  serrate,  slightly  hairy  on  both  surfaces.  Flower,^  on  small 
axillary  branches,  crowded,  and  nearly  sessile.  Cahjx  angular,  hairy. 
Petals  rather  longer  than  the  calyx. — Yellow.  If.  July — Aug. 
Sandy  soils. 

4.  S.  rhombifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  suffructicose,  brandling,  stellular  pu- 
bescent. Leaves  in  alternate  clusters,  haiiy  on  the  upper  surface. 
Floioers  axillary  and  usually  solitary,  on  peduncles  much  longer  than 
the  petioles.  Carpels  10 — 12,  with  2  subulate  horns.  Petals  obovate. 
Ca/jya;  angular  ;  segments  very  broad,  acuminate. — Yellow.  2+.  July 
— Sept,     Dry  pastures,     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  S.  gla'bea,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent.  Leaves 
linear,  oblong,  and  lanceolate,  incisely  and  unequally  serrate.  Flowers 
axillary,  crowded.  Calyx  wide,  plaited.  Varying  very  greatly  in  size, 
from  a  few  inches  to  two  ftet, — Y'ellow.     ©.     Florida. 

Genus  VIIL— HIBIS'CUS.     L.  15—12. 
(From  Jdhiscos,  one  of  the  names  for  Mallow.) 

Calyx  consisting*  of  5  sepals,  united  at  the  base  with  a  5- 
toothed  summit,  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  invohicel,  usu- 
ally distinct.  Petals  5.  Stigmas  5.  Capsules  5-valved,  5- 
celled,  many-seeded  ;  dehiscence  loculicidal. 

1.  H,  Mosciieu'tos,  (L.)  Stem  suffructicose,  erect,  slightly  tomentose, 
bi'anching.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  acuminate,  often  with  3  acuminate 
lobes,  tomentose  underneath.  Flowers  axillary,  attached  by  a  long  pu- 
bescent peduncle  to  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Calyx  persistent,  pubes- 
cent ;  involucel  1 — 6-leaved,  subulate,  acute.  Petals  obovate,  retuse. 
Styles  exserted.  Capsule  ovate. — AVhite,  rose-color,  crimson  at  the  cen- 
ter.    If.     Aug. — Sept.     Margins  of  ponds.     3 — 5  feet. 

2.  H.  Virgin'icus,  (L.)  Stem  and  leaves  tomentose.  Leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  acuminate,  those  on  the  middle  of  the  stem  3-lobed.  Flowers  in 
paniculate  racemes,  nodding.  Calyx  tomentose,  the  involucel  8  or  9 
leaved,  subulate.  Petals  fringed  and  hairy  on  the  outer  surface.  Cap 
sules  hispid,  with  acute  angles. — Rose-color.  2f.  July — Sept.  In 
wet  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

3.  H,  aculea'tus,  ("Walt.)  Whole  plant  very  scabrous,  with  minute 
recurved  prickles.  Leaves,  the  lower  ones  cordate  and  angular,  uj>pef 
ones  palmately  3 — 5-lobed,  the  lobes  obovate,  dentate.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, at  the  upper  parts  of  the  branches.  Calyx  hispid,  5-lobed,  each 
segment  3-ribbed.     Petals  hairy  on  the  outer  surface.      Capsule  hairy 

—Yellow.      If.     June— Sept.     In  wet  places.     3 — G  feet. 

4.  H,  inca'nus,  (Wend.)  Stan  tall,  mhiutely  tomentose.  Leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  serrate,  tomentose  on  both  surfaces.  Flow- 
ers very  large,  axillary,  solitary,  on  peduncles  jointed  neaF  the  middle, 


ORDER    XXXIV. TILIACK.E.  ^J(}\ 

confluent  with  the  petiole. — Yellow.     If.    July — Aug.     Soutliern  Geo. 
3 — 5  feet. 

6.  H.  Carolinia'nus,  (Muld.)  Stc77i  smooth,  tall.  Leaves  cordate, 
acute,  serrate,  acuminate,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  sometimes  ob- 
scurely 3-lobed.  Floioers  axillary.  Calyx  slightly  scabrous  ;  involucel 
12-leaved.  Petals  pubescent  on  the  inner  surfixce. — Purple.  If.  July 
— Sept.  Raised  by  Elliott,  from  seed  obtained  from  Wilmington 
Island,  Geo,     4—6  feet. 

6.  H.  milita'ris,  (Cav.)  Stein  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  hastate, 
8-lobed,  acuminate,  serrate.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary  ;  involucels  12 
— 14-leaved,  incurved,  linear,  subulate.  Corolla  tubular,  campanulate, 
6nely  pubescent.  Capsule  ovate,  5-valved,  5-celled,  glabrous. — Rose- 
color,  If.  July — Sept,  Common  on  the  banks  of  streams  in  the 
middle  country,     3 — 4  feet. 

7.  H.  SPECio'sus,  (Ait.)  Stem  branching,  glabrous.  Xmws  palmate,  5 
parted,  alternate,  cordate  ;  lobes  irregularly-serrate,  generally  -with 
colored  veins.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  on  peduncles  jointed  near  the 
summit;  involucels  12 — 15-leaved,  subulate.  Petals  4 — 5  inches  long, 
obovate,  a  little  pubescent  near  the  base.  Capsule  glabrous,  ovate, 
acute,  obscurely  angled.  Seed  pubescent. — Red.  If.  July — Sept, 
Southern  Georgia  and  Florida.     4 — 8  feet. 

-  The  flowers  of  this  genus  are  very  showy,  and  though  coarse,  form  a  conspicuous 
and  beautiful  ornament  of  the  flower  garden.  They  are  used  for  no  oilier  purpose 
than  ornament,  with  a  single  exception.  An  Egyptian  s[)ecies  affords  seeds  whicli  aro 
employed  in  preparation  of  perfumery,  on  account  of  their  peculiar  odor,  resetnMing 
music.  The  plants  of  this  order  are  wholesome,  yielding,  some  of  them,  a  mucilage  in 
large  quantitj',  which  is  employed  as  demulcents  and  emollients.  The  Okra  is  the 
seed-vessel  of  the  Abelmosckiis  esculentus  or  Hibiscus  esculentus. 

Order  XXXIV.— TILIA'CE^.     Juss. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  deciduous,  with  a  valvate  estivation.  Petals 
4 — 5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  generally  numerous,  hypogv- 
nous,  distinct.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  with  4 — 10  united 
carpels,  with  as  many  stigmas.  Styles  united.  Fntit  2 — 5- 
celled.  Capsule  with  several  seeds  in  each  cell.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous.  Leaves  alternate,  with  deciduous  stipule.-^.  Flowers  a.x- 
iliary. 

Genus  I,— COR'CHORUS,     L,  12—1. 
(The  Greek  name  of  a  pot-herb.) 

Sepals  4 — o.  Petals  4 — 5,  jjypogynous.  Sta?)iens  indefinite, 
r.arely  equal  tlie  number  of  petals.  Styles  short.  Stjymas  2 — 
5.  Capszde  2 — 5-celled,  with  a  loculicidal  dehiscence,  pod-like. 
Seeds  numerous.     Nearly  herbaceou.s. 

1.  C.  siLiQuo'sus,  (L.)  Stem  branching.  Leaves  ovate  or  broad-lan- 
ceolate, serrate.  Flowers  generally  with  4  sepals  and  petals,  late  in 
the  summer,  often  5.  Capsule  pod-shaped,  2-valved,  many-sccdcd,  lin- 
ear,— Yellow.     If.     Tlnough  the  sujnmwr. 


262  OKDER  XXXV. MELIACE^. 

Genus  II.— TIL'IA.     L.  12—1. 
(Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens  numerous,  Iij'pogynous.  Ovary  o-celled,  with  2  ovules  in 
each  cell,  globose.  Fruit  ligneous  or  coriaceous,  sometimes 
only  1-celled,  1 — 2-seeded.  Trees  with  simple,  alternate,  cor- 
date leaves.  Flowers  with  the  peduncle  attached  to  an  oblong, 
foliaceous  bract. 

1.  T.  America  na,  (L.)  A  large,  beautiful  tree,  with  light,  soft,  white 
wood.  Leaves  obliquely-cordate,  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous,  somewhat 
coriaceous.  Flowern  in  axillary  cymes.  Sepals  lanceolate,  pubescent 
without,  woody  within.  Petals  truncated  at  the  summit,  louger  than 
the  sepals.  Fruit  small,  covered  with  a  grayish  pubescence. — Yellow- 
ish.   ^  .     May — June.     On  the  coast,  from  Penn.  to  Geo.     20 — 60  feet. 

2.  T.  al'ha,  (Mich.)  Leaves  cordate,  glabrous,  pubescent  beneath, 
sparingly  toothed.  Flowers  in  loose  panicles.  Petals  emargina'^e. 
Styles  longer  than  the  petals. — Yellowish.  ^  .  May — June.  On  the 
cojist,  from  Penn.  to  Geo.     30 — 50  feet. 

3.  T.  PUBEs'cENS,  (Ait.)  Trees  with  youug  brandies  pubLScent,  old 
ones  glabrous.  Xcaves  alternate,  coidate,  glabrou-s  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pubescent  beiieath,  serrate,  siighily  mucionate.  Fiowerx  wuh  the 
sepals  scarcely  united,  deciduous,  lanceolate,  acute,  tomentose.  Petals 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  calyx,  crenuiate  at  the  suniajit. — Yellow. 
^  ,  May — June.  Fertile  soils.  Low  and  middle  country.  20 — 60 
feet. 

Order  XXXV.—MELIA'CE^.     Juss. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation. 
Petals  5,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  sepals,  often  cohering  at 
the  base  or  attached  to  the  stamen  tube.  Stamens  usually  10, 
usually  with  united  filaments.  Anthers  sessile,  within  the  ori- 
fice of  the  tube.  Ovary  5-eelled,  1 — 2  ovules  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  capsular,  5-celled,  1-seeded.  Seeds  mostly  anatropous ; 
cotyledons  foliaceous  ;  albumen  fleshy. 

Genus  I.— MEL'IA.     L.  10—1. 
(The  Greek  name  for  Ash;  resemblance  to  it  in  its  leaves.) 

1.  M.  Azeda'rach,  (L.)  A  medium-sized  tree,  with  thick,  spreading 
branches.  Leaves  bipinnate  ;  leaflets  smooth,  about  5  together,  ob- 
liquely ovate  lanceolate,  toothed.  Floivers  in  axillary  panicles.  Pet- 
ah  glabrous  or  very  slightly  pubescent. 

This  tree,  altbongh  a  n.'itive  of  Persia,  has  become  naturalized  in  the  Southern 
States.  It  iitlords  u  good  shade,  and  is  not  subject  to  the  attHcks  of  insects.  The  bark 
of  the  root  h:is  been  used  as  a  vermifuge,  aduiinistere'l  in  decoction.  It  possesses 
narcotic  properties,  and  should  be  followed  by  some  cathartic  medicine. 


ORDER  XXXVII. — VITACE^.  263 


Order  XXXVL— CEDRELEA'CE^.     R.  Br. 

Calyx  short,  4 — 5-cIeft.  Petals  4 — 5,  alternating  with  the 
segments  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  petals, 
the  opi)osite  ones  shorter.  Ovary  5-cellecl,  situated  on  a  torus. 
Fruit  a  woody  3 — 5-celk'd  capsule. 

Genus  I.— SWIETE'NIA.     L.  10—1. 

(In  honor  of  Van  Swieten,  a  Dutch  botanist.) 

Genus  same  as  the  order. 

1.  S.  Mahog'oni,  (L.)  a  large  tree,  with  reddish-brown  wood 
Leaves  abruptly  pinnate  ;  leaflets  small,  usually  4  pairs,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, unequal  at  the  base.  Floioers  in  panicles,  axillary.  South  Amer 
iea,  Honduras,  Southern  Florida.  Mahogany. 

Order  XXXVIL— VITA'CE^.     Juss. 

Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Petals  4 — 5,  caducous.  Flowers 
dioecious.  Stamens  equal  the  number  of  petals  and  opposite 
them.  Filamerits  sometimes  slightly  cohering.  Anthers  ver- 
satile. Ovary  2-celled,  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  an  expansion  of  the  torus.  Styles  short  or  none. 
Stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  globose,  pulpy  berry.  Lower  leaves 
opposite,  upper  alternate.  Flowers  sometimes  polygamous, 
small,  greenish.     Climbing  shrubs. 

Genus  I.— YI'TIS.     L.  5—1. 
(From  a  Celtic  word  signif^ving  the  best  of  trees.) 

Calyx  scarcely  toothed,  small.  Petals  4 — 5,  spreading,  or 
more  generally  united  at  the  top,  caducous.  Ovary  usually  2- 
celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  C(dl.  Fruit  a  berry,  1 — o-celled 
and  1 — o-seeded.     Peduncles  usually  changed  into  tendrils. 

1.  V.  rotundifo'lu.  (Mich.)  Stem  twininc:,  ascending  tlie  highest 
trees,  with  fsmooth  bark,  sometimes  not  climbing  ;  t>raiicljes  verrucose. 
X(?a7'(?.s- cordate,  botli  surfaces  shining,  glalirous  ;  small  tufts  of  hair  at 
tl>e  juMction  of  the  veins,  ob-ciirely  3  lobed,  toothed.  Ftowerx  in  ra- 
cemes, composed  of  numerous  sm:i!l  tunb.-l.s  |)<>lvg;imons.  Fmif  large, 
with  a  coriaceous  integument,  pleasant  to  the  taste. — Yellow.  ^  .  May 
— June.  Common  in  tlie  middle  and  h)W  country  of  Georgia  and  Car- 
olina. V.  vu/pica,  (X.)     Bidl-yrape.     Mimcadine-grape.     Fox-grape. 

2.  V.  CORDIFO'UA,  (Mich.)  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  toothed,  gla- 
brous, often  slightly  3-lobed.  Flowers  numerous,  in  loose  racemes. 
Fruit  small,  sour,  nearly  black  when  i-ipc — Yellow.  ^  .  Common  on 
the  banks  of  stieams.     May.  Whiter-grape.     Fro-^t grape. 

8.  V.  ripa'ria,  (Mich.)  Leaves  unequally  incised  and  toothed;  teeth 
very  coarse,   acuminate,   somewhat    ;}-lobed  ;   jietioles,   margins,   and 


26J  ORDKR    XXXVII. VITACE.E. 

veins  pubescent.  Flowers  fragrant,  in  loo^'e  racemes.  Fruit  small, 
dark  purple. — Yellow.  ^  .  Muy— July.  Along  the  margins  of  rivers 
in  the  upper  country.  Winter  Grape — pleasant  fruit. 

4.  V.  ^stiva'lis,  (Mich.)  Stem  very  long,  glabrous ;  young  branches 
tomentose.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  ferruginous,  tomen- 
tose  beneath  when  young,  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed,  sometimes 
not  lobed.  Flowers  in  racemes,  opposite  the  leaves,  polygamous  or  di- 
oecious. Fruit  small,  black,  very  sour. — Greeniih-j^ellow.  ^ .  May. 
In  rich  soil.  Summer  Grape. 

5.  V.  LABRUs'cA,  (L)  A  large  vine,  covering  the  loftiest  trees; 
branches  covered  with  a  ferruginous  pubescence.  Leaves  broadly  cor- 
date, lobed,  and  angled  ;  repand  toothed,  tomentose  beneath.  Hacemes 
small,  fertile.  Fruit  dark  purple,  globose,  large,  of  a  disagreeable  fli-.. 
vor.  From  the  seeds  of  this  species  have  been  produced  several  very 
highly  esteemed  garden  varieties. — Greeuish-3'ellow.  t?  .  June.  Rich, 
high  spots  in  swamps. 

Lsabella,  Alexander  s,  Catawba,  and  Bland's  Grape. 

6.  V.  bipinxa'ta,  (T.  (fe  G.)  (Cissus  bipinnata  of  Ell.)  Stem  up 
right,  somewhat  twining,  without  tendrils.  Brandies  numerous,  gla- 
brous, a  little  angular.  Leaves  bipinnate,  glabrous,  leaflets  serrate, 
lower  ones  sometimes  decompound,  leaflets  slightly  cordate,  acuie. 
Flowers  in  short  spreading  panicles.  Petals  expanding,  geneiallv  pen- 
tandrous.  Style  conical.  Fruit  globose,  de})re5sed.  glabrous  or  slightly 
hairy,  nearly  black,  2-celled. — Greenish-yellow.  ^  ,  June — ^July. 
Rich  soils. 

7.  V.  AMPELOp'sis,  >S/fm  climbing,  glabrous.  Xm?;es  simple,  8-lobed, 
or  truncate,  serrate,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  Floivers  in  di- 
chotomously  divided  panicles,  without  tendrils,  opposite  the  leaves. 
Calyx  obscurely  toothed.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Fruit  1 -celled,  1 — 2- 
Bceded,  small. — Yellow.      ^^  .     June.     S.  Car.  in  swamps 

Genus  II.— AMPELOP'SIS.     Mich.  5—1. 
(From  the  Greek  ampelos,  a  vine,  and  opsis,  a  resemblance.) 

Calyx  entire.  Petals  5,  reflexed,  spreading.  Stamens  5. 
Ouary  2-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Sti/le  conical. 
Fruit  a  2-celled  berry,  with  1  or  2  seeds  in  each  ceil.  Flowers 
perfect,  in  corymbose  panicles.     A  shrubby  vine. 

1.  A.  hedera'cea,  (D.  C.)  Stein  climbing  lofty  trees,  throwing  out 
short  lateral  fibres  by  which  it  attaches  itself.  Leaves  on  long  petioles, 
digitate,  by  fives.  Xm^^e^s  petiolate,  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  glabrous, 
the  middle  leaflet  largest.  Panicles  many-lowered,  opipoaite  the  leaves, 
the  ultimate  divisions  umbellate,  peduncles  crimson.  Petals  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Fruit  deep  blue,  about  as  large  as  a  pea. — 
Yellowish  green.      ^  .     June.     In  moi<t  soils. 

American  Ivy.      Virgi?iian  Creeper.     A.  qninquefolia,  Mich. 

Order  XXXVIIL— ACERA'CE^E.    Juss. 

Sepals  5,  or  rarely  4 — 9,  united  at  the  base,  colored,  with  an 
imbricate  aestivation.     Petals  as  many  as  sepals  and  alternate 


ORDER   XXXVIII. ACERACE.E.  2C5 

with  them,  occasionally  wanting.  Stamen'i  8 — 12,  distinct. 
Anthers  oblong,  versatile  or  introrse.  Torus  discoid.  Ovary 
composed  of  2  united  carpels.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  separ- 
ate. Fruit  a  samara,  composed  of  2  indehiscent  carpels,  each 
1-celled,  1  or  2  seeded.  Embryo  curved,  with  foliaceous  cotyl- 
edons.    Trees  with  opposite  leaves. 

Genus  L— A'CER.     Moen.  8—1. 
(From  ace)\  hard  or  sharp,  in  allusion  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Petals  5  or  wanting.  Stamens  5 — 7 — 
10.     Leaves  simple. 

1.  A.  Penxsylvan'icum,  (L.)  A  small  tree,  with  smooth  striped  bark. 
Leaves  glabrous,  sub-cordate,  serrate,  3-lobed,  lobes  acuminate.  Floto- 
ers  in  nodding  raceme?,  large.  Petals  obovate. — Yelio-wish-grcen.  ^  . 
May.     Mountains.     10 — 15  feet.  Striped  Maple.     Dogwood, 

2.  A.  monta'num,  (Ait.)  A  small  tree.  Xeave.s  sub-cordate,  generally 
5-lobed,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  lobes  acuminate.  Racemes  com- 
pound, erect.  Flowers  small.  Fruit  reddish,  glabrous,  with  slightly 
spreading  wings. — Greenish-3'ellow.    April — May.   Mountains.  8 — 12  ft. 

A.  spicatum,  Lam, 

3.  A.  sacchari'nuiM,  (L.)  A  large  tree,  with  compact,  white  wood,  and 
from  the  peculiar  arrangement  of  its  woody  tissues  often  exhibits  an 
appearance  distinguished  by  artists  and  mechanics  by  Bird's-eye  Maple 
Leaves  3 — 5-lobed,  acuminate,  dentate,  sub-cordate  at  the  base.  Floic- 
ers  in  nearly  sessile  corymb?,  with  tiliibrm  long  villous  pedicels,  pendu 
lou9.  Petals  wanting.  Fruit  glabrous. — Greenish-yellow.  ^ .  May. 
Cool,  damp  places.     Middle  Geo.     50 — 80  ft.  Sugar  Maple. 

4.  A.  DASYCAR'ruM,  (Ehrh.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  palmate,  deeply 
5-lobed,  acuminate,  serrate,  and  incised,  pubescent  underneath,  almost 
white.  Floioers  small  in  fascicles,  with  very  short  pedicels.  Petals 
wanting.  Fr^dt  yellowish,  wings  large,  pubescent  when  young. — Pale 
yellowish-purple.     Feb.     In  river  swamps,  common.     50 — 70  feet. 

Soft  Maple. 

5.  A.  ru'brum,  (L.)  a  small  tree.  Leaves  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  ser- 
rate, glaucous  beneath,  lobes  acute,  doubly  serrate,  terminal  one  lon- 
gest. Flowers  in  small  axillary  fascicles.  Petals  linear  or  oblong,  po- 
lygamous. Stcmiens  5 — 8.  Fruit  glabrous,  with  slightly  divergent 
wings,  reddish. — Bright  red  or  purplish.  ^^  .  Feb.  In  swamps,  com- 
mon.    20 — 50  feet.  Scarlet  Maple.     Rrd  Maple.     Stcamp  Maple. 

6.  A.  negun'do,  (L.)  a  middle-sized  tree.  Leaves  pinnate,  3 — 5 
leaflets;  leaflets  petiolate-oval  or  ovate,  unequally  toothed  toward  the 
apex.  Flowers  dioocious,  in  pendulous  racemes.  Pedicels  of  the  stami- 
nate  flowers  filiform.  Petals  none.  Fruit  oblong,  with  pale  yellow, 
obovate  wings. — Yellowish-green.  ^.  May.  Common  on  the  banks 
of  streams.     30 — 50  ft.  Ashed-lcavcd  Maple.     Box  Elder. 

Order  XXXIX.— niPrOCASTANA''CE^.    D.  C. 

Calyx  composed  of  0  united  sepals,  either  campanulate  or 
tubular,  5dobed  or  5-toothed,  with  imbricate  ^.-itivation.    Petals 

12 


260  DRDEK    XL. SAPINDACE^. 

4 — 5,  unequal  and  irregular,  hypogynous,  unguiculate.  Sta- 
mens 7 — 8,  distinct,  unequal.  Anthers  versatile.  Ovary  com- 
posed of  3  united  carpels,  3-cornered,  3-celled.  Styles  united, 
filiform.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Fruit  coriaceous,  sub-globose, 
1 — 2 — 3-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell,  dehiscence  loculicidal. 
Seeds  large,  with  a  smooth  shining  testa  and  pale  hilum.  JEm- 
hryo  curved,  inverted,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  very  thick, 
leshy,  cohering,  not  rising  in  germination. 

Genus  L— ^S'CULUS.     L.  7—1. 
(From  esca,  nourishment.) 

Sepals  united,  forming  a  4 — 5-toothed,  tubular  calyx,  more 
or  less  unequal.  Petals  5,  or  by  the  abortion  of  the  anterior 
one  but  4,  more  or  less  unequal  and  often  dissimilar.  Stamens 
6 — 8,  usually  7.     Capsules  2  or  3  celled.     Seeds  large,  solitary. 

1.  jE.  pa'via,  (L.)  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  jvitli  irregular,  tliick,  ob 
tuse  branches.  Leaves  by  fives.  Leajlets  ob^i^-lanceolate,  unequally 
tootlied,  glabrous,  or  minutely  pubescent  hJ'cfiig  t-be  veins.  Floicf^rs  in 
terminal  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  purplish;-  Pelals  4,  unequ:'.l,  cowni- 
vent,  the  claws  of  the  lateral  ones  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper 
ones  the  longest.  Stamens  6 — 8.  Capsides  nearly  round,  S-celled,  co- 
riaceous.— Red.    "^  .     April — May.     Common.     3 — 5  feet.        Buck  eye. 

2.  M.  fla'va,  (Ait.)  A  small  slirub  or  tree,  branches  flexuous,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  by  fives,  pubescent  along  the  midrib  on.  the  undtr  sur- 
face. I^eajlets  lanceolate,  ribbed,  iicuniinate,  serrate.  Petiole  long,  with 
a  pubescent  line  along  the  upper  side.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  condensed 
panicle.  Calyx  pubescent,  5-elei't,  with  obtuse  segments.  Petals  ir- 
regular, very  unequal,  claws  pubescent  within,  limb  of  the  upper  ones 
minute,  of  the  lateral  ones  larger,  roundish.  Stamens  usually  7.  Fil- 
aments villous.  Fruit  large,  2  inches  in  diameter,  ]^ubescent. — Yellow. 
^i  .     March — April.   Mountains,  a  tree  30 — 80  feet,  and  in  Middle  Qeor- 

gia  a  small  shrub,  4 — 6  feet.  .   -- 

3.  J2.  pauviflo'ra,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub.  Zeaye*.  by  fives  or  ||Vi- 
ens,  tomentose  underneath.  Leajlets  petiolate,  ovabobOvate,  serjiate,. 
acuminate.  Flowers  in  long  racemes.  Calyx  ob-cpnicab  \  Petals  4,  ex- 
panding, spatulate,  nearly  equal,  longer  than  ^^j..^cii\yx.  ^^tamena 
much  longer  than  the  petals,  6 — 7. — White.  ^  .  April — May.  Upper 
districts  of  Geo.  and  S.  Car.     S — 4  feet. 

Order  XL.— SAPINDA'CE^. 

Sepals  4,  unequal,  aestivation  imbricate,  2  of  them  outer  and 
larger.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  and  alternate  with 
them,  with  a  tuft  of  hair  at  the  base  of  each.  Stamens  6 — 8, 
filaments  hairy  near  the  base,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  com- 
posed of  3  united  carpels,  surrounded  by  a  glandular  disk. 
Styles  united.  Stigmas  obtuse.  Ovules  generally  solitary. 
Fruit  capsular,  3-celled,  2  obliterated,  1 — 2-secded. 


ORDER    XIJ. CELASTKACE.E.  267 

Genus  L— CARDIOSPER'MUM.     L.  8—3. 
(From  the  Greek  cardia,  a  heart,  and  sperma,  a  seed,  from  the  form  of  the  seed.) 

Calyx  4-]eaved,  leaves  concave,  the  two  exterior  ones  smallest. 
Corolla  4-petalecl,  the  lateral  ones  usually  cohering  to  the  sep- 
als, each  with  a  scale,  above  the  base  within.  Disk  with  two 
glands  opposite  the  inferior  petals.  Stamens  8.  Stf/le  trifid. 
Capsule  membranous,  3-valved.  Seeds  globose,  solitary.  Her- 
baceous climbing  plants.     Jjeav.es  biternate. 

1.  C.  iialicac'abum,  (L.)  Stem  nearly  glabrous.  Leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed.  Flowers  in  axillary,  racemose 
panicles. — White.     %.     July.     On  the  Ocniulgee,  above  Macyn. 

Genus  II.— SAPIN'DUS.     L.  8—3. 
(From  sapo,  soap,  and  indicus,  Indian.) 

Sepals  4 — 5,  tNyo/e^'t^'ior  ones  largest.  Petals  4 — 5,  lance- 
olate, bearded  wit^^,  orwith  a  scale  above  the  claw.  Sta7)iens 
8 — 10.     Stigmas  k^Z^.^.  Fruit  of  1  carpel,  2  suppressed. 

1.  S.  sapona'ria,  (L.)'  'Small  tree  with  smooth  branches,  somewhat 
geniculate.  Leaves  pinnate,  generally  4  or  6  pairs.  Leaflets  falcatg 
very  oblique,  not  opposite,  entire.  Petioles  6 — 10  inches  long,  slight^ 
furrowed.  Flowers'An  dense,  compound  terminal  and  axillary  panicles, 
dioecious  or  polygattio.us. — White.  ''3 .  On  the  coast  of  S.  Cur.  and 
Geo.     20 — 50  feet.  ^  Soap-berry. 

Genus  III.— DODON^'A.     L.  6—1. 
(In  honor  of  Dodoens,  a  physician  of  Germany.) 

Sepals  4.  Petals  none.  Stamens  8.  Style  filiform,  3 -v]e(t 
at  tlbfifiipex.      Capsule  winged,  2  or  3  valved.     Seeds  2  in  each 

•>IV' D.  visco'sA,"'(li^-\  A  shrub  with  simple  leaves.     I^cavcs  ovate-ob- 
lotig,  cuuoiforra,  vl§?^i§.     i'Vowers  in  racemes. — If.     East  Florida. 

Order  XLL— CELASTRA'CE^. 

SepcSt^  4 — 5,  persistent,  united  at  the  base,  aestivation  imbri- 
cate. Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  alternate  with 
them,  with  the  same  oestivation.  Staincns  usually  5,  alternate 
with  the  petals,  inserted  on  a  broad  fleshy  disk  at  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx.  Ovary  more  or  less  surrounded  by  the  disk, 
2 — 5-celled,  each  with  1  or  2  or  several  ascending  ovules. 
Styles  2 — 5,  distinct  or  combined.  Fruit  capsular,  2 — 5-ct'IIcd, 
with  a  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo 
straiedit.     Shrubs. 


268  ORDER    XLII. RHAMNACE^. 

Genus  I.— STAPHYLE'A.     L.  5—3. 
(From  the  Greek  staphule,  a  bunch  or  cluster.) 

Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  oblong,  erect,  colored,  persistent. 
Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  5.  Ovarii  composed  of  3  carpels, 
hairy.  Styles  separable.  Fruit  inflated,  capsule  2 — 3-celled. 
Seeds  globular,  slightly  compressed,  generally  two  in  each  cell. 
Leaves  compound. 

1.  S.  trifo'lia,  (L.)  a  shrub,  -with  slender,  smooth  branches.  Leaves 
ternate,  opposite.  Leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  scarcely 
pubescent  when  grown.  Petioles  pubescent  near  the  leaflets.  Flowers 
in  terminal,  pendulous  panicles.  Petals  obovate,  spatulate,  ciliate  at 
the  base.  Stamens  exserted,  filaments  hairy  at  the  base.  Fruit  8-lobed, 
with  the  carpels  distinct  at  the  summit. — White.  '^ .  May.  In  middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     6 — 12  feet.  Bladder-nut 

Genus  II.— EUON'YMUS.     Tour.  5—1. 
(From  the  Greek  eu,  good,  and  onotna,  a  name — well  named.) 

Sepals  generally  5,  united  at  the  base,  spreading.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  inserted  into  the  upper  surface  of  the  broad  disk.  An- 
thers with  a  thick  connectivum  at  the  back.  Ovary  imbedded 
in  the  disk,  3 — o-celled,  with  2 — 3  ovules  in  each  cell.  Styles 
short  and  thick.  Fruit  a  4 — 5-celled  and  as  many  lobed  cap- 
sule, dehiscence  loculicidal.  Seeds  usually  inclosed  in  a  fleshy 
aril.     Shrubs  with  opposite  serrate  leaves.     Peduncles  axillary. 

1.  E.  America 'nus,  (L.)  A  slender  shrub,  with  smaU,  slender,  4-an- 
gled  branches.  Leaves  usually  nearly  elliptic,  varying  to  lanceolate, 
oval  or  obovate,  acute,  obscurely  serrate.  Flowers  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles,'each  usually  bearing  3.  Cahjx  very  small.  Petals  obovate,  small, 
expanding,  flat.  Stamens  short.  Capsule  deep  red  when  mature,  v,  r- 
rucose,  fleshy.  Seed  1  in  each  cell,  covered  by  a  scarlet  aril. — Greta 
tinged  with  purple.    '^  .     Common.     4 — 5  feet. 

Strawberry-tree.     Burnirig  hush. 

2.  E.  atropurpu'reus,  (Jacq.)  A  shrub,  with  smooth  branches.  Leaves 
petiolate,  oblong,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  acute  at  the  base. 
Peduncles  compressed,  many-flowered,  parts  of  the  flower  usually  by 
fours.  Petals  broad-obovate.  Capsules  lobed,  smooth,  red. — Dark  pur- 
ple.   ■^.     June — July.     Common  along  streams.     4 — 12  feet. 

Order  XLTI.— RHAMNA'CE.^. 

Calyx  4 — 5 -cleft,  aestivation  valvate.  Petals  5,  distinct,  cu- 
cullate  or  convolute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  inserted  into  the  throat 
of  the  calyx,  sometimes  Nvanting.  Stamens  5,  and  opposite  the 
petals.  Ovary  composed  of  2 — 4  united  carpels,  2 — 4-celled, 
cohering  to  the  calyx  or  imbedded  in  a  fleshy  disk.  Ovules 
erect,  solitary.  Styles  more  or  less  united.  Stigmas  distinct. 
Fruit  fleshy  or  dry,  generally  united  t^  the  calyx.     Scales  ana- 


ORDER    XLII. EIIAMNACE^.  209 

tropous,  generally  with  fleshy  albumen.  Shrubs,  generally, 
sometimes  small  trees,  with  thorny  branches.  Floivers  not  con- 
spicuous, usually  perfect,  but  sometimes  monoecious,  dioecious, 
ox  polygamous. 

Genus  I.— BERCHE'MIA.     Nick.  5—1.     {Zizijphus  of  Ell.) 
(Named  after  Bercliem.) 

Flowers  minute.  Cah/x  tubular,  5-parted,  with  erect  seg- 
ments. Petals  5,  convolute.  Stamens  inclosed  by  the  petals. 
Ovarij  half  inclosed  in  an  annular  disk.  Stamens  5.  Style  1. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  long,  2-celled  nut.  Floivers  in  small 
racemose  panicles.  A  climbing  shrub,  with  tough,  flexible, 
pendent  branches. 

1.  B.  volu'bilis,  (D.  C.)  Leaves  ovate,  ribbed,  slightly  undulate,  niu- 
cronate,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  small  umbels,  racemes,  or  panicles,  axil- 
lar}'^  and  terminal,  i^rwi^  drupaceous,  1 — 2-seeded,  purple. —  ^.  May 
— June.     In  rich,  damp  soils.     Macon.     12 — 15  feet. 

Genus  II.— RIIAM'XUS.     L.  5—1. 
(From  a  Celtic  word,  signifying  a  tuft  of  branches.) 

Calyx  urceolate  or  tubular,  4 — 5-cleft.  Petals  4 — 5,  emar- 
ginate  or  2-lobed,  convolute.  Toms  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  free,  2 — 4-celled.  Styles  2 — 4,  generally  distinct.  Fruit 
a  drupe,  containing  2 — 4  seeds.  Flowers  small,  generally  in 
axillary  clusters. 

1.  R.  Cauolinia'xus,  (Walt.)  A  shi-ub,  unarmed.  Leaves  alternate, 
oval-oblong,  obscurely  serrate  or  entire,  glabrous,  with  parallel  veins. 
Floivers  in  small  umbels,  perfect,  4 — 6-flowered.  Petals  2-lobed,  mi- 
nute, embracing  the  stamens.  Stameiis  4  or  5.  Fruit  the  size  of  a  pea, 
generally  3-seeded. — White,  "^  .  May — June.  Common  along  the  coast. 
4—6  feet. 

Gknus  III.— SAGERETIA.     Brong.   5—1. 

(Named  after  Segerct.) 

Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft.  Petals  convolute  or  cucullate. 
Stamens  5.  Disk  concave,  entire.  Ovary  partly  imbedded 
in  the  disk,  3-celled,  peduncles  very  short.  Style  short,  3-lobed. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  baccate,  3-celled. 

1.  S.  MiCHAUx'ii,  (Brong.)  A  shrub,  much  branched,  thorny  when  old. 
Leaves  small,  shining,  opposite,  membranaceous,  oblong-ovate,  denticu- 
late, petioles  very  short.  Flowers  minute,  in  paniculate  spikes.  Petals 
small,  entire,  inclosing  the  stamens.  Stigma  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  3- 
angled, — White.      ^  .     Oct, — Nov.     Along  the  sea-coast.     6 — 8  feet. 


270  ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMIN0SJ2. 

Genus  IV.— CEANO'THUS.    L.  5—1. 
(From  the  Greek  keanot7Los,  a  spring  plant.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  saccate  and  arcted, 
unguiculate.  Stamens  5,  exsert.  Disk  fleshy  at  the  margin, 
surrounding  the  ovary.  Ovary  composed  of  3  united  carpels, 
3-celled,  with  3  ovules.  Fruit  a  dry,  triangular,  3-celled,  3- 
valved  capsule,  1  seed  in  each  cell.  Seeds  obovate.  Small 
shrubs,  unarmed,  with  alternate  leaves.     Flowers  perfect. 

1.  C.  America'xNX's,  (L.)  Root  large,  dark  red.  Stem  frutescent,  the 
young  branches  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  S-nerved, 
acutely  serrate,  veins  beneath  very  hairy,  reflexed.  Petals  with  Lmg^ 
claws,  inclosing  the  stamen.  Disk  with  a  10-toothed  border.  Seeds 
convex,  externally  concave  within. — White.  ^  .  June — July.  Common 
in  Middle  Geo,  and  Car.     1 — 3  feet  New  Jersey  Tea. 

2.  C.  MiCRornTL'LUS,  (Mich.)  Stem  much  branched,  many  from  each 
root,  branches  straight,  slender,  glabrous,  yellow.  Leaves  small,  obo- 
vate, clustered,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  S-nerved,  somewhat 
denticulate,  or  entire.  Flowers  a  loose  raceme.  Peduncles  slender. — 
White.    "^ .     April.     Sandy  pine  forests.     Common,     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  C.  serpyllifo'lius,  (Xutt.)  A  small,  slender  shrub,  decumbent, 
diffusely  branched,  branches  filiform.  Leaves  very  small,  ovate-ellip- 
tical, serrulate,  obtuse,  the  lower  surface  as  well  as  the  petioles  striiiose. 
JPcdnnctes  axillary.     Flowers  few,  in  a  simple  corymbose  head. — White. 

^2  .     St.  Mary's,  Ga. 

The  Ceanothus  Americanus,  commonly  known  by  the  names  of  New  Jersey  Tea 
and  Eed-root,  has  enjoyed  considerable  reputation  among  the  Faculty.  It  takes  the 
former  name  from  its  leaves  having  been  used  by  the  Anierican  army,  as  a  s-ubsiitute 
for  tea,  during;  the  Revolutionary  War,  In  apthous  sore  mouth,  it  has  been  highly 
recommended,  and  in  the  sore  throat  accompanying  Scarlet  Fever. 

Order  XLHI.— LEGUMINO'SJE. 

Sepals  5,  united  into  a  o-toothed  calyx,  hypogynous,  seg- 
ments often  unequal  and  variously  combined,  the  odd  segment 
inferior.  Petals  5,  sometimes  none,  or  less  than  5  by  abortion, 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  regular,  at  others 
papilionaceous,  the  odd  petal  superior.  Stamens  generally 
definite,  distinct,  monadelphous,  or  diadelphous.  Anthers  ver- 
satile. Ovary  simple,  1-celled,  1  or  many  seeded.  Stigma 
simple.  Fruit  generally  a  legume,  sometimes  a  drupe.  Seeds 
1  or  several,  attached  to  the  upper  section  ;  heterotropous  or 
anatropous,  sometimes  with  one  aril,  or  large  caruncle.  Em- 
bryo straight,  destitute  of  albumen,  or  with  the  radical  curved 
along  the  edge  of  the  cotyledons.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate, 
mostly  compound,  leaflets  entire. 

Exotics  and  genera  not  falling  strictly  in  our  geographical  limits,  are 
mostly  omitted  in  the  Analyses. 


ORDER    XLIII. LKGUMINOS^.  271 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  CrTolhi  papilionaceous 2 

Corolla  not  papilionaceous 42 

2.  Leaves  trifoliate  or  pahnutc,  5-7  foliate 3 

Leaves  pinnate 20 

Leaves  siuipio  or  palmate 33 

8.  Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate 4 

Leaves  palmate 18 

4.  Fruit  a  le<rnnic 5 

Fruit  a  loment 10 

5.  Legume  many-seeded 6 

Legume  few-seeded 12 

6.  Plants  trailing  or  vines T 

Plants  not  vines 11 

7.  Calyx  5-clcft 8 

Calyx  4-cleft,  or  bilabiate 9 

S.  Keel,  stamens,  and  style  twisted  together Pliaseoluf!,    5 

Keel  not  twisted  . . . .' CUtorUt,  14,  and  Centrosema,  15 

9.  Calyx  4-cleft Galactia,  13 

Calyx  bilabiate H 

10.  Flowers  yellow Vigna,    C 

Flowers  purple Bolichos,    7 

11.  Flowers  red Erythrino,    8 

Flowers  white,  blue,  or  yellow Baptisia,  43  . 

12.  Calyx  5-cleft Psoralea,  24.  MelUotus,  29 

Calyx  4-cleft 13 

13.  Vines 14 

Not  vines 15 

14.  Flowers  yellow Rhyu'-honid,  11 

Flowers  white  or  violet Amphicarp(X<i,  16 

15.  Flowers  in  racemes Rhynchosia,  1 1 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs Pitcheria,  12 

16.  Loment  composed  of  several  joints,  each  1-seeded Desmodiiun,  87 

Loment  1  or  2  seeded 17 

17.  Loment  uncinate Stylosanthus,  84 

Loment  unarmed Lc!<pjedeza,  30 

18.  Flowers  in  hpads  or  dense  spikes 19 

Flowers  in  oblong  spikes  or  racemes Psoralen,  24 

Flowers  in  long  racemes  or  solitary Baptiaia,  42 

19.  Flowers  yellow Medicago,  80 

Flowers  not  yellow Tri/olium,  23 

20.  Leftves  equally  pinnate 21 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate 23 

Leaves  irregular Psoralen,  24 

21.  Leaves  terminated  by  tendrils 22 

Leaves  not  terminated  by  tendrils 24 

22.  Flowers  purple Laihyrus,    4 

Flowers  white  or  blue 2^^ 

23.  Legume  smooth,  manv-secded  Vlcia,    2 

Le<; ume  hairy,  2-seeded Ervum,    8 

^4  Shr-ibs  or  trees 25 

Herbaceous  plants 20 

25.  Stunens  diad-lphous   J {/<''',  17 

Stamens  monadelpiious   Amo-pfio,  2.') 

Stamens  not  united Gledit-schia,  47 

2G.  Stamens  diade'phous ^.  •  •  -. 27 

S; anu-ns  not  united  Cas»ia,  75 

27.  Leo-iune  many-seeded S>->ih,inui,  18 

Lesume  few-seoded C/tapmati7iia,  85,  and  Glottidium,  19 

23,  Twining  plants  or  vines *f 

Not  twining  plants  or  vines 


81 


272  ORDER  XLHI. LEGUMINOS^. 

29.  Calyx  4-eleft Galactia,  18 

Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate 30 

30.  An  herbaceous  vine Apios,    9 

A  slirubby  vine Wistaria,  10 

81.  Trees  and  shrubs Amorpho,  25.  Rohinia,  20 

Herbaceous  i>lants 32 

32.  Leaflets  few Petalostemon,  27 

Leaflets  7  or  more S3 

33.  Stamens  diadelplious 84 

Stamens  monadelphous 35 

34.  Stamens  5  in  each  division ^sahynomene,  80 

Stamens  1  in  one  division,  9  in  the  other Jndigofera,  23 

35.  Legume  2-celled Astragalus,  31 

Legume  1-celled .• §6 

36.  Legume  many-seeded Tephrosia,  21 

Legume  fcM'-seeded 87  • 

37.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes  or  capitate  Dalea,  26 

Flowers  in  racemes Fhaca,  32 

SS.  Trees  or  shrubs Cercis,  45 

Herbaceous  plants 39 

89.  Flowers  yellow 40 

Flowers  not  yellow Lupinus,  41 

40.  Flowers  in  racemes 41 

Flowers  in  spikes Zornia,  33 

41.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves Orotalaria,  40 

Peduncles  not  opposite  the  leaves Rhynchosia,  11 

42.  Trees Gleditschia,  47 

Not  trees 43 

48.  Flowers  yellow 44 

Flowers  rose-color 45 

Flowers  white DarUngtonia,  50 

44  Calyx  5-sepaled   Cassia,  46 

Calyx  4-toothed Acacia,  51 

45.  Legume  many-seeded Schrankia,  49 

Legume  few -seeded Mimosa,  48 

Sub-order  L— PAPILIONA'CE^. 

Sepals  with  an  imbricated  aestivation.  Stamens  10,  perigy- 
nous,  or  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 
Corolla  papilionaceous. 

Tribe  L— VIC'IE^. 

Stamens  diadelphous.  Legumes  continuous,  without  contrac- 
tions. Cotyledons  thick,  radicle  curved.  Leaves  equally  pin- 
nate, the  midrib  usually  produced  into  a  tendril. 

Genus  I— PI'SUM.     Tourn.  16—10. 
(The  Latin  name  of  Pea.) 

Segments  of  the  calyx  foliaceous,  the  2  superior  ones  short- 
est. Style  triangular,  carinated,  with  a  sharp  edge,  downy  on 
the  upper  side.     Legume  oblong.     Seeds  globose. 

1.  P.  SATi'vuM,  (L.)  Petioles  terote,  bearing  3  pairs  of  ovate,  entire, 
glaucous  leaflets.  Stipules  ovate.  Peduncles  2  or  many  flowered. — 1^. 
Native  of  the  south  of  Europe.  Tea. 


ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMINOS^.  273 

Genus  II.— VI'CIA.     Tourn.   16—10. 
(From  vincio,  to  bind;  the  tendrils  binding  otlier  plants.) 

C«7y.r  tubular,  5-toothed,  the  two  upper  teeth  shortest.  Shjle 
bent ;  outside  of  the  style,  near  the  summit,  villous.  Leyumt 
many-seeded.  Leaves  pinnate.  Leaflets  in  several  pairs.  Pet- 
ioles extended  into  tendrils. 

1.  V.  Carolinia'na,  (Walt.)  Stem  much  branched,  running  over  shrubs. 
Leaflets  8 — 12,  glabrous,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  petiole  ex- 
tended into  a  3-cleft  tendril.  Flowers  numerous,  in  loose  racemes. 
Calyx  teeth  short  and  obtuse.  Legume  oblong,  mucronate,  coriaceous. 
Seeds  nearly  globular,  dark-colored. — White  or  blue.  2J!.  April — May. 
Along  the  margins  of  swamps.     2 — 8 — 10  feet. 

2.  V.  acutifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem,  somewhat  angled,  glabrous.  Leaflets 
3 — 6,  glabrous,  usually  acute,  linear,  petiole  terminating  generally  in  an 
undivided  tendril.  Stipules  linear-lanceolate,  entire.  Floioers  in  ra- 
cemes, longer  than  the  leaves,  3 — 7-flowered  ;  lower  teeth  of  the  calyx 
ovate-lanceolate,  upper  ones  very  short.  Legume  somewhat  falcate, 
mucronate,  4 — 10-seeded,  seeds  small. — White,  tinged  with  blue.  0. 
April.     Rich  soils.     Common.     4 — 6  feet. 

Genus  III.— ER'VUM.     L.  16—10. 
(From  a  Celtic  word  meaning  tilled  land.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  hairy,  with  nearly  equal  segments,  lin- 
ear, acute,  about  equal  in  length  to  the  corolla.  Stigma  glabrous. 
Legume  2 — 4-seeded,  oblong,  seeds  nearly  globose.  Petioles 
produced  into  tendrils.     Peduncles  axillary. 

1.  R  niRSu'TUM,  (L.)  Stem  much  branched,  diffuse.  Leaflets  8 — 20, 
linear-lanceolate,  truncate,  or  retuse  at  the  apex.  Stipules  subulate. 
Petioles  terminating  in  divided  tendrils.  Peduncles  3 — 6-flowered  near 
the  summit.  Lcgiimes  hairy,  obliquely  truncate,  drooping,  2seeded. — 
Bluish-white.     ®.     March — April.     On  cultivated  grounds. 

Genus  IV.— LATH'YRUS.     L.  16—10. 
(From  the  Greek  lathuros,  a  kind  of  pulse.) 

Cahjx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  segments  short. 
Style  flat,  villous  on  the  upper  side,  widened  toward  the  sum- 
mit. Legume  oblong,  several-seeded.  Peduncles  axihary. 
PcUoles  produced  into  tendrils. 

1.  L.  pusil'lus,  (Ell.)  A  slender  branching  vine,  glabrous,  angled 
and  winged.  Leaflets  a  single  pair,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
slightly  mucronate.  Stipules  large,  acute,  sagittate,  slightly  falcate. 
Legume  11 — 15-seeded. — Purple.     0.     April — May.     Common. 

Tribe  II.— PHASEOLE^. 

Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  continuous,  sometimes  with 
partitions  between  the  seeds.  Usually  twining  plants.  Leaves 
trifoliate  or  unequally  pinnate. 


274  ORDER   XLIII. LEGUMINOS^. 

Genus  V.— PHASE^OLUS.    L.  16—10. 
(From  phaseolus,  a  little  boat,  in  allusion  to  the  pods.) 

Calyic  o-cleft,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  partially  united,  cam- 
panulal3,  Keei,  stamens,  and  style  spirally  twisted  together. 
Legume  falcate,  slightly  compressed,  many-seeded.  Seed  reni- 
/brm.     Hiluin  small,  naked.     An  herbaceous,  trailing  plant. 

1.  P.  rnREN'Nis,  (Walt.)  Stem  voluble,  climbing  over  small  shrubs, 
pubescer  t.  Leaves  ternate,  the  lateral  leaflets  inequilateral,  the  termi- 
nal genei  ally  slightly  cordate,  pubescent  beneath.  Stipules  lanceolate, 
small,  j^lowers'm  axillary  racemes,  loosely-flowered.  Ca/?/x  somewhat 
bilabiate,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base,  teeth  of  the  calyx  broad  and  short. 
Vcxillum  reflected,  keel  compressed  and  spiral.  Legume  falcate,  mu-. 
cronate,  riany-seeded,  seeds  attached  alternately  to  each  valve. — Purple. 
%.     July — Sept.     In  damp  rich  land. 

2.  P.  diversifo'lius,  (Pars.)  Stem  prostrate,  diffuse,  retrorsely  hir- 
sute. Leaves  ternate.  Leaflets  ovate,  angular,  or  2 — 3-lobed,  slightly 
hairy  along  the  margin  and  veins.  Floivers  capitate,  8 — 14,  and  pedun- 
cles '6 — 6  inches  long,  the  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  narrow,  longer  than 
the  tube,  the  upper  formed  of  2  sepals  cohering  nearly  to  the  summit, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  4-cleft  calyx.  Vexillum  reflected,  keel  acu- 
minate, twisted.  Legume  terete,  slender,  slightly  pubescent,  many- 
seeded,  seeds  pubescent,  hilum  linear. — Purple.  @.  Aug. — Oct.  Sand- 
hills and  the  coast.     2 — 8  feet  long.  Strophostyles  angulosa,  EIL 

3.  P.  helvo'lus,  (L.)  Stetti  slender,  prostrate,  or  climbing,  retrorsely 
hirsute.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  or  linear-oblong,  taper- 
ing toward  the  summit.  Flowers  in  heads,  few,  calyx  with  the  upper 
segment  broad,  lower  lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the  tube;  vexil- 
lum nearly  round,  keel  as  long  as  the  vexillum,  with  a  tooth  at  the  base 
of  the  beak.  Legume  terete,  pubescent,  straight,  linear,  many  seeded. 
6W6?s  reniform,  pubescent. — Purple.  If.  July — Sept.  In  drv  ('fnile 
soils.     3 — 5  feet.  Strophostyles  peduncularis,  EIL 

4.  P.  vulga'ris,  (L.)  Plant  naturally  twining,  but  becomes  dwarfism 
and  bushy.  Leaflets  ovate,  acuminate.  Flowers  in  racemes;  Seech 
usually  ovate,  compressed. — East  Indies.  Common  Bean. 

Genus  VI.— VIG'XA.     Sav.  16—10. 
(Named  after  Vigna,  a  botanist  of  tlie  mifldle  ages.) 

Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  entire.  Vexillum  with 
2  callosities,  near  the  base  of  the  limb,  compressing  the  wings. 
Xeel  not  spirally  twisted.     Stigma  lateral.     Legume  terete. 

1.  V.  gla'bra,  (D.  C.)  {DoHchos  luteolus  of  Ell.)  Stem  twining,  run- 
ning over  small  shrubs.  Leaves  ternate,  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate. 
Flowers  3 — 5,  and  peduncles  2 — 4  inches  long,  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx 
longer  than  the  other;  vexillum  reflected;  wings  rhomboidal.  Keel 
longer  than  the  vexillum.  Legume  a  little  hairy,  slightly  compressed. — 
Yellow.  %.  Oct. — Nov.  Around  rice  fields  in  the  low  country. 
4—8  feet. 


ORDER   XLIII. — LKGUMINOS.E.  275 

Genus  VII.—DO'LICHOS.     L.  16—10. 
(From  the  Greek  dolichos,  long,  from  the  length  of  the  vines.) 

Calt/x  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  generally  2-cleft,  seldom  en- 
tire ;  lower  lip  3-cleft  or  3-tootliecl.  Vcxillum  with  2 — 4  callos- 
ities near  the  base  of  the  limb.  /S^y/es  cylindric.  Legume  cova- 
pressed,  few-seeded.     Seeds  oval,  compressed.     Hihim  oval. 

1.  D.  multiflo'rus,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  retrorsely  ptibescent,  twining. 
Leaves  ternate,  large ;  leaflets  nearly  orbicular,  abruptly  acuminate, 
pubescent  when  young,  nearly  glabrous  when  old.  Floioers  numerous 
in  elongated  racemes,  peduncles  axillary,  pedicels  fasciculate,  upper  lip 
of  the  calyx  generally  entire,  middle  division  of  the  lower  lip  longest, 
lanceolate,  lateral  ones  short.  Legume  compressed,  obtuse,  4-seeded, 
6'eec?  oval,  separated  by  partitions. — Purple.  If.  June — July.  On  the 
banks  of  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee.     6 — 12  feet. 

Genus  VIIL— ERYTHRI'NA.     L.  1G— 10. 
(From  the  Greek  eruthros,  red ;  the  color  of  the  flower8.) 

Cali/x  cylindrical,  truncate  or  bilabiate,  2-lobed.  Corolla 
with  a  very  long,  lanceolate  vexillum,  destitute  of  callosities; 
wings  and  keel  small.  Stamens  unequal,  straight,  usually  dia- 
delphous,  as  long  as  the  vexillum.  Style  straight,  glabrous. 
Legume  torulose,  stipitate,  many-seeded,  compressed  between 
the  seeds.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  trifoliate  leaves. 

1.  E.  herba'cea,  (L.)  Stems  glabrous,  arising  from  a  cormus,  some 
what  prickly.  Leaven  trifoliate,  leaflets  glabrous,  rhomboidal,  sometimea 
almost  hastately  lobed.  Floivem  in  terminal  spikes,  very  long.  Sta- 
mens monadelphous  at  the  base,  diadelphovis  above.  Seeds  bright  scar- 
let.— Scarlet.      2^.     March — May.     In  rich  soils.     Mid.  Geo.     2 — 4  ft. 

Genus  IX.— A'PIOS.     Boer.   16—10. 
(From  apion,  a  pear;  the  shape  of  the  tubers.) 

Cabjx  somewhat  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  with  2  short  round- 
ed teeth,  the  lower  with  3  teeth,  the  middle  tooth  lanceolate, 
subulate,  the  lateral  ones  very  minute.  Vexillum  reflected  ; 
keel  falcate.  Legume  coriaceous  many-seeded,  slightly  falcate, 
nearly  terete. 

1.  A.  TU8ERo's.\,  (Moen.)  Root  tuberous.  Stem  climbing,  covering 
small  shrubs  with  its  fi)liage,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  unequally  pin- 
nate, 5 — 7  leaflets,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  sprinkled  with  hairs.  Ra- 
cemes axillary,  many-flowered.  Cahix  with  the  upper  lip  usually  trun- 
cate, lower  one  with  1  lanceolate  tooth,  the  lateral  ones  very  small  or 
none.  Seeds  reniform.— Brown.  2^.  July— Aug.  Damp  rich  soila 
Common. 

Genus  X.— WISTA'RIA.     Nutt.  10-10. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Wi?*^ar,  of  Penn.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,   the   upper  lip  truncate,  the 


276  ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMINOS^. 

lower  ones  3-cleft,  forming  3  lanceolate  teetb.  Vexlllum  with 
2  callosities  at  the  base  ;  keel  and  wings  falcate.  Legume  to- 
rulose,  stipitate,  many-seeded,  nearly  terete,  coriaceous.  Seeds 
reniforra,  spotted.  Twining  shrubby  plants,  with  unequal  pin- 
nate leaves. 

1.  "W.  FRUTEs'cENS,  (D.  C.)  Stem  twining,  running  over  shrubs, 
branches  pubescent  and  somewhat  angular.  Leaflets  4 — 6  pair,  with  a 
terminal  one,  pubescent,  ovate-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  axilhiry  racemes, 
clustered,  with  large  colored  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels,  Vtx- 
ilium  broad,  reflexed  at  the  summit,  green  at  the  base.  Legume  rugose. 
—  Purple.    ^.     April — May.     Damp  rich  soils.     Common. 

Genus  XL— RHYNCHO'SIA.     D.  C.  16— 10.     {Glycine  of  Ell.) 
(From  the  Greek  rhunchos,  a  beak,  in  reference  to  the  end  of  the  keel.) 

Cali/x  4-cleft,  or  4-parted,  or  somewhat  bilabiate ;  the  lower 
lip  3-parted,  the  upper  2-toothed.  Vexlllum  without  callosities. 
Keel  falcate.  Wings  with  2  teeth  at  the  base.  Style  smooth. 
Legume  compressed,  1 — 2-seeded,  short,  generally  ovate.  Seeds 
generally  caruncled.     Generally  herbaceous  plants. 

1.  R,  Carib^'a,  (D.  C.)  Stem  voluble,  climbing  over  large  shrubs, 
slightly  pubescent,  angled,  branching.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  round, 
rhomboidal,  acute,  thin,  dotted  with  resinous  glands  beneaih,  3-nerved. 
Flowers  in  filiform  racemces ;  peduncles  angled.  Calyx  about  half  as 
long  as  the  corolla,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  cleft  half  way  down.  Petals 
equal.  Legume  pubescent,  falcate.  Seeds  glabrous,  reniform. — Yellow. 
If.     Aug. — Oct.     On  the  coast  and  islands  of  Geo. 

2.  R.  moxophyl'la,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  pubescent,  erect,  low.  Leaves 
simple,  orbicular,  or  reniform,  rugose,  with  yellow  glandular  dots  on 
the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  or  aggregated  at  the 
summit  of  the  stem.  Calyx  slightly  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2  cleft ; 
wings  toothed  on  each  side.  Anthers  globose.  Legume  pubescent,  mu- 
cronate,  falcate.  Seeds  orbicular,  spotted. — Yellow,  2f .  May — Aug. 
Common  in  dry  soils.     2 — 8  inches. 

3.  R.  voltj'bilis,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  twining,  angled,  villous.  Upper 
leaves  ternate,  the  lower  single  ;  leaflets  nearly  round  or  broadly  ovate, 
rugose.  Racemes  few-flowered.  Segments  of  the  calyx  very  acute. 
Legume  falcate,  villous.  Seeds  compressed,  reniform,  spotted. — Yellow. 
If.     May — July.     lu  dry  soils.     Common.     1 — 3  feet. 

4.  R.  MOLLis'siMA,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  tomentose.  Leaves 
ternate;  leaflets  oval,  rugose,  obtuse,  velvety-tomentose,  glandular  dots 
less  distinct  than  in  the  tliree  preceding  species.  Flowers  in  long  (5 — 8 
inches)  racemes.  Calyx  deepl^  cleft ;  wings  toothed  near  the  base. — 
Yellow.     If.     Near  St.  Mary's,  Geo. 

5.  R.  erec'ta,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  tomentose.  Leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leaflets  oblong,  nearly  acute,  slightly  rugose,  middle  ones  some- 
what rhomboidal.  6'a/7/x  4-parted,  the  upper  segment  bifid.  Corolla 
small ;  wings  toothed  near  the  base.  Legume  falcate,  villous.  Seeds 
reniform. — Yellow.  If.  June — Aug.  Common  in  poor,  dry  suits,  1 
~2  feet. 


ORDER   XLIII. LEGUMINOS^.  277 

Genus  XIL— PITCIIE'RIA.     Nutt.   16—10. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Pitcher,  of  the  U.  S.  Army.) 

Calyx  4-cleft ;  lobes  nearly  equal,  subulate,  the  lower  one  a 
little  the  largest,  the  upper  one  slightly  bifid.  Vcxillum  neai-ly 
orbicular,  without  callosities.  Wings  small,  narrow,  with  a  sub- 
ulate tooth  at  the  base.  Keel  large,  rounded.  Ovary  com- 
pressed, hairy,  with  2  ovules.  Stijle  hairy  toward  the  base. 
Leyume  oblong,  sessile,  compressed,  1 — 2-seeded.  Seeds  slight- 
ly carunculate,  variegated. 

1.  P.  galactoi'des,  (Nutt.)  Stem  rigid,  brandling ;  branches  angled, 
pubescent.  Leaves  small,  numerous,  trifoliate;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate- 
oval,  glabrous,  the  lateral  leaflets  smaller  and  sessile.  Flowers  solitary 
or  in  pairs,. on  axillary  peduncles.  Vexillum  partly  inclosing  the  other 
petals. — Red  or  yellow.     If.     May.     Alabama.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XIII.— GALAC  TIA.     R.  Br.  16—10. 
(From  the  Greek  gala,  milk;  yields  a  milky  juice.) 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Segments  acute,  upper  one  broadest,  with  2 
bracts  at  the  base.  Vexillum  broad,  incumbent,  without  callos- 
ities ;  other  petals  oblong.  Petals  of  the  keel  united  at  their 
apex.  Legume  terete  or  slightly  compressed,  linear,  many- 
seeded.      Stigma  obtuse.     Racemes  axillary. 

1.  G.  glabel'la,  (Mich.)  Stem  spreading  or  climbing  over  shrubs, 
terete,  glabrous,  or  a  little  hairy.  Leaves  ternate,  glabrous  above,  a 
little  hairy  beneath  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  emargi- 
nate.  Racemes  axillary,  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  seiiments  of 
the  calyx  acuminate,  nearly  glabrous.  Anthers  linear. — Reddish  pur- 
ple.    If.     June — Sept.     Rich  shaded  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

2.  G.  PiLo'sA,  (Nutt.)  A  vine  climbing  over  small  shrubs,  retrorscly 
hirsute,  terete.  Leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  hirsute,  particularly  on  the 
under  surface.  Racemes  axillary,  6 — 12  inches  long.  Flowers  scattered. 
Anthers  linear-oblong.  Leyume  villous. — Pale  purple,  y.  June — 
Sept.     In  dry,  shaded  soils. 

3.  G.  mol'lis,  (Mich.)  Stem  prostrate  or  climbing  over  small  plants, 
retrorsely  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  oval,  villous, 
canescent,  pale  beneath.  Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  somewhat 
crowded.  Flowers  small.  Calyx  4-cleft ;  lower  segment  longer  than 
the  others,  with  2  subulate  bracts  at  the  base.  Anthers  oval.  Leyitmc 
straight,  hispid. — Purple.     U.     June — Sept.     In  dry  soils. 

4.  G.  Elliott'ii,  (Nutt.)  Stem  twining,  running  over  small  shrubs, 
sparingly  pubescent.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  7 — 9,  ellipti- 
cal-oblong, lucid  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  beneath  ;  petiole  2 — 
3  inches  long.  Flowers  on  long  racemes,  clustered  toward  the  summit 
of  the  peduncle.  Pedicels  short.  Calyx  hairy  ;  lower  segment  longest, 
upper  one  ovate.  Leyume  compressed,  villous,  falcate.  Seeds  3 — 4, 
smooth,  speckled. — Wliite,  tinged  with  red.  %.  May— July.  On 
the  coast. 


278  ORDER    XLIII. — LEGUMINOS^. 

Genus  XIV.— CLITO'RIA.     L.  16—10. 
(From  clitoris,  a  term  in  anatomy.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  or  by  the  union  of  the  two  upper  seg- 
ments, 4-clert.  Vexillum  large,  expanding,  covering  the  wings  ; 
2  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Legume  linear,  compressed, 
many-seeded. 

1.  C.  Maria'na,  (L.)  Stem  sometimes  erect,  at  others  voluble,  smooth. 
Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  occasionally 
subcordate  at  the  base.  Peduncles  1 — 3-flowered.  Calyx  cyHndrical, 
smooth,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  bracts.  Flowers  larger  than  the 
preceding  species.  Style  longitudinally  bearded.  Legutne  torulose, 
glabrous,  about  4-seeded. — White  or  pale  blue.  If.  May — Aug.  Dry 
soils.     2  feet. 

Genus  XV.— CENTROSE'MA.     D.  C.  16—11. 
(From  the  Greek  kentron,  a  spur,  and  sema,  the  standard.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  or  by  the  union  of  the  two  upper 
segments,  4-cleft.  Vexillum  large,  with  a  spur  behind.  Sta 
mms  mostly  monadelphous.  Style  bearded  at  the  apex.  Leg- 
umes linear,  compressed. 

1.  C.  Virgima'na,  (Benth.)  Stem  climbing,  slightly  scabrous,  slender, 
angled.  Leaves  ternate;  leaflets  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  slightly  mu- 
cronate,  scabrous,  pubescent,  or  glabrous.  Flotoers  in  axillary  racemes, 
generallv  3.  Segments  of  calyx  linear-subulate,  the  two  upper  united 
nearer  the  summit  than  the  others.  Style  glabrous.  Corolla  large. 
Legume  long  (nearly  6  inches). — Pale  violet.  IX.  June — Sept.  Dry 
soils.     Common.  CUtoria  Virginiana,  L. 

2.  C.  Plumie'ri,  (Benth.)  Stem  twining  ;  branches  pubescent.  Leaoes 
ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  glabrous.  Calyx 
campanulate,  shorter  than  the  bracts.  Corolla  large.  Legume  long  and 
narrow. — New  Orleans.  CUtoria  Flumierl,  Tur. 

Genus  XVI.— AMPHICART^EA.     Ell.  16—10. 

(From  the  Greek  amphi,  both,  Ani  karpo.%  fruit;  bearing  fruit  apparently  on  tho 
root  and  stem.) 

Calyx  4-tootbed  ;  the  two  upper  sepals  united  nearly  or  quite 
to  the  summit,  tubular,  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base,  destitute 
of  bracts.  Vexillum  broad,  shghtly  auricled  at  the  base,  ap- 
pressed.  Keel  and  wing  petals  nearly  straight  and  nearly  equal, 
unguiculate;  lamina  oblong.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovary 
stiped,  with  2 — 4  ovules.  Style  glabrous,  filiform.  Legumt 
compressed,  stipitate,  2 — 4  seeded.  The  flowers  of  this  genus, 
toward  the  summit  of  the  stem,  usually  dift'er  from  those  near 
the  base,  -the  upper  ones  usually  perfect  in  all  their  parts, 
■while  tlie  lower  sometimes  are  wanting  in  a  corolla  and  a  part 
of  the  stamens  ;  but  the  latter  are  the  ones  that  usually  mature 
the  ^ruit.     Climbing,  herbaceous  plants. 


ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMINOS/E.  279 

1.  A.  MONOi'cA,  (Ell.)  Root  creeping.  Steyn  slender,  climbing  over 
small  shrubs,  retrur.sely-hiisute,  angular.  Leaves  ternate,  ovate,  or 
rhombic-ovate,  thin,  glabrous,  or  hairy,  a  little  obli(][Ue.  Flower's  in 
pendulous  raceme:-,  on  tiliform  jtedunoles.  Calyx  hairy  at  the  base,  4- 
toolh'.d,  acuminate.  Legume  smooth,  3 — 4-seeded. — White,  tinged  with 
violet.      11.     June — Sept.     Rich  lands.     Common.     2 — 5  feet. 

Tribe  III.— GALE'GEJE. 

Legume  continuous,  dehiscent,  1 — several-seeded,  or  1 — 2- 
seeded  and  indehiscent.  Leaves  usually  unequally  pinnate. 
Inflorescence  in  spikes  or  racemes.    Erect  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees. 

Genus  XVIL— AG'ATI.     Adans.  16—10. 
(A  Sanscrit  word  for  one  of  the  species.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  slightly  bilabiate.  Vexillum  shorter 
than  the  wings.  Legume  stiped,  linear,  a  little  compressed, 
many-seeded,  contracted  between  the  seeds.     Small  trees. 

1.  A.  Grandiflo'ra,  (Desv.)  Leaves  equally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  nu- 
merous. Stipules  lanceolate.  Racemes  axillary,  2 — 4-flowered.  Flovo- 
ers  large.  Xf^?<me  long,  pendulous,  >S'eec/s  oval. — White.  If.  South- 
era  Florida, 

Genus  XVIIL— SESBA'NIA.     Pers,  16—10. 
(An  Arabic  name  of  one  of  the  species.) 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  teeth  nearly  equal,  with  2  caducous  brac- 
teoles  at  the  base.  Vexillum  roundish,  with  2  appendages  on 
its  claw.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  long  (10 — 12  inches), 
linear,  slender,  cylindrical,  or  compressed,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
cylindrical-oblong.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

1.  S.  macrocar'pa,  (Mubl.)  Stem  with  expanding  branches,  glabrous, 
herbaceous.  Leaves  pinnate,  10 — 25  )iair;  leaflets  linear-elliptical,  gla- 
brous, entire,  slightly  mucronate.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  lew- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Calyx  pubescent  along  the  margin, 
two  upper  teeth  reflected.  Vexillum  reflected.  Legume  somewhat  4- 
angled,  about  12  inches  long, — Yellow.     0.     So.  Car,  and  Lou. 

Genus  XIX.— GLOTTID'IUM.     Desv.  16—10. 
(From  the  Greek  glossa  or  glotta,  a  tongue,  in  refercnc*  to  the  valves  of  the  legume.) 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  teeth  nearly  equal,  small,  obtuse.  Vcxil- 
lum  short,  broad,  slightly  unguiculate,  renitbrm.  Keel-petals 
united  at  the  middle.  Legume  elliptical-oblong,  stipitate,  com- 
pressed, 2-seeded.     Seeds  compressed. 

1.  G.  Florida'num,  (D,  C.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  equally  pinnate, 
10 — 20  pairs.  Petioles  terminated  by  a  bristle.  Leaflets  oblong-linear, 
mucronate,  glabrous.  Racemes  4 — 8-flowered.  Petals  nearly  equal. 
Legume  about  2  inches  long,  rigidly  inucronate.  Valves  se]>arating  into 
an  exterior  coriaceous  portion,  and  an  interior  membrane  inclosini,'  the 
seeds, ^ — Yellow.  ^.  Aug. — Sept.  Damp  soils.  So.  Car.  and  Fluriila. 
4 — 6  feet.  Sesbania  vesica ria,  EU 


280  ORDER   XLIII. LEGUMINOS^. 

Genus  XX.— EOBIX'IA.     L.  1G— 10. 
(After  Eobln,  a  French  botanist.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-tootlied,  the  2  upper  sepals  united 
nearly  to  the  summit,  so  as  to  give  the  calyx  somewhat  the  ap- 
pearance of  being  only  4-toothed.  Vexilluin  broad  and  large. 
Keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  bearded  next  the 
free  stamen.  Legume  compressed,  many-seeded,  long,  the  pla- 
cental suture  margined.  Seeds  compressed.  Leaves  unequally 
pinnate.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stipular  spines. 

1.  R.  Pseudaca'cia,  (L.)  A  tree,  \vith  virgate  branches.  Leaves  with 
4 — 7  pairs  of  leaflets ;  leaflets  frequently  alternate,  oval,  emarginate, 
■with  setaceous  stipules.  Flowers  odorous,  in  axillary  racemes.  Calyx 
pubescent,  spotted.  Legumes  2 — 3  inches  long,  smooth. — White,  ^  . 
March — April  A  large  tree  among  the  mountains,  60 — 80  feet ; 
smaller  in  the  middle  country.     30 — 70  feet.  Common  Locust. 

2.  R.  visco'sA,  (Vent.)  A  small  tree,  with  viscid  branches.  Leaves 
with  5 — 7  pairs ;  leaflets  ovate,  stipular  spines  very  short.  Petioles 
glandular-viscid.  Flowers  inodorous,  in  axillary,  erect  racemes.  Leg- 
umes obliquely-lanceolate,  mucronate,  3 — 5-seeded,  glandular-viscid. — 
White,  tinged  with  red.     '^  .     Mountains.     Car.  and  Geo.     20 — 40  feet. 

3.  R.  His'piDA,  (L.)  A  small  shrub,  the  j^oung  branches  reddish,  his- 
pid. Leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  oval,  nearly  round,  mucro- 
nate, almost  destitute  of  stipular  spines.  Racemes  loose.  Flowers  ino- 
dorous, axillary. — Rose-color.    '^  .     April.     Mountains.     3 — 6  feet. 

Var.  Ro'sa,  (Pursh.)  Leaflets  mostly  scattered,  not  hispid  ;  stipules 
spiny ;  yoimg  branches,  petioles,  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  pu- 
bescent.— Middle  Car.  and  Geo,     2 — 4  feet. 

Var.  Na'na,  (Ell.)  Very  small  shrub,  scarcely  a  foot  high. — Near 
Columbia,  So.  Car.,  and  Macon,  Geo. 

Genus  XXL— TEPHRO'SIA.     Pers,  16—10. 
(From  tephros,  ash-colored,  in  allusion  to  the  general  color  of  some  of  the  species.) 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  teeth  subulate,  nearly  equal ;  no  bracts  at 
the  base  of  the  calyx.  Vexillum  large,  nearly  round,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed.  Generally  monadelphous.  Style  usually 
bearded,  fihform.  Legume  sessile,  compressed,  coriaceous, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed.  Herbaceous  plants,  with 
unequally  pinnate  leaves. 

1,  T.  Virginia'na,  (Pers.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  in  dense  branches, 
slightly  angular.  Leaflets  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate, 
silky-pubescent.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  compact.  Calyx  deeply 
6-cleft,  hairy.  Legume  compressed,  hairy.  Seeds  reniform. — Dull  yel- 
low, tinged  with  purple.  If.  May — July.  Common  in  pine  barrens. 
10 — 15  inches. 

2.  T,  paucifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect  or  decumbent,  pilose,  hispid, 
with  rusty  hairs.     Leaves  scattered,  few  ;  leaflets  4  —7  pairs,  elliptic, 


ORDER   XLIII. LEGUMINOS.E.  281 

often  slightly  cuneate,  mucronate,  silky-pubescent ;  petiole  villoiisi. 
Flowers  on  long  peduncies,  opposite  the  leaves,  bearing  but  few  flowc-rji, 
4 — 5.  Calyx  hispid.  Vcxillum  haiiy  on  the  outer  surface.  Legume 
compressed,  hispid. — Purplish-red.  If.  June — Sept.  Common  in  pine 
woods.     10 — 15  inches.  T.  spicata,  T.  &  G. 

3.  T.  hispidu'la,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  much  divided,  dichotomous, 
slightly  |)ubescent..  Leaflets  numerous,  11 — 17,  elliptical-oblong,  mucro- 
nate, glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  hirsute  on  the  lower,  slightly  re- 
tuse.  Racemes  as  long  as  the  leaves,  few-flowered,  opposite  the  leaves. 
Calyx  very  villous ;  segments  expanded.  Legume,  straight,  mucronate, 
somewhat  hispid.  Seeds  reniform,  compressed,  spotted. — Pale  red.  If. 
May — Aug.     Dry  soils.     Common.     10 — IS  inches. 

4.  T.  CHRYSOPHyL'LA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  prostrate,  pubescent,  dichoto- 
mous. Jjeaves  nearly  sessile,  with  5 — 9  leaflets,  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse, 
coriaceous,  smooth  above,  silky  hirsute  beneath.  Peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves,  few-flowered,  slightly  compressed.  Legume  linear,  8 — 10- 
seeded. — Reddish-purple.  If.  May — Aug.  Common  around  Savan- 
nah; found  in  middle  Georgia  and  Florida.     10 — 12  inches. 

Genus  XXII— GLYCYRRHI'ZA     Tourn.  IG— 10. 
(From  the  Greek  gluktis,  sweet,  and  i^hiza,  root.) 

Calyx  tubular,  gibbous,  Avithout  bracteoles,  bilabiate,  5-cleft. 
Vexillum  straight,  ovate-lanceolate.  Legume  ovate,  compressed, 
1 — 4-seeded.     Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

1.  G.  lepido'ta.  Hoots  long,  creeping.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  with  glandular  scales  beneath.  Legumes  covered  with  hooked 
bristles,  2 — 6-seeded. — Whitish.     Missouri.     2 — 5  feet.  Liquorice. 

Genus  XXIIL— INDIGOFERA.     L.  16—10. 
(From  indigo,  a  blue  dye-stnff,  and/^ro,  to  bear.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  expanding,  minute,  subulate.  Vexillum  nearly 
round,  emarginate.  Keel  with  a  spur  on  each  side.  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Style  filiform,  glabrous.  Legume  1  or  many 
seeded. 

1.  I.  Carolinia'na,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous,  striate. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate.  Leaflets  5 — 6  pairs,  mucronate,  oval-oblong, 
slightly  pubescent,  glaucous  underneath.  Flowers  in  slender  axillary 
racemes,  a  bract  at  the  base  of  each  pedicel.  Calyx  small,  with  5  sub- 
ulate teeth,  pubescent.  Keel  longer  than  the  vexillum.  Legume  short, 
pointed  with  the  style. — Yellowish  brown.  If.  Jnly — Sept.  Poor 
soils.     3—7  feet.  Indigo  Plant. 

2.  I.  leptosep'ala,  (Nutt.)  Stem  decumbent,  rough.  Leaves  une- 
qually pinnate.  Leaflets  7 — 9,  obovate-oblong,  nearly  glabrous  on  the 
upper  surface.  Flowers  in  racemes  longer  than  tlie  leaves,  nearly  ses- 
sile. Segments  of  the  calyx  equal,  subulate.  Leguyncs  reflexed,  linear, 
nearly  tervte,  6— 7-see(.led,  puboseont,  terminated  by  the  style. — Palo 
scarlet.     2f.     Georgia.     2 — 3  feet. 


282  ORDER    XLIII. — LEGUMINOS^. 

Genl's  XXIV.— psora 'LEA.     L.  16—10. 
(From  the  Greek  psoraleos,  scurfy ;  the  appearance  of  the  calyx.) 

Calyx  campauulate,  o-toothed,  sprinkled  with  glandular  dots, 
lower  segments  a  little  the  longest.  Stamens  diadelphons. 
Legume  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  slightly  beaked,  as  long  as  the 
calyx. 

1.  P.  CANEs'cENS,  (Midi.)  Root  tuberous.  Stem  branching,  canescent- 
ly  pubescent.  Leaves  entire,  simple  above  and  trifoliate  below,  broad 
obovate-lanceolate,  dotted.  Stipules  subulate.  Peduncles  axillary, 
4 — 7-flowered.  Calyx  inflated,  glandular,  brownish.  Legume  short, 
glandular. — Yellowish.  If,  May — July.  Middle  Car.  and  Geo.  Com- 
mon.    2 — 3  feet. 

2.  P.  LuPiNELLUs,  (Mich.)  Steyn  somewhat  branched,  slender,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  digitate  on  long  petioles.  Leaflets  filiform,  5 — 7-foliate. 
Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  many-flowered.  Peduncles  thick.  Ca- 
lyx small,  glandular,  the  lower  segment  longest.  Corolla  much  longer 
th.in  the  calyx,  with  a  sub-oibicular  vexillum,  small,  with  a  recurved 
point,  rugose. — Pale  violet.  If.  May — July.  SanJ-hiils  of  miadle 
Geoi'gia.     2—3  feet. 

3.  P.  virga'ta,  (Xutt.)  Stem  virgate,  somewhat  branched,  slightly 
pubescent.  Leaves  simple,  lineardanceolate,  remote,  with  setaceous  stip- 
ules. Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes.  Spikes  axillary,  not  as  long  as  the 
leaves.  Bracts  oblong,  calyx  dotted  with  glands,  lower  si  gment  a  little 
the  longest.  Corolla  but  little  longer  than  the  cdyx.  Legume  1-seed- 
ed.— Pale  violet.     If,     Near  St.  Mary's,  Geo.     2  feet. 

4.  P,  melilotoi'des,  (Mich.)  Stem  diff^use,  slightly  pubescent,  branch- 
ing. Leaves  ternate.  Leapts  obloug-laiK-eolate,  dotted  witli  glands. 
Flowers  mo\Aow^  spikes,  with  broad,  conspicuous,  colored,  caducous  brac- 
teas.  Spikes  axillary  and  terminal.  Calyx  hairy,  purpli>h,  glandular. 
Keel  .small.  L^egume  mucronate,  oval,  rugose,  1-seeded — l^ui]de.  If. 
May — June.  Very  common  in  middle  and  upper  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia.    2  feet, 

5.  P,  EGLANUULo'sA.  (Ell.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  trifoliate,  leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  oblong  spikes.  Bracts  broad,  lanceolate, 
acuminate.  Calyx  very  villous.  Legume  nearly  orbicular,  with  trans- 
verse wrinkles.  Very  similar  to  the  preceding. — Purple,  2f .  May — ■ 
June,     Dry  soils,     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  P.  multiju'ga,  (Ell.)  Stem  thick,  glabrous,  furrowed.  Leaves  pin- 
nate, irreguhir,  9 — 10  pairs.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  hairy  on  the 
under  surface,  sometimes  pubescent  on  the  upper.  Flowers  in  oblong 
spikes.  Bracts  small.  Calyx  with  very  long  teeth,  villous  on  the  mar- 
gm.  Legume  \-?,eede(i. — Violet.  2f.  "May — June.  Middle  and  upper 
country.     We  found  it  near  Greenville,  S.  Car.     10 — 20  inches. 

Genus  XXV.— AMOPv'PHA.     L.  16—10, 
(I'rom  a,  priv,,  and  onorphe,  form,  in  allusion  to  the  irregular  form  of  the  corolla.) 

Calyx  carapanulate,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Vexillum  ovate,  con- 
cave, unguictilate  ;  wings  and  keel  wanting.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous.      Style  filiform.     Legume  falcate,  rough  or  tubercu- 


ORDER   XLIII. LEGUMINOSJE.  283 

late  with  glands,  1 — 2-seeded.  Shruhhy  or  lierbaceous  plants, 
with  pinnate  leaves,  leaflets  numerous,  punctate.  Floivcrs  in 
spiked  racemes,  numerous,  pedicels  articulated  with  the  flower. 

1.  A.  FRUCTico'sA,  (L.)  A  shrub  with  pubescent  l>ranchcs.  Leaves 
alternate,  petiohite,  jjeuerally  pinnate,  leaflets  oval,  or  elliptical-ohlon;^, 
obtuse,  petiolate.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  turl)inate,  pu- 
bescent. Vexillum  emarginate,  obovate,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Style  hairy.  Legume  2-seeded. — Dark  purple.  ^  .  On  the  margin  of 
rivers  in  the  low  country.     6 — 16  feet. 

2.  A.  PUBEs'cENs,  (Wilkl.)  A  small  shrub,  pubescent,  slightly  muri- 
cate.  Leaves  equally  pintuite,  many  pairs,  20 — 24.  Lcajie.U  elliptical, 
petiolate,  nmcronate,  very  pubescent.  Flowers  in  long  panicled  spikes. 
Teeth  of  the  calyx  nearl}^  equal,  purple.  Vexillum  obcordate,  longer 
than  the  calyx. — White.    ^  .     June — July.     Damp  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

A.  herbacea,  Walt. 

3.  A.  CANEs'cENs,  (Nutt.)  Stem  suffructicose,  softly  canescent.  Leaves 
numerous  and  crowded,  15 — 34  pairs  of  leaflets,  closely  arranged, 
ovate-elliptical,  mucronate,  small.  Flowers  in  paniculate  spikes,  sessile, 
terminal.  Vexillum  nearly  orbicular,  tapering  slightly  at  the  base, 
Z(?^?///«e  1 -seeded. — Blue.  ^.  July — Aug.  Banks  of  streams,  middle 
Ge^gia.     1 — 3  feet.  Lead  Plant. 

4.  A  Carolinia'na,  (Crooni.)  A  small  shrub,  nearly  glabrous.  Leafiets 
oblong  or  elliptical,  petiolate,  dotted,  the  lowest  pair  approximated  to 
the  stem.  Flowers  on  very  short  pedicels.  Calyx  \\\i\\  short  teeth,  the 
two  upper  obtuse,  the  three  lower  longer  or  nearly  equal,  villous  on 
the  margin.  Style  hairy  toward  the  base. — Dark  blue.  ^.  July. 
Near  Wilmington  and  Newborn.     4 — 5  feet.     {Curtis  dj  Croom.) 

Gknus  XXA^L— DA'LEA.     L.   10—10. 
(In  honor  of  Dale,  an  English  botanist) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  often  glandular,  with  nearly  equal  segments. 
Petals  unguiculate,  the  keel  and  wing  petals  united  to  the  sta- 
men tube.  Vexillum  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  short, 
limb  cordate.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  tube  being  3-cleft. 
Ovary  with  two  collateral  ovules.  Legume  1 -seeded,  indehis- 
cent.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes, 
often  capitate. 

1.  D.  alopecuroi'des,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branched. 
Leaves  numerous.  Leaflets  10 — 14  pairs,  narrow,  elliptieal,  dotted  be- 
neath. Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes,  villous,  caliculate.  Segments  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hairy. — Blue.  O-  IMiddle  Carolina 
and  Georgia.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XXVIL— PETALOSTE'MOX.     Mich.   10— 5. 

(From  the  Gve&k  petalon,  a  petal,  and  ste.mon,  a  stamen  ;  the  stamens  and  petals  be- 
ing joined  together  at  the  base.) 

Calyx  5-toothed,  teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  5,  on  flliform 
claws,  4  of  them  united  to  the  stamen  tube,  the  fifth  free,  with 


284:  ORDER    XLIII. LEGUSnNOS^. 

an  oblong-cordate  limb.  Stamens  5,  monadelphous.  Legume 
indehiscent,  l~seeded.  Herbaceous  plants,  glandular.  Flowers 
in  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 

1.  P.  car'neum,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous,  much  branched,  slender 
Xc-auifs  fascicled.  Leaflets  2 — 3  pairs,  linear,  lanceolate,  entire,  glandu- 
lar. Flowers  in  oblong  spikes.  Calyx  ghibrous,  ovate,  striate,  6-cleft, 
slightly  pubescent  on  the  margin,  deeply  cleft  on  the  upper  side.  Petals 
oblong,  unguiculate. — Rose-color.  If.  August.  Near  Macon,  on  the 
Houston  road.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  P.  coRTMBo'suM,  (Mich.)  Ste?n  erect,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves 
fascicled  ;  leaflets  3 — 4  pairs,  linear,  entire,  glabrous,  dotted  underneath. 
Stipules  2,  subulate.  Flowers  in  heads.  Peduncles  glandular.  Calyx 
deeply  cleft,  plumose ;  the  upper  petal  with  a  long  claw.  Legume  small, 
1-seeded,  oblong. — White.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Near  Macon,  on  the  road 
to  Brown's  Mountain.     1 — 2  feet. 

Tribe  IV.— TRIFO'LIE^. 

Legume  continuous,  several-seeded,  and  dehiscent,  or  few- 
seeded  and  indehiscent.  Generally  herbaceous,  erect  or  procum- 
bent.    Leaves  radiated,  3 — 5 — 7-foliate. 

Genus  XXVIIL— TRIFO'LIUM.     Tourn.  16—10. 
(From  tris,  three,  and  foliii/m,  a  leaf;  the  species  having  three  leaves.) 

Cahjx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  setaceous  segments.  Petals 
more  or  Jess  united,  vexillum  longer  than  the  wings.  Legume 
membranaceous,  1 — 6-seeded,  generally  indehiscent.  Leaves 
palmately  divided,  or  trifoliate;  leaflets  3 — 7.  Flowers  in 
dense  spikes  or  heads.  Clover.      Tree-foil. 

1.  T.  arven'se,  (L.)  Stem  silky,  pubescent,  erect,  branching.  Leaflets 
spatulate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  ternate,  minutely  3-toothed.  Flowers  in 
oblong,  villous  spikes.  Petals  nearly  separate.  Legume  1-seeded.— 
Whitish,  with  purple  spot  on  the  wings.    ©.  June — Aug.    8 — 12  inches. 

Stone  Clover.     Rabbit-foot. 

2.  T.  praten'se,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  ascending,  sometimes  slightly 
hairy  ;  leaflets  oval,  finely  serrulate,  or  nearly  entire.  Flowers  in  ovate 
spikes.  Calyx  very  hairy.  Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  Petals 
unequal. — Purple.     2f .     April — May.     Rich  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

Red  Clover. 

3.  T.  reflex'um,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent,  decumbent,  or  ascending. 
Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  obovate,  somewhat  rhomboidal,  pubescent,  up- 
per ones  acute,  lower  ones  emarginate.  Flowers  in  somewhat  umbellate 
dense  heads.  Calyx  hirsute,  deeply-parted,  with  subulate  teeth.  Vex- 
illum broad-ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Legume  3 — 5-seeded. — 
Vexillum  red,  wings  and  keel  v.^iite.     %.    April — June.    12 — 18  inches. 

Buffalo  Clover. 

4.  T.  re'pens,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  creeping,  diffuse,  sometimes  sprin- 
kled with  a  few  hairs.  Leaves  ternate,  nearly  glabrous ;  leaflets  ovate- 
oblong,  emarginate,  denticulate.     Flowers  in  umbellate,  globose  heads, 


ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMINOS.E.  2S5 

on  long  axillary  peduncles,  at  first  erect,  afterward  reflected.  Calyx 
nearly  glabrous,  witli  unequal  teeth.  Legume  4-seeded,  cylindrical. — 
White.     If.     April — Nov.     Waste  places.     Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

White  Clover. 
5.  T.  CAROLraiA'NUM,  (Mich.)  Stem  small,  procumbent,  hairy.  Leaven 
ternate,  obcordate,  pubescent,  toothed,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  in 
small  umbels,  at  first  erect,  afterward  reflected.  Calyx  persistent,  un- 
equally 5-ckft.  Vexillum  longer  than  the  calyx.  Keel  very  short. 
Legume  4-seeded,  turgid. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  0.  March — 
May.     Sandy  fields. 

Gknus  XXIX.— MELILO'TUS.    Tourn.  16—10. 
(From  mel,  honey,  and  Zo^ms,— honey-lotus.) 

Cahjx  tubular,  campanulate,  5-tootlied,  persistent.  Petals 
deciduous.  Vexillum  longer  than  the  wings  ;  keel  petals  united, 
cohering  to  the  wings.  Style  filiform.  Legumes  coriaceous,  1 
to  few  seeded,  nearly  globose.  Leaves  trifoliate.  Flowers  in 
axillary  racemes. 

1.  M.  officina'lis,  (Willd.)  Slera  erect,  angular,  glabrous,  with  spread- 
ing branches;  leaflets  obovate,  obtuse,  remotely  serrate,  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  loose  racemes,  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal.  Legumes  2-seed- 
ed,  rugose,  acute,  ovate. — Yellow.  %.  June — Aug.  Rich  soils.  In- 
troduced.    2 — 4  feet.  Yelloio  Melilot. 

Genus  XXX.— MEDIC A'GO.     L.  16—10. 
(From  medike,  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  grass.) 

Calyx  somewhat  cylindrical,  5-cleft,  keel  of  the  corolla  bend- 
ing from  the  vexillum.  Legume  spirally  coiled,  1 -seeded,  com- 
pressed. 

1.  M.  Lupuli'na,  (L.)  Stein  procumbent,  diffuse,  assurgent,  angled, 
hairy.  Leaves  ternate,  on  short  petioles  ;  leaflets  oblong,  cuneate,  emar- 
ginate,  denticulate  near  the  summit,  luiiiy.  Flowers  in  axillary  heads. 
Legumes  reniform,  1 -seeded,  black. — Yellow.  If.  June — Aug.  Cul- 
tivated grounds.     Introduced.     6 — 12  inches. 

Tribe  V.— ASTRxVGA'LE^. 

Stamens  monadelphous.  Legume  cowimwow^,  usually  inlhited, 
and  often  2-ceired,  commonly  several-seeded.  Erect  or  decum- 
bent plants,  usually  herbaceous. 

Genus  XXXL— ASTRAG'ALUS.     L.   16—10. 

(From  the  Greek  astragalos,  vertebra;  the  seeds  in  the  pod  being  flattened  longitu- 
dinally like  vertebrae.) 

Calyx  £-toothed,  keel  obtuse.  Staiiiens  monadelphous. 
Legume  2-celled,  by  the  inflexion  of  tlie  lower  suture.  Leaves 
unequally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  numerous. 


2S6  ORDER    XLIII. LEGDMINOS^. 

1.  A.  obcorda'tus,  (Ell.)  Steyn  nearly  glabrous,  decumbent,  or  assur- 
gent ;  leaflets  15 — 25,  obcordate,  small,  on  petioles.  Flowers  in  ovate 
spikes.  Calyx  hairy,  with  subulate  teeth.  Legumes  oblong,  slightly 
curved,  acute. — White.      %.     Southern  Geo.,  Flor.     4 — 8  inches. 

2.  A.  Caxaden'sis,  (L.)  Stein  erect,  canescent,  somewhat  branched  ; 
leaflets  very  numerous,  25 — 41,  oblong,  pubescent  underneath.  Flowers 
in  compact,  elongated,  axillary  spikes  ;  peduncles  long,  bracts  subulate. 
Calyx  hairy,  teeth  subulate,  small,  corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
X6'^M?ne  terete,  glabrous,  many-seeded. — Pale  yellow.  %.  June — July. 
Mountains.     1 — 3  feet. 

3.  A.  gla'ber,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  X^a/?e;s  numerous,  15 — 
23,  small,  linear  oblong,  hairy  underneath.  Flowers  in  elongated  spikes, 
few-flowered,  3 — 6 ;  peduncles  long  as  the  calyx.  Legume  glabrous, 
acute  at  each  end,  incurved. — Whitish.  If.  April.  Low  country  of 
Georgia,      1—2  feet. 

Genus  XXXIL— PHA'CA.     L.  16—10. 
(From  the  Greek  phake,  a  lentil.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  two  upper  segments  more  remote  than  the 
others.  Keel  obtuse.  Style  smooth ;  stigma  capitate.  Le- 
yume  inflated,  1-celled.  Floivers  in  axillary  racemes.  Her- 
baceous. 

1.  P.  viLLo'sA,  (Nutt.)  A  small,  hair\'  ])lant,  procumbent.  Leaves 
unequally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  y — 17,  oval,  oblong,  petiolate,  rather  dis- 
tant. Floivers  on  peduncles  about  as  long  as  tlie  leaves,  clustered  neai 
the  summit,  8 — 20.  Segments  of  the  calyx  acute,  long,  bracts  lanceo 
late-subulate.  Legumes  villous,  sessile,  inflated.  Seeds  small,  few. — 
Yellow,     @.     April — May.     On  the  coast.     4 — 6  inches. 

Tribe  VI.-HEDYSA'RE^. 

Legume  transversely  divided  into  indehiscent,  1-seeded  joints 
Erect  or  procumbent  herbs  or  shrubs. 

Genus  XXXIIL— ZOR'NIA.     Gmcl.  16—10. 
(In  honor  of  Zorn,  a  Medical  Botanist.) 

Calyx  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  3-cleft. 
Petals  inserted  into  the  calyx  ;  vexillum  broad-cordate,  revo- 
lute  ;  keel-petals  cohering.  Stamens  monadelphous,  alternately 
shorter ;  anthers  alternately  oblong  and  globose.  Legume 
jointed,  hispid,  4 — 5  joints.  Leaves  digitate,  petioled,  stipu- 
late.    Flowers  with  2  bracts.     Perennial,  herbaceous  plants. 

1.  Z.  tetkaphyl'la.  (Mich.)  >§/««  prostrate,  branching,  diff'use.  Leaflets 
4,  lanceolate,  ulabrous.  Flowers  in  long  spikes,  5 — 9-flowered,  alternate  ; 
bracts  ovate,  5-nerved  ;  upper  segments  of  the  calyx  broad,  emargi- 
nate ;  all  tlie  segments  ciliate ;  vexillum  broad,  reniform  ;  wings 
broadly  ovate,  as  long  as  the  vexillum  ;  keel  short.  Legume  2 — 4- 
join ted,  joints  nearly  round. — Yellow.  1(.  July.  Sandy  lands.  1 — 
2  feet  long. 


OltDKU    XLIII. LI:(JL'M1.\0S.E.  287 

Genus  XXXIV.— STYLOS AN'THES.     Swartz.  16—10. 
(Greek  sVulo«,  a  style,  and  anihos,  a  flower,  from  the  flower  having  a  loog  style.) 

Calyz  tubular,  somewhat  bilabiate,  with  2  lanceolate  bracts 
at  the  base.  Corolla  inserted  into  the  calyx;  vexilluin  broad  ; 
keel  small.  Stamens  monadelphous  ;  anthers  alternaiely  lin- 
ear and  ovate.  Sf?/le  short  and  recurved.  Legume  1 — 2- 
jointed,  hooked. 

1.  S.  ela'tior,  (Swartz.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  on  one  side.  Leaves 
pinnate ;  leaflets  3,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  entire.  Leaves  around  the 
cu|titu]um  simple,  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal,  compact  capitu- 
lum,  all  sterile  but  2.  Calyx  with  the  iipper  lip  2-cleft,  the  luwer  3- 
eleft.  Legume  hooked  at  the  simimit,  1-celled.  Sterile  flowers,  fur- 
nished with  2  plumose,  lanceolate  bracts. — Yellow.  If.  May — Aug. 
Common.     10 — 15  inches. 

Genus  XXXV.— CHAPMAN'K^IA.     T.  <fe  G.  16—10. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  A.  "W.  Chapman,  Appalachicola,  Florida.) 

Calyx,  with  2  bracteoles  at  the  base ;  tube  long-  and  slender ; 
limb  5-toothed,  the  lowest  tooth  longest.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous, alternately  longer.      Ooary  sessile,  2 — 3  ovules. 

1.  C.  Flohida'na,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Hei'baceous  plant,  branched,  hirsute, 
and  viscid.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  2 — 3  pairs  of  leaflets,  each  ellip- 
tical, oblong,  nearly  glabrous  above,  hairy  and  purplish  beneath.  Sti- 
pules small.  Flcncers  in  somewhat  paniculate  racemes.  Calyz  hispid. 
Petals  nearly  equal  in  length.  Anthers  large. — Yellow.  Southern 
Florida.     2—3  feet. 

Genus  XXXVI.— ^SCHYNOM'ENE.     L.  16—10. 

(From  the  Greek  aiechuno,  to  be  ashamed,  from  the  appjirent  sensitiveness  of  tho 
leaves  of  some  of  the  species.) 

Cah/x  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip  bifid,  the  lower  3 -cleft.  Co- 
rolla inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx ;  vexillum  nearly 
round;  wings  oblong;  keel  cymbiform.  Stamens  10,  diadel- 
phous,  0  in  each  division.  Legume  compressed,  straight,  gene- 
'rally  composed  of  many  1 -seeded  joints  ;  joints  truncate,  easily 
separated.  Seeds  compressed.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.     Annual  plants. 

1.  M.  His'piDA,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  hispid,  tubercled.  Leaves  in 
many  pairs,  with  hispid  petioles ;  leaflets  linear,  obtuse  ;  stipules  sub- 
sagittate,  ovate.  Flowers  in  simple  racemes.  Calyx  bilabiate,  deeply 
divided,  the  upper  lip  bifid,  the  lower  trifid.  Corolla  much  largt-r 
than  the  calyx,  showy.  Legume  very  hispid,  6 — 10-jointed. — Yellow, 
tinged  with  red.     0.     Aug.     Along  rivers.     2 — 3  feet 

2.  M.  viscrn'uLA,  (Mich.)  Stem  prostrate,  viscidly  pubescent,  slender, 
diffuse.  Leaflets  generally  7 — 9,  obovate.  oblique,  lanceolate  Pedun- 
cles generally  2-flowered ;  bracts  like  the  stipules.  Calyx  almost 
equally  5  cleft.     Ijomentum  with  2  joints,  hispid. 


588  ORDER    XLIII.— l.EGUMINOSiE. 

Genus  XXXVIL— DESMO'DIUM.     D.  C.  16—10. 
(From  tlio  Greek  desmos,  a  band  ;  the  stamens  being  often  connected.) 

Cali/x  5-cleft,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  2-toothed,  the 
lower  lip  3-cleft  or  3-toothed,  usually  bracteolate,  bearing  the 
corolla  at  its  base.  Vexillum  nearly  round  ;  keel  obtuse. 
Stamens  10,  sometimes  partially  monadelphous,  but  usually  di- 
adelplious.  Stigma  capitate.  Legume  composed  of  several  1- 
seeded  joints,  compressed.  Leaves  usually  trifoliate.  Flowers 
becoming-  more  or  less  green  by  age.  Herbaceous  and  suffruc- 
ticose  plants.  Hedysarum^  L. 

1.  D.  nudiflo'eum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  siniple,  erect,  pubescent,  leafy  at  the 
summit.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  oval  or  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  pale 
beneath,  slightly  scabrous  above.  Flowers  in  an  elongated,  loose  pani- 
cle, on  a  leafless  stalk  or  scape  from  the  root.  Pedicels  filiform.  Calyx 
with  short  teeth,  spreading,  the  lower  tooth  longest.  Petals  nearly 
equal,  the  vexillum  marked  by  two  dark  spots  at  the  base.  Stamens 
monadelphous.  Legume  pubescent,  3 — l-jointed,  stiped. — Purple.  If. 
July — Aug.  Common  in  rich,  shatled  soils  of  middle  Geo.  6 — 12 
inches. 

2.  D.  acumina'tum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  at 
the  summit.  Leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  ovate,  nearly  orbicular,  acumi- 
nate, terminal  one  the  broadest,  on  long  petioles,  .slightly  hairy.  Flow- 
ers in  a  terminal  panicle,  with  a  very  long  naked  peduncle,  1 — 2  feet. 
Calyx  4-toothed.  Petals  nearly  equal  iu  length.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous. Legume  with  2 — 4  rounded  joints. — ^' early  white,  ot  pale  vio- 
let.    If.     June — Aug.     Common  in  shaded  places.     10 — 15  inches. 

8.  D.  CANEs'cENs,  (D,  C.)  Stem  erect,  hairy,  scabrous,  brandling, 
striate.  Leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  ovate,  tapering  at  the  apex,  pubescent 
on  both  sides,  stipulate.  Floioers  in  large  terminal,  canescent  panicles. 
Calyx  hairy,  conspicuously  bilabiate,  with  acute  segments.  Corolla 
much  larger  than  the  calyx.  Legume  large,  3 — 6-jointed,  scarcely  sti- 
ped,  truncate  at  each  end. — Violet-purple.  If.  July — Aug.  Moist 
Koils.     Common.   3 — 4  feet. 

4.  D.  cuspida'tum,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous  toward  the  base, 
scabrous  near  the  summit.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  acu- 
minate into  a  long  point.  Flowers  in  large,  sparingly-branched  pani-' 
cles,  1 — 2  feet  long  ;  bracts  large.  Calyx  5-clefr,  the  lower  segment 
long.  Corolla  large.  Stamens  diadelplious.  Legume  scabrous ;  seg- 
ments nearly  triangular,  3 — 6. — Purjilish-violet.  If.  Aug. — Sept. 
Common  on  the  banks  of  streams.     4 — 5  feet. 

5.  D.  viridiflo'rum,  (Beck.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  ternate ; 
leaflets  ovate,  obtuse,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  villous  beneath. 
Flowers  in  an  elongated,  naked  panicle.  Peduncles  scabrous.  Calyx 
hair}',  short,  the  lower  segment  longest.  Stame?is  generally  diadel- 
phous.  Legume  with  3 — 4  oblong,  triangular  joints. — Purplish.  If. 
June — Oct.     Common.     3 — 5  feet, 

6.  D.  rhoaibifo'lium,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  ternate, 
eomewhat  coriaceous ;  leaflets  rhomboidal,  obtuse,  pubescent  along  the 
veins,  rugose,  paler  beneath.     Flowers  in  compound  racemes,  scabrous; 


ORDER    XLIir. LEGUMINOS.E.  289 

bracts  small.  Calyx  with  the  lower  segment  longest.  Legume  witli  2 
— 4  joints,  hispid,  nearly  rliomboidal. — Purple.  V,.  Sept. — Oct.  On 
the  coast  of  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

V.  D.  gladel'lum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  ter- 
nate;  leaflets  small,  ovate,  obtuse,  ])ubesceiit  on  both  surfaces.  Flcm- 
ers  in  terminal,  leafy  panicles.  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  entire.  Le- 
gume with  3 — 5  reticulated,  rhomboidal,  hispid  joints. — Purple.  If. 
Aug. — Sept.     Common  in  shady  places.     2 — 3  feet. 

8.  D.  OBTu'suM,  (D.  C.)  Stan  erect,  branching,  hairy  toward  the  sum- 
mit, glabrous  below.  Leaves  ternate ;  leaflets  small,  ovate,  obtuse, 
often  slightly  cordate.  Flowers  in  terminal,  elongated,  erect  panicles  ; 
upper  lip  of  the  calyx  emarginate,  the  lower  lanceolate.  Leyujne  with 
2 — 3  hispid,  nearly  orbicular,  reticulate  joints. — Purple.  %.  Sept. — 
Oct.     In  dry  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet     ©.    D.  Marilandium,  Boott. 

9.  D.  cilia're,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  ternate,  on 
short,  hairy  petioles  ;  leaflets  small,  ovate,  pubescent  underneath,  cili- 
ate,  somewhat  coriaceous.  Flowers  in  a  terminal,  racemose  panicle 
Calyx  hairy,  upper  lip  shortest,  mostly  entire.  Legumes  with  2 — 3 
nearly  round,  reticulate  joints. — Purple,  If.  Sept. — Oct.  In  sandy 
soils.     2 — 3  foet. 

10.  D.  rig'idum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  with  rigid  pu- 
bescence toward  the  summit,  sti'iate.  Leaves  ieriiixiQ  ;  leaflets  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate,  hairy  underneath;  petioles  hairy.  Flowers 
small,  in  long,  erect,  paniculate  racemes.  Calyx  with  acute  segments. 
Legumes  \iit\\  2 — 3  hispid  joints. — Purple.  2^.  Aug. — Sept.  In  dry 
soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

11.  D.  stric'tum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  generally  simple,  or  branching 
toward  the  summit,  slender,  pubescent,  or  glabrous.  Leaves  ternate  ; 
leaflets  linear,  elongated,  coriaceous,  reticulate,  glabrous,  or  slightly 
pubescent.  Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  few-flowered,  on 
slender  pedicels;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  emarginate,  shorter  than  the 
lower.  Legume  1 — 2-jointed  ;  joints  scmi-obovate,  hispid. — Purple,  green 
at  the  base.     IX.    Aug. — Sept.     In  pine-barrens.     3 — 4  feet 

12.  D.  panicula'tum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  slender,  hairy 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  or  lin- 
ear-lanceolate or  oval,  slightly  hairy,  and  paler  beneath  ;  margins  rev- 
olute.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes,  with  long,  slender  iJedieels; 
upper  lip  of  the  calyx  emarginate,  much  shorter  than  the  lower.  Xc- 
gume  usually  5-jointed,  pubescent ;  joints  somewhat  triangular. — Pur- 
ple.     2f.     Aug. — Sept.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

13.  D.  rotun'Difo'lium,  (D.  C.)  Stern  angular,  pro-trate,  hirsute, 
branching,  geniculate.  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  large,  orbicular,  pubes- 
cent, ciliate.  Flowers  in  axillary,  paniculate  racemes.  Calyx  nearly 
equally  4-cleft.  Legumes  hispid,  with  8 — 5  rhomboidal  joints,  hispid. — 
Pale  purple  or  nearly  white.  %.  Aug. — Sept.  In  dry  soils.  Connnon. 
2—4  feet. 

14.  D.  lixea'tum,  (D.  C.)  Stevi  creeping,  angled,  striate.  Leaves 
ternate,  on  very  short  petioles  ;  leaflets  nearly  round,  small,  almost 
glabrous  ;  stipules  persistent,  subulate.  Flowers  in  loose,  tormina!, 
elongated  panicles ;  upj^er  lip  of  the  calyx  2-cleft,  lower  one  3-cleft, 
with  the  middle  segment  longest.  Legumes  sessile,  hispid,  generally 
with  3  joints,  which  are  nearly  orbicular.—  ~  ' 
Sept.     Near  Culloden,  Geo.     0 — 15  inches. 

13 


290  ORDER   XLIIL LEGUAHNOS^. 

Genus  XXXVIII.— LESPEDE'ZA.     Mich.  16— JIJi 

(In  honor  of  Lespedez,  Governor  of  Florida.) 

Calyx  5-deft,  with  nearly  equal  segments,  with  2  bracteolej 
at  the  base.  Corolla  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx  ;  vex- 
illum  unguiculate,  oblong,  or  nearly  round,  generally  with  an 
appendage  at  the  base  ;  keel  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  wings,  on 
long  claws  ;  wings  straight.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Stigma 
capitate.  Legume  lenticular,  flat,  unarmed,  1-seeded.  Peren- 
nial or  suffructicose  plants,  with  ternate,  reticulated  leaves. 

{a.)  Flowers  of  two  kinds.  Some  with  all  the  organs  perfectly  developed  appa- 
rently, but  seldom  perfecting  their  fruit.  Others  perfecting  their  fruit,  but  generally 
destitute  of  corolla  and  stamens.  Both  kinds  may  be  on  the  same  plant;  the  fertile 
ones  usually  occupying  a  lower  situation  than  the  others. 

1.  L.  procum'bkns,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent,  toraentose,  slender. 
Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  oval,  emarginate,  very  pubescent.  Flowers  on 
axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  slightly  bilabiate,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
Legume  nearly  round,  pubescent. — Purple.  2^.  Aug. — Oct.  In  dry 
soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  L.  re'pens,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  prostrate,  nearl}^  glabrou.'s.  Leaves 
ternate,  on  short  petioles  ;  leaflets  obovate,  elliptical,  slightly  pubescent 
on  the  under  surface.  Floioers  on  axillary,  fiiiform  peduncles.  Legumes 
minutely  pubescent,  nearly  round. — Purple.  If.  Aug. — Oct.  In  dry, 
sandy  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  L,  sessilflo'ra,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent.  Leaves 
ternate  ;  leaflets  elliptic,  sprinkled  with  hairs,  mucronate.  Flowers  in 
small,  nearly  sessile  clusters,  sometimes  in  small  racemes.  Ca/_ya;  hairy. 
Legumes  pubescent,  mucronate,  ov<ite. — Pale  violet.  IX.  Sept,  Dry, 
eandy  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  L.  Stu'vei,  (Nutt.)  Steyn  simple  or  branching,  erect,  pubescent. 
Leaves  ternate,  tomentose  ;  leaflets  oval  or  nearly  round.  Flowers  in 
axillary  racemes  or  spikes,  few-flowered.  Peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Legumes  pubescent,  ovate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. —  2^. 
Sept.     Dry,  sandy  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

h.     Flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile,  in  dejise  oblong  or  nearly  globose 
spikes. 

5.  L.  hir'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  whole  plant  pubescent. 
Leaves  ternate,  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  nearly  orbicular  or  obovate,  cov- 
ered with  soft  pubescence.  Floicers  in  axillary,  oblong  spikes.  Pedun- 
cles long.  Calyx  hairy,  with  narrow,  lanceolate  segments.  Petals 
nearly  equal,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Vexillum  with  a  purple  spot 
in  the  center.  Legume  hairy,  oval,  swollen. — Nearly  white  or  hght 
yellowish-brown.     If.     Sept.     Common.     3 — 4  feet. 

6.  L.  capita'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  scarcely  branched. 
Leaves  ternate,  on  short  petioles  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  obtuse,  pubescent. 
Flowers  in  dense,  axillary,  capitate  spikes.  Peduncles  short.  Calyx 
hairy,  3-nerved.  Vexillum  with  a  purple  spot  near  the  base.  Leguyne 
oval,  pubescent. — White.  IX.  Aug. — Sept.  Middle  Car.  and  Gea 
4—6  feet. 


ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMIN0SJ2.  291 

7.  L.  angustifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
the  leaflets  vary  from  elliptical-oblong  to  linear;  are  smaller  than  tlio^o 
of  the  L.  capitata. — Grows  through  middle  and  southern  Car.  and  Geo. 
4—5  feet. 

The  two  preceding  f!;enera  are  exoeeillngly  perplexing  in  arranging  descriptions  even 
of  well-known  species,  from  the  frequent  variation?  produced  by  ditlerent  circum- 
stances;  and  were  we  to  disregard  these  variations,  and  describe  tlie  specimens  as  va- 
rieties or  distinct  species,  we  siiould  multiply  the  species  and  varieties  to  an  indeflnite 
extent.  We  have  given  descriptions  of  those  whicii  are  well-established  species.  We 
have  little  doubt  that  there  are  other  species,  when  sufficiept  examination  shall  hav« 
determined  their  characteristics. 

Genus  XXXIX.— AR'ACHIS.     L.  16—10. 
(From  a,  privative,  and  rachia,  a  branch,  having  no  branches.) 

Calyx  bilabiate.     Legume  gibbous,  torulose,  veiny,  woody. 

1.  A.  hypog^'a,  (L.)  Stem  pilose,  procumbent.  Leaves  abruptly 
pinnate.  Flowers  axillary.  Peduncles  becoming  elongated,  and  de- 
posit the  legume  under  ground  to  ripen. — Yellow.  0.  Native  of 
South  America.  Cultivated  extensively  in  some  parts  of  the  Southern 
States.  Peanut.     Ground  Pea.      Guber. 

Tribe  VII.— GENISTE'^. 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous  ;  anthers  of  two  forms.  Legume 
continuous.  Leaves  simple  or  palraately  compound.  Herbs  or 
shrubs. 

Genus  XL.— CROTALA'RIA.     L.  1G— 10. 

(Greek  krotalon,  a  castanet.  In  allusion  to  the  rattling  of  the  seeds  in  the  pod.) 

Calyx  slightly  bilabiate,  5-cleft.  Vexilluin  cordate,  large  ; 
keel  generally  acuminate  ;  wings  somewhat  plicate  toward  the 
base.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  tube  cleft  on  the  upper  side  ; 
the  5  alternate  anthers  smaller.  Legume  pedicellate,  turgid. 
Seeds  reniform.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  yellow  flowers. 

1.  C.  sagitta'lis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  liirsuto.  Leaves  simple, 
nearly  sessile,  oval,  or  oblong-lanceolate;  stipules  decurrent,  acumi- 
nate, sagittate.  Flowers  on  rather  short,  few-flowered  peduncle.*,  oj^po- 
site  the  leaves.  Corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  shorter.  Lrgume 
inflated,  nearly  black  when  matirre.  Seeds  small,  smooth,  and  !«hiiiing; 
when  ripe,  rattling  in  the  capsule. — Yellow.  0.  April — July.  Ctun- 
mon.      8 — 12  inches.  liatlle-box. 

2.  C.  parviflo'ra,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute,  branching.  Leaves 
linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  ses.sile,  lower  ones  broader  than  the 
upper,  upper  stipules  decurrent.  Peduncles  oppo.-^ite  tlie  leaves,  3 — 7- 
flowered;  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  shorter. — Yellow.  IC. 
April — July.     In  shady  soils,  Mid.  Car.  aiid  Geo.     10 — 20  inche.*. 

O.  Pursh  a,  D.  C. 

3.  C.  ova'lis,  (Pursh.)  Stem  diffuse,  decumbent,  branching,  hairy. 
Leaves  oval,  petiolate ;  stipules  small,  or  wanting,  sliglitly  decurrent. 
Flowers  in  racemes,  oppo.>^ite  the  leaves,  corolla  equaling  the  calyx. 
Legume  slightly  stipitate. — Yellow.  2^.  April — July.  Common  io 
dry  sandy  soils.     G — 12  inches. 


292  ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMINOS^. 


Genus  XLL— LUPI'KUS.     Tourn.  16—10. 
(A  name  given  by  Pliny  ;  origin  doubtful.) 

Calyx  distinctly  bilabiate,  upper  lip  usually  2-cleft,  tlie  lower 
entire  or  3-cleft.  Vexillum  with  reflexed  margins;  winfrs  uni- 
ted  at  the  summit ;  keel  falcate,  acuminate.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous  ;  alternate  anthers  oblong-,  the  others  round.  Legume 
coriaceous,  slightly  compressed.  Herbaceous  plants  with  pal- 
mate or  simple  leaves. 

1.  L.  pehen'nis,  (L.)  Root  creeping.  Stem  pubescent,  striate,  pro- 
cumbent, branching.  Leaflets  7 — 9,  obovate,  shghtly  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  in  long,  loose  racemes ;  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  gibbous  at  the 
base,  lateral  segments  of  the  lower  lip  setaceous.  Petah  nearly  equal ; 
vexillum  spotted.  Legume  hirsute. — Bluish-violet.  11.  April — May. 
Common  in  sandy  soils.     12 — 15  inches.  Wild  Lupine. 

2.  L.  viLLo'sus,  (Willd.)  Stem  clothed  with  a  dense  silky  pubescence, 
decumbent.  Leaves  simple,  large,  lance-oblong,  on  long  hairy  petioles. 
Flotoers  in  long  dense  spikes  ;  calyx  bracteolate.  Legumes  woolly,  ob- 
long, 4 — 5-seeded. — Reddish-purple.  5.  April — May.  Common. 
10 — 15  inches. 

3.  L.  DiFFu'sus,  (Nutt.)  Stem  decumbent,  diffuse,  villous.  Leaves 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  on  short  petioles,  destitute  of  hairs.  Resembles 
in  other  respects  the  preceding  species. — Blue.  If.  April — May. 
Sand-hills  of  Car.  and  Geo.     10 — 15  inches. 


Tribe  VIII.— SOPHOT.EJE. 

Stamens  10,  distinct;  anthers  uniform.  Ze^ztme  continuous, 
sometimes  moniliform,  but  not  jointed. 

Gents  XLII.— BAPTIS'IA.     Vent.  10—1. 
(From  the  Greek  bapto,  to  dye;  some  of  the  species  being  used  for  dyeing.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  campanulate  or  bilabiate.  Vexillum  nearly 
orbicular,  emarginate,  reflexed;  wings  about  equal  in  length  to 
the  vexillum,  oblong.  Keel  slightly  curved,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  wings.  Petals  slightly  united.  Stamens  separate,  decidu- 
ous. Legume  stipitate,  manj^-seeded,  ventricose.  Floivers  in 
terminal  racemes,  or  axillary  and  solitary.  Perennial  herba- 
ceous plants. 

1.  B.  perfolia'ta,  (Br.)  Stem  glabrous,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves 
perfoliate,  orbicular  or  oval,  glaucous,  entire,  i^/owers  solitary,  axillary, 
small.  Legume  large,  inflated.  Seeds  small,  reniform. — Yellow,  if. 
May — July.     In  dry,  sandy  soils,  middle  Car.  and  Geo. 

2.  B.  lanceola'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  pubescent,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous, 
branching.  Leaves  ternate,  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  cuneate-lanccolate, 
obtuse,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  puberulent  on  the  lower.  Floxv- 
ers  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  terminal  racemes.     Legume  large,  somewhat 


ORDER   XLIIl. — LliGUMINOS^.  293 

globose,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  generally  villous. — Yellow.     U-     A\n]\ — 
May.     In  dry  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

3.  B.  tincto'ria,  (Br.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  ternate,  nearly  ses- 
sile; leaflets  obovate.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  few.  Legumen 
small,  glabrous,  on  long  stipes. — Yellow.  2^.  June — Aug.  Common 
in  dry  soils.     1 — 2  feet.  Wild  Indigo 

4.  B.  austra'lis,  (Br.)  Stem  glabrous,  somewhat  decumbent.  Leaves 
ternate,  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  cuneiform,  obtuse.  Stipules  often  per- 
sistent, lanceolate.  Flowers  in  long  racemes,  large,  vexillum  shorter 
than  the  wing.  Legumes  large,  acuminate,  oblong. — Blue.  If.  June 
— July.     In  moist  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

5.  B.  viLLo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem  villous,  pubescent,  branched.  Leaves 
ternate,  nearly  sessile  ;  leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  or  slightly  cuneate, 
pubescent  when  young,  afterward  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.  Flowers  in 
terminal  elongated  racemes.  Pedicels  erect.  Bracts  subulate.  Calyx 
4-cleft,  with  appressed  hairs.  Corolla  4-cleft.  Legumes  oblong,  woolly. 
—Grayish.     If.    June — July.     Middle  Geo,     2 — 3  feet. 

6.  B.  al'ba,  (Br.)  Stern  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  ternate,  on 
slender  petioles;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cuneate,  obtuse.  Flowers  in  elon- 
gated racemes.  Pedicels  filiform.  Cali/x  4-cleft,  segments  .short,  upper 
one  emarginate.  Legwnes  cylindrical,  inflated.  Seeds  small. — White. 
If.     March — April     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

7.  B.  bractea'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  pubescent,  branching  from  the  base  ; 
branches  divaricate.  Leaves  ternate  on  short  petioles  or  sessile  ;  leaflets 
lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate.  Stipules  large,  foliaceous,  persistent.  Flow- 
ers large,  in  declined,  many-flowered  racemes.  Pedicels  long,  drooping. 
Bracts  like  the  stipules.  Calyx  4-cleft,  the  upper  one  broadest  and 
emarginate.  Legume  inflated,  villou.s. — Grayish.  If.  April — Mav. 
Middle  Geo.     1—2  feet.  B.  leucophcea,  Nutt 

The  bapiisins  are  quite  conspicuous  anions:  the  flowering  plants  of  tlie  early  part  of 
summer.  The -ff.  t«it'<c/-/«  pos.sesses  valuable  properties.  It  is  decidedly  anti.'^eptic, 
and,  on  this  account,  is  used  in  cases  approaching  mortification,  either  internally,  or 
applied  to  the  surface  in  the  form  of  cataplasms,  as  the  case  requires.  It  is  an  emetic 
and  cathartic  in  large  doses,  but  in  small  ones  is  a  mild  laxative.  The  root  is  the  part 
generally  used,  but  the  whole  i)lant  is  said  to  ptissess  similar  properties. 

Genus  XLIIL— SOPIl'ORA.     L.  10—10. 
(From  sophero,  an  Arabic  name  of  a  tree.) 

Cahjx  campanulate,  obliquely  truncate.  Vexillum  obovate 
or  roundish,  equal  in  length  with  the  otber  petals.  Ovary 
nearly  sessile,  linear;  ovules  numerous.  Legume  moniliform, 
indebiscent. 

1.  S.  TOMENTo'sA,  (L.)  A  tree.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  15 — 19, 
roundish-oval,  obtuse,  caneseently  tomentose  on  the  under  side.  Flow- 
ers in  racemes,  vexillum  emarginate. — Yellow.    ^2  .     Tampa  Bay,  Flo 

Genus  XLIV.— CLADRAS'TRIS.     Raf.   16—10. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  campanulate,  5-tootlied.  Petals  on  rather 
long  claws  ;  vexillum  large,  roundish,  entire.     Stajnens  distinct. 


294  ORDER    XLIII. LEGUMINOSJS. 

Ovary  stipitate,  linear,  pubescent.     Legume  4 — 6-seecled.     In- 
florescence terminal. 

1.  C.  tincto'ria,  (Raf.)  A  tree  with  yellow  wood.  Leaves  pinnate; 
leaflets  7 — 11,  usually  alternate,  broadly  oval,  the  terminal  one  rliom- 
boid  ovate.  Flowers  resembling  the  locust.  Legumes  flat. — Whi'e.  ^  . 
West  Tennessee.     20 — 40  feet.  Yellow  ivood. 

Genus  XLV.— CER^CIS.     L.  10-1. 
(From  the  Greek  kerkis,  a  shuttlecock ;  a  name  given  by  Theophrastus.) 

Calyx  5-toothed,  campanulate,  gibbous  at  the  base.  Petals 
distinct  ;  vexillum  smaller  than  the  wings ;  keel  larger  than  the 
wings,  composed  of  two  distinct  petals.  Stajnens  distinct,  un- 
equal. Legume  compressed,  many-seeded,  oblong,  acute,  on  a 
short  stipe.  Trees  with  simple  leaves,  flowering  before  putting 
forth  leaves. 

1.  C.  Caxaden'sis,  (L.)  a  small  tree,  with  smooth  bark,  and  some 
what  geniculate  branches.  Leaves  broad-cordate,  acuminate,  villous 
along  the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  pubes- 
cent at  the  margin.  One  of  the  most  ornamental  trees  of  our  forests. — 
Rose-color.     "^ .     March.     Common.     15 — 20  feet. 

Bed-bud.     Judas-tree. 

Tribe  IX.— CAS'SIE^. 

Corolla  not  papilionaceous,  but  generally  irregular.  Stamens 
usually  10,  distinct.  Legume  continuous.  Leaves  pinnate  or 
bipinnate. 

Genus  XLYI— CAS'SIxV.     L.  10—1. 
(Tke  name  given  by  Dioscorides.) 

Calyx  5-sepaled;  sepals  slightly  united  at  the  base,  generally 
unequal.  Petals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  unequal,  the  three  upper 
sterile.  Legume  ligneous,  terete,  or  compressed,  sometimes 
with  several  transverse  partitions.  Mostly  annual  plants,  with 
pinnate  leaves. 

1.  C.  TORA,  (Walt.)  Stem  glabrous,  or  slightly  sprinkled  with  hair, 
branching.  Leaflets  in  3  pairs,  obovate,  obtuse,  slightly  mucronate,  a 
little  pubescent  on  the  under  surface  when  young,  a  gland  between  the 
lower  pair.  Stipules  ciliate.  Sepals  obtuse,  ciliate,  5-nerved.  Petals 
emarginate,  3-nerved,  obovate.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  petals,  un- 
equal. Anthers  dehiscing  by  two  pores  at  the  apex.  Legume  compressed 
or  terete,  many-celled  by  transverse  partitions,  long.  Seeds  numerous, 
reniform. — Yellow.     ©.     Aug. — Oct.     Common.     3 — 4  feet. 

C.  obtusi folia,  L. 

2.  C.  occidenta'hs,  (L.)  Ste7n  erect,  glabrous,  branching,  or  simple. 
Leaflets  in  5  pairs,  occasionally  3  or  6  pairs,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
eJightly  ciliate,  acuminate,  unequal  at  the  base,  and  serrulate  ;  gland  at 
the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flozcers  in  axillary  racemes,  few.  Legumes 
long,  glabrous,  many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed,  nearly  ovaL — Yellow. 
0      July — through  the  summer.     4 — 6  feet.  Styptic-weed. 


OKDEK    XLIIl. Li:Ol'MINOS.'E.  Wo 

0.  C.  Marii.an'dioa,  (L.)  Stan  glabrous,  or  covered  with  scattered 
hairs.  Tjeajitts  in  about  8  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  ciliate,  mu- 
cronate ;  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  short  axillary 
ractmes,  numerous,  paniculate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Lajumes 
curved,  linear,  pubescent,  or  glabrous. — Yellow.  0.  June — August. 
On  the  banks  of  streams.     3 — 4  feet. 

4.  C.  CiiAM.ECRitt'TA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  or  somewhat  decumbent,  Avith 
divaricate,  hirsute,  and  scabrous  branches.  Leaflets  in  10 — 15  pairs, 
glabrous,  oblique,  oval,  narrow,  mueronute,  glaucous  beneath,  serrulate  ; 
petiole  hirsute,  with  a  cup-like  gland  near  the  base  of  the  lowest  pair 
of  leaflets.  Floioers  in  supra-axillary  fascicles.  Stamens  all  fertile,  a 
part  of  the  petals  spotted  at  the  base,  4  of  the  anthers  yellow,  6  pur- 
ple. Legumes  villous,  linear.  The  C.  fasciculata  is  considered  only  a 
variety  of  this  ;  differing  from  it  in  being  nearly  glabrous,  anthers  all 
yellow,  petals  not  spotted  at  the  base. — Yellow.  @.  Aug. — Sept. 
Common.     1 — 2  feet 

5.  C.  NiCTiTANs',  (L.)  Stetn  erect  or  procumbent,  pubescent  when 
young,  glabrous  when  old.  Leaflets  in  10 — 15  pairs,  linear,  mucronate, 
gibbous  at  the  base;  gland  below  the  base  of  the  leaflets.  Flowers  in 
supra-axillary  fascicles,  small ;  petals  unequal ;  stamens  5  ;  anthers 
purple.  Legumes  somewhat  hairy,  oblong,  compressed. — Yellow.  0. 
Aug. — Oct.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  C.  As'PERA,  (Ell.)  Stem  hirsute,  with  spreading  hairs,  with  erect 
branch's.  Leaflets  numerous,  in  10 — 15  pairs,  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate, 
gland  near  the  base  of  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets.  Flowers  on  supra- 
axillary  ]^eduneles,  generally  3  on  each  peduncle;  stamens  7 — 9,  un- 
equal. Legume  compressed,  obtuse,  mucronate,  hirsute. — Yellow.  0. 
July — Sept.     Common  in  the  low  country.     1 — 3  feet. 

The  C.  Marilandica,  a  plant  very  common  tlironghout  tlie  Southern  States,  and 
known  by  the  name  of  American  Senna,  possesses  the  properties  of  the  imported  Sen- 
na, whirh  is  from  plants  indigenous  to  Ejrypt  and  Arabia,  and  is  the  product  of  several 
species  of  Cassia.  It  is  a  mild  cathartic,  owing  this  effect  to  a  substance  obtained  by 
the  analysis  of  Lassaigne,  and  called  Cathnrtin. 

Genus  XLVII— GLEDIT'SCHIA.     K  20—6. 
(In  honor  of  Gleditsch.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polyganious.  Calyx  consisting  of  3 — 5 
— ^8  sepals,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sep- 
als, or  fewer.  Stamens  generally  equal  the  sepals,  occasionally 
fewer  by  abortion.  Stigma  pubescent.  Legume  compressed, 
stipitate.  Seeds  oval,  testa  crustaceous.  Trees  with  pinnate 
leaves,  and  generally  spiny  branches. 

1.  G.  trtacan'thos,  (L.)  A  large  tree,  wood  hard,  generally  bearing 
compound  spines.  Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  glabrous, 
sliglitly  creuulate  near  the  summit.  Flower^  in  axillary  racemes.  Le- 
gumes falcate,  12 — 14  inches  long,  slightly  twisted,  mucronate,  many- 
seeded  ;  the  spaces  between  the  cells  of  tlie  seed  filled  wiih  a  sweet 
pulp. — Greeuioh.    "^  .     May.     In  rich  soils.     60 — 60  feet. 

Honeij  Locust.     Swcft  Locust. 

2.  G.  monosper'ma,  (Walt )  A  tree  armed  on  tlie  trunk  and  bnmrhes 
with  spines.     Leaves  equally  and  compoundly  pinnate;  leafU>f>  nunier- 


296  ORDER   XLIII. LEGUMmOS^. 

ous,  glabrous,  small,  oval.  Flowers  in  small,  axillary  racemes.  Legumes 
oval,  compressed,  destitute  of  pulp,  1-seeded. — Greenish.  "^ .  July. 
Mid.  Car.  and  Geo.,  in  swamps.     40 — 50  feet.  Water  Locust. 

Sub-order  II.— MIMO'SE^. 

Sepals  and  petals  regular,  the  latter  hypogynous.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  petals,  or  numerous ;  inserted  into  the  base  of 
the  corolla.     Leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate. 

Genus  XLYIIL— MIMO'SA.     Adans.  15—10. 
(Greek  mimes,  a  mimic ;  the  leaves  of  some  species  mimic  animal  sensibility.) 

Flowers  polygamous.  CqIt/x  4 — 5-toothed,  or  entire,  urceo- 
late.  Petals  4 — 5,  united  into  a  somewhat  campanulate  corolla 
with  a  4 — 5-cleft  border.  Stamens  4 — 15,  exserted,  inserted 
into  the  base  of  the  corolla,  sometimes  monadelphous  at  the 
base,  but  generally  distinct.  Herbaceous  plants.  Floioers  in 
globose  heads,  rose-color.     Leaves  pinnate,  sensitive. 

1.  M.  STRiGiLLo'sA,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  prostrate,  diffuse,  slightly  prietly, 
Xeaves  pinnate,  10 — 15  pairs;  leaflets  oblong-linear,  glabrous,  with  the 
under  surface  sometimes  strigose,  falcate.  Flowers  in  heads,  on  long 
peduncles.  Legumes  1 — 3-jointed,  when  more  than  1-jointed  oblong, 
when  1-jointed  ovate, — Rose-color,    y.     July — Aug.     Flor,,  Louisiana, 

Genus  XLIX.— SCHRANK'IA.     Willd.  15—10. 
(In  honor  of  Schrank,  a  German  botanist.) 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  5-toothed,  minute.  Petals  5, 
united  into  an  infundibuliform  corolla.  Stamens  8 — 12,  dis- 
tinct or  monadelphous.  Legume  1-celled,  many-seeded,  4- 
valved.  Prickly,  herbaceous  plants,  with  bipinnate,  sensitive 
leaves.     Floiuers  in  spherical  heads,  on  axillary  peduncles. 

1.  S.  ukcixa'ta,  (Willd.)  Stem  procumbent,  or  running  over  other 
objects,  armed  with  uncinate  prickles,  grooved  or  angled.  Leaflets  nu- 
merous, oblong-oval,  reticulated  beneath.  Flowers  generally  in  solitary 
heads,  peduncles  axillary.  Legumes  rugose,  acuminate,  oblong-linear, 
somewhat  4-sided,  or  terete.  Seeds  elliptical. — Rose-color.  If.  May 
— July.     Common.     1 — 4  feet. 

A  beautiful  plant  when  cultivated  and  trained ;  its  sensitive  leaves  and  beautiful 
heads  of  pink  flowers,  distinguish  it  as  a  subject  of  attention.  Its  abundance,  however 
prevents  that  care  being  bestowed  upon  it,  which  it  would  otherwise  receive  from 
the  hand  of  the  florist. 

Genus  L.— DARLINGTO'NIA.     D.  C.  15—5. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Darlington  of  Penn.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5> 
distinct.  Stamens  5,  distinct.  Legume  lanceolate,  compressed, 
4 — 6 -seeded. 


ORDER  XLIV. ROSACEA.  297 

1.  D.  BRAcnvLo'BA,  (D.  C.)  Slcm  glabrous,  unarmed.  Leaves  bipin 
Dcate,  6 — 14  pairs  of  linear  leaflt'ts,  numerou.-*,  wit,li  a  gland  at  the  base 
of  each  pair,  or  only  at  the  lowest  pair.  Flowcm  in  axillary  heads 
Z7/?w;<i'«  crowded,  by  abortion  often  1 — 2-seeded. — White,  y.  I'lor 
ida  and  Southwestern  States.     1 — 3  feet. 

Genus  LI.— ACA'CIA.     Necker.  15—10. 
(From  flc,  a  point,  and  akazo,  to  sharpen,  many  of  the  species  having  thorns.) 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Petals  slightly 
united  at  the  base.  Stamens  10,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the 
corolla.  Legume  1-celled,  many-seeded.  Plants  with  bipin- 
nate  leaves  ;  leaflets  numerous.     Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes. 

1.  A.  lute' A,  (Leav.)  Stem  herbaceous,  procumbent,  unarmed,  pu 
bescent,  with  angular  branches ;  stipules  nearly  subulate,  petioles  with- 
out glands.  Leaflets  linear-oblong,  ciliate.  Floicers  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles, in  oblong  heads;  calyx  deeply  cleft;  petals  ovate-acute.  Legumes 
stipitate,.  compressed,  about  half  an  inch  long. — Yellow.  11.  Ala.  and 
Lou. 

Genus  LIL— VACHEL'LIA.     W.  &  Am. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Flowers  polygamous.  Petals  united, 
forming  a  5 — 6-toothed  corolla.  Stamens  numerous,  distinct. 
Legume  cylindrical,  turgid,  filled  with  pulp.  Seeds  in  a  double 
row. 

1.  V.  Faunesia'na,  (W.  <fe  Arn.)  A  small  tree,  with  stipular  spines. 
Leaves  bipinnate  ;  leaflets  numerous.  Flowers  in  globular  heads.  Pe- 
duncles axillary.     Yields  gum. — Yellow.    ^  .     Flor.  and  Lou. 

The  Order  Leguminosa3  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  important.  It  yields  to 
medicine  and  the  arts  its  full  proportion  of  the  substances  derived  from  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  In  the  Pea  and  Bean  it  affords  two  important  articles  of  food,  and  in  point 
of  beauty  many  of  its  productions  are  scarcely  rivalled.  Among  tho  most  importint 
articles  of  the  Materia  Medica  derived  from  this  order  are  the  gums  Tragacanth.^ 
Arabic,  and  Kino ;  Senna,  Tamarind,  Catechu,  from  a  species  of  Acacia;  Dragon's 
Blood,  Cowhage,  from  the  Dolichos  pruriens ;  and  Balsam  Copai\  a  and  Tola.  To  the 
arts  it  affords  Indi^'o,  Logwood,  Rosewood,  a  sptjcies  of  Mimosa,  Sandal-wood,  &0.; 
as  food  for  men  and  animals,  tlie  Pea,  the  Bean,  Clover,  Lucerne,  Jco. 

Order  XLIV.— ROSA'CEJE. 

Se2Mls  usually  5,  more  or  less  united,  persistent.  Petals  5, 
perigynous,  occasionally  absent.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted 
into  the  lining  of  the  calyx.  Ovaries  solitary  or  several,  some- 
times united  with  the  calyx  or  with  each  other.  Seeds  anatro- 
pous.     Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  simple,  or  compound. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Calyx  inferior 2 

Calyx  superior 12 

2.  Ovary  solitary 8 

Ovaries  more  than  1 .* 5 

3.  Style  arising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary Chryaobalanus,  I 

Style  terminal 4 

13* 


298  ORDER   XLIV.— ROSACEA. 

i.  Flowers  in  spikes Sanguuorla,  9 

Flowers  in  umbels Frunus,  2 

Flowers  in  racemes Cera-ncs,  4 

5.  Ovaries  2—6 6 

Ovaries  more  than  6 9 

6.  Leaves  simple,  undivided Spiroea,  5 

Leaves  lobed  or  compound 7 

7.  Flowers  white Gillenia,  6 

Flowers  yellow 8 

8.  Flowers  on  a  scape Waldsteinia,  8 

Flowers  on  a  peduncle Agrimonia,  10 

9.  Flowers  yello-«' Potentilla,  11 

Flowers  not  yellow 10 

10.  Eeceptacle  dry Geum^  7 

Eeceptacle  fleshy 11 

11.  Carpels  inclosed  by  the  receptacle Roi^a,  14 

Carpels  imbedded  in  the  receptacle Fi  agnHa,  13 

Carpels  pulpy liubus.  13 

12.  Thorny  shrubs Crategus,  15 

Unarmed  shrubs  or  small  trees 13 

13.  Flowers  in  racemes Amelanchier,  17 

Flowers  not  in  racemes Pyrus,  16 

Sub-Order  L— CHRYSOBALA'NE^. 
Calyx  inferior.     Petals  and  stamens  more  or  less  irregular. 
Fruit  a  drupe. 

Genus  1.— CHRYSOBAL'ANUS.     L.  11—1. 
(From  the  Greek  diriisos,  gold,  and  Valanos,  an  acorn,  in  reference  to  its  yellow  fruit.) 

Calyx  5-eleft,  persistent,  campanulate,  with  nearly  equal  seg- 
ments. Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  those  next  the  ovary 
usually  shortest  and  sterile ;  ovary  sessile  ;  ovules  2.  Fruit  a 
drupe,  with  very  little  pulp,  1-seeded.  Shrubs  with  flowers  iu 
terminal  or  axillary  paniculate  cymes. 

1.  C.  oblongifo'lius,  (Mich.)  Stem  slender,  prostrate,  branching. 
Leaves  nearly  sessile,  oblong,  or  lanceolate-oblong,  slightly  crenulate, 
glabrous,  or  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  small,  terminal.  Petals 
nearly  round.  Fruit  oblong,  about  1  inch  in  length. — White.  '^ .  May 
— June.     Geo.  and  Ala.     1 — 2  feet. 

Sub-Order  II.— AMYGDA'LE.E. 
Calyx  inferior.     Fruit  a  drupe,   1-seeded.     Bark  yielding 
gum. 

Genus  II.— PRU'NUS.    Tom-n.  11—1. 
(Ancient  name  of  the  Plum.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  somew^hat  urceolate.  Petals  spreading,  un- 
guiculate.  Stamens  numerous.  Ovary  with  2  pendulous 
ovules,  glabrous.  Fruit  an  ovate  drupe,  fleshy,  with  a  com- 
pressed nucleus,  having  grooved  margins.  Small  trees  and 
shrubs.  Leaves  with  a  convolute  vernation,  senate.  Flowers 
usually  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Plum, 


ORDER   XLIV. — KOSACEzt:.  299 

1.  P.  America 'na,  (Marsh.)  Stem  emootb,  with  long,  flexible  branch- 
es ;  the  old  briuiches  somewhat  rough  and  thorny.  Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  veined  beneath;  petioles  with 
two  glands,  nearly  glabrous  when  old.  Flowers  in  umbels,  2 — 5.  Seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  lanceolate.  Fruit  a  roundish  drupe,  reddish  whtn 
ripe,  large,  with  a  tough  skin. — White.  ^  .  March  and  April.  Along 
the  banks  of  streams.     15 — 20  feet.  Yellow  Plum.     Red  Plum. 

2.  P.  Chica'sa.  Branches  thorny.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate.  Umbels  2 — 3-flowered  ;  calyx  usually  gla 
brous,  sometimes  pubescent.     Drupe  globose,  red.        Chickasaw  Plum 

3.  P.  mariti'ma,  (Wang.)  A  low  shrub.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acu 
minate,  finely  serrate.  Umbels  few-flowered.  Fruit  nearly  globular 
covered  with  bloom,  red  or  purple;  pleasant  to  the  taste. — White.  '^  . 
March  and  April.     On  the  sea-coast. 

Genus  III.— AMYG'D ALUS.     Tonrn.  11—1. 
(From  the  Greek  amtisso,  to  lacerate,  in  allusion  to  the  appearance  of  the  stem.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior.     Petals  5.     Fruit  a  drupe.       Peach. 

1.  A.  Per'sica,  (L.)  Zeai-es  hmceolate,  serrate  ;  serratures  acute.  Flouh 
er«  sessile,  solitary. — Red.  ^.  Feb. — March.  Tlie  Flowering  Almond 
is  the  A.  nana. 

Genus  IV.— CER'ASUS.     Juss.  11—1. 
(From  Cerasus,  a  town  in  Pontus,  Asia.) 

Calyx  inferior,  carapanul;ite,  5-cleft.  Petals  5-spreading. 
Siamens  numerous.  Drupe  globose  ;  nucleus  smooth.  Leaves 
conduDlicate  in  vernation.  Cherry. 

1.  C.  Virginia'na,  (D.  C.)  A  tree  with  smooth  branches,  or  smaU 
shrubs  with  grayish  bark.  Leaves  hroadly  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
mucronate,  sen  ate,  or  entire  ;  petioles  glandular.  Flowers  in  axillary 
ractnirs,  sliort,  erect;  .-egmmts  of  the  calyx  acutt-,  whitish.  Petals 
neatly  orbicular.  Fruit  a  dark  red,  ulobular  diupe,  very  astringent. — 
Wiiite.    ^  .     March— April.     Near  Columbia,  S.  C.     10—30  feet. 

Choke  Cherry. 

2.  C.  seroti'na,  (D.  C.)  A  large  tree,  with  spreadincr,  smooth  branch- 
es. Leaves  oval,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  generally  ghibrous,  somewhat 
lucid,  serrate;  petioles  wiih  glands.  Flowers  in  elongatt-d  racemes. 
Petals  nearly  orbicular.  Drupes  nearly  black,  eatable. — White.  ^ . 
April — May.     In  rich  soils.     SO— 80  feet.  Wild  or  JB lack  Cherry. 

3.  C.  Carolinia'ka,  (Mich.)  An  evergreen  tree  of  ornamental  growth. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  acuniinate,  mucronnte,  entire,  or  ser- 
rate, coriaceous,  shining  above;  petioles  short.  Flowers  in  dense  ra- 
cemes, from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  season.  Petals 
small,  obovate.  Stamens  long.  Drupe  black,  persistent,  dry. — White. 
'^.     March — April.     On  the  CJongaree,  near  Columbia.     Middle  Geo. 

Sub-Order  III.— ROSA'CEiE. 
Calyx  inferior,  3— 5-cleft.     Ovaries  solitary  or  several.    Fruit 
follicular,  1 — lO-seeded,  or  achenia. 


300  OEDER    XLIV. KOSACE^. 

Genus  V.— SPIR^'x\.     L.  11—2. 

(From  the  Greek  speirao,  to  become  spiral,  in  allusion  to  the  fitness  of  the  plants  to 
be  twisted  into  garlands.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  expanding,  persistent.  Petals  5,  nearly  round. 
Stamens  numerous,  exsert.  Carpels  3 — 12,  1 — 3-seeded,  dis- 
tinct, or  slightly  united  at  the  base,  follicular,  generally  2-valv- 
ed.  Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
sometimes  dioecious. 

1.  S.  opulifo'lia,  (L.)  a  small  shrub,  -with  tlie  old  bark  detaching 
itself.  Leaves  ovate,  roundish,  or  subcordate,  3-lobed,  doubly  serrate, 
glabrous.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs,  numerous;  pedicels  iilifoim. 
Carpels  3 — 5,  inflated.  Seeds  obovate,  shining,  very  bitter. — White. 
"^  .     June — July.     Mountains.     3 — 5  feet.  Nine  Bark. 

2.  S.  salicifo'lia,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  slender,  somewhat  angular 
branches,  and  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate. 
Flowers  in  crowded,  paniculate,  terminal  racemes ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate.  Petals  slightly  unguiculate,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Carpels  5,  glabrous,  united  at  the  base.  Seeds  numerous. — White.  ^  . 
June — July.     In  wet  places.     3 — 6  feet. 

Queen  of  the  Meadow.     Meadow-sweet. 

3.  S.  TOMENTo'sA,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  ferruginous,  tomentose  branch- 
es. Leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate  or  oblong,  unequally  serrate, 
crowded,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  in  numerous,  dense,  paniculate 
racemes.  Calyx  tomentose,  with  reflected  segments.  Petals  small, 
hairy  on  the  outer  surface.  Carpels  5,  tomentose.  Seeds  few,  subulate. 
— Purple.     June — July.     Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 6  feet. 

Hardhack. 

4.  S.  loba'ta,  (Murr.)  Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous,  striate,  angled. 
Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  3 — 5 — *7,  the  terminal  ones  large,  7 — 9-lobed  ; 
lateral  ones  3-lobed,  cuneiform;  lobes  serrate;  stipules  reniform. 
Flowers  in  a  very  compound  panicle.  Sepals  reflexed.  Carpels  6 — 8, 
glabrous.  Deep  rose-color.  If.  June — August.  Near  the  mountains. 
6—8  feet. 

5.  S.  Arun'cus,  (L.)  Stetn  branching,  herbaceous.  Leaves  tripinnate  ; 
leaflets  lanceolate,  oblong,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate.  Flowers  dioeci- 
ous, nvunerous,  in  paniculate  spikes.  Carpels  3 — 5,  glabrous. — Wliiie. 
i;.     June— July.     Mountains  of  Car.  and  Geo,     3 — 5  feet. 

Goat's  Beard. 

The  S-piraeas  are  cultivated  as  ornaments,  and  the  bark  of  the  S.  tomentosa  is  pos- 
sessed of  tonic  and  astringent  properties,  and  is  used  both  in  the  regular  practice  and 
families  where  such  properties  are  demanded.  In  debility  it  has  proved  very  service- 
able.   It  is  administered  in  decoction  or  extract. 

Genus  VI.— GILLE'NIA.     Moench.  11—2. 
(From  Gillen.) 

^^i/x  5-toothed,  campanlilate,  with  the  orifice  contracted. 
petals  5,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  cuneate,  lanceolate,  very  long. 
Stamens  10 — 15,  unequal.  Carjjels  5;  styles  filiform;  stig- 
mas subcapitate.     Seeds  ascending,   2 — 4.      Perennial  herbs, 


ORDER   XLIV. — ROSACEA.  301 

<vith  trifoliate  leaves.     Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  on  elon- 
gated peduncles. 

1.  G.  trifolia'ta,  (Moench.)  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  lanceolato,  acu- 
minate, serrate  ;  stipules  entire,  linear.  Flowers  in  loose  panicles,  large. 
Petals  long.  Seeds  exceedingly  bitter. — White.  If.  June — August. 
Upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet.  Indian  Physic. 

2.  G,  stipula'cea,  (Nutt.)  An  herbaceous  plant,  with  ternate  leaves; 
leaflets  lanceolate-serrate;  stipules  ovate,  foliaceous,  large,  incised. 
Flowers  in  loose  panicles.  Carpels  5. — White.  2f.  June — July. 
Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  VII— GE'UM.     L.  11— 12. 
(From  the  Greek  gexto,  to  give  a  relish.) 

Calyx  5-toothed,  campanulate,  with  the  orifice  contracted. 
Fetals  5,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  cuneate,  lanceolate,  very  long 
Stamens  numerous,  unequal.  Carpels  numerous;  styles  fili- 
form ;  stigmas  subcapitate.  Seeds  ascending,  2 — 4.  Peren- 
nial herbs,  with  trifoliate  leaves.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
on  elongated  peduncles. 

1.  G.  Virginia'num,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous.  Rad- 
ical leaves  ternate  or  pinnate,  with  minute  lateral  leaflets,  on  long  pet- 
ioles ;  cauline  ones  simple  or  variously  divided  ^*  lobed,  toothed  or 
serrate,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous ;  stipules  ovate,  entire,  or  toothed. 
Flowers  on  erect  or  diverging  peduncles.  Calyx  rather  longer  tlian  the 
petals.  Petals  cuneate-obovate.  Carpels  somewhat  hispid,  with  hooked 
awns. — White.     1(.     July — Aug.     Along  streams,     1 — 3  feet. 

White  Aveiis. 

Genus  VIII.— WALDSTEI'NIA.     Willd.  11—12.     {Syn.  BaUbarda.) 
(From  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.) 

Cahjx  5-cleft,  tubular,  sometimes  with  5  bracteoles  at  the 
base.  Petals  5,  sessile.  Stamens  nuraei-ous,  inserted  into  the 
calyx.  Filaments  filiform,  persistent.  Styles  long,  caducous. 
Carpels  2 — 6,  dry  or  fleshy,  pubescent.  Perennial  herbs,  with 
a  creeping  rhizoma.     Flowers  always  yellow. 

1.  W.  fragarioi'des,  (Tratt.)  Rhizoma  thick  ;  stem  hairy.  Leaves 
trifoliate ;  leaflets  cuneiform,  and  generally  petiolate  and  incised.  Floic- 
ers  numerous,  on  an  erect  scape.  Calyx  obconic,  the  segments  shorter 
than  the  petals.  Petals  obovate.  Carpets  4 — 6,  minutely  hairv. — 
Yellow.   If.  May — June.    Mountains.    4 — 8  inches.    Barren  Strawberry. 

2.  W.  loba'ta,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  hirsute.  Leaves  generally  3 — 5- 
lobed,  hirsute  on  the  veins,  pubescent  beneath,  somewhat  cordate, 
nearly  orbicular,  incised.  Flowers  4 — 8,  on  filiform  scapes,  bractcate. 
Calyx  with  a  narrow  tube  ;  segments  longer  than  the  j)ctals.  Petals 
oval.     Carpels  generally  2,  canescent. — Western  Geo. 


302  OEDEE    XLIV. ROSACEA. 


Genus  IX.— SANGUISOR'BA.     L.  4— 1. 

(From  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorhio,  to  absorb,  from  the  supposed  vulnerarj  qualities 
of  Some  of  the  species.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4-parted,  quadran- 
gular. Petals  none.  Stamens  4.  Carpels  1 — 2.  Stiyma 
more  or  less  fimbriate.     Fruit  an  aclienia. 

1.  S.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous.  Flowers  in  sr^'ikcs,;  stamens 
much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  stipules  foil- 
aceous  ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  sometimes  cordate,  1-achenium. 
—  2^.     Mountains.  Burnet-saxifrage. 

Genus  X.— AGRIMO'NIA.     Tourn.  11—12. 

(From  the  Greek  argos,  white,  supposed  to  be  in  allusion  to  its  removing  the  cata- 
ract of  the  eye,  that  being  white.) 

Cali/j:  5-cleft,  connivent,  turbinate,  armed  with  hooked  bris- 
tles. Petals  5.  Stamens  \\ — 15,  inserted  into  the  throat  of 
the  calyx.  Carpels  2,  included  within  the  calyx.  Seeds  sus- 
pended. Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  ra- 
cemes, yellow. 

1.  A.  Eupato'eia,  (L.)  Stem  and  petioles  hirsute.  Leaves  pinnate, 
the  terminal  leaflet  petioled ;  leaflets  5 — 7,  oblong,  obovate,  coarsely 
toothed,  pubescent,  generally  with  several  minute  leaflets  iiitermingled. 
Flowers  in  virgate^spikes,  with  the  calyx  sulcate  toward  the  base. 
Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Fruit  hispid. — Yellow.  If.  July. 
Common.     2 — 4  feet.  Agrbnony. 

2.  A.  parviflo'ba,  (Ait.)  Stem  and  petioles  hirsute,  with  brownish 
hairs.  Leaves  dotted  on  the  under  surface,  pinnate ;  leaflets  11 — 19, 
crowded,  with  minute  ones  intermixed,  toothed,  lanceolate,  acute,  sca- 
brous above,  pubescent  beneath;  stipules  incised.  Flowers  small,  in 
virgate  racemes.  Petals  small. — Yellow.  U-  J"ly — Aug.  Upper 
districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.     4 — 5  feet.  Dotted  Agrimony. 

3.  A.  iNCi'sA,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  and  petioles  pubescent,  intermixed 
with  hirsute  hairs.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  3 — 5  pairs,  intermixed 
with  smaller  ones,  incised,  oblong,  with  unequal  teeth  on  each  side,  al- 
most glabrous  above,  hairy  beneath.  Flowers  in  virgate  racemes,  small, 
on  short  pedicels;  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short. — Yellow.  %.  July 
—Aug.     Middle  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

AgrimoniaEupatoria  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  Indian  medicines  for  the  cure  of  fevers. 
Its  properties  seem  to  be  principally  astringent,  and  on  this  account  it  is  used  in  affec- 
tions of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  alimentary  canal.  I\  has  also  been  employed  in 
jaundice. 

Genus  XL— POTENTIL'LA.     L.  11—12. 
(From  potena,  powerful,  in  allusion  to  the  medical  qualities  of  some  of  the  species.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  with  4  or  5  exterior  segments.  Petals  4 
— 5,  obcordate.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  base  of 
the  calyx.  Carpels  numerous,  collected  into  a  head.  Plants 
With  conv30und  leaves. 


OKDER    XLIV.' — ^ROSACE^.  303 

1.  P.  Norve'gica,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute,  dichotomously  divided. 
Leaves  palmate ;  leaflets  3,  obovate-obloug,  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate.  Flowers  in  leafy  cynics  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  longer 
than  the  pi.-tals.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate.  Carpels  rugose,  ribbed, 
or  striate. —  Yellow.     0.     July — Aug.     Common.     8 — 18  inches. 

Cinquefuil. 

2.  P.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stems  pubescent,  sarmentose,  procumbent. 
Leaves  palmate  ;  leaflets  5,  obovate,  cuneiform,  silky  when  young,  in- 
cisely  toothed.  Flowers  on  elongated,  axillary  pedicels ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  ovate,  lanceolate.  Petals  obcordate.  Carpels  somewhat  ru- 
gose.— Yellow.     2f .     April — Aug.     Common.     10 — 12  inches. 

Barren  Strawberry.     Five-finger. 

3.  P.  tridenta'ta,  (Ait.)  Stem  branching,  creeping  at  the  base. 
Leaves  iYiioVvAte.,  leaflets  cuneiform,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  shining  above, 
pale  and  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  s^msill  and  few.  Petals  obovate- 
oblong.  Carpels  nearly  globular,  villous. — Y^ellow.  If.  June — July. 
6 — 8  inches. 

Genus  XII— FRAGA'RIA.     Tourn.  11—12. 
(From/ragrans,  fragrant;  odor  of  the  fruit.) 

The  different  organs  of  the  flower  the  same  as  in  Potentilla. 
Carpels  placed  on  an  enlarged,  succulent  receptacle.  Perennial 
herbs  with  trifoliate  leaves ;  receptacle  red,  edible.   Strawberry/. 

1.  F.  Virginia'na,  (Ehrh.)  >S^e???  stoloniferous.  Xcayes  ternate,  coarse- 
ly toothed.  Flowers  on  cymosely  divided  scapes.  Calyx  spreading. 
Fruit  roundish-ovoid,  pitted,  carpels  imbedded  in  the  receptacle. — 
White.     If.     April — May.     In  shady  places.  Wild  Strawberry. 

Genus  XIII— RU'BUS.     Tourn.  11—12. 
(From  rub,  red,  Celtic.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  flattish  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  deciduous. 
Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  pulpy,  collected  on  a  conical  or 
cylindrical  receptacle.  Shrubby  plants,  and  generally  with 
prickly  stems.     Floivers  white  or  rose-color.     Fruit  eatable. 

Raspberry.     Blackberry. 

1.  R.  odora'tus,  (L.)  Stem  hispid,  shrubby,  branched.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, 3 — 5-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  elongated,  acute,  serrulate,  toothed. 
Flowers  numerous,  large.  Calyx  covered  with  glandular  hairs.  Petals 
nearly  orbicular.  Fndt  broad  and  flat.  Y^'ellowish  and  I'ed. — Rose- 
color.     2f .     June — July.     Shady  places.     3 — 5  feet. 

Rose-Jlowering  Raspberry. 

2.  R.  occidenta'lis,  (L.)  Stems  shrubby,  armed  with  hooked  prickles, 
glaucous.  Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  3 — 5,  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  ser- 
rate, tomentose  beneath,  lateral  ones  somewhat  petioled.  Flowers  on 
1 — S-flowired  axillary  peduncles.  Fruit  roundish,  nearly  black,  glau- 
cous.— White.      If.     May — June,     Mountains. 

Black  Raspberry.     Thimble-berry. 

3.  R.  viLLo'sus,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect  or  bending,  angular,  armed  with 
fitout  prickles  curved  downward  ;  branches  villous.     Leaves  3 — 6-foli- 


304  ORDER  XLIV. ROSACEA. 

ate,  glandular,  pubescent  beneath ;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally 
serrate,  the  terminal  one  petioled.  Flowers  in  racemes,  sepals  linear- 
acuminate.  Petals  spreading,  obovate.  Fruit  black,  large. — "White  or 
rose-color.      If.     May — June.     Common.     3 — 8  feet.  Blackberry. 

4.  R.  His'piDUS,  (L.)  Ste/n  shrubby,  slender,  prostrate,  covered  with 
retrorse  prickles.  Leaves  persistent,  8 — 5-foliate  ;  leaflets  somewhat 
coriaceous,  obovate,  unequally  serrate,  glabrous.  Flowers  small,  in  co- 
rymbs, with  filiform  pedicels.  Sepals  spreading  half  the  length  of  tho 
petals.  Petals  obovate.  Fruit  small,  black,  composed  of  large  grains, 
sour. — White.      2f.     May — June.     Mountains. 

5.  R.  trivia'lis,  (Mich.)  Stem  shrubby,  procumbent,  sarmentose, 
ai'med  with  prickles.  Leaves  3 — 5-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  generally  glabrou?.  Flowers  1 — 3  on  eacli 
peduncle,  large.  Sepals  reflexed,  not  half  the  length  of  the  petals. 
Petals  obovate,  broad.  Fruit  large,  black. — White.  U-  March — 
May.     Common.  Low-bush  Blackberry. 

Var.  Some  of  the  leaves  simple,  obscurely  3-lobed,  broad-ovate. 
Flowers  but  1  on  each  peduncle ;  sepals  seldom  reflexed ;  petals  lance- 
olate ;  stem  and  young  branches  glabrous. 

6.  R.  cuneifo'lius,  (Pursh.)  Stem  shrubby,  erect,  low,  armed  with 
stout  recurved  prickles.  Leaves  trifoliate  ;  leaflets  obovate,  cuneate, 
tomentose  beneath,  somewhat  coriaceous,  serrate  toward  the  apex,  with 
re  volute  margins  near  the  base.  Flowers  few  on  each  peduncle.  Sep- 
als mucronate,  oblong,  tomentose.  Petals  obovate.  Fruit  black. — 
White  or  rose-color.     If.     May — June.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

The  genus  Ruhus  aflFords  fruit,  which  is  much  used  for  food,  and  is  healthy  and 
agreeable  when  perfectly  ripe.  A  jelly  made  from  the  fruit  of  the  E.  viUosus,  com- 
mon Blackberry,  is  much  esteemed  as  an  article  of  diet  by  patients  suffering  under 
dysenteric  affections.  The  root  of  this  species  is  much  valued  in  domestic  practice  in 
the  same  diseases,  and  is  considered  by  many  as  a  certain  remedy.  The  Faculty  rec- 
ommend it  in  such  affections  as  require  vegetable  astringents. 

Genus  XIY.— RO'SA.     To  urn.  11—12. 
(From  ros,  red,  Celtic.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  tube  urceolate,  contracted  at  the  summit,  in- 
closing several  distinct  ovaries.  Carpels  1 -seeded,  hairy,  inde- 
hiscent.  Shrubby  plants,  with  pinnate  leaves,  with  stipules 
adhering  to  the  petiole. 

1.  R.  Caroli'na,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  branches  red,  armed 
with  stout  prickles.  Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  5 — 9,  large,  oblong,  lance- 
olate, acute,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in  corymbs,  on  short 
glandular  peduncles.  Calyx  glandular,  hispid.  Petals  obeordate. 
Fruit  g\ohoiQ. — Reddish,     if.     July.     In  wet  grounds,  4 — 6  feet. 

Swamp  Rose 

2.  R.  Lu'ciDA,  (Ehrh.)  Stems  glabrous,  erect,  colored,  armed  with 
setaceous  prickles.  Leaflets  5 — 9,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate,  gla- 
brous and  shining  above,  pubescent  on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  ir 
corymbs,  generally  3 ;  segments  of  the  calyx  foliaceous,  glaudular-pu 
bescent,  longer  than  the  corolla.  Petals  obeordate.  Fruit  red,  globose. 
—Reddish.      If.     May — June.     Common.     1 — 3  feet. 

3.  R.  parviflo'ra,  (Ehrh.)     Stem  glabrous,  dotted,  branches  genicu 


ORDER    XLIV. ROSACEA.  ^05 

late.  Leaflets  5,  the  lateral  ones  ovate,  obtuse,  terminal  one  lanceolate, 
acute,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath.  Spines 
stipulate,  generally  straight.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary,  or  by  pairs. 
(7a/v.r  hispid  ;  segments  subulate,  i^c^a^s  emarginate,  obovate.  Fruit 
nearly  glabrous. — Red.  If.  May — June.  In  dry  fertile  soils.  Com- 
mon.    1 — 2  feet. 

4.  R.  l.«viga'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous,  branches  flexible,  armed 
with  strong  recurved  prickles.  Leaflets  3 — 5,  lanceolate,  serrate,  cori- 
aceous, shining.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
acuminate,  unequal,  serrate.  Petals  obovate,  obtuse,  with  the  point 
crenulate. — White,      li.     April — May.     Common.     15 — 20  feet. 

Cherokee  Rose. 

The  Rose  has  been  an  object  of  esteem  In  all  civilized  nations.  The  species  and 
varieties  of  tiiis  genus,  most  of  them  produced  by  the  horticulturist,  amount  to  400 — 
500.  As  an  ornamental  shrub,  it  stands  unrivaled  in  public  esteem;  it  yields  but  little 
to  the  mass  of  vegetable  materials  made  subservient  to  the  uses  of  man.  The  leaves 
of  the  Red-rose  are  slightly  astringent  and  tonic,  but  are  used  chiefly  in  infusions  as  a 
vehicle  for  the  administration  of  cathartic  medicines.  Rose-water  is  produced  by  the 
distillation  of  the  flowers  of  various  species.  The  Attar  of  Hoses  is  a  volatile  oil 
existing  in  very  minute  quantities  in  rose  leaves,  is  obtained  by  distillation,  and  sold 
at  high  prices  as  a  perfume, 

Sub-Order  TV.— POMA'CE.^. 

Calyx  superior.  Carpels  2 — 5,  united,  to  form  a  pome,  each 
with  1 — 2  ovules.     Fruit  usually  edible. 

Genus  XV.— CRAT^'GUS.     L.   11—5. 
(From  the  Greek  kratos,  strength ;  in  allusion  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

Cabjx  5-cleft,  tube  urceolate.  Petals  5,  spreading,  orbicular. 
Stamens  numerous.  Styles  1 — 5.  Fruit  fleshy  or  baccate, 
crowned  with  the  teeth  of  the  persistent  calyx,  1 — 5-seeded. 
Seeds  bony.  Thorny  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves.  Fruit  often 
edible.  Thorn-tree. 

1.  C.  Crus-gal'li,  (L.)  Stem  spiny,  branching  ;  branches  geniculate, 
divaricate.  Leaves  obovate,  deeply  serrate,  cuneiform,  shining,  gla- 
brous, coriaceous,  nearly  sessile.  Spines  long.  Flowers  in  terminal, 
compound  corymbs;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  sometimes 
serrate.  Styles  2.  Fruit  red. — White.  ^2 .  May — June.  Common. 
10—20  feet, 

2.  C.  coccin'ea,  (L.)  Stem  spiny.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  roundish, 
ovate,  acutely  lobed,  serrate,  glabrous,  obtuse  at  the  base.  Petioles 
glandular.  Flowers  numerou.'^,  in  corymbs.  Calyx  glandular,  pedun- 
cles hairy.  Styles  5.  Fncit  large,  red,  eatable. — White.  '^ .  May. 
On  banks  of  streams.     10 — 25  feet.  White  Thorn. 

3.  C.  vir'idis,  (L.)  Stem  spiny ;  branches  slender.  Leaves  nearly 
sessile,  spatulate,  ovate,  serrate,  with  round  lobes  generally.  Seymentt 
of  the  calyx  with  glandular  serratures.  Flowers  in  small  corymbs. 
Fruit  large,  globular,  3 — 4-secded,  red. — White.  '^  .  May — Juno. 
8—14  feet. 

4.  C.  populifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stan  spiny,  glabrous,  with  tleudcr  branches  ; 
spines  large,  and  sometimes  branched.     Leaves  small,  ovate,  serrate, 


306  ORDER    XLIV. —  ROSACEA. 

sprinkled  with  a  few  hairs,  slightly  lohed,  cordate  at  the  base.  Flowers 
in  small  corymbs.  Fruit  globose,  5-seeded. — White.  ^  .  April.  Mid- 
dle and  Southern  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

5.  C.  puncta'ta,  (JMq.)  A  small  tree,  spiny  or  unarmed,  with  numerous 
rugged  braiiclu'S.  Leaves  obovate,  cuiieate.  glalirous,  serrate,  decunent 
into  a  slender  petio'e.  sometimes  inci?e.l  towar.l  the  apex  Sphies 
stout  when  present.  Flowers  in  tomenlose  corymbs.  Cdiijz  vidous. 
Fruit  globose,  large,  tough,  and  pleasant  to  cat;  dotted. — White.  ^. 
May.     Upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo.     12—25  ft.  Thorn. 

6.  C.  ARBORKs'cEXs,  (Ell.)  A  tree,  imarmed.  Leaves  on  short  petioles, 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrate,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
hairy  on  the  under  at  the  division  of  the  veins.  Flowers  numerous,  in 
corymbs.  Cab/x  hairy.  Segments  obtuse,  reflexed.  St>/les  5  Fruit 
globose,  small,  red. — White.  ^.  March — April.  Southern  Geo.  20 
—30  feet. 

I.  C.  apiifo'lia,  (Mich.)  A  spiny  shrub,  much  branched.  Leaves 
deltoid  on  long  petioles,  in  fascicles,  pubescent,  5 — 7-o]eft,  segments 
incisely  lobed,  serrate  ;  spines  stout.  Flowers  in  simple  corymbs  ;  ca- 
lyx villous ;  segments  lanceolate,  reflt-xed  ;  styles  2 — 3. — White.  ^. 
March — April.     Common.     4 — 12  feet. 

8.  C.  corda'ta,  (Ait.)  A  large  shrub,  glabrous  and  spiny.  Leaves 
cordate-ovate,  on  long  slender  petioles,  3 — 5 — 7  lobed;  lobes  acumi- 
nate, acutely  serrate.  Floioers  in  compoui:d  corjmibs;  segments  of  the 
calyx  short,  obtuse.  Styles  5.  Fruit  globose,  small,  dej-ressed,  red. — 
White.    ^.     June.     Mountains.     15 — 20  feet.  Washington  Thorn. 

9.  C.  spathula'ta,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree,  somewhat  spiny,  glabrous. 
Leaves  clustered  in  fnscicles,  with  a  longcuneate  ba;^e.  gener  dly  3-lobt'd, 
crenate,  glabrous.  Fiowers  numeious,  in  lateral  corymbs.  Calyx  small, 
glabrous,  se^cments  ovate,  obtuse.  Styles  5.  Fr^iit  small,  globose,  rod, 
eatable. — White.   ^.     April.     Common.     12 — 15  feet. 

10.  C.  ^stiva'lis,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  spiny,  branching  from  tlie  base. 
Leaves  elliptical  or  obovate,  cuneate,  on  short  petioles,  sinuate  toothed, 
or  angled  toward  the  summit,  tomentose  when  young,  glabrous  above 
when  old  ;  veins  beneath  covered  with  a  rusty  pubescence.  Flowers 
in  small  corynibs,  glabrous.  Styles  4 — 6.  Fruit  gktbose,  large,  acid, 
red,  used  for  tarts  or  preserves. — White.  5  •  Feb. — March.  In  wet 
places.     20 — 30  feet.  May  Haw.     Apple  Haw. 

II.  C.  fla'va,  (Ait.)  A  shrub,  spiny,  with  coarse  bark.  Leaves  obo- 
vate, cuneate,  acute  at  the  base,  running  into  a  glandular  petiule,  gla- 
brous, shining,  incised  or  lobed  toward  the  apex.  Flowers  in  small 
corymbs ;  segments  of  the  calyx  serrated  with  globular  glands.  Styles 
4 — 5.  i^r?f«7  globular,  yellow. — White.  If.  May.  Sandy  soils.  15 
—20  feet. 

12.  C.  Lu'ciDA,  (Ell.)  A  shrr.b  with  short  spines,  very  strong.  Leaves 
cuneate,  obovate.  crenate,  coriaceous,  lucid,  on  short  branches.  Floioers 
few  hi  simple  corymbs,  on  small  lateral  branches.  Styles  5.  Fruit 
large,  globose,  red,  5-seeded. — White.  "^  .  April.  Southeastern  Geo. 
10—12  feet. 

13.  C.  ellip'tic.a,  (Ait.)  A  spiny  shrub,  with  coarse  rough  b.ark. 
Leaves  obcivate  or  nearly  rouuij,  cuneate  at  the  base,  coriaceous,  mar- 
gined, with  glandular  dots,  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  and  on 
the  petioles,  slightly  lobed  toward  the  apex.     Flowers  solitary,  or  in 


ORDER   XLIV. ROSACE.E.  307 

iinall  corymbs.  Cah/x  pubescent ;  segments  incised  or  serrate.  Fruit 
oval,  huge,  red,  5-.sec'ded. —  *Vhite.  '^  .  April.  In  sandy  soils.  8 — 12 
fei  t.  Summer  Haw. 

14.  r.  pahvifo'lia,  (Ait.)  A  spiny  shrub,  much  branched;  branches 
giMiiculate  and  divaricae ;  young  branches  tonientose  ;  spines  numer- 
ous, lung  an  1  t^lcnder.  Leaves  obov'ate,  deeply  serrate,  entire  at  the 
base,  tomentose.  Flowers  generally  solitary,  terminal.  Calyx  tonien- 
tose ;  segments  lanceolate,  incised,  foliaceous,  with  2  or  3  bracts  at  the 
base.  Styles  5.  Fruit  large,  greenish  yellow,  eatable. — White.  ^  - 
April — May.     Dry  soils.     Common.     3 — 6  ft.  Winter  Haw. 

Genus  XVL— PY'RUS.     L.  11—5. 
(The  Celtic  name  for  Pear.) 

Calyx    5-cleft,    tube    iirceolate  or  campanulate.     Petals    5, 

nearly  round.     Styles  usually  5.  Fruit  a  fleshy  pome,  inde- 

hiscent.  Carpels  2 — 5.  Seeds  2  in  each  carpel.  Trees  or 
shrubs.     Leaves  simple. 

1.  P.  corona'ria,  (L.)  a  small  tree,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
large,  broad  oval  or  ovate,  sometimes  sub-cordate,  irregularly  serrate, 
smooth.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  corymbs,  fragrant.  Petals  some- 
what unguiculate.  Fruit  globose,  depressed  ;  disagreeable  to  the  taste. 
— Rose-colored.     ^.     April.     Common.     10 — 20  ft.  Crab  Apple. 

2.  P.  angustifo'lia,  (Ait.)  A  small  tree,  resembling  the  preceding 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base,  dentate  or  nearly  entire, 
glabrous,  shining  above.  F/owrrs  in  corymbs.  Fruit  small. — White. 
^  .     March — April.     In  rich  soils.     10 — 20  feet. 

3.  P.  erythrocar'pa.  (T.  &  G)  {Aronia  arbntifolia  of  Elliott.)  A 
shrub  sparingly  branched,  unarmed.  Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  some- 
times lanceolate,  crenate,  dentate,  tomentose  underneath  when  young. 
Flowers  in  terminal  corynibs.  Calyx  campanulate,  with  erect,  acute, 
glandular  segments.  Petals  nearly  round.  Stamens  numerous.  Fruit 
small,  red. — White  or  rose-color.  ^  .  March — April.  Common  in 
damp  soils.     3 — 8  feet. 

This  genus  aflfDrds  some  of  our  most  import.int  fruits.  The  Pyrus  communis  is  the 
Pear;  the  Pyrus  mahis  is  the  Apple;  tlio  Pyrus  cydonia  is  the  Quince;  and  the 
Pyrus  prunifolia  is  the  Siberian  Crab. 

Genus  XVII.— AMELAN'CHIER.     Medic.  11—5. 
(The  Savoy  name  of  the  Medlar.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  obovate,  oblong.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, short.  Styles  5,  more  or  less  united;  pome  5 — 10-celled  ; 
cells  1 — 2-seeded ;  endocarp  cartilaginous.  Small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  simple  leaves. 

1.  A.  botrya'pium,  (T.  &  G.)  (Aroriia  botryapium  of  Ell.)  A  small 
tree.  Leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  oblong,  serrate,  tomentose  when  young, 
glabrous  when  mature.  Flowers  in  racemes.  Petals  oblong  or  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  glabrous,  short.  Styles  pubescent 
at  the  base.  Fruit  red,  eatable.— White.  "^  .  Feb. — Alarch.  Common. 
10 — 12  feet.  Shad  Flower. 


308  OKDER    XLYI. MELASTOMACE^. 

5.  A.  rotundifo'lia,  (T.  &  G.)  {Aronia  ovalis  of  Ell.)  A  small  shrub, 
ieaws  nearly  round,  acute,  glabrous,  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  6 — 10, 
in  a  raceme.  Petals  obovate,  small ;  segments  of  the  cal  vx  pubescent. 
Fruit  black,  eatable. — White.  ^.  March — April.  Middle  Car.  and 
Geo.     2—3  feet. 

Order  XLV.— CALYCANTHA'CE^.     Lind. 

Sepals  and  petals  confounded  ;  aestivation  imbricate,  formed 
at  the  base  into  an  urceolate  tube ;  segments  colored,  petal-like. 
Stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  An- 
thers adnate,  extrorse.  Seeds  numerous,  contained  in  an  en- 
larged, ventricose  calyx. 

Genus  I— CALYCAN'THUS.     L.  11—12. 

(From  the  Greek  kalux,  a  calyx,  and  ant/ios,  a  flower,  the  calyx  being  confounded 
with  the  corolla.) 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  in  several  series,  lanceolate,  colored,  more 
or  less  flashy.  Stamens  numerous,  outer  ones  fertile.  Floicei'S 
purple,  odorous  when  bruised. 

Carolina  Allspice.      Sweet  Shrub. 

1.  C.  flor'ipus,  (L.)  Stem  terete,  glabrous;  branches  opposite,  vir- 
gate,  young  ones  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oppo- 
site, entire,  rugose,  slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  terminal ;  perianth 
many-leaved  ;  leaves  in  many  irregular  whorls,  linear  or  lanceolate. 
Stamens  10 — 15  ;  filaments  short,  the  leaves  of  the  inner  whorl  of  the 
perianth  often  having  abortive  anthers.  Fruit  an  achenium,  15 — 20,  in- 
closed in  the  enlarged  cavity  formed  by  the  floral  organs  combined. — 
If.     March— May.     Rich  lands.     3— 6  feet. 

The  odor  of  the  flowers  resembles  that  of  ripe  strawberries.  The  oil  is  too  volatllo 
to  be  collected  by  distillation.  The  bark  yields  a  volatile  oil,  of  pleasant  odor,  and 
possessing  medicinal  qualities. 

Order  XLYI.— MELASTOMA'CE^. 

Sepals  4,  combined  into  an  urceolate  tube,  cohering  to  the 
ovary.  Petals  4,  alternate  with  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  in- 
serted into  its  throat ;  sestivation  twisted.  Stamens  4 — 8. 
Anthers  adnate,  declined.  Ovary  4-celled,  with  central  pla- 
centae ;  ovules  numerous.  Style  1.  Fruit  capsular.  Seeds 
numerous,  minute,  anatropous.  Herbs,  with  opposite,  ribbed 
leaves. 

Genus  L— RHEX'IA.     L.  8—1. 

(From  the  Greek  rJwxis,  a  rupture;   supposed  to  cure  wounds  by  its  astringent 
qualities.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  ventricose  at  the  base,  narrowed  above  the 
ovary.  Petals  obovate  or  roundish.  Anthers  1-celled,  with  a 
thick  connectivum.  Style  declined.  Stiyma  obtuse.  Leaves 
generally  sessile,  3-nerved. 


ORDER    XLVir. LYTIIIiACE^.  300 

1.  R.  Maria'na,  (L.)  Stem  hirsute,  terete,  furrowerl.  Leaves^  lanceo- 
late, attenuate  at  the  base,  hisj)id,  serrate,  ciliate.  Flowers  axillary  or 
terminal.  Cahjx  hispid.  Petals  large,  obliquely  obovate,  often  hispid. 
Anthers  long,  linear,  opening  at  the  summit.  Style  longer  thau  the  sta- 
mens.— Purple.     If.     June — Sept.     In  moist  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  R.  angustifo'lia,  (Xutt.)  Stem  hirsute,  nearly  terete,  much 
branched.  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  somewhat  clustered,  attenuate 
at  the  base,  slightly  hispid,  setaceously  ciliate,  serrulate.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, smaller  than  the  preceding.  Calyx  glabrous. — Pale  purple  or 
nearly  white.     2^.     Damp  soils.     1 — 2  feet.  R.  lanceolata,  Walt. 

3.  R.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  Stem  square,  with  the  angles  winged,  hispid, 
brandling.  Leaves  sessile,  oval,  lanceolate,  acute,  hispid  above  and  on 
the  ribs  beneath,  sometimes  5 — 7-ribbed.  Flowers  numerous,  axillary, 
and  terminal.  Calyx  hispid.  Petals  obovate,  hispid  externally. — Pur- 
ple.    2^.     July — Sept.     In  swamps.     2 — 3  feet.  Deer  Grass, 

4.  R.  stric'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous,  square  ;  angles  winged,  beard- 
ed at  the  nodes.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  setace- 
ously serrulate,  often  hispid  above.  Flowers  in  diehotomous  corymbs. 
Ca/_j/x  glabrous. — Purple.  1(,  In  wet  pine-barrens.  Aug. — Sept.  3 
—4  feet. 

5.  R.  glabel'la,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous,  slightly  furrowed,  terete, 
simple.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  or  with  few  serratures  at  the  sum- 
mit. Flowers  large.  Calyx  with  glandular  hairs.  Petals  large,  gland- 
ular externally  before  their  expansion. — Purple.  If.  June — Aug. 
Damp  woods.     2 — 5  feet.  Deer  Grass. 

6.  R.  cilio'sa,  (Mich.)  Stem  simple,  quadrangular,  glabrous.  Leaves 
slightly  petioled,  ovate,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  ciliate,  hispid  above. 
Flowers  in  a  loose  diehotomous  panicle,  with  an  involucre  formed  by  the 
upper  pair  of  leaves.  Calyx  glabrous.  Petals  nearly  round. — Purple. 
If.     June — Aug.     Pine-barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

7.  R.  serrula'ta,  (Xutt.)  Ste7n  small,  simple,  quadrangular,  glabrous. 
Leaves  small,  ovate,  or  oval,  glabrous,  serrulate,  and  ciliate.  Flowers  1 
— 3,  together.  Calyx  glandular,  hispid. — Purple.  If.  June — Jul}'. 
Swamps.     6 — 10  inches. 

8.  R.  lu'tea,  (Walt.)  ^S/^m  hirsute,  square,  branching,  hispid.  Leaves 
linear,  lanceolate,  sometimes  cuneate,  entire.  Flowers  small.  Calyx 
smooth  and  shining,  or  with  a  few  scattered  bristles.  Petals  setace- 
ously mucronate. — Yellow.  U-  Damp  pine -barrens.  June — Aug. 
12—18  inches.' 

Order  XLVIL— LYTHRA'CE^. 

Cabjx  4-Iobed.  Petals  none  or  four.  Sta77ieus  inserted 
into  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  generally  in  number  equal  to  the 
lobes.  Anthers  short,  introrse.  Ovary  2 — 4-celled,  inclosed  in 
the  calyx  ;  ovules  numerous ;  placent:ii  central.  Capsule  niem- 
branaceous,  sometimes  1 -celled.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous. 
Cotyledons  foliaceous.  Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  witliout 
stipules. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Calyx  with  accessory  teeth  between  the  lobes ., .•  •  • . ^ 

Caly.x  with  no  uccossory  tooth Ifypobrichia,  1 


31 C  OllDEK    XLVII. LYTHRACEiE 

2.  Calyx  6-toothed,  ventricose Cuphea, 

Calyx  -with  less  than  6  teeth,  not  ventricose 3 

3.  Calyx  4— 6  teeth,  cylindrical Lythrum,  3 

Calyx  cainpanulate 4 

4  Calyx  4-lobed Ammannia,  2 

Calyx  with  5  teeth Decodun,  4 

Genus  L— HYPOBRICH'IA.     Peplis,  4—1. 

Calyx  4-lobed  and  sometimes  with  intermediate  segments, 
campanulate,  apetalous.  Stamens  2 — 4.  Ovary  2-celled,  g-lo- 
bose.  Stigma  2-lobed,  nearly  sessile.  Capsule  2-celled,  mem- 
branaceous, dehiscing  irregularly.  Seeds  numerous.  Flowers 
minute,  axillary.  An  aquatic  plant,  with  opposite,  linear 
leaves. 

1.  H.  NuTTAL'Ln,  (L.)  Stems  leafy,  immersed.  Leaves  numerous, 
linear,  acute,  the  uppermost  shorter  and  broader,  obtuse.  Flowers  very 
small.  Stamens  2 — i,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — ©.  July — Aug.  In 
still  waters.     12 — 20  inches.  Water  Purslane. 

Genus  II.— AilMAN'NIA.     Houst.  4—1. 
(In  honor  of  John  Auimann.) 

Calyx  4-lobed,  with  4  intermediate  lobes  produced  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  4  or  none.  Stamens  generally  4,  sometimes 
8.  Ovary  2 — 4-celled.  Capsule  included  in  the  calyx.  Seeds 
numerous.  Stems  square  ;  leaves  opposite.  Flovjers  axillary, 
w^ith  small  petals.  Herbaceous,  annual  plants.  Growing  in 
wet  places. 

1.  A.  latifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching.  Leaves  linear,  lanceo- 
late, dilated  at  the  base,  sessile.  Flowers  1 — 5  in  each  axil.  Calyx 
angled,  with  4  short,  intermediate  lobes.  Petals  4.  Stamens  4.  Cap- 
sule 4-celied. — Purple.     0.     July — Aug.     Near  Macon.     10-^20  in. 

2.  A.  EAMos'iOR,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  somewhat  columnar,  succulent, 
glabrous.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  narrow,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  cor- 
date. Flowers  axillary,  the  lower  ones  several  in  each  axil,  the  upper 
solitary.  Petals  small.  Stamens  4.  Capsule  globose,  furrowed.  Seeds 
numerous. — Pale  purple.     %.     Aug. — ^Sept.     Wet  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  A.  hu'milis,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  glabrous,  some- 
times branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base.  Flov)- 
ers  solitary,  axillary.  Calyx  with  4  short,  intermediate  segments. 
Petals  4,  obovate.  Stigyna  capitate,  nearly  sessile.  Capsule  4-celled, 
Seeds  numerous. — White.     ©.     On  the  coast.     Sept. — Oct.     6 — 10  in. 

Genus  III— LYTHRUM.     L.  11—1. 
(From  the  Greek  luthron,  black  blood,  from  the  purple  color  of  the  flowers.) 

Calyx  cylindrical,  with  4 — 6  short  teeth,  and  generally  with 
as  many  intermediate  processes.  PetaU  4 — 6.  Stamens  equal, 
or  twice  a5  many  in  number  as  the  petals^  inserted  into  the 


ORDEK  XLVII. LYTHKACEiE.  311 

calyx.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  2-celIed,  nKiny-soedf-d,  in- 
closed iu  the  calyx.  Herbaceous,  glabrous  plants,  with  entire 
leaves. 

1.  L.  lanceola'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  quadra tiixular,  sliLrl)tly  mar 
gined  ;  branches  long  near  the  summit,  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  sest^ile,  opposite  on  the  stem,  alttrnate,  and  crowde<l  ou 
the  branches.  F/cnvers  solitary,  axillary.  Calyx  furrowed.  Petals  6, 
oblong,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  6.  Capsule  oblong. — 
Purple.      11.     July — Aug.     Ditches,  swamps.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  L.  ala'tum,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous,  quadrangular,  slightly  wing- 
ed. Leaves  oj)posite,  cordate,  ovate,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, solitary.  Calyx  striate.  Stigma  ca})itate.  Capsule  cylindrical. 
— Bright  purple.     2^.     June — July.     Lower  Georgia.     3 — 4  feet. 

3.  L.  linea're,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  slender,  virgate,  branched  at  the 
summit,  angular,  margined.  Leaves  linear,  acute,  generally  opposite, 
upper  ones  smallest.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  small.  Calyx  some- 
what striate.  Petals  6.  Stamens  6. — Xearly  white.  If.  July — Aug. 
On  the  coast.     3 — i  feet. 


Genus  IV.— DEC'ODON.     Gmel.  10—1. 
(From  the  Greek  dekas,  ten,  and  odous,  a  tooth,  from  the  ten  teeth  of  the  calyx.) 

Calyx  short,  campanulate,  with  5  erect  teeth  and  5  subulate, 
spreading  processes.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  with  the  alter- 
nate ones  very  long.  Stigma  small,  on  a  filiform  style.  Cap- 
sule globose,  3-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  minute.  Perennial 
plant,  with  opposite,  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

1.  D.  verticilla'tum,  (Ell.)  Stan  recurved,  pubescent.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  entire  ;  a  little  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  on 
the  under.  Flowers  3  or  more,  at  the  sununit  of  a  short  peduncle, 
rather  large,  showy. — Purple.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  In  damp  soils.  3 — 
4  feet 

Genus  v.— CU  THE  A.     Jacq.  11— 1. 

(From  the  Greek  kuphos,  curved,  from  the  shape  of  the  capsule.) 

Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  6-toothed,  and  generally  with  as 
many  intermediate  processes.  Petals  6,  unequal.  Stamens 
12,  unequal.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  membranaceous,  1 — 2- 
celled.  Seed.s  orbicular,  compressed.  Herbaceous  plants,  with 
opposite  leaves  ;  calyx  colored. 

1.  C.  viscx)sis'siMA,  (Jacq.)  Plant  viscid,  pubescent.  Stem  erect, 
branching.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  scabrou.«,  on  slender  pot- 
ioHs.  Flowers  soVxttwy,  on  short  peduncles.  Calyx  ribbed,  gibbous  at 
the  b:ise.  viscid.  Petals  unguii-ulate.  Stamens  '\2.  Capsule  oblong. 
Seeds  few;  capsule  opening  before  the  seeds  are  ripe. — Violet.  Q. 
July — Aug.     Mountains.     12 — 15  inches. 


312  ORDER    L. — ONAGRACE^. 

Genus  VI.— LAGERSTRCEMIA.     L. 
(In  honor  of  the  Marquis  Lagerstrcem,  a  Swedish  traveler.) 

Calyx  6-parted,  with  the  bracts  at  the  base.  Petals  6,  un- 
guiculate.     Stamens  numerous.      Capsule  3 — 6-celled. 

1.  L.  In'dica,  (L.)  a  shrub,  branches  somewhat  4-'winged.  Leaves 
opposite,  entire,  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  shining  on  the  upper  surface. 
Panicle  terminal,  many-flowered.  Petals  curled,  on  long  claws. — Pur- 
ple.    ^.     China  and  Japan.     An  ornamental  shrub.     6 — 12  feet. 

Order  XLVIIL— RIIIZOPHORA'CE^. 

Sejmls  united  into  a  4  or  many  lobed  calyx.  Petals  inserted 
into  the  calyx  and  equahng  the  number  of  lobes.  Stamens 
equal  to,  or  several  times  the  number  of  petals.  Ovary  united 
to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  1 — 2-celled.  Fruit  1-celled,  indehis- 
cent.     Seed  solitary,  pendulous. 

Genus  L— RHIZOPH'ORA.    L.  12—1. 

(From  the  Greek  rhiza,  a  root,  and  phoreo,  to  bear,  from  the  branches  throwing  out 

roots.) 

Tube  of  the  calyx  obovate.  Petals  oblong,  emarginate,  co- 
riaceous. Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Anthers 
nearly  sessile.  Fruit  ovate,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  calyx, 
to  which  it  adheres.  Trees. 

1.  R.  Man'gle,  (L.)  Leaves  obovate-oblong.  Peduncles  2 — 3  flow- 
ered, axillary. — Yellow.    ^  .     Lou.  and  Flor.  Mujigrove. 

Order  L.— ONAGRA'CE^. 

Sepals  united  into  a  tubular  calyx,  the  limb  generally  divided 
mto  4  segments.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  segments, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  petals,  and 
generally  equaling  them  in  number.  Anthers  introrse.  Pollen 
triangular.  Ovary  cohering  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  1 — 2 
— 4-celled.  Style  elongated.  Stic/ma  capitate  or  4-lobed. 
Fruit  usually  capsular.  Seeds  indefinite,  anatropous ;  albumen 
none  ;  embryo  straight. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Calyx  with  4  or  more  teeth  or  lobes 2 

Calyx  with  3  lobes Pi^oserpinaca,  6 

2,  Flowers  monoecious Myriophyllum,  7 

Flowers  perfect 3 

8.  Stamens  4 Zudwigia,  5 

Stamens  more  than  4 4 

4.  Flowers  purple E2nlobium,  1 

Flowers  white  or  reddish Gaxira,  3 

Flowers  yellow 5 

6.  Caly.x  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary (Enothera,  2 

Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary Jusaicea,  4 


OIlDEIi    L. — ONAGRACEJC.  313 


Genus  L— EPILO'BIUM.     L.  8—1. 

(From  the  Greek  epi,  upon,  and  lohos,  a  pod,  the  flower  being  seated  on  the  top  of 
the  pod.) 

Calyx  campanulale  ;  segments  4,  spreading.  Petals  4.  Sta- 
mens  8,  alternate  ones  longest.  Anthers  elliptical,  attached 
near  the  middle.  Stigma  clavate.  Capsule  quadrangular,  4- 
celled.  Seeds  numerous,  cro^Yned  with  a  coma.  Perennial 
herbs. 

1.  E.  colora'tum,  (Muhl.)  Stem  branching,  glabrous,  nearly  terete. 
Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  lanceolate,  seiTulate,  on  short  petioles. 
Flowers  iu  terminal  racemes,  small.  Petals  2-cleft.  Capsules  on  short 
pedicels,  slightly  pubescent,  linear,  4-angled.  Seed  oblong. — Purple. 
2f.     July — Aug.     Mountains.     1 — 3  feet. 

Genus  II.— (ENOTHE'RA.    L.  8—1. 

(From  the  Greek  <x,nos,  wine,  and //tero,  a  catching:  the  roots  of  the  (E.  biennis 
were  formerly  eaten  as  an  incentive  to  wine-drinking;  hence  the  name  of  the  genus 
as  wine-catching.) 

Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft ;  segments  rellexed.  Petals  4,  equal, 
obovate.  Stamens  8.  Ovary  4-celled ;  ovules  numerous. 
Stigma  4-cleft.  Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Ilerbaceous 
plants,  with  alternate  leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 

1.  ffi.  bien'nis,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceous,  erect,  terete,  generally  sim 
pie,  hirsute.  Leaves  alternate,  pubescent,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  den- 
ticulate. Flowers  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes.  Calyx  longer  than  the 
ovary,  thickened  at  the  summit ;  segments  hairy  on  the  outside,  re- 
flexed.  Stamens  slightly  declined.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate.  Cap- 
sule nearly  cylindrical  Seeds  numerous. — Yellow.  2^.  Sept. — Oct. 
Common.     3 — 8  feet.  Evening  Primrose. 

2.  (E.  murica'ta,  (Murr.)  Resembles  the  CE.  biennis,  but  with 
smaller  flowers.  Stem  purplisli,  muricate.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Petals 
a  little  longer  than  the  stamens.     Ovaries  strigose-hirsute. 

3.  (E.  grandiflo'ra,  (Ait.)  Stem  nearly  glabrous,  branching.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  sometimes  pubescent.  Flowers  axillarv, 
large  ;  tube  of  the  calyx  very  long.  Petals  longer  than  the  stamens. — 
Yellow.     0.     Through  the  summer.     Cultivated  grounds.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  (E.  sinua'ta,  (L.)  Stem  diffuse,  pubescent,  ascending  or  decum- 
bent, simple  or  branching  from  the  base.  Leare.'i  sinuately  toothed, 
oblong,  often  pinnatifid.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile.  Petals 
nearly  obcordate.  Calyx  villous.  Capsules  cylindrical,  furrowed. — 
Yellow,  becoming  rose-color.  If.  May — June.  Dry  pastures.  1 — 2 
feet. 

5.  CE.  FRUTico'sA,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  divaricate.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  denticulate, 
acute,  mnrUed  -with  minute  linear  dots.  Flowers  large,  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes. Petals  broadly  obcordate,  longer  than  tlie  segments  of  the 
calyx.  Capsules  oblong,  clavate,  pedicellate,  angled. —  Pale  y.Uow.  If. 
July — Aug.      Middle  CJoo.  and  Car.     1—2  foot. 

I  I 


314  OEDEK    L. ONAGRACEiE. 

6.  (E.  unea'eis,  (Mich.)  Steyn  pubescent,  slender,  generally  branch- 
ed. Leaves  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  crowded  near  the  summit.  Flowers 
in  terminal  corymbs.  Petals  longer  than  the  stamens.  Capsules  cla- 
vate,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  pedicel. — Bright  yellow.  @  or  If. 
April — May.     Common  in  dry  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

7.  (E.  GLAu'cA,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous,  erect, 
branching  above.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  denticulate. 
Flowers  very  showy,  in  short,  leafy  corymbs.  Petals  emaiginate, 
broadly  obovate,  erosely  crenulate  at  the  summit,  much  longer  than  the 
segments  of  the  calyx.  Capsules  winged,  pedicellate,  ovoid. — Briglit 
yellow.      If.     May — July.     Carolina.     2 — 3  feet. 

8.  CE.  ripa'ria,  (Nutt.)  Ste7n  slightly  pubescent,  slender.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  attenuate,  entire,  remotely  denticulate. 
Flowers  in  leafy,  elongated  racemes ;  tube  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the 
ovary ;  segments  of  the  calyx  acuminate.  Petals  obcordate.  Capsules 
oblong,  clavate,  4-winged,  with  4  intermediate  ribs. — Yellow.  $  .  June 
— July.     In  damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet 

Genus  III.— GAU  RA.     L.  8—1. 

(From  the  Greek  gauros,  superb,  alluding  to  the  elegance  of  tbe  flowers  of  some  of 
tLe  s^jecies.) 

Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular,  prolonged  beyond  tlie  ovary,  decidu- 
ous ;  segments  reflexed.  Pelals  4,  unguiculate.  Stamens  8, 
somewhat  declined.  Anthers  attached  near  the  middle.  Ovary 
4-celied,  with  1 — 2  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell.  Style  fili- 
form, declined.  Fruit  somewhat  ligneous,  indehiscent ;  by 
abortion  1 -celled,  1 — 4-seeded,  4-angled.  Flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.     Perennial  plants,  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  G.  angustifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Steyn  terete,  pubescent.  Leaves  clus- 
tered, sessile,  linear,  repand,  undulate,  denticulate,  somewhat  hairy. 
Flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  formed  of  slender  racemes.  Calyx  with 
reflexed  segments;  segments  long,  linear.  Petals  inserted  near  the 
sunnnit  of  the  calyx,  spatulate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  segments  of  the 
calyx.  Fruit  ovate,  with  acute  or  winged  anglts. — White.  If.  July 
— Aug.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  G.  bien'nis,  (L.)  Stem  villous-pubescent,  branching.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  denticulate,  or  entire,  pubescent,  sometimes  glabrous 
above  when  old.  Flowers  crowded  in  the  terminal  spikes;  segments  ol 
the  calyx  rather  longer  than  the  petals.  Petals  spatulate,  larger  than 
the  preceding.  Fruit  oval-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  with  4  conspicu- 
ous ribs. — White  or  red.  6.  Jidy — Aug.  Upper  districts.  3 — 5 
feet. 

8.  G.  Filip'es,  (Spach.)  Stem  suffructicose  at  the  base,  branching 
above.  Leaves  linear  or  oblong-linear,  acute  at  the  base,  often  in  the 
axils,  remotely  sinuately  toothed,  often  almost  pinnatitid,  mucronate 
Flmvers  in  pnnicles,  on  very  slender  branches.  Calyx  hairy,  with  seg- 
ments exceeding  in  length  the  p^^tals.  Petals  spatulnte,  oblong-ovate 
Fruit  clavate,  on  a  fihform  pedicel,  4  angled. — White  or  reddish.  U 
Jidy— Aug.     In  dry  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 


ORDER    L. ONAGliACEj;:.  315 

Genus  IV.— JUSSIiE'A.     L.  10—1. 
(In  honor  of  A.  de  J'lssieu,  demonstrator  of  plants  in  the  Eoyal  Gardim  at  Paris.) 

Calyx  4 — G-parted  ;  tube  prismatic  or  cylindrical,  not  ex- 
tended beyond  the  ovary.  Petals  4 — 6,  spreading-.  Stamens 
double  the  number  of  petals.  Capsule  4 — G-celled,  oblong, 
ribbed.  Seeds  numerous.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  axillary. 
Herbaceous  plants,  growing  in  wet  places. 

1.  J.  GRANDiFLORA,  (Micli.)  Root  Creeping.  Stem  erect,  ascending, 
little  branched,  villous  when  j'oung.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute 
at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  lower  ones  spatulate.  Flowers  solitary,  ax- 
illary, nodding  before  their  expansion.  Calyx  villous,  with  very  acute 
segments.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate,  double  the  length  of  the  seg- 
ments. Stamens  10,  unequal.  Ovary  5-angled. — Yellow.  2f .  May — 
Aug.     Low  country,     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  J.  LEPTOCAu'PA,  (Nutt.)  Stem  hirsute,  erect,  simple  or  somewliat 
branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  almost  sessile.  Flowers  axillary,  on  short 
pedicels.  Calyx  usually  with  6  acuminate,  hairy  lobes.  Petals  as  long 
as  the  calyx.  Stamens  10 — 12.  Capsules  linear,  nearly  glabrous  when 
mature. — Yellow.     0.     June — Aug.     Southern  Goo.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  J.  decur'kens,  (D.  C.)  {Ludioigia  decurrens  of  FlUott.)  Stem 
erect,  glabrous,  branching,  winged  ;  branches  slender.  Leaves  ovate, 
lanceolate,  decurrent,  closely  sessile,  shining,  with  2  glands  at  the  base. 
Ftowei-s  on  square,  winged  peduncles,  with  2  cordate  glands  in  the 
middle  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  4,  acuminate,  5-nerved.  Petals  obovate, 
as  long  as  the  segments,  caducous.  Stamens  8.  Capsules  4-seedod, 
winged,  on  short  pedicels. — Yellow.  11.  July — Sept.  Damp  soils. 
Very  common.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  V.— LUDWIG'IA.     L.  4-1. 
(In  honor  of  Professor  Ludwig,  of  Leipsic.) 

Calyx  4-parted  ;  tube  angled  or  cylindrical.  Petals  4  or 
none.  Stamens  4.  Apex  of  the  ovary  generally  flat.  Sti(jma 
capitate.  Capsule  quadrangular,  4-celled,  many-seeded.  Flow- 
ers axillary  or  spicate.  Perennial  plants,  growing  in  wet 
places. 

1.  L.  ALTERNiFOLiA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  slightly  angled, 
slightly  scabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  sessile,  tapering  at  each 
extremity.  Flowers  axillary,  solitar}-,  on  short  peduncles  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  ovate,  acuminate,  sprt'adirig,  S-norved.  Petals  caducous,  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  Capsule  with  winged  angks,  cubical ;  wings  eiliaLe. 
— Yellow.     U.     July — Sept.     Low  couutry.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  L.  piLo'sA,  (Walt.)  Stein  hairy  or  hirsute,  erect,  bi'anching.  Leaves 
ovate,  obtuse  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear,  sts^ile,  some- 
what dccurreiit.  Flowers  axillary,  on  short  peduncles,  large ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  ovate,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Capsule  villous,  nearly 
cubical;  angles  winged. — Yellow.  2^.  Aug. — Oct.  Wet  clay  soila. 
1—2  feet. 


?1  0  ORDER  L. ONAGEACE^. 

3.  L.  virga'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  virgate,  slightly  angled,  pubes- 
cent, sometimes  branched.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  linear, 
obtuse,  sessile,  pubescent.  Flowers  axillary,  large,  on  slender  pedicels  ; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  reflexed.  Petals  larger  than  the  segments. 
Capsule  cubical,  with  winged  angles. — Yellow.  %.  May — Sept.  In 
dry  places.     2 — 4  feet. 

4.  L.  linea'ris,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  slender,  glabrous,  an- 
gled near  the  summit.  Leaves  linear,  acute  at  each  end.  Floioers  ax- 
illary, solitary,  sessile  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  triangular,  ovate.  Petals 
oblong-ovate,  sometimes  wanting. — Pale  yellow.  If .  July — Sept.  In 
shallow  water.     10 — 20  inches. 

5.  L.  linifo'lia,  (Poir.)  Stern  erect,  glabrous,  branching  from  the 
base,  slender,  angled  above.  Leaves  linear,  tapering  at  the  base.  Flow- 
ers axillary,  sessile,  larger  than  tlie  preceding  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate- 
lanceolate.  Capsule  cylindrical,  slender. — Yellow.  If.  July — Aug. 
Middle  Geo.     6—18  inches. 

6.  L.  ctlin'drica,  (Ell.)  Steyn  erect,  branching,  slightly  angled,  gla 
brous.  Leaves  slightly  denticulate,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  extrem- 
ity, slightly  decurrent.  Flowers  small,  solitary  or  clustered,  apetalous, 
sessile;  segments  of  the  calyx  short,  serrulate.  Ca/)s«/e  cylindrical, 
pubescent,  with  4  furrows. — Yellow.  2f.  July — Sept.  Southern  Geo. 
2—3  feet. 

7.  L.  mol'lis,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  pubescent.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  pubescent,  acute  at  each  extremity.  Flowers  generally  clus- 
tered, axillary,  sessile  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  acuminate,  triangular, 
ovate.  Petals  minute  or  none.  Capsxde  subglobose,  villous,  4-sided. — 
Yellow.     If.     July — Sept.     In  swamps.     2 — 3  feet.      Z.  joiZosa,  Walt. 

8.  L.  ala'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  sparingly  branched,  winged. 
Lraves  cuneate,  decurrent  at  the  base  ;  lower  ones  lanceolate  or  oval. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile,  apetalous ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
broad,  triangular,  ovate.  Capsules  cubical,  slightly  winged,  small. — 
Yellow.  2f.  July — Sept.  In  swamps.  Southern  Car.  and  Geo.  1 
—3  feet. 

9.  L.  sph.£rocar'pa,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  angled,  branching, 
glal)rous  or  minutely  pubescent.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  atten- 
uate at  the  base.  Flowers  axillary,  generally  solitary,  sessile,  commonly 
apetalous  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  triangular-ovate.  Capsule  small,  glo- 
bose, pubescent. — Yellow.  If.  July — Sept.  Swampy  grounds.  South- 
ern Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

10.  L.  microcar'pa,  (Mich.)  Stem  decumbent,  slightly  winged,  branch- 
ing, glabrous,  ascending.  Leaves  obovate,  spatulate,  acute,  glabrous, 
obscurely  denticulate.  Flowers  minute,  axillary,  sessile,  apetalous. 
Capsule  very  small,  4-furrowed. — @.  Damp  places.  Lower  Car.  and 
Geo.     8 — 12  inches. 

11.  L  capita'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  slender,  somewhat 
angled.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  sessile,  acute. 
Floivers  in  a  crowded,  terminal  head  or  spike,  sessile.  Petals  small  or 
none  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  broad,  triangular-ovate.  Capsule  oblong, 
quadrangular,  slightly  winged. — YeUow.  2f.  Aug. — Oct.  Damp 
soils.     Middle  Geo.     12 — 15  inches. 

12.  L.  palus'tris,  (Ell.)  Stem  procumbent,  glabrous,  creeping,  branch- 
ing, succulent..     Leaves  opposite,  ovate-spat nlate,  entire,  tapering  at  the 


ORDER  L. ONAGRACEiE.  317 

base  into  a  slender  petiole.     Flowors  axillary,  sessile  ;  segments  of  tlio 
calyx  very  short. — lied.      If.     Through  the  summer.     In  water. 

13.  L.  xa'taks,  (Ell.)  Stan  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  creepin;^  or 
floating.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate-spalulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ; 
lower  ones  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  triangular-ovate.  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Capsule  quadran- 
gular, attenuate  at  the  base. — Yellow.  If.  July — Oct.  In  swamps. 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo. 

14.  L.  PEDUNCULo'sA,  (Mich.)  Stem  creeping,  glabrous,  branching. 
Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  lanceolate,  entire  ;  upper  surface  glabrous,  the 
under  sprinkled  with  hairs.  L'loivers  axillary,  solitary,  on  long  pedun- 
cles. Petals  obovate,  entire,  caducous  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading.  Capsule  obconic,  pubescent. — Yellow. 
2f .     May — June.     In  wet  places.     Stem  3 — 10  inches. 

Genus  VI.— PROSERPINA'CA.    L.  3—3. 
(From  proserpo,  to  creep ;  creeping  plants.) 

Calyx  3-parted  ;  tube  3-sided.  Petals  3  or  none.  Stamens 
3.  Stigmas  papillose.  Fruit  3-sided,  3-celled.  Steins  creep- 
ing.    Leaves  alternate.     Flotvers  axillary.     Aquatic  herbs. 

1.  P.  palus'tris,  (L.)  Root  fibrous.  Stem  herbaceous,  procumbent, 
columnar,  branching,  glabrous,  colored.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate ;  the  lower  ones  pectinate  or  pinnatifid,  glabrous. 
Flowers  1 — 3,  axillary,  nearly  sessile ;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
persistent.     Fruit  triquetrous. —  If.     April.     In  shallow  waters. 

2.  P.  pectina'cea,  (Lam.)  Stem  herbaceous,  erect,  sometimes  branch- 
ing, angled  near  the  summit.  Leaves  glabrous,  pectinate;  segments 
linear-subulate.  Flowers  1 — 3,  nearly  sessile.  jShit  triquetrous,  with 
jobtuse  angles.      2f .     May — April.     In  shallow  water.     2 — 8  inches. 

Genus  VII.— MYRIOPHYL'LUM.     Vaill.  19—12. 

(From  the  Greek  murios,  a  myriad,  and  phulloiiy  a  leaf,  in  allusion  to  its  numorous 

leaves.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  4 
or  none.  Stamens  4 — 8.  Ovary  4-celled  Fruit  of  4  indeliis- 
cent  carpels,  cohering  by  the  inner  angles,  adhering  to  the  tube 
'of  the  calyx.  Aquatic  plants.  The  submersed  leaves  pinnate, 
with  filiform  segments.  Flowers  sessile,  axillary,  the  upper 
staminate,  the  middle  perfect,  the  lower  fertile. 

1.  M.  veuticilla'tum,  (L.)  Stem  long,  branching.  Leaves  verticillate  ; 
the  upper  pectinate,  pinnatifid,  the  lower  pinnate,  with  capillary  seg- 
ments. Flowers  axillary,  octandrous. —  1i.  July — Sept.  In  ponds 
and  streams.  Water  Milfoil. 

2.  M.  hetkropuyl'lum,  (Mich.)  Stem  thick,  branching,  terete,  float- 
ing ;  the  upper  leaves  oval,  acutely  serrate  ;  submersed  leaves  numer- 
ous, veiticillate, pinnate,  with  setaceous  segments.  i'Vowrra hexandrous, 
in  irregular  whorls.  Cahjx  with  minute  lobes.  Petals  minute.  Sta- 
mens 4 — 6.  Carpels  roughened,  cohering  at  the  axis. — Purple.  U- 
June- -Sept     In  ponds  and  streams.     1 — 2  feet. 


318  ORDER    Llir. PASSIFLORACE^. 

8.  M.  scabra'tum,  (Mich.)  Stem  terete,  floating,  taking  roots  at  the 
lower  joints.  Leaves  verticillate ;  the  upper  linear,  pinnatifid,  tho 
lower  setaceous.  Flowers  verticillate,  small,  sessile.  Stamens  4 — 6. 
Carpels  2,  ridged  on  the  back. — Pale  purple.  If.  April — June.  Shal- 
low ponds.     10 — 12  inches. 

Order  LI.— LOASA'CE^. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  sometimes  10,  the  inner  ones  usu- 
ally smaller.  Stamens  numerous,  the  outer  ones  often  petaloid. 
Ovary  inferior,  1 -celled.  Fruit  a  capsule,  1-celled,  about  6- 
seeded.     Seeds  anatropous. 

Genus  I.— MENTZE'LIA.     L.  11—1. 

Genus  same  as  the  order. 

i.  M.  Florida'na,  (Nutt.)  Herbaceous  plant,  covered  with  rigid, 
barbed  hairs.  Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  acute,  unequally  toothed,  truncate, 
and  2-lobed  at  the  base.  Petals  cuneate-oval,  a  little  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Capsule  clavate.  Seeds  ovate,  striate. — Yellow.  East 
Florida. 

Order  LIL— TURNERA'CE^. 

Sepals  5,  united  into  a  funnel-shaped  tube ;  segments  equal. 
Petals  5,  equal,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  alternate 
with  the  petals.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  pa- 
rietal placentse.  Ovules  numerous.  Styles  3.  Capsule  3-valv- 
ed,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  numerous.  Herbaceous 
plants.     Leaves  simple,  alternate. 

Genus  L— TUR'NERA     Plum.  5—3. 
(In  memory  of  "Wm.  Turner.) 

Petals  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stigmas  many-cleft. 

1.  T.  cistoi'des,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  hirsute,  with  bristly  hairs.  Leaves 
alternate,  oval,  obtuse,  crenate,  hairy,  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  solitary, 
axillary;  peduncles  articulated  toward  the  summit.  Petals  obovate. 
Anthers  sagittate.  Capsule  globose,  villous.  Seeds  reniform. — Yellow. 
2f.     June — Sept.     Barren  soils.     Georgia,  Plorida.     12 — 18  inches. 

Order  LIII.—PASSIFLORA'CEtE. 

Sepah  4 — 5,  united  at  the  base.  Petals  4 — 5,  inserted  into 
the  throat  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  4 — 5, 
monadelphous.  Anthers  introrse.  Ovary  stipitate,  1-celled, 
with  3 — 4  parietal  placentae.  Styles  3 — 4,  clavate,  a  filamen- 
tous crow^n  inserted  into  the  calyx  within  the  petals.  Fruit 
fleshy,  indehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous.  Climbing 
herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  leaves. 


ORDER   LIV. CUCUItDITACEiE.  319 

Genus  I.— PASSIFLO'RA.     L.  15—5. 

(From  passio,  passiou,  and jfe).s,  a  flower;  some  fancietl  resemblance  to  the  crown  of 
thorus  and  other  appendages  of  thfc  j^>assion  of  our  Saviour.) 

Cali/x  5-parted,  with  a  eanipanulate  tube  witJi  a  filamentous 
crown  inserted  into  the  throat.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Anthers 
large.  Stigmas  3,  davate.  Fruit  pulpy.  Flowers  axillary, 
-with  a  filamentous  crown. 

1.  P.  incarna'ta,  (L.)  Stem  climbing,  herbaceous.  Leaves  3-lobed, 
alternate  ;  lobes  oblong,  acute,  pubescent  along  tlie  veins.  Petioles 
with  2  glands  near  the  summit.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  a  long 
jointed  peduncle  ;  tendrils  axillary.  Calyx  5-parted,  pubescent.  Pet- 
als oval-oblong ;  crown  triple.  Fruit  oval,  glabrous,  eatable. — White. 
If.     May— July.     Dry  soils.     20— 30  feet.  3 fay  Pop. 

2.  P.  lu'tea,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceous,  slender,  climbing,  slightly  hairy. 
Leaves  somewhat  cordate  at  the  base,  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit, 
glabrous.  Flowers  by  pairs,  on  axillary  peduncles.  Petals  narrow. 
Fruit  dark  purple. — Greenish-yellow.  If.  May — July.  Common. 
3—10  feet. 

Order  LIV.— CUCURBITA'CE^ 

Calyx  5-toothed,  the  limb  sometimes  obsolete.  Petals  5, 
distinct.  Stamens  5,  usually  diadelphous  or  triadelphous.  An- 
thers long  and  sinuous.  Ovary  cohering  to  the  calyx.  Fruit 
fleshy.  Seeds  anatropous  ;  albumen  none  ;  cotyledons  foliace- 
ous.  Herbaceous  plants,  climbing  by  stipular  tendrils.  Leaves 
alternate.     Flowers  axillary. 

Genus  L— BRYO'NIA     L.  19—15. 
(From  the  Greek  hruo,  to  sprout  up,  alluding  to  its  rapid  gro\\'tIi.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  with  5  short  teeth.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  5,  triadelphous.  Style  generally  3-cleft.  Fruit  an 
oval  berry,  few-seeded. 

1.  B.  BoTKiN'ir,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  climbing,  pubescent ;  tendrils  usu- 
ally simple.  Leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  one  longest, 
acuminate,  denticulate,  the  lateral  angled  or  2-lobed.  Sterile  and  fer- 
tile flowers  usually  together,  on  short  pedicels.  Fruit  crimson,  becom- 
ing yellow.  Seeds  with  2  lateral  teeth.  Greenisli-wlute.  Zf.  June- 
July,     Along  streams.     15 — 20  feet 

Genus  II.— MELOTH'RIA.     L.  19—15. 
(The  name  of  a  plant,  given  by  TLeophrastus.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  3 — 5-toothcd.  Petals  5,  form- 
ing a  campanulate  corolla  ;  perfect  flowers  sometimes  apetalous. 
Stame7is  5,  triadelphous.  Anthers  contorted.  Style  1.  Stiy- 
mas  3,  dilated,  with  a  cup-shaped  disk  surrounding  the  base  of 
the  style.     Fruit  a  small  many-seeded  berry. 


b'AO  ORDER    LIV. CUCURBITACE^. 

1.  M.  PENDULA,  (L.)  Siem  running  over  small  fhrubs,  branching. 
Leaves  somewhat  reniform ;  repand  toothed,  5-angled  or  o-lobed,  mid- 
die  lobe  longest,  mucronate,  slightly  hispid.  Flowers  axillary,  the  ster- 
ile in  racemes,  the  fertile  solitary;  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate.  Co- 
rolla with  a  5-lobed  border.  Stamens  short.  Fruit  small,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.     Yellowish.     11.     June — Aug.     In  rich  soils. 

Gknus  III.— SrCYOS.     L.  19—15. 
(From  the  Greek  siciios,  a  encumber,  from  its  resemblance.) 

Flowers  moEoecious.  Calyx  5-tootLed,  flattish  ;  teeth  subu- 
late. Petals  5,  ovate,  united,  forming  a  rotate  corolla.  Sta- 
mens 5,  cohering  into  a  tube.  Anthers  contorted.  Calyx  in 
the  fertile  flowers  campanulate.  Petals  forming  a  campanulate 
corolla.  Ovary  1-celled.  Ovule  1.  Style  1.  Stigrnas  3. 
Fruit  ovate,  usually  hispid.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  to- 
gether, the  former  in  racemes,  the  latter  in  clusters.  Petals 
with  green  veins  ;  tendrils  compound. 

1.  S.  angula'tus,  (L.)    a  small,  procumbent  vine,  viscidly  pubescent. 
Leaves  alternate,  cordate,  5-angled,  toothed,  scabrous,  palmately  veined 
tendrils  3 — 5-cleft.     Sterile  flowers  in  racemose  corymbs,  on  long  pe 
duncles.     Fruit  viscidly  pubescent,  wath  introrsely  scabrous  bristles. — 
White.     @.     June — Sept.     Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

Genus  IY.— CUCUR'BITA.     L.  19—15. 
(From  cucurbita,  a  vessel.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed  ;  seg- 
ments subulate  or  rather  broad.  Petals  obovate,  inserted  within 
the  margin  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.  Anthers 
long,  tortuous.  Fruit  large,  3 — 5-celled.  Seeds  numerous, 
compressed.  Fertile  flowers,  with  3  nearly  sessile,  thick  stig- 
mas. Lagenaria  vulgaris  {lagena^  a  bottle),  D.  C. 

1.  C.  lagena'ria,  (L.)  a  large  vine,  tomentose.  Leaves  cordate, 
nearly  circular,  pubescent,  wnth  2  glands  at  the  base  ;  tendrils  3 — 4- 
cleft.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.  Petals  spreading.  Fruit  varying  in 
form ;  exterior  coat  ligneous. — White.  0.  Through  the  summer. 
Kich  soils.  Calabash  or  Gourd. 

2.  C.  pe'po.  Running  vine.  Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  8ub-5-lobed, 
denticulate.  Fruit  round  or  nearly  so,  more  or  less  ribbed,  smooth. — 
Asia.  J^umpkin. 

3.  C.  ciTr..uL'Lus.  Leaves  5-lobed  ;  lobes  sinuate,  pinnatifid,  obtuse. 
Fruit  more  or  less  oval,  smooth,  often  marked  with  various  stripes,  3 — 
6-celled,  fleshy  at  the  center. — Southern  Asia  and  Africa.    Watermelon. 

The  various  kinds  of  Squash  belong  to  this  genus. 


OEDEK   LV. GROSSULACE.E.  321 

Genus  V.— MOMOR'DICA.    L.  19—15. 
(From  mordio,  to  bite,  the  seeds  appearing  as  if  bitten.) 

Flowers  moncecious  or  filiform.  Stamens  triadelphous. 
Style  trifid.  Fruit  a  pepo,  muricate,  bursting  elastically  when 
mature.     Seeds  inclosed  in  a  fleshy  arillus. 

1.  M.  balsa'mia,  (L.)  a  running  annual  plant.  Leaves  palmately 
5-lobed,  toothed,  glabrous,  shining.  Fruit  attenuated  at  both  ends, 
angular,  tuberculated,  orange-colored  when  ripe,  splitting  irregularly. 
Highly  esteemed  in  the  East  for  curing  wounds  ;  hence  its  common 
name,  Balsam. — Yellow.     East  Indies. 

Balsam  Apple.     Balsam  Cucumber. 

2.  M.  Charan'tia,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  5 — Vdobed,  den- 
tate or  sinuately  toothed.  Ovary  slender,  more  or  less  tuberculate  ; 
seeds  with  a  notched  margin. — Tampa  Bay,  Florida. 

Genus  VI.— CU'CUMIS.     L.  19—15. 
(Origin  doubtful.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  perfect.  Calyx  campanulate  ;  seg- 
ments subulate.  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.  Pepo  indehiscent, 
3 — 6-celled.  Cucumber.     Muskmclon. 

1.  C.  me'lo,  (L.)  Stem  running,  scabrous,  cirriferous.  Leaves  round 
ish,  angular.  Staminate  flowers  with  the  calyx  ventricose  at  the  base. 
Fruit  ovate  or  globose,  8 — 12-furrowed.  Flesh  sweet. — Numerous  va- 
rieties in  cultivation.  Muskmelon.     Cantelope.     Ntitmeg  Melon. 

2.  C.  SATi'vus,  (L.)  Stein  rough,  cirriferous.  Leaves  cordate,  ob- 
scurely 5-lobed,  petiolate.  FloiDcrs  usually  by  threes.  Calyx  campanu- 
late. Fruit  varying  much  in  form,  smooth  or  prickly,  usually  shining. 
— Great  variety  in  cultivation.     East  Indies.  Cucumber. 

Order  LV.~GR0SSULA'CE^. 

Calyx  superior,  4 — 5 -cleft,  tubular,  campanulate.  Petals  usu- 
ally 5,  distinct,  small,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Ovary  inferior,  I -celled.  Styles  2.  Fruit  a  berry, 
1 -celled,  usually  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous ;  albumen 
fleshy  ;  embryo  .minute.     Shrubs. 

Genus  L— RI'BES.    L.  5—1. 

(An  Arabian  name  of  an  acid  plant) 

Genus  same  as  the  order. 

1.  R.  eotundifo'lium,  (Mich.)  Stci7is  not  prickly  ;  aubaxillary  spines 
short,  usually  solitary.  Leaves  roundish,  5-lobed,  nearly  glabrous,  shi- 
ning above  ;  lobes  obtuse,  incisely  toothed.  Peduncles  slender,  1 — 2- 
flowered.  Petals  spatulate,  unguiculate.  Fruit  small,  smooth. — 
Mountains.     N.  C.  Gooxcbcrry. 

A  species  is  found  in  the  neijrliborliood  of  Stone  ^fountain,  Georgia,  of  which  a 
stem  was  given  me.  Lenvs  broad-cordate,  glabrous;  ujtiier  ones  (li.-tinctly  3-lobo<l, 
obscurely  5-lobcHl ;  lower  ones  5-lobed;  lobes  cronatc,  toothed;  subaxillary  t^pinos  3 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  1  or  2  toward  the  summit.  Brandun  long,  slender, 
vhite  toward  the  summit. 


322  OEDER  LVm. CRASSULACEiE. 

Order  LVL— CACTA'CE^.     Juss. 

Sepals  numerous,  indefinite,  confounded  with  the  petals,  im- 
bricate. Petals  numerous,  indefinite,  arising  from  the  orifice  of 
the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous,  indefinite,  with  long,  filiform 
filaments,  and  versatile,  ovate  anthers.  Ovary  1 -celled,  coher- 
ing to  the  calyx,  with  j^arietal  placentae,  fleshy.  Fruit  1 -celled, 
many- seeded,  succulent.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  no  albumen. 
Succulent  plants,  generally  destitute  of  leaves.     Flowers  sessile, 

Gex\us  I— OPUN'TIA.     Tourn.  11— 1.     {Cactus,  L.) 
(From  Opus,  a  city  of  Locris.) 

Sepals  numerous,  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Petals  numerous, 
obovate,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  shorter  than  the  pet- 
als. Stigmas  numerous,  thick.  Berry  1-celled,  tuberculate, 
many-seeded. 

1.  C,  vulga'ris,  (Mill.)  Stem  prostrate,  creeping;  joints  compressed, 
obovate  ;  spines  setaceous.  Flowers  sessile  on  the  margins  of  the  artic- 
ulations. Fruit  oboA'ate,  pulpy.  Seeds  numerous,  imbedded  in  a  crim- 
ion  pulp. — Yellow.     2f.     Through  the  summer.     Commoa 

Order  LVIL— SURIANA'CE^. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  inserted  into  the  bottom  of 
the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  sometimes  with  5  abortive  ones.  Toms 
fleshy.  Ovaries  5,  each  with  a  long  style  ;  ovules  in  pairs, 
erect.  Fruit  5  coriaceous  carpels.  Seeds  solitary,  uncinate. 
Shrubs. 

Genus  I— SURIA'NA.     Plum.  5—5. 

Genus  same  as  the  order. 

1.  S.  mariti'ma,  (L.)  Leaves  simple,  oblong-spatulate,  pubescent, 
crowded  at  the  tops  of  the  branches.  Flowers  bracteate. — Yellow.  "^ . 
Sea-coast  of  Southern  Florida. 

Order  LVIIL— CRASSULA'CE^. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  4 — 5,  with  as  many 
hypogynous  scales  at  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Ovaries  5,  gener- 
ally distinct ;  ovules  numerous.  Carpels  many-seeded,  open- 
ing by  the  inner  suture.  Seeds  anatropous.  More  or  less  suc- 
culent plants. 

Genus  L— SE'DUM.     L.  10—5. 
(From  sedeo,  to  sit;  manner  of  growth,  sitting  upon  rocks.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior.  Corolla  4 — 5-petaled.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  5.  Capsules  5,  with  5  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base 
of  the  germ. 


ORDER    LIX. SAXIFKAGACE.C.  323 

1.  S.  telepiiioi'des,  (Mich.)  Stern  erect,  branching.  Leaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  alternate  at  the  base,  glabrous,  toothed.  Flowers  in  termi- 
nal corymbs,  dense.  Sta)7i€7is  10.  Petals  ovate-lanceolate. — Pale  pur- 
ple,    if.     June — Aug.     Mountain?.     1  foot.  Live  Forever. 

2.  S.  terna'tum,  (Mich.)  Stc7n  creeping,  branching  from  the  ba«e. 
Leaves  flat,  glabrous,  entire;  the  lower  ones  verticillate  by  threes, 
broad,  cuneiform,  obovate  ;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  oval,  or  lanceolate. 
Flowers  in  a  3-spiked  cyme.  Stamens  8,  with  the  exception  of  the  ter- 
minal ones,  which  have  10.  Petals  linear-lanceolate,  acute. — White. 
2j:.     May — June.     Mountains.  Stone-crop. 

3.  S.  pulchel'lum,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous,  assurgent.  Leaves  linear, 
flattish,  obtuse,  scattered,  sessile,  numerous.  Flowers  in  a  many-spiked 
cyme,  crowded,  unilateral,  sessile,  oetandrous;  terminal  one  commonly 
decandrous.  Sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse.  Petals  lanceolate,  acute. — 
Purple  or  rose-color.     U-     May — June.     Mountains.     4 — 12  inches. 

Genus  II.— DIAMOR'PHA.     Nutt.  8—4.     . 

(From  the  Greek  diamorplwo,  to  deform,  from  the  irregular  form  of  the  fruit  in  ref- 
erence to  the  order.) 

Sejxds  4,  united  at  the  base,  obtuse.  Petals  4,  concave. 
Stamens  8,  with  purple,  nearly  round  anthers.  Carpels  4,  with 
mjnute,  obcordate  scales  at  their  base.  Seeds  4 — 8.  A  succu- 
lent, biennial  herb,  branching  from' the  base. 

1.  D.  pusil'la,  (Nutt.)  Leaves  alternate,  oblong,  nearly  terete. 
Flowers  small,  in  corymbose  cymes.  Fruit  not  dehiscing  by  either 
suture. — White.     $  .     March.     On  flat  rocks.     Upper  part  of  Geo. 

Genus  III— PENTHO'RUM.     Gron.  10—5. 

(pTom  the  Greek  pente^  five,  and  Jwros,  a  boundary,  in  reference  to  the  five  beaks  by 
which  the  capsule  is  bounded.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5  or  none.  Stamens  10.  Carpels  5, 
u^">^ted  into  a  5-angled,  5-celled  capsule,  with  5  diverging 
br'.d\S.  Seeds  minute,  numerous.  Perennial  plants,  with  al- 
ternate, serrate  leaves. 

1.  P.  sedoi'des,  (L.)  Stan  branching,  terete  at  the  base,  angled 
above.  Leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  glabrous,  doubly  serrate. 
Flowers  in  paniculate  spikes ;  cal3'x  with  ovate,  serrate  segments. 
Seeds  elliptical. — Greenish-yellow.  2^.  July — Sept.  Wet  places.  1 
— 2  feet.  Virginia  Stone-crop. 

Order  LIX.— SAXIFRAGA'CE^E. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  united  or  distinct.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Stamens  usually  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  with  the  petals 
into  the  calyx.  Ovary  of  2 — 5  carpels,  either  free  from  or  co- 
hering to  the  calyx,  1 -celled,  with  parietal  placentse,  or  with  as 
many  cells  as  carpels,  with  central  phiccntai  ;  ovules  u.^ually 
numerous.     Frtiit  a  capsule,   and  generally  with  a  sei>ticidal 


324  OEDER    LIX. SAXIFRAGACE^. 

dehiscence.     Seeds  anatropous,  numerous,  and  small.     Embryo 

straight. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Stems  herbaceous 2 

Stems  woo  dy 7 

2.  Petals  none Chrysosplenium,  5 

Petals  present 3 

3.  Leaves  compound Astilbe,  4 

Leaves  simple 4 

4.  Stamens  5 5 

Stamens  10 Saxifraga,  1 

5.  Capsule  2— 3-celled. .       Boykinia,  2 

Capsule  1-celled 6 

6.  Styles  2 Ileuchera,  3 

Styles  3 Lfpuropetalon,  6 

7.  Climbing  plants Decmnaria,  9 

Shrubs  or  small  trees 8 

8.  Style  1 Ilea,  7 

Styles  2 Hydrangea,  8 

Stylos  4 Philadelphus,  10 

Genus  I— SAXIF'RAGA.     L.  10—2. 

(From  saxum,  a  stone,  and  frango,  to  break,  from  the  supposed  virtues  of  some  ol 
the  species  in  curing  the  stone.) 

Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united.  Caiyels  2-beaked,  2-celled, 
many-seeded,  free  or  attached  to  the  calyx,  opening  by  a  hole 
between  the  beaks. 

1.  S.  leucanthemifo'lia,  (Lap.)  Stem  with  viscous  hairs.  Leaves 
epatulate,  oval,  attenuate  into  a  long  marginal  petiole,  with  acute  and 
large  teeth.  Flowers  in  a  long,  diffuse,  much-branched  panicle.  Calyx 
reflexed,  persistent.  Petals  unequal. — White,  variegated  with  pink  and 
yellow.    11.    June — Sept.    Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.    10 — 2u  iU. 

2.  S.  Yirginien'sis,  (Mich.)  >S/!^??i  pubescent.  Xeai'fs  oblong,  ovate, 
or  spatulate,  obovate,  attenuate  into  a  broad  petiole.  Floviers  in 
dense,  cymose  clusters.  Calyx  with  erect  segments,  obtuse.  Peta^i 
oblong,  obtuse.  Carpels  united  by  the  base  to  the  calyx. — Whitt, 
tinged  with  purple,     li.     Mountains.     4 — 12  inches. 

Genus  II.— BOYKIN'IA.     Xutt.  5—2. 
(In  honor  of  Dr  Boykin,  of  Georgia.) 

Calyx  turbinate  or  urceolate,  cohering  to  the  ovary,  5-cleft; 
segments  acute,  triangular.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  5. 
Styles  2 — 3,  short.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled,  with  central  pla- 
centJB,  many-seeded,  2-beaked,  dehiscent  by  pores  between  the 
beaks.  Perennial  plants,  with  alternate,  lobed,  and  palmately 
round  leaves.     Flowers  in  corymbose  cymes,  small. 

1.  B.  acon-itifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glandular.  Leaves  5— 'Z-lobed, 
glabrous;  cyme  fastigiate,  viscid.  jP/owrs  secund ;  teeth  of  the  calys 
broadly  triangular,  3-nerved. — Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  obovate 
sometimes  wanting. — White.     2^.     June — Julv.     Mountains. 


ORDER    LIX. SAXIFRAGACE^.  325 

Gknus  III.— HEUCIIE'RA.     L.  5—2. 
(In  honor  of  Professor  Ileucher,  of  Wittcmberg.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  campanulate,  -svith  obtuse  segments.  Petals 
5,  entire.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2.  Ca2)sule  1-celled,  many- 
seeded,  2-beaked,  dehiscent  between  tbe  beaks.  Seeds  oval, 
hispid.  Perennial  herbs,  with  numerous,  palmately  veined,  rad- 
ical leaves,  on  long  petioles. 

1.  H.  America'na,  (L.)  Ste77i  somewhat  viscid,  generally  naked. 
Leaves  '7 — 9-lobed  ;  lobes  rounded,  obtuse,  dentate  ;  teeth  mucronate, 
ciliate.  Flowers  numerous,  in  loose,  elongated  panicles,  bracteate. 
Petals  spatulate,  small.  Seeds  small,  numerous. — White.  If.  April 
— May.     Rich,  damp  soils.     Common.     1 — 2  feet.  Aluyn-root. 

2.  H.  CAULEs'cENS,  (Pursh.)  Scape  hairy  at  the  base,  2-leaved  or 
naked.  Leaves  cordate,  5 — 7-lobed;  lobes  acute,  glabrous,  unequally 
toothed,  ciliate.  Flotvers  in  slender,  loose  panicles.  Petals  linear-spat- 
ulate,  about  the  length  of  the  stamens ;  segments  of  the  calyx  short, 
hairy. — White.      2f.     May — June.     Mountains. 

3.  n.  iiis'riDA,  (Pursh.)  Scape  glabrous,  1 — 2-leaved.  Leaves  ob- 
tusely 5 — 7-lobed,  with  broad,  mucronate  teeth,  hispidly  ciliate  ;  upper 
surface  hispid,  lower  glabrous.  Flowers  few.  Petals  unguiculate, 
broadly  spatulate.  Stamens  exserted. — Violet-purple.  If.  May — 
June.     Mountains. 

Genus  IV.— ASTIL'BE.     10—2.     {Tiarella  of  Elliott) 
(From  a,  privative,  and  stilbe,  brightness ;  opake  plants.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  spatulate,  marcescent.  Stamens  10,  exserted. 
Anthers  cordate,  2-celled,  on  subulate  filaments.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  dehiscing  longitudinally  along  the  inside  of  the  carpels, 
which  separate  after  maturity.  Perennial  plants,  with  com- 
pound leaves  ;  leaflets  serrate.  Floicers  in  crowded  panicles, 
bracteate. 

1.  A.  decan'dua,  (Don.)  Stem  herbaceous,  angular,  branching.  Leaver 
biternate ;  leaflets  cordate,  oblique,  lobed ;  lobes  serrate;  lower  sur- 
face and  petioles  glandular,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terini 
nal  panicles ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate.  Petals  linear-spatulate, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Carpels  united  at  the  base. — Yellowish-white. 
If.     June — Aug.     Mountains. 

Genus  V.— CHRYSOSPLE'IsIUM.     Tourn.  8-2. 

(From  the  Greek  chrusos,  gold,  and  splen,  the  spleen,  in  reference  to  the  color  of  the 
flowers  and  supposed  elfect  on  the  spleen.) 

Calyx  4-cleft ;  segments  obtuse,  colored  within.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  8 — 10  ;  filaments  short,  subulate.  Anthers 
reniform,  2-celled.  Styles  2.  CajJsnle  1-celleti,  with  2  parie- 
tal placentae,  cohering  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Seeds  numer- 
ous.    Herbaceous  plants,  with  fleshy,  crenate  leaves. 


326  ORDER   LIX. — SAXIFKAGACE^. 

1.  C.  Amkrica'num,  (Sclnvein.)  Stejn  slender,  decumbent,  dichoto 
mous  above.  Leaves  rouiidish-ovjite,  crenate  ;  the  uppei-  one?  alter 
nate,  the  lower  ones  opposite.  Flowers  sessile,  scattered.  Beeds  his 
pid,  reddish-brown. — Yellowish-green.     If.     April — May.     Mountains, 

Water  Carpet.      Golden  Saxifrage. 

Genus  VI.— LEPUROPET'ALOK     Ell.  5—3. 
(From  the  Greek  lepuHon,  a  little  scale,  and  petalon,  a  petal.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  ovate,  obtuse  lobes  ;  tube  turbinate,  co- 
hering to  the  lower  portion  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5,  minute, 
spatulate,  persistent.  Stamens  5,  with  short  filaments.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  many-seeded,  globose.  Seeds  numerous.  A 
small,  annual  herb,  growing  in  tufts.  Leaves  alternate,  spatu- 
late, entire,  marked  with  brownish  dots.     Flowers  terminal. 

1.  L.  spathula'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  glabrous,  somewhat  succulent,  slightly 
angled,  branching  from  the  base.  Flov:ers  laige  for  the  size  of  the 
plant.  Calyx  persistent;  segments  ovate.  Petals  scale-like,  ovate. 
Capsule  3-valved  at  the  summit. — White.  ©.  March — April.  Close 
soils.     1  inch. 

Genus  VIL— ITEA.     L.  5— 1. 

(From  itea,  the  Greek  name.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  subulate  segments.  Petals 
5,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  linear-lanceolate,  with  in- 
curved points.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals!  Style  1. 
Stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-eelled,  with  a  central  pla- 
centa. 

1.  I.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  a  shrub  with  flexible,  pubescent  branches. 
Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  seri-uhite,  on  short  petioles. 
Petals  pubescent  on  the  inside.  Stijle  furrowed.  Flowers  in  terminal, 
simple  racemes.  Seeds  numerous. — White.  If.  April — May.  Wet 
soils.     Common.     3 — 6  feet. 

Genus  VIIL— HYDRANGEA.     Gron.  10—2. 

(From  the  Greek  hvdor,  water,  and  avgeion,  a  vine;  suggested  by  the  capsules  of 
some  of  the  sj^ecies  resembling  a  cup  and  growing  in  water.) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Flowers  fertile  or  sterile ;  calyx  of  the 
sterile  flowers  membranaceous,  colored,  flat,  dilated  ;  the  re- 
maining organs  rudimentary  or  none;  tube  of  the  calyx  in  fer- 
tile flowers,  hemispherical,  cohering  to  the  ovary,  ribbed.  Pet- 
als  5,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta)ne7is  double  the  number  of  the  petals. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  dehiscing  by  an  aperture  between 
the  styles.  Seeds  numerous.  Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves, 
with  cymose  flowers. 

1.  H.  ARBOREs'cENs,  (L.)  Stem  with  opposite  branches,  pubescent 
when  young.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  dentate,  U'-arly  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  fastigiate  cj-mos,  generally  fertile. — White.  ^.  May-- 
June.     Mountains.     6 — 8  feet. 


ORDER   LX. IIAMA^IKLACE^.  327 

2.  H.  CORDATA,  (Pursh.)  Resembling  the  preceding  species.  Leaves 
broad-ovate,  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed, 
glabrous  underneath.  Flowers  generally  in  radiate  cjuils. — Wliite. 
^2  .     May — June.     Mountains.     6 — 8  feet. 

3.  H.  niv'ea,  (Mich.)  Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate,  pu- 
bescent along  the  veins  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery,  tomentose  be- 
neath. Flowers  in  terminal,  radiate  cymes,  with  few  sterile  florets  in 
the  circumference ;  by  cultivation  all  become  sterile. — White.  ^ , 
May — June.     Upper  Car.  and  Middle  and  Upper  Geo.     6 — 8  feet. 

4.  H.  quercifo'lia,  (Bar.)  A  showy  shrub.  Leaves  deeply  3 — 5- 
lobed,  serrate,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  in  paniculate,  radiate 
cymes  ;  sterile  flowers  large,  numerous. — White,  becoming  purple.  ^ . 
May — June.  Middle  Geo.  Common  on  the  banks  of  the  Ocmulgee  and 
Flint  rivers. 

Genus  IX.— DECUMA'RIA.     L.  11— 1. 

(From  decuma,  a  tenth,  in  reference  to  the  tenfold  structure  of  some  of  the  flower.'*.) 

Calyx  8 — 12-cleft;  tube  campanulate,  adhering  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  8 — 12,  narrow,  oblong,  with  margins  somewhat  indupli- 
cate.  Stamens  tliree  times  the  number  of  the  petals.  Cap- 
sule 5 — 10-celled,  ribbed,  opening  between  the  ribs;  placentae 
central.  Seeds  numerous.  A  shrub,  with  opposite  leaves. 
Flowers  in  compound  cymes,  fragrant. 

1.  D.  bar'bara,  (L.)  Stem  climbing,  by  rootlets,  large  trees.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  acute  at  each  end  or  obtuse  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles. — White.  ^ .  July.  In  Middle  Geo. 
?-0— 40  feet. 

Genus  X.— PHILADEL'PHUS.    L.  11—1. 

(The  Greek  name  of  a  plant,  given  by  Aristotle.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  persistent;  tube  adhering  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  4 — 5,  broadly  obovate.  Stamens  numerous.  Styles  4, 
more  or  less  united.  Capsule  4 — 5-celled,  with  a  loculicidal 
dehiscence.     Seeds  numerous.     Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves. 

1.  P.  ino'dorus,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3- 
nerved,  nearly  entire.  Flowers  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  1—3  ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  acute.  Petals  large. — White.  ^  .  May.  Mid- 
dle Geo.,  near  CuUoden.     5 — 7  feet.  Syrinya. 

2.  P.  grandiflo'rus,  (Willd.)  A  shrub,  with  long,  flexible  branches, 
slightly  angled.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  3-nerved.  Flow- 
ers at  the  extremity  of  tlie  branches,  1 — 3,  large ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Petals  large,  twice  as  long  as  the 
stamens. — White.  ^.  April — May.  Middle  Geo.  Common.  6 — 10 
feet.  • 

Order  LX.~ IIAMAMELA'CE^. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  or  with  5 — 7  obscure  teeth,  or  truncate  ; 
the  tube  somewhat  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Petals  4 — 5,  lin- 
ear, spiral  at  the  apex,  sometimes  none.     Stamens  twice  the 


328  OKDER    LXI. UMBKLLIFKK^. 

number  of  the  petals  or  indefinite.  Capsule  ligneous,  2-beaked, 
2-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  Seeds  anatropous.  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  feather-veined. 

Genus  I— HAMAME'LIS.    L.  4—1. 

(Origin  uncertain.) 

Calyx  4-parted,  with  2 — 3  bracts  at  the  base.  Petals  4, 
marcescent.  Stamens  4  that  are  fertile  and  4  sterile,  the  latter 
opposite  the  petals.  Styles  2.  Capsule  bony,  cohering  at  the 
base  to  the  calyx,  2-celled.     Seeds  1  in  each  cell,  shining. 

1.  H.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  8tcm  with  flexuous  branches.  Leaves  obo- 
vate,  cordate,  acutely  toothed,  slightly  scabrous ;  margins  undulate,  on 
short  petioles,  Flowers  axillary,  in  clusters. — Yellow.  ^ .  Oct. — 
Nov.     Common.     8 — 12  feet.  Witch  Hazel. 

Genus  II.— FOTHERGIL'LA.     L.  11—2. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Fothergill.) 

Calyx  5 — Y-toothed  or  truncate,  campanulate.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx.  Ova- 
ry cohering  to  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2,  filiform,  dis- 
tinct. Ca^ysule  2-lobed,  opening  at  the  top,  2-celled.  Seed  1 
in  each  cell,  bony.     Flowers  in  terminal,  amentaceous  spikes. 

1.  F.  alnifo'lia,  (L.)  a  shrub,  with  virgate  branches.  Leaves  oval, 
acute,  or  obtuse,  crenate  near  the  summit,  pubescent  underneath. 
Flowers  with  imbricated  bracts,  each  inclosing  a  single  flower.  Starnens 
numerous,  long,  white  or  tinged  with  pink. — White.  '^ ,  March — 
April.     Margin  of  swamps.     2 — 4  feet. 

Order  LXL— UMBELLIF'ER^. 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Limh  5-toothed  or  entire. 
Petals  5,  usually  inflexed  at  the  point.  Stamens  5,  alternate 
with  the  petals.  Ovary  consisting  of  2  united  carpels,  covered 
by  the  coherent  calyx,  2-celled,  an  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  2. 
Fruit  consisting  of  2  carpels,  adhering  to  a  common  axis,  inde- 
hiscent,  marked  with  5  longitudinal  ribs.  Seeds  anatropous  ; 
embryo  minute.  Herbaceous  plants,  usually  with  fistular 
stems.  Leaves  usually  compound,  with  sheathing  petioles. 
Flowers  in  umbels. 

»— ' —  ANALYSIS.  . 

1.  Flowers  in  heads Eryngium,  4 

Flowers  in  umbels ; 2 

2.  Umbels  simple 8 

Umbels  compound 4 

S.  Leaves  peltate  or  cordate EydrocotyU,  1 

Leaves  linear GranUia,  2 

Leaves  digitately  divided Sani^la,  3 


OKDEB    LXI. UMBELLIFEKJi.  329 

4   Flowers  yellow  or  greenish 5 

Flowers  wliitc  or  blue ,  7 

5.  Leaves  i)innatcly  divided Pdstinaca,  I'J.  Daiu:u.%  22 

Leaves  leruately  divided  6 

C,  Seed  nearly  terete T/iaspiutn,  18 

Seed  flat  on  one  side,  convex  on  tiic  other Zifda,  12 

7.  Seeds  compressed 8 

Seeds  scarcely  compressed 13 

8.  Seeds  compressed  on  the  sides 9 

Seeds  compressed  on  the  back 16 

9.  Loaves  3-parted CryptotcBiiia,  1 1 

Leaves  triternate  or  quinnate Cicuta,  8 

Leaves  dissected,  pinnate,  or  ternate 10 

10.  Leaves  bipinnate,  segments  pinnatifid Ch(Brophyllum,  23 

Leaves  dissected,  pinnate,  or  teruate 11 

11.  Leaves  much  dissected 15 

Leaves  pinnate  or  ternate 12 

12.  Leaves  ternate 13 

Leaves  pinnate 14 

13.  Involucre  none Ilelosciadium,  5 

Involucre  2 — ^1-leaved Keurophyllum^  10 

14.  Involucre  1 — 3-leaved Helosciadium,  5 

Involucre  5 — 6-leaved Sium,  9 

15.  Involucre  with  parted  leaflets Discopleura,  6 

Involucre  none Leptoca  ulin,  7 

16.  Leaves  simple,  terete Tiedma?inia,  17 

Leaves  compound 17 

17.  Petioles  inflated,  3 -parted Archangelica,  16 

Petioles  simple Archemora,,  18 

18.  Seeds  linear OHmorrhiza,  24 

Seeds  ovate-oblong Lijusticum,  15 

Tribe  L— HYDRO  COT  YLE'.E. 

J^'riiit  laterally  compressed.  Seeds  flat  on  the  face.  Vitice 
2  or  none.      Umbels  simple. 

Genus  L— HYDROCOT'YLE.     Touni.  5—2. 

(From  the  Greek  hudor,  water,  and  cottde,  a  cavity,  from  the  locality  of  the  plants 
in  the  water,  and  the  cup-like  appearance  the  leaves  sometimes  assume.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Petals  entire,  ovate,  acute. 
Fruit  flattened  laterally,  5-ribbed.  Herbaceous  plants,  aquatic, 
creeping  stems  and  peltate  or  cordate  leaves.  Floivers  in  sim- 
ple umbels.     Involucre  4-leaved. 

1.  H.  America'na,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  orbicular,  reniform, 
slightly  7-lobed,  crenate.  Flowers  few,  sessile,  in  axillary  umbels. — 
"White  or  greenish.      %.     May — June.     Mountains.     2 — 3  inches. 

2.  H.  intkrrup'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  terete,  glabrous,  creeping,  branch- 
ing. Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  doubly  crenate.  Floivers  in  small, 
nearly  sessile,  capitate  umbels,  4 — 8-flowered.  Fruit  broad. — "White. 
If.     Through  the  summer.     In  M-^et  soils.     3 — 4  inches. 

3.  H.  umbella'ta,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  creeping  or  floating..  L.eaves 
peltate,  crenate,  eniarginate  at  the  base.  Umbels  many-flowcrod,  on 
long  peduncles.  Fruit  somewhat  tumid.  Calyx  slightly  toothed.— 
White.     U'     Through  the  summer.     Crows  in  bogs.     4—6  inchea. 


330  ORDER   LXI. — UMnELLIFER.E. 

4.  H.  repan'da,  (Pers.)  Stem  creeping.  Leaves  cordate,  rounded,  re- 
pandlj  toothed,  hairy  when  young.  FlowerK  in  capitate  uin!)els,  3 — 4 
flowered.  Fruit  reniform,  4-ribbed  on  each  side  ;  involucre  2  concave 
bracts. — White.     %.     Through  the  summer.     Damp  soils. 

6.  H.  ranuxculoi'des,  (L.)  Steyn  creeping  or  floating,  glabrous 
Leaves  reniform,  3 — 5-lobed,  crenate.  Umbels  6 — lO-flowered,  on  pe- 
duncles shorter  than  the  jietioles.  Fruit  orbicular,  smooth,  obscurely 
2-ribbed  on  each  side. — White.     U-     Jnly — Aug.     Around  ponds. 

Gen-US  IL— CRANT'ZIA.     Nutt.  5—2. 
(In  honor  of  Crantz,  an  Austrian.) 

Calyx  with  a  subglobose  tube ;  margin  obsolete.  Petals 
roundish,  entire,  obtuse.  Fruit  subglobose,  nearly  orbicular. 
Carpels  unequal,  small,  glabrous.  Umbels  few-flowered,  sim- 
ple.    Creej^ing  plant,  with  linear,  entire,  succulent  leaves. 

1.  C.  linea'ta,  (Nutt.)  {Hydrocotyle  lineata  ofElliod.)  Leaves  erect, 
1 — 2  inches  long,  marked  with  transverse  lines,  cuneate,  linear,  obtuse. 
Umbels  8  — 12-flowered.  Involucre  5 — 6-leaved. — White.  If.  April 
—May.     Low  country. 

Tribe  IL— SANICULE'^. 

Seed  flat  on  the  face.  Umbels  simple.  Vittoe  usually  none. 
Truit  ovate,  globose. 

Genus  III.— SANIC'ULA.     Tourn.  6—2. 
(From  sano,  to  heal.) 

Calyx  with  5  somewhat  foliaceous  teeth.  Petals  obovate, 
erect,  with  a  long  inflexed  point.  Carpels  clothed  with  hooked 
bristles,  without  ribs.  Seeds  hemispherical.  Radical  leaves  on 
long  petioles. 

1.  S.  Marilan'dica,  (L.)  Stem  terete,  glabrous,  dichotomously  branch- 
ed toward  the  summit.  Leaves  di^itately  5-paitei] ;  segments  inci.-ely 
serrate,  the  middle  lobe  distinct  to  the  base,  lateral  ones  slightly  conflu- 
ent at  the  base.  Floivers  in  somewhat  capitate  umbels,  a  part  sterile  ; 
fertile  ones  nearly  sessile ;  tube  of  the  calyx  echinate.  Fruit  oval. 
Seed  flat  on  one  side. — White.  2f .  May — Aug.  Damp  soils.  Com- 
mon. 

Genus  IV.— ERYNGIUM.     Tourn.  5—2. 
(Fom  the  Greek  ereugo,  to  belch ;  supposed  to  be  a  cure  for  flatulency.) 

Flowers  capitate.  Calyx  with  a  roughened  tube,  with  some- 
what foliiieeous  lobes.  Petals  oblong,  ovate,  emarginate,  with 
a  long  inflexed  point.  Fruit  obovate,  crowned.  Carpels  semi- 
terete.  Flowers  bracteate,  the  lower  large,  the  others  inter- 
mixed with  the  flowers,  sniall,  scale-like. 

1,  E.  aquat'icum,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  fistular,  email.  Leaves  broadly 
linear,  remotely  cihate,  with  soft  spines  ;  floral  leaves  undivided,  equal, 


OKDER   LXl. UMBEl.LIFERJS.  331 

ovate,  acuminate.    Flowers  in  heads.    Petals  cliaffy. — White.    If.    Juno 
— July.      Damp  soils.  Button  Snake-root. 

2.  E.  Virginia'num,  (Lam.)  Stem  glabrous,  fistular,  branched,  thick- 
ened at  the  joints.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  incisc-ly  serrate,  tapeniijj 
at  each  extremity,  with  prominent  midrib.  Flowers  in  numerous  heads. 
Involucre  long,  subulate,  sessile,  whitish  on  the  under  surface. — White. 
If.     June.     Damp  soils.     4 — 6  feet. 

3.  E.  aromat'icum,  (Bald.)  Stem  branching  toward  the  summit, 
leafy,  many  from  each  root.  Leaves  pinnatfly  paJted,  crowded  on  the 
stem,  bristly,  with  a  silvery,  cartilaginous  margin.  Flowers  in  numer- 
ous heads,  on  long  peduncles.  Involucre  5-leaveci  ,•  leaves  3-cleft.— 
White.     %.     Aug. — Nov.     Pine-barrens.     Florida. 

4.  E.  virga'tum,  (Lam.)  Stem  erect  or  decumbent,  glabrous,  fistular. 
Leaves  s])atulate,  ovate,  membranaceous ;  cauline  ones  on  short  peti- 
oles, toothed  or  sharply  serrate.  Involucre  6 — 8  leaves,  longer  than 
the  head  ;  chaff  bicuspidate.  Flowers  in  heads,  in  the  angles  of  the 
branches  near  the  summit. — Pale  blue.  If.  July — Sept.  In  pine 
barrens.     1 — 3  feet. 

5.  E.  Baldwin'ii,  (Spreng.)  Stein  prostrate,  often  creeping,  branch 
ing,  filiform.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  petiolate,  entire  or  somewhat  lobed, 
remotely  toothed  ;  upjier  ones  usually  sessile,  3-cleft,  with  narrow,  en- 
tire, lateral  se>4ments  ;  middle  segment  entire  or  2 — 3-toothed.  Flow- 
ers in  small  heads,  on  axillary  peduncles,  with  the  involucre  shorter 
than  the  heads. — White.      If.     June — July.     Southern  Geo. 

Tribe  III.— AMMIN'EJS. 

Fruit  compressed  laterally,  with  primary  ribs  only.  Umbels 
compound. 

Genus  V.— HELOSCIA'DIUM.     Koch.  5—2. 
(From  the  Greek  helos,  a  marsh,  and  skiadion,  an  umbel.) 

Cali/x  with  an  obsolete  or  5-toothed  margin.  Petals  ovate, 
entire.  Carpels  with  5  prominent  ribs.  Fruit  compressed  lat- 
erally, ovate-oblong.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  compound  or 
many-parted  leaves. 

1.  H.  nodiflo'rum,  (Koch.)  {Sium  nodijlorum  of  Ell)  Stem  pro- 
cumbent, striate.  Leaves  pinnate ;  segments  i>blong,  serrate ;  upper 
ones  sometimes  ternate,  with  acute  leaflets.  Flowers  iu  umbels,  oppo- 
site tlie  leaves,  generally  destitute  of  an  involucre,  sessile  or  on  short 
peduncles.  Pfia/.s  expaJiding,  acuminate. — White.  0.  April — June. 
About  Charleston.     In  wet  places.     2  feet. 

2.  H.  leptopiiyl'lum,  (D.  C.)  Stein  glabrous,  slender,  erect  or  diffuse. 
Leaves  ternate,  with  linear  segments  ;  cauline  ones  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Umbels  opposite  the  leaves,  subsessile.  Involucre  none.  Fruit  small, 
glabrous. — White.     June — July.     Lou.     6 — 24  inches. 

Genus  VI— DISCOPLEU'RA.     D.  C.  5—2.     Ammi,  Ell. 
(From  the  Greek  diskos,  a  disk,  and  pleura,  a  rib.) 

Cahjx  with  subulate  teeth,  persistent.     Petals  ovate,  entire, 


332  ORDER   LXI. TJMBELLIFER^. 

with  a  minute  inflexed  point.  Fruit  ovate.  Caoyels  3-ribbed. 
Seeds  somewhat  terete.  Annual,  glabrous  plants,  with  dis- 
sected leaves. 

1.  D.  capilla'cea,  (D.  C.)  Stem  geniculate,  slightly  angled  and  fur- 
rowed, glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  ternately  dissected ;  segments  capil- 
lary, spreading.  Flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Involucre  many-leaved, 
shorter  than  the  rays  of  the  umbel ;  involucel  many-leaved,  linear,  un- 
equal. Petals  ovate,  acute.  Anthers  purple.  Seeds  flat  on  one  side, 
furrowed  on  the  other. — White.     ©.     May — June.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  D.  costa'ta,  (D.  C.)  St€7n  branching  toward  the  summit,  slightly 
angled,  glabrous.  Leaves  very  compound ;  leaflets  parted  to  the  base, 
somewhat  verticillate.  Uinbels  terminal,  large,  10 — 12-leaved,  dissect- 
ed ;  involucel  many-leaved,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  Petals  acuminate. 
Seeds  glabrous,  ribbed. — "White.  %.  Oct. — Nov.  Swamps  on  the 
Ogeechee.     4 — 5  feet. 

3.  B.  Nuttal'lu,  (D.  C.)  Ste^n  erect,  branching  toward  the  summit. 
Umbels  large ;  involucre  half  the  length  of  the  rays.  Leaves  with 
somewhat  verticillate  segments. — White.     ^.     Florida. 

Genus  VII.— LEPTOCAU'LIS.     Xutt.  5—2.     Sison,  Ell. 
(From  the  Greek  lejitoi,  slender,  and  kaulos,  stem.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Fetals  oval,  entire.  Fruit 
laterally  compressed,  ovate.  Cai^sules  slightly  ribbed.  Seed 
flat  on  one  side,  convex  on  the  other.  Herbaceous  plants,  with 
glabrous,  terete,  slender  stems.  Leaves  dissected  with  linear 
segments.  Umbels  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal.  Involu- 
cre none ;  involucel  few-leaved. 

1.  L.  divarica'tus,  (D.  C.)  Fruit  muricated,  with  short,  somewhat 
appressed  scales.  Leaves  alternate,  divided  with  linear  segments. 
Uvibel  with  5 — 6  unequal  rays  ;  middle  one  frequently  sessile  ;  involu- 
cel 3-leaved.  Petals  oval,  flat. — White.  ©.  March — April.  Sandy 
pastures.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  VIII.— CICU'TA.     L.  5—2. 
(Origin  doubtful.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  5-toothed,  somewhat  foliaceous.  Fetals 
obcordate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  laterally  compressed 
Carpels  ribbed.  Seed  terete.  Involucre  few-leaved  or  none ; 
involucels  many-leaved.  Aquatic,  perennial,  glabrous  herbs, 
with  fistulous  stems. 

1.  C.  macula'ta,  (L.)  Stem  striped  with  green  and  purple,  slightly 
geniculate.  Leaves  triternate  or  quinate ;  leaflets  ovate-lanoeolate, 
with  acuminate  serratures,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  luider  surface ; 
petioles  of  the  lower  leaves  long,  sheathing,  with  membranjiceous  wings ; 
segments  of  the  cal^'x  expanding.  Petals  with  long,  inflected  points. — 
White,     li.     July — Aug.     Common.     2 — 5  feet. 

Water  Hemlock.     Spotted  Cow-banc.     Beaver  Poison.     Musquash. 


ORDER    LXT. U:MliKLLTFi:R.E.  333 

Genus  IX.— SI'UM.     L.  5—2. 
(From  a  Celtic  word  meaning  water.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  5-tootlied.  Petals  obovate,  with  an  in- 
flexed  point.  Fruit  subglobose,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels 
ribbed.  Seeds  nearly  terete.  Flowers  in  m^ny-rayed  umbels. 
Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves. 

1.  S.  linea'ke,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  angular;  segments  of  the  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  serrate.  Involucre  5 — 6-leavecl.  Umbels  with  about  20 
rays.  Petals  with  an  obtuse,  inflexed  point.  Fruit  strongly  ribbed, 
obovate. — White.     If.     June — July.     Florida.     2 — 5  feet. 

Water  Parsnep. 

Genus  'X.— KEUROPHYLXUM.    T.  &  G.  5—2. 
(From  the  Greek  neuron,  a  nerve,  and  phullon,  a  leaf.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  5-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  obovate, 
with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  ovate,  laterally  compressed,  mi- 
nutely ribbed.  Seed  nearly  flat  on  one  side,  convex  on  the 
other. 

1.  ]Sr.  loxgifo'lium,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  glabrous,  slender,  striate  above. 
Leaves  ternately  divided,  with  long,  linear,  entire  segments,  the  upper 
ones  undivided  ;  rays  of  the  umbel  10,  slender.  Involucre  2 — 4-leaved  ; 
involucels  5 — 6-leaved. — White,  %.  Sept.  Near  Macon,  Geo.  3 — 4 
feet. 

Genus  XL— CRYPT0T.E'XIA.     D.  C.  5—2.     Chccrophilum,  Ell. 

(From  the  Greek  kruptos,  hidden,  and  tainia,  vltta;  the  vittae  of  the  mericarps  are 
invisible  unless  cut.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Petals  obcordate,  with  an  in- 
flexed, narrow  point.  Fruit  linear-oblong.  Carj-tels  obtusely 
ribbed.  Seed  teretely  convex  on  one  side,  the  other  slightly 
concave.     Perennial  herbs,  with  ternate  leaves. 

1.  C.  Canaden'sis,  (D.  C.)  Ste77i  erect,  glabrous,  with  many  branches  ; 
leaflets  ovate,  acute,  sometimes  notched  ;  radical  ones  2 — 8-lobed,  ser- 
rate. Umbels  numerous;  ra3's  unequal.  Involucre  none;  involucels 
few-leaved,  small,  subulate,  with  abortive  flowers  in  each  umbel.  Seeds 
acuminate,  pointed  with  persistent  styles. — White.  U.  June — Sent. 
In  shady,  rich  soils.     2 — 8  feet. 

Genus  XIL— ZIZLV.     Kocl).  5—2.     Sm^jmium,  Ell. 
(In  honor  of  Zizi,  a  German  botanist) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  5-toothed.  Petals  oblong, 
with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  compressed,  roundish,  or  oval. 
Carjjcls  ribbed.  Seed  convex  on  one  side,  flat  on  the  other. 
Leaves  ternately  divided.     Perennial  herbs. 

1.  Z.  au'rea,  (Koch.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  terete.  Leaves  bitcr- 
nale;  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate ;  tvrrainal  one  altoiuate  at 


334:  ORDER  LXI.— UMBELLIFEEiE. 

the  base,  serrulate,  glabrous.  Umbel  10 — 15-rayed;  invoIucelof2 — 3 
very  small  leaflets.  Fruit  elliptical,  nearly  black  when  mature. — Yel- 
low.    %.     May.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  Z.  integer' RiMA,  (D.  C.)  Stem  glabrous  and  slightly  glaucous. 
Leaves  2 — 3,  ternately  divided  ;  terminal  leaflet  usually  2 — 3-lobed  ; 
segments  oblong-ovate,  entire.  Umbels  on  slender  peduncles,  with 
long,  slender  rays.  Involucels  of  1 — 3  subulate  leaflets.  Fruit  round- 
ish-ovate with  prominent  ribs. — Yellow.  %.  May — June.  Common. 
1—2  feet. 

Tribe  IV.— SESELIN'E^. 

HI   1 
Umbels  compound.     Fruit  with  priinarj  ribs  only  7  trans- 
verse section  orbicular.  #• 

Genus  XIIL— THASTIUM.     JTutt.  6— 2.  * 

(From  the  Isle  of  Thaspia.) 

Limb  of  the  calyx  toothed  or  nearly  obsolete.  Petals  ellip- 
tical, with  an  attenuated,  iuflexed  point.  Fruit  elliptical.  Car- 
pels convex,  ribbed.  Seed  nearly  terete.  Perennial  plants, 
with  ternate  or  biternate  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbels 
or  opposite  the  leaves.  Involucre  none  ;  involucels  lateral,  3- 
leaved. 

1.  T,  corda'tum,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  terete,  usually  glabrous.  Radical 
leaves  nearly  orbicular,  cordate,  toothed  ;  cauline  ones  ternate;  seg- 
ments ovate,  serrate.  Carpels  with  winged  ribs. — Yellowish,  white,  or 
purple.      If.     May — June.     On  high  lands.     1 — 2  feet. 

Smyrnium  cor  datum,  "Walt. 

2.  T.  barbino'de,  (Nutt.)  jS'^gwt  pubescent  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  biter- 
nate or  triternate  ;  segments  cuneate,  ovate,  unequally  serrate.  U7nbels 
terminal  and  opposite  to  the  leaves.  Fruit  elliptical  or  ovate,  some  of 
the  ribs  only  winged. — Deep  yellow.  U-  June.  Banks  of  rivers.  1 
—2  feet. 

Genl-s  XIV.— CYXOSCIA'DIUM.     D.  C.  5—2. 

(From  the  Greek  kuon,  a  dog,  and  skiadion,  an  umbel.) 

Cahjx  with  subulate  teeth,  persistent.  Petals  ovate  or  nearly 
orbicular,  entire.     Fruit  ovate  ;  carpels  with  5  thick  ribs. 

1.  C.  digita'tum,  (D.  C.)  Stem  angular,  slender.  Leaves  digitate; 
lower  ones  5-parted  ;  upper  ones  3-parted ;  radical  ones  often  entire. 
Petals  ovate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  contracted  toward  the 
summit. — White,     ©.     Louisiana. 

Genus  XV.— LIGUS'TICUM.     L.  5—2. 
(From  Liguria,  in  -which  one  of  the  species  grows  abundantly.) 

Limb  of  the  calyx  toothed  or  obsolete.  Petals  unguiculate, 
obovate,  emarginate,  with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  slightly 
compressed  or  nearly  terete.  Carpels  ribbed,  somewhat  winged. 


ORDER    LXI. UMBKLLIFERJi.  335 

Seeds  somewhat  semi-terete.     Leaves  ternate  or  2 — 3  ternate. 

Iiivolncrc  composed  of  a  few  short,  siibuhite  leaflets;  involucels 
nearly  the  same. 

1.  L.  act.eifo'lium,  (Mich.)  {AngrUca  lucida  of  Elliott.)  Root 
lar^^e,  with  a  strong  odor;  n  fiivorite  lood  for  hogs.  Leaves  triter- 
nately  divided  ;  segments  ovate,  with  deep  sc'rrature^^.  Umbels  nuuK-r- 
ous,  forming  loose,  naked,  somewhat  verticillate  panicles,  all  but  the 
terminal  one  abortive.  jfruiY  ovate-oblong. — White.  If.  July.  Mid- 
dle Geo.     3 — 6  feet.  Lavage.    White-root. 

Tribe  V.— ANGELICE'JE. 

Fruit  with  a  double-winged  margin.  Umbels  compound. 
Seeds  convex  on  the  back. 

Genus  XVI.— ARCHAXGEL'ICA.     Raf.  5—2. 

(From  the  Greek  arche,  original,  and  angelica.)  ' 

Limb  of  the  calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  ovate,  entire,  with  an 
incurved  point.  Fruit  compressed  on  the  back.  Carjjels  with 
3  dorsal  ribs,  with  2  marginal  wings.  Perennial  herbs.  Leaves 
bipinnately  divided  ;  petioles  dilated  at  the  base.  Involucre 
almost  wanting ;  involucels  many-leaved. 

1.  A.  hirsu'ta,  (T.  <fe  G.)  {Angelica  triqriinata  of  Elliott.)  Stem  pu- 
bescen:  near  the  summit.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  segments  ovate-oblong, 
serrate,  the  upper  connate.  Umbels  on  long  peduncles,  densely  pubes- 
cent;  rays  rather  long,  spreading;  involucels  6 — 10-leaved,  sometimes 
unilateral.  Fruit  slightly  winged,  oblong. — White  or  greenish.  If. 
July — Aug,     So.  Car.  and  Geo,     2 — 5  feet. 

2.  A.  dexta'ta,  (Chap.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  finely  striate.  Lower 
leaves  ternately  divided ;  petioles  long  and  slender;  segments  ovate- 
lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  cuneate  ;  upper  leaves  with  narrow  seg- 
ments and  pinnatitid,  toothed.  Jjivolucel  4 — 6-leaved.  Petals  broadly 
ovate  ;  wings  of  the  seed  thin. — Middle  Florida, 

Tribe  VL— PEUCEDA'NE.^. 

Fruit  compressed  on  the  back,  with  an  entire,  marginal 
wing.      Umbels  compound. 

Genus  XVIL— TIEDMAN'jS'IA.     D,  C.  5—2. 
(In  honor  of  Prot  Tiedmann,  of  Heidelberg.) 

Limb  of  the  calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  ovate,  with  a  narrow, 
inflexed  point.  Fruit  compressed  on  the  back,  obovate.  Car- 
pels  ribbed  ;  lateral  ones  dilated  into  a  broad  margin.  Seeds 
flat.     A  biennial  plant. 

I.  T.  TETiETiFo'r.iA,  (D.  C.)  Ste7n  fistulous,  erect,  branvhinir  above. 
Leaves  simple,  terete,  4 — 8  inches  long,  divided  by  numerous  transverse 
partitions.    Involucre  many-leaved,  subulate,  persistent ;  involucel  eim- 


336  OEDEE    LXT. UMJiELLIFEK/E. 

ilar,  but  smaller.     Flowers  sessile ;    filaments  red  near  the  summit. 
Seeda  compressed. — White.     S  .     Aug. — Sept.     Middle  Geo.     8 — 6  feet. 

Genus  XVIIL— ARCHE'MORA.     D.  C.  5—2. 
(From  Archemous,  son  of  Lj^curgus.) 

Limb  of  the  calyx  5 -toothed.  Petals  obcordate,  with  an  in- 
flexed  point.  Fruit  somewhat  elliptic,  lenticularly  compressed. 
Carpels  ribbed ;  lateral  ones  dilated.  Involucre  wanting  or 
few-leaved  ;  involucels  many-leaved.     Perennial,  aquatic  herbs. 

1.  A.  eig'ida,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect,  rigid,  terete,  striate,  fistulous. 
Leaves  pinuately  divided  ;  segments  ovate,  oblong,  remotely  tooLlied  or 
entire,  with  a  cartilaginous  margin.  Umbel  of  many  slender  rays.^ 
Friiit  with  the  dorsal  ribs  greenish  ;  lateral  ones  with  a  membranace- 
ous margin. — White.      If.     Sept.     Georgia — Florida.     3 — 5  feet. 

2.  A.  terna'ta,  (Nutt.)  Stem  striate,  slender.  Leaves  ternately  di- 
vided, on  long  petioles  ;  segments  linear,  acute,  entire,  alternate.  Invo- 
lucre nearly  wanting ;  involucel  5 — 6-leaved.  Fruit  oblong,  elliptic, 
surrounded  with  a  thick,  winged  margin. — White.  If.  Middle  Car. 
and  Geo,     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XIX.— PASTINACA.     Tourn.  5—2. 
(From  pastinum,  a  forked  tool,  which  the  roots  resemble.) 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete  or  minute.  Petals  nearly  orbicular,  en- 
tire.    Fruit  much  compressed,  with  a  flat  margin. 

1.  P.  SATi'vA,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous.  Root  fusiform.  Leaves  pinnate  ; 
leaflets  glabrous,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  unequally  toothed  and  serrate, 
incised  at  the  base,  terminal  one  3-lobed. — lellow.     Europe.    Parsnep. 

Genus  XX.— POLYTiEXIA.    D.  C.  5—2. 
(From  the  Greek  ^oZws,  many,  and  tainia,  vitta.) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  oblong,  with  the  apex  emarginate, 
inflexed.  Fruit  oval,  glabi'ous,  compressed  on  the  back,  with  a 
broad  margin. 

1.  P.  Nuttal'lia,  (D.  C.)  Stem  glabrous,  sulcate,  leafy.  Leaves  on 
long  petioles,  bipinnate  ;  segments  incised  or  toothed  ;  upper  ones  only 
8-cleft.     Rays  of  the  umbel  12— 20.— Yellow.     Lou.     2—3  feet. 

Tribe  VII.— CUMINE'vE. 

Fruit  contracted  at  the  sides.  Carpels  with  5  primary  ribs 
and  4  secondary  ones.      Umhels  compound. 

Genus  XXL— TREPOCAR'PUS.     Nutt.  5—2. 
(From  the  Greek  trepo^  to  turn,  and  karpos,  fruit.) 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  teeth  subulate.  Petals  obcordate.  Fruit 
linear-oblong,  8-angled,  straight. 


ORDER    LXI. UMBKLLIFEU.E.  837 

1.  T,  ^THu'sE,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  niany-parted ;  leaf- 
lets thin,  those  of  the  stem  linear.  Umbels  opposite  the  leaves,  3 — 5 
rays. — White.     0.     Lou.     2  feet. 

Tribe  VIII.— DAUCIN'E^. 

Fruit  with  5  primary  bristly  ribs  and  4  more  prominent  sec- 
ondary ones,  prickly.      Umbels  compound. 

Genus  XXII.— DAU'CUS.     Tourn.  5—2. 
(A  name  given  by  Dioscorides.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate, 
with  an  inflexed  point ;  the  exterior  ones  often  larger  and  deep- 
ly 2-cleft.  Fruit  compressed,  ovate,  or  oblong.  Carpels  with 
5  filiform,  bristly  ribs.  Biennial  plants,  with  pinnately  divided 
leaves. 

1.  D.  caeo'ta,  (L.)  Root  fusiform.  Stem  hispid,  branching.  Leaves 
2 — 3,  pinnatifid ;  segments  pinnatifid,  with  lanceolate,  cuspidate  lobes. 
Lnvolncre  consisting  of  pinnatifid  leaves,  about  the  length  of  the  umbel. 
Umbels  concave,  the  central  one  of  each  secondary  one  abortive. — Yel- 
low.    S .     Naturalized.  Carrot 

2.  D.  pusil'lus,  (Mich.)  Steyn  retrorsely  hispid.  Leaves  bipinnate, 
with  pinnatifid  segments,  with  narrow,  linear  lobes  ;  leaves  of  the  in- 
volucre bipinnatifid.  Seeds  muricate,  with  8  crested  ribs. — Greenish- 
yellow.     S  .     May — July.     Common  in  middle  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XXIIL— CHJSROPHYL'LUM.     L.  5—2. 
(From  the  Greek  chairo,  to  rejoice,  and j^huUon,  alenf,  alluding  to  tbc  smell  of  tlie  leaf.) 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Petals  cordate,  emarginate, 
with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  compressed.  Carpels  ribbed. 
Seed  convex.  Leaves  compound,  with  toothed  or  many-cleft 
segments.     Involucel  many-leaved. 

1.  C.  procum'bens,  (Lam.)  Stem  decumbent,  ghibrous,  small.  Leaves 
alternate,  bipinnately  divided  ;  segments  pinnatifid ;  divisions  lanceo- 
late, mucroiiate.  Involucre  none.  Umbels  usually  sessile,  opposite  the 
leaves,  consisting  of  2 — i  rays;  involucels  4 — .5-leaved.  Fruit  oblong, 
striate,  pointed  at  the  summit. — White.  0.  April — May.  Shady 
places.     6 — 18  inches. 

Genus  XXIV.-OSMORRHI'ZA.    Raf.  6—2. 
(From  the  Greek  osme,  scent,  and  rJdza,  a  root.) 

Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Petals  oblong,  with  an  in- 
curved, cuspidate  point.  Fruit  long,  alternate,  smooth.  Car- 
pels ribbed.    Seed  terete.    Perennial  plants,  with  fusiform  roots. 

1.  O.  brevistt'lis,  (D.  C.)  Stem  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  in 
shady  plac*»s,  erect.     Lenvr.i  liiternate  ;  segments  obl<ing,  sorrnte,  sprin- 

15 


?SS  OKDEK    LXII.— ARALIACE^. 

kled  with  hairs.  Umbels  opposite  the  leaves.  Styles  conical,  short. 
Fruit  tapering  at  the  summit. — White.  If.  May — June.  Moist  woods. 
1 — 2  feet. 

Order  LXIL— ARALIA'CE^.. 

Calyx  obscurely  5-toothed,  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Petals 
5  ;  testivation  valvate.  Stamens  equal  in  number  to  the  petals, 
and  alternate  with  them  ;  filaments  short.  Ovaiy  2 — 3-celled, 
with  a  solitary  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  2,  erect  or  spreading. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  2 — 3-celled.  Seed  anatropous.  Herbace- 
ous plants,  with  compound  leaves.     Flowers  umbellate. 

Genus  I.— ARA'LIA.     L.  5—5, 
(Meaning  unknown.) 

Floivers  usually  perfect.  Calyx  entire  or  5-toothed,  superior. 
Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals, 
short.  Styles  5.  Pruit  baccate,  5-lobed,  5-celIed,  with  a  soli- 
tary suspended  seed  in  each  cell.  Herbs  and  shrubs  ;  when 
the  latter,  prickly. 

1.  A.  RACEMo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  much  branched,  glabrous.  Leaves  com- 
pound, 3-parted,  with  the  divisions  3 — 5-leaved ;  leaflets  glabrous, 
ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  frequently  cordate.  Petioles  pubes- 
cent. .  Flowers  in  umbels,  disposed  in  racemose  panicles,  small,  green- 
ish-white.—  2f.     July.     Mountains.     3 — 5  feet.  Spikenard. 

2.  A.  SPiNo'sA,  (L.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Stem  usually  prickly, 
scarcely  branched.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  bipin- 
nate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate.  Petioles  often  2 — 3  feet  long.  Jjcaves 
obscurely  serrate  ;  upper  surface  a  few  stiff'  hairs,  under  surface  glau- 
cous. Flowers  in  umbels,  arranged  in  a  large  racemose  panicle.  Styles 
5,  connivent  at  first,  then  spreading.  Petals  oval,  reflexed,  caducous. 
Styles  5,  short. — White.    "^  .     June — Aug.     Common.     5 — 40  feet. 

Hercules'  Club.     Prickly  Ash.     Angelica  Tree. 

3.  A.  nudicau'lis,  (L.)  Stem  short  or  none.  Leaf  1,  radical,  with  the 
petiole  elongated,  3-cleft ;  each  division  piunately  5-foliate  ;  leaflets 
oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate.  Flowers  in  3  umbels,  without  an  in- 
volucre.— Greenish- white.     June — July.     Mountains.     12 — 18  inches. 

Sarsaparilla. 

Genus  IL— PA'XAX.     L.  5- -2. 
(From  the  Greek  pan,  all,  and  aTcos,  a  remedy ;  that  is,  a  remedy  for  all  diseases.) 

Limb  of  the  calyx  very  short.  Fruit  orbicular  or  didymous. 
Perennial  herbs,  with  sheathing  petioles. 

1.  P.  quinquefo'lium,  (L.)  Root  fusiform,  wrinkled,  somewhat 
branching,  aromatic.  Leaves  verticillate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
compounded  of  5 — 7  leaflets;  leaflets  petiolate,  obovate,  acuminate. 
Umbels  solitary,  simple,  on  long  peduncles.  Styles  2.  Fruit  2-celled, 
red. — Yellowish-greon.     If.     July.     Mountains.     10 — 12  inches. 

Ginseng. 


ORDER  LXIV. Lr)RANTIIACEiE.  339 

2.  P.  tiufo'lium,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous.  Root  nearly  glo- 
bose, pungent  to  the  taste.  Leaves  as  in  the  preceding  ;  leaflets  3 — 5, 
lanceolate,  without  petioles.  Flowers  sometimes  dioecious.  Styles  3. 
Fruit  3-celIed. — Yellowish-green.     If.     April.     Mountains. 

Dwarf  Ginseng.     Ground-mU. 

Order  LXITL— CORNA'CE^. 

Calyx  4-tootlied,  minute,  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Petals  4, 
distinct,  oblong,  spreading,  inserted  with  the  calyx  into  an  epigy- 
nous  disk;  aestivation  valvate.  Drupes  baccate,  with  a  1 — 
2-celled  nucleus,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  Seeds  anatropous. 
Flowers  in  cymes.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  an  astringent  bark. 

Genus  I.— COR'NUS.     Tourn.  4—1. 
(From  cornus,  a  horn,  in  allusion  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

Stamens  4 — 5,  with  filiform  filaments.  Style  sub-clavate. 
Leaves  entire,  covered  with  appressed  hairs.  Doywood. 

1.  C.  panioula'ta,  (L'Her.)  A  shrub,  with  erect,  glabrous  branches. 
Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  hairy  beneath.  Flowers  in  com- 
pact paniculate  cymes.  Petals  lanceolate.  Drupes  globose,  depressed, 
white  or  bluish-white. — White.     ^  .     May — June.     4 — 6  feet. 

2.  C.  stric'ta,  (Lam.)  A  shrub,  with  opposite  branches,  glabrous, 
red;  branchlets  quadrangular.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  en- 
tire, nearly  glabrous.  Flowers  in  loose  cj^nies.  Pe^a^s  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute.  Anthers  blue.  Fruit  sub-globose,  pale  blue,  with  white  pulp. 
— White.    ^.     April.     Common  in  swamps.     8 — 15  feet. 

8.  C.  asperifo'lia,  (Mich.)  A  shrub,  with  erect  pubescent  branches. 
Jjcaves  oval,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  above,  toinentose  beneath. 
Flowers  in  fastigiate  cymes,  pubescent.  Petals  oblong-lanceolate,  jni- 
bescent.  Anthers  blue  or  purple. — White.  ^  .  June.  In  dr}',  sandy 
soils.     4 — 10  feet. 

4.  C.  SERi'cEA,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  expanded  branches.  Leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  glabrous  above,  silky  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in  de- 
pressed wooUy  cymes ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate.  Pf^a/s  lanceo- 
late, obtuse.  Drupes  pale  blue. — Yellowish-white.  \) .  June.  Moun- 
tains.    5 — 10  feet. 

5.  C.  flor'ida,  (L.)  a  tree,  with  expanding  branches,  with  hard, 
close-grained  wood,  used  in  manufactures.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  entire,  whitish  beneath,  pubescent  when  young. 
Flowers  in  terminal  heads.  Involucre  consjiicuous,  4-leaved.  Leavca 
obcordate,  nerved,  white.  Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  linear, 
lanceolate.  Drupe  red. — Yellowish.  ^^  .  March — April.  In  rich 
soils.  Doyu'ood. 

Order   LXIV.— LORANTHA'CE^. 

Calyx  attached  to  the  ovary  in  fertile  flowers ;  in  ]iorfect 
flowers  double.  Corolla  3 — 4 — 8  petals,  distinct  or  adhering 
to  the  base  ;  aestivation  valvate.  Slauicns  equal  in  number  to 
the  petals  and  opposite  them,  or  as  many  as  the  segments  of 


8-40  ORDER    LXy. CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 

the  calyx  when  the  corolla  is  wanting  and  inserted  upon  them. 
Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  baccate,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Seed  ana- 
tropous  ;  cotyledons  sometimes  united.  Flowers  dioecious. 
Parasitical,  evergreen  plants,  with  fleshy,  coriaceous  leaves. 

Genus  I.— VIS'CUM.     Tourn.  20—4. 
(From  viscus,  sticky,  on  account  of  the  sticky  nature  of  the  seeds.) 

Sterile  florets  with  a  coriaceous,  3 — 4-parted  calyx  ;  segmelits 
triangular,  erect.  Anthers  many-celled,  opening  by  pores. 
Fertile  flowers,  with  the  limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete.  Petals  4, 
coriaceous.     Stigma  sessile.     Fruit  pulpy  ;  branches  terete. 

Mistletoe. 

1.  V,  FLAVEs'cExs,  (Pursh.)  A  small  shrub,  growing  parasitically  on 
the  branches  of  most  trees ;  branches  opposite  or  verticillate.  Leaves 
cuneate,  obovate,  nearly  sessile,  3-nerved,  obtuse.  Flowers  in  spikes. 
Fruit  yellowish-white,  pellucid. — Yellowish.  "^  .  April — May.  Com- 
mon. 


MONOPETALJE. 

Flowers  in  which  the  petals  are  firmly  united,  forming  a  tube 
of  greater  or  less  lenMh.  There  are  a  few  cases  in  which  the 
petals  are  separate,  or  nearly  so. 

Order  LXV.— CAPPJFOLIA'CEJE.     {Honeysuckle  Family.) 

Calyx  superior,  4 — 5-toothed,  generally  bracteate.  Corolla 
superior,  lobed,  sometimes  irregular,  with  the  segments  alter- 
nating with  those  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  4 — 5.  Ovary  1 — 5- 
celled,  cohering  with  the  calyx.  Ovules  pendulous,  few.  Stijle 
1,  exserted.  Stigmas  1 — 3.  Fruit  indehiscent,  generally 
fleshy,  crowned  by  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  1 — o-celled.  Seeds 
1 — 2,  or  several  in  each  cell.  Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  ex- 
stipulate. 

Gexus  I— SYMPIIORICAR'PUS.     Dill.  5—1.     {Symphoria,  Pers.) 
(Frooi  sunq^horeo,  to  bear  together,  and  karpos,  fruit.) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  5  nearly  equal  segments. 
Stamens  5.  Fruit  4-celled,  4-seeded,  sometimes  2-celled  by 
abortion. 

1.  S.  vulga'ris,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  en- 
tire, nearly  sessile.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  clustered,  axillary.  Fruit 
purple,  crowned  by  the  calyx. — Red  and  yellow.  It.  July — Sept. 
Sfountain?.     3 — 4  fret.  India?!  Onrrant, 


ORDER    LXV. CAPKIFOLIACEyE.  341 

Genus  II.— DIERA^IL'LA.     Tourn.  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  M.  Dierville,  who  sent  tho  species  to  Europe.) 

Calyx  oblong,  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  5  unequal 
fiegments.  Stamens  5.  Stt/lcl.  Capsuled — 4-cellei;l,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  D.  Canaden'sis,  (Muhl.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  ovale,  serrate, 
acuminate,  on  short  petioles,  glabrous;  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal, 
3-flowered.      Corolla  small. — Yellow,     ^i  .     June — July.     Mountains. 

D.  trijida,  Mccnch.     Biish- Honey  suckle. 

Genus  III.—CAPRIFO'LIUM.     Romer,  5— 1.     {Lonicera^'L.) 
(From  caper,  a  goat,  and/oZi«?»,  a  leaf.) 

Calyx  5-tootbed,  very  small.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft, 
often  irregular,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  5.  Style  1,  fili- 
form.    I'ruit  3-celled,  few-seeded.    Leaves  entire,  often  connate. 

1.  C.  sempervi'rens,  (Mich.)  Sic7n  twining,  running  over  trees 
Leaves  oblong,  oval,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  glaucous,  and  som 
what  hairy  on  the  under,  the  lower  ones  petiolate,  the  upper  connate. 
Flowers  in  verticillate  spikes.  Calyx  very  small,  persistent.  Corolla 
funnel -form,  with  5  acute  segments.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  tube 
near  the  summit.  Frtiit  red,  with  4  seeds  in  each  cell. — Bright  red. 
^  .     April — Oct.     In  damp  soils. 

English  Honeysuckle.      Woodbine.     Loniccra  scmpervirens,  Ait. 

2.  C.  fla'vum,  (Ell.)  Stem  twining,  running  over  shrubs.  Leaves 
oval,  slightly  cordate,  glabrous,  obtuse,  deciduous,  glaiicous  untlernoalli, 
connate  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  terminal,  verticillate  spikes.  Corolla 
ringent,  the  upper  lipbroad,  4-cleft,  reflexed,  lower  one  entire,  rt-flexed; 
tube  hairy  within. — Yellow,  or  orange,  1^.  jMarch — Apiil.  Up})er 
dist.  Car,  Loniccra  fava,  Sims. 

3.  C.  gua'tum,  (Pursh.)  Stem  twining.  Leaves  perennial,  obovato, 
mucronate,  pale  underneath,  upper  ones  connate.  Flowers  in  verticil- 
late spikes.  Coro/Za  ringent,  with  a  long  tube. — Scarlet.  If.  June — 
Sept.     Mountains.  Loniccra  grata,  Ait 

4.  C,  parviflo'rum,  (Pursh.)  Stem  twining.  Leaves  deciduous,  con- 
nate, glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  nearly  capitate,  with  large,  perfoliate 
bracts.  Corolla  ringent,  gibbous  at  the  base. — Yellow.  If.  June — 
July,     Mountains,  Loniccra  parvijforn.  Lam. 

Genus  IV.— TRIOS 'TEUM.     L,  5—1. 
(From  ireis,  three,  and  osteon,  a  bone,  liaving  three  bony  seeds.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  Avith  linear-lanceolate  lobes,  as  long  as  the  co- 
rolla. Corolla  tubular,  nearly  equally  5-lobed,  gibbous  at  tho 
base.  Stamens  5.  Style  I.  ^erry  3-celled,  3-seeded,  crown- 
ed by  the  calyx. 

1.  T.  perfolia'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  connate, 
epatulate,  lanceolate,  scabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath,  acuminate. 
Flowers  axillary,  verticillate,  sessile.     Calyx  persistent,  with  linear  fog- 


342  ORDER    LXY. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 

ments.     Fruit   a  dry  purple  berry,  crowned  with  the  calyx. — Pnrple. 
%.     June — Aug.     tipper  dist.  Car.     2 — 3  feet. 

Horse  Gentian.     Feverwort. 
2.  T.  axgustifo'lium,  (L)     Steyn  erect,  hairy.     Leaves  scarcely  con- 
nate.     Flowers   solitary,   on    short  opposite  peduncles. — Yellow.     If. 
June — July.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet.  Dr.  Tinker's  Weed. 

GENU3  v.— VIBUR'XUM.     L.  5—3. 
(The  Latin  name.) 

Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  eampaniilate,  or  rotate, 
5-lobecl.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3.  Style  none.  Fruit  an 
ovate,  1-seeded  berry,  crowned  by  the  calyx. 

1.  V.  acekipo'lium,  (L.)  a  small  shrub.  Leaves  slightly  cordate,  3- 
lobed,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  hairy. 
Floicers  in  cymes,  on  long  peduncles.  Fruit  oval,  compjressed,  black. — 
White.    "^  .     May — June.     Mountains.     4 — 6  feet.  Arrow-wood. 

2.  V.  denta'tum,  (L.)  a  shrub,  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  orbicular, 
ovate,  on  long  petioles,  with  large  serratures,  plaited.  Flowers  in  large 
terminal  cymes.  Fruit  nearly  globose,  blue,  small. — White.  ^. 
March — April.     Common.     8 — 15  feet.  Arrow-wood. 

3.  V.  lenta'go,  (L.)  a  shrub,  glabrous.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  acu- 
minate, sharply  serrate,  sometimes  slightly  cordate  or  oval.  Fruit 
black. — White.    ^  .     June.     Banks  of  streams.     10 — 20  feet. 

4.  V.  prtjnifo'lium,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  glabrous,  virgate  branches. 
Leaves  obovate,  acute,  sometimes  nearly  orbicular  or  oval,  glabrous, 
sharply  serrate.  Floivers  in  large  cymes,  lateral.  Fruit  oval,  dark-blue. 
— White.    ^  .     April — May.     Common.  Black  haw.     Sloe. 

5.  V.  nu'dum,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  virgate  branches,  the  old  ones  gla- 
brous, the  young  clothed  with  a  ferruginous  pubescence.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, oval,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  with  veins  beneath,  pubes- 
cent ;  petioles  margined.  Flowers  in  naked,  terminal  cymes,  on  jointed 
peduncles.  Calyx  v^\\\ie.  Coro/?a  with  obtuse  segments.  Fruit  hlne. 
— White,     ^,     April — May.      Common,      4 — 12  feet. 

6.  V,  obova'tum,  (Walt.)  A  shrub,  with  virgate  branches.  Leaves 
obovate,  cuneate,  crenulate,  dentate,  or  entire,  crowded  near  the  sum- 
mit, the  lower  leaves  broader  than  the  upper.  Flowers  m  sessile  cymes. 
Fruit  nearly  globular,  black. — White.  ^  .  April — May.  Common  in 
middle  Car.  and  Geo,     4 — 8  feet. 

7.  V.  cassinoi'des,  (L.)  A  shrub,  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
the  lower  ones  obovate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  the  intermediate  ovate, 
margin  slightly  revolute  ;  petioles  keeled,  without  glands.  Berries 
nearly  black,  in  other  respects  resembles  the  preceding  species. 

8.  V.  l^viga'tum,  (Ait.)  A  small  shrub,  much  branched ;  branches 
sprinkled  with  a  brown  dust.  Leaves  smSll,  lanceolate,  cuneate,  nearly 
.sessile,  upper  ones  dentate,  shining  on  the  upper  surface,  the  under 
dotted  with  brown  dust.  Flowers  in  small  cymes,  nearly  sessile. — 
White.    ^.     March — April.     Low  country.     2 — i  feet. 

9.  V.  nit'idum,  (Pursh.)  A  low,  glabrous  shrub,  with  quadrangular 
branches.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  shining  on  the  upper  surface,  en 


ORDER   LXVI. RUBIACE^.  343 

tire,   or   slightly    serrate. — White.      \> .     April — May..    Low   country. 
2—3  feet. 

Gknus  VI.— SAMBU'CUS.     Tourn.  5—3. 
(From  scar.buke,  a  musical  instrument  made  from  the  wood.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  o-cleft.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  3. 
Fruit  a  globose,  3-seeded  berry. 

1.  S.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  a  shrub,  thickened  at  the  joints  with  glabrous 
branches.  Leaves  generally  bipinnate  ;  leaflets  oblong-oval,  acutely 
serrate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  shining.  Calyx  small.  Corolla  rotate, 
with  revolute,  oval  segments.  F/oicers  in  axillary  cymes,  i^ru/i  glo- 
bose, black. — White.  ^  .  April — May.  Wet  grounds.  Common. 
8—15  feet.  JSlder. 

Order  LXVL— RUBIA''CEJS.     {Peruvian-hark  Family.) 

Calyx  superior,  or  sometimes  nearly  inferior,  mostly  4 — 5- 
toothed,  occasionally  obsolete.  Corolla  inserted  in  the  calyx, 
4 — 5-lobed.  Stamens  4 — 5,  inserted  into  the  corolla.  Ovary 
2 — 3-celled,  1 — many  ovules.  Fruit  various.  Trees,  shrubs, 
or  herbaceous  plants,  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  stipulate 
leaves.  [This  order  includes  the  orders  Stellatem  and  Cincho- 
naceoeA 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Leaves  in  whorls 8 

Leaves  opposite 3 

2.  Corolla  rotate,  small  GoUum,  1 

Corolla  campanulate Rabin,  2 

3.  Shrubs 4 

Herbaceous  plants 5 

4  Stamens  4 Cephnlanthun,  5 

Stamens  5 Mitchella,  6.  Pinckr.eya,  S 

5.  Stamens  5 Mitreola,  9 

Stamens  4 <» 

6.  Evergreen,  creeping  plants JfitcheUa,  6 

Not  evergreen  plants 7 

7.  Calyx  2-leaved Diodia,  4 

Calyx  4-leaved  or  4-parted 8 

8.  Corolla  rotate Polypremum,  10 

Corolla  not  rotate 9 

9.  Fruit  many-seeded Iledyotia,  7 

Fruit  few-seeded Spermacoce^  3 

Sub-order  L— STELLATED. 

Leaves  whorled.      Ovary  inferior.     Herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  I.— GA'LIUM.     L.  4—1. 
(From  galUy  milk,  which  some  species  curdle.) 

Calyx  \\\i\\  the  tube  ovate-globose,  or  oblong ;  limb  nearly 
wanting.  Corolla  rotate,  4-parted.  Stamens  4.  Style  '2-clefu 
Fruit  didymous. 


^4:4  OKDEK    LXVI. KUlJIACi:.E. 

1.  G.  tuif'idum,  (L.)  Sie7n  procumbent,  assurgent,  much  branches, 
with  the  angles  retrorsely  aculeate.  Leaves  4 — 6  in  a  wliorl,  linear,  ob 
tuse,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  midrib.  Flowers  axillary,  1 — 3  in 
each  whorl.  Fruit  purple,  smooth. — White.  11  •  April — July.  Damp 
soils. 

2.  G.  latifo'lium,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  by  fours, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  flat,  oval,  with  hispid  margins,  acute.  Floxsen 
on  divaricate  peduncles.  Fruit  frequently  1-seeded  from  the  abortion 
of  the  other,  smooth. — Purple.     IX.     June — July.     Mountains. 

3.  G.  uniflo'rum,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  smooth,  spar 
ingly  branched.  Leaves  generally  by  fours,  linear,  acute,  with  revolute 
margins,  somewhat  scabrous ;  peduncles  usually  solitary,  with  a  whori 
of  small  leaves  in  the  middle.  Fruit  purple,  smooth. — White,  If. 
May — July.     In  rich  shaded  grounds.     12  inches. 

4.  G.  hispidu'lum,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent,  much  branched,  pu- 
bescent, rough.  Leaves  by  fours,  lanceolate,  scabrous,  dotted.  Flowers 
axillary,  terminal,  on  simple  or  compound  peduncles.  Corolla  hairy. 
/'Vwi^  purple,  scabrous,  with  short  rigid  hairs. — White.  U-  May — 
Oct.     Sandy  soils.     Common. 

5.  G.  piLo'suM,  (Ait.)  Stem  scabrous,  with  the  angles  hairy,  branch- 
es axillary,  expanding.  Leaves  by  fours,  oval,  entire,  ciliate,  sprinkled 
with  hairs;  peduncles  dicJiotomous,  axillary,  solitary  or  by  threes. 
i^rwzHiispid,  white, — Purple.     2^.     May — Sept.     In  dry  soils. 

6.  G.  cuspida'tum,  (Muhl.)  Stem  prostrate,  small,  glabrous.  Leaves 
by  sixes,  attenuate  at  the  base,  very  acute  at  the  summit,  somewhat 
hairy,  slightly  ciliate  ;  peduncles  trifid.  Fruit  villous,  with  white 
hooked  hairs. — White.      If.     June — Aug.     Damp  shaded  soils. 

G.  trijiorum,  Mich. 

7.  G.  cipwCe'zans,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  sparingly  branched. 
Leaves  by  fours,  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate.  Flowers  alternate,  usually  soli- 
tary, peduncles  short.  Fruit  hispid,  with  hooked  hairs,  nodding. — 
White.      If.     June — Aug.     In  shaded  rich  soils.  Wild  Liquorice. 

Genus  II.— RU'BIA.     Tourn.  4—1. 
(From  ruber,  red,  from  the  dye  obtained  from  its  roots.) 

C'a/ya*  4 -toothed.  CoroZZa  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft.  Stamens 
4 — 5.  ferries  2,  roundish  and  smooth,  single-seeded.     Nuttall. 

1.  R,  BROWN'n.  yS^cm  hispid,  decumbent.  Xeai'e.s  by  fours,  oval,  pe- 
duncles solitary,  single-flowered.  Flowers  yellow.  Berries  purple, 
smooth, — In  shady  woods  from  Car,  to  Florida,     Fursh.  Madder. 

Sub-order  II.— CINCHO'NE^. 

Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between  them.     Ovary  mostly 

inferior. 

Genus  III.— SPERMACO'CE.     Dill.  4—1. 

(From  sperma,  a  seed,  and  ahol-e,  a  point,  in  allusion  to  the  capsule  being  crowned 
by  the  calyx  points.) 

Calyx  4-leaved.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  4-parted 
limb.      Cnjysrtles  2 -eel led,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell. 


OKDEll    LXVI. RUBIACE.E.  34-5 

1.  S.  gla'bra,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent,  glabrou?.  Lt  /vcs  lanceo 
late.  Floivcrs  numerous,  in  whorls.  Calijx  4-tootluMl ;  corolla  cam 
panulate,  funnel-form,  woolly  in  the  throat. —  If.  S.  Western  States. 
1—2  feet. 

2.  S.  Chapman'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stan  slightly  angled,  glabrous,  with 
elevated  lines.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous  above 
Stipules  5 — 6  bristles.  Floioers  numerous,  axillary ;  corolla  3  times  as 
long  as  the  calyx ;  stamens  exserted.     Capsule  oblong. — Mid.  Flor. 

3.  S.  ten'uior.  Steyn  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface.  Flowers  verticillate.  Stamens  included.  Seeds 
hirsute. — Florida. 

4.  S.  diodi'na,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent,  terete,  sometimes  branch- 
ing, hirsute.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  finely  serrulate,  hairy,  a 
membranaceous  stipule,  embracing  the  base  of  the  leaves,  with  seta- 
ceous segments.  Floioers  axillary,  sessile,  clustered,  or  solitary.  Ca- 
lyx 4-leaved.  Corolla  hairy,  with  a  4parted  limb.  Carpels  2,  connate, 
crowned  with  the  calyx,  each  1-seeded. — White.  0.  July — Sept. 
Poor  soils.     Common.  Diodia  teres,  Walt. 

5.  S.  involucra'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  hirsute.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  somewhat  oblique  ;  stipules  with  many  setaceous  segments. 
Flowers  in  terminal  heads,  surrounded  with  an  involucre;  tube  long. 
— White.     0.     June — July.     Carolina. 

Genus  IV.— DIO'DIA.     L.  4—1. 
(From  diodos,  a  passage ;  growing  by  the  way -side.) 

Calyx  2-leaved.  Corolla  funnel-shaped.  Capsule  2-oelIed, 
1  seed  in  each  cell. 

1.  D.  Virginia'na,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  procumbent,  slender,  nearly 
terete,  pur]>le,  narrow-lanceolate.  Corolla  glabrous.  Fruit  oblong, 
glabrous. — White.     If.     May — August.     IS'ear  Columbia,  S.  C. 

2.  D.  tetrago'na,  (Walt.)  Stem  procumbent,  creeping,  slightly  an- 
gled, hairy  at  the  joints.  Leaves  opposite,  oval,  or  cordate-ovate,  joined 
by  stipules;  stipules  with  subulate,  ciliate  segments.  Flowers -a-saWo.- 
ry.  Calyx  2-leaved,  subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  pubescent  within. 
Fruit  composed  of  2  connate  carpels,  each  containing  1  seed. — White. 
If.     May — Oct.     Damp  soils,  very  common. 

3.  D.  hirsu'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  hirsute,  slender,  procumbent.  Leaves 
narrow-lanceolate,  the  whole  plant  hispid.  In  other  respects  it  resem- 
bles the  preceding  species. 

Genus  V.— CEPHALAN'THUS.     L.  4—1. 

(From  kephale,  a  head,  and  antJiot,  a  flower ;  the  flowers  in  heads.) 

Floioers  in  globose  heads.  Calyx  superior,  small,  4-cleft. 
Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4.  Style  exserted.  Capsule 
2-celled,  2-seeded. 

1.  C.  occidenta'lis,  (L.)  A  shrub,  much  branched.  Leaves  oj^po.^ite 
and  ternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  upper  surface  glabrous,  lower  pu- 
bescent on  the  veins;  petioles  short,  winged.  Flowers  a.Killary  and 
terminal  ;  ixnlunoles   pubescent.      Corolla  hairv  within,  with  4  ohtuso 

la* 


346  ORDEE   LXVI. EUBIACE^. 

segments.     Anthers  sagittate.     Capsule  angled  ;  receptacle  globose. — 
White.     ^ .     July.     In  wet  places.     Common.     6 — 15  feet. 

Button-^ood. 

Genus  YL— MITCHEL'LA.     L.  4—1. 

(In  honor  of  John  Mitchell,  of  Virginia.) 

Calyx  4-tootlied.  Corolla  superior,  in  pairs  upon  the  same 
germ.     Stamens  4.     Style  1.     Fruit  didymous,  4-seeded. 

1.  M.  re'pens,  (L.)  Stem  creeping,  branching,  glabrous,  rooting  at 
the  joints.  Leaves  ovate,  or  nearly  cordate,  entire,  glabrous,  deep  green, 
with  whitish  veins,  evergreen.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  short  pe- 
duncles. Corolla  hairy  on  the  inside,  fragrant.  Fruit  red,  eatable. — 
White.      U.     Early  spring.     Rich  soils.  Partridge  Berry. 

Genus  VIL— HEDl'OTIS.     L.  4—1. 
(From  hedus,  sweet,  and  ous,  an  ear,  alluding  to  the  sweet-scented,  ear-like  leaves.) 

Calyx  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form  ;  limb  4- 
^left.  Sta7nens  4.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seed- 
ed, inferior. 

1.  H.  c(ERu'lea,  (Hook.)  {Houstonia  ccerulea,  L.)  Stem  erect,  slen- 
der, square,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  of  the  root  spatulate,  those 
of  the  stem  lanceolate.  Flowers  on  axillary,  long  peduncles,  each  one- 
flowered. — White.  U-  May — Aug.  Common  in  mid.  Car.  and  Geo. 
4 — 6  inches. 

2.  H.  serpyllifo'lia,  (T.  &  G.)  (Houstonia  serpyllifoUa,  Mich.) 
Stem  procumbent,  cespitose,  filiform.  Leaves  si)atulate,  obtuse.  Flow- 
ers on  terminal  peduncles,  each  1-flowered. 

3.  H.  kotuxdifo'lia,  (T.  &,  G.)  {Houstoyua  rotund' folia,  Mich.) 
Stem  prostrate,  rooting  at  the  joints,  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  slightly  ciliate.  Floioers  on  axillar}^  peduncles,  each  1- 
flowered.  t'oro^/a  salver-form,  pubescent  within  ;  tube  long;  segments 
lanceolate.  Capsxde  emarginate. — White,  2^.  Through  the  summer. 
On  the  sea-coast. 

4.  H.  purpu'eea,  (T.  (fe  G.)  {Houstonia  purpurea,  L.)  Stem  erect, 
much  branched,  glabrous,  hairy  at  the  joints,  and  with  the  angles  ciliate. 
Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  base  ;  nerves  pubescent. 
Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.  Calyx  pubescent,  Avith  ciliate  segments. 
— Purple.  11.  June — Aug.  Abundant  on  the  Ocmulgee,  near  Ma- 
con.    10 — 15  inches. 

5.  H.  longifo'lia,  (Hook.)  {Houstonia  longifolia,  Gsei't.)  Stem 
erect,  square,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  attenuate. 
Flowers  in  corymbs,  on  very  short  peduncles. — Purple.  If.  June — 
Aug.     Mid,  and  upper  dist.     8 — 16  inches. 

N-  6.  H.  stenophtl'la,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  glabrous,  suffructicose,  erect, 
branched.  Leaves  narrow,  linear,  often  smaller  ones  in  the  axil-.  Flow- 
ers numerous,  in  many-divided  cymules,  central  flower  nearly  sescile, 
throat  of  the  corolla  villous.  Capsxde  small. — Pale  purple.  ®.  Com- 
mon on  banks  of  streams,     June — July.     10 — 18  inches. 

7.  H.  Bos'cn,  (D,  C.)  Stem  much  branched,  glabrous,  branches  slen- 
der.    Leaves  linear,  acute.     Flowers  on  short  pedicels,  corolla  nearly 


ORDER    LXVI. RUBIACE:E.  34-7 

rotate,     Fo-uit  roundish. — Purple.     0.     llarsliy  places.     July — Sept. 
6 — 10  inches. 

8.  H.  glomeua'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  pubescent, 
branclied.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  euneate,  sessile,  entire,  connect- 
ed by  stipules,  with  2  or  more  subulate  teeth.  Floivcra  in  clusters, 
whoiled,  axillary  and  terminal.  Calyx  persistent,  hispid,  with  1 — 3 
bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  with  a  very  short  tube.  Stamens  short, 
inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  globose.  Seeds  3-angled, 
attached  to  a  central  placentae. — White.  If.  June — Oct.  Damp  soils. 
Common.     10 — 18  inches. 

Genus  VIII.— PINCKNE'YA.     Mich.  6—1. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  Pinckney.) 

Calyx  superior,  5-parted,  persistent,  somewhat  colored.  Co- 
rolla with  a  5-cleft,  border.  Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Capsule 
2-celled. 

1.  P.  pu'bens,  (Mich.)  A  large  shrub,  with  numerous  stems  from  each 
root ;  young  branches  tomentose.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  entire, 
shining  on  the  upper  surface,  with  a  few  hairs,  tomentose  on  the  lower; 
petiole  tomentose.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  segments 
of  tlie  calyx  sometimes  equal,  at  others  one  or  two  of  them  resembling 
bracts.  Corolla  tomentose,  with  a  somewhat  greenish  tube  ;  segments 
oval.  Capsule  nearly  globose.  Seeds  flat. — Purple.  \> .  May — June. 
Wet  soils.     15—20  feet. 

Sub-order  III.— L0GANIA'CEJ2. 
Leaves  opposite.      Ovary  superior.     Herbs  or  shrubs. 

Genus  IX.— MITRE'OLA.     L.  5— 1.     {Ophiorkb:a,-L.) 

Calyx  tubular,  5-clet't.  •  Corolla  funnel-shaped.  Stamens  5. 
Stigmas  2.     Fruit  2-lobed. 

1.  M.  petiola'ta,  (T.  tfe  G.)  Stejn  erect,  somewhat  branched,  nearly 
square,  scabrous  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  ovate,  opposite,  apprc-ssed. 
Flowers  in  secund  spikes,  erect  at  first,  afterward  recurved ;  throat  of 
the  corolla  closed  by  jointed  hairs,  segments  expanding,  tube  short. 
Fruit  consisting  of  2  carpels  united  at  the  base  and  apex.  Seeds  nu- 
merous. [Sent  to  me  by  Wm.  S.  Rockwell,  Esq.,  of  Baldwin  county.] 
—White.     #.     July— Aug.     Wet  places.     12—18  inches. 

2.  M.  skssilifo'lia,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  erect,  4-angled,  4-fuirowed,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  scabious  on  the  upper 
Burfaee.  Tube  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  tlie  calyx,  purple,  seirmerUs  white. 
— Purple  and  white.  0.   Aug. — Sept.  Wet  soils.   Common.    12 — IS  in. 

Genus  X.— POLYPRE  MUM.     Tourn.  4—1. 
(From  polus,  many,  and  pretnnon,  a  stalk.) 

Calyx  4-parted,  per-<istent.  Corolla  rotate,  4-clcft,  with  the 
throat  hairy.  Stamens  4-,  very  short.  Style  1,  slcnd^T.  Cap 
srflc  compresfied,  2-celled. 


348  ORDER   LXVIII.^ COMPOSITE. 

1.  P.  procum'bens,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  furrowed,  dicbotoinously 
branched.  Leaves  sessile,  linear,  opposite,  connected  by  a  stipular  mem- 
brane. Flowers  terminal,  and  in  the  divisions  of  the  branches  sessile, 
2 — 4  leafy  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  calyx ;  segments  of  the  calyx  sub- 
ulate, serrulate,  ^eeo?  angular. — White.  If.  JSIay — Sept.  Very  com- 
mon.    6 — 12  inches. 

Order  LXVIL—VALERIANA'CE.E. 

Calyx  a  border,  3 — 4-toothed,  or  pappus-like.  Corolla  tu- 
bular, rather  irregular,  with  the  border  5-parted,  inserted  on  the 
top  of  the  ovary,  slightly  calcarate  at  the  base.  Stamens  1 — 5, 
but  usually  3.  Style  1.  Ovary  1 — 3-celled,  with  only  1  fertile  ; 
ovule  suspended.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  with  two  empty  cells, 
and  one  with  a  single  seed.  Herbaceous,  rather  succulent  plants, 
with  opposite,  or  whorled  leaves.    Flowers  in  crowded  corymbs. 

Genus  I— -FE'DIA.     Mojnch.   3—1. 
(Fiova.  pheido,  harmlessness ;  others  trova.  fedus,  a  kid) 

Genus  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  F.  eIu)Ia'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  winged  or  furrowed  by  the  decur- 
rent  leaves  and  midribs,  pubescent  on  the  angles  and  wings.  Leaves 
opposite;  lower  ones  somewhat  spatulate,  upi)er  ones  sessile,  Lro  id- 
ianceolate,  rather  obtuse,  finely  ciliate,  irregularly  dentate,  sometimes 
nenrly  panduriforra.  Flowers  terminal ;  in  dichotomous  corymb-^,  with 
a  flower  in  each  division,  crowded,  each  corymb  having  the  appearance 
of  only  4  flowers,  with  a  several-leaved  involucre;  corolla  slightly  ir- 
regular at  the  summit,  slightly  calcaratc  near  the  base. — White. 
^March — May.     On  the  Ocmulgee  above  Macon.     10 — 15  inches. 

Order  LXVIIL— COMPOSITE. 

Calyx  united  to  the  ovary,  with  the  limb  either  wanting,  or 
membranous,  or  divided  into  hair-like  segments  called  pappus. 
Corolla  ligulate,  or  tubular.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
teeth  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  cohering  into  a  cylinder.  Ovary 
inferior,  1-celled.  Style  simple.  Stigmas  2,  distinct  or  united. 
Fruit  an  indehiscent  dry  pericarp,  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the 
calyx.  ;S*g^c/s  solitary,  erect;  albumen  none,  i^/ozi'ers  collected 
into  dense  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre. 

The  obvious  characteristics  of  this  order  are  its  compound  flowers,  and 
the  union  of  the  anthers.     Herbs  or  shrubs.     L^eaves  without  stipules. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Flowers  of  the  disk  tubular 2 

Flowers  bilabiate Chaptalia,  82 

Flowers  ligulate 77 

2.  Heads  radiate 3 

Heads  discoid 50 

8.  Flowers  yellow 4 

Flowerrs  not  yollow -37 


ORDER   LXVIII. — COMPOSITE.  349 

1  Leaves  alternate S 

Leave?,  the  lower  ones  opposite  or  whorled 'iJ'i 

5.  Receptacle  naked •> 

lieceptacle  chaffy 15 

6.  Pappus  pilose  or  bristly 7 

Pappus  consisting  of  scales 13 

7.  Pappus  diflfcrent  in  the  ray  and  disk  florets Heterotheca,  25 

Pappus  similar  in  the  ray  and  disk  florets S 

8.  Involucre  consisting  of  a  single  series  of  scales Senocio,  77 

Involucre  consisting  of  more  than  one  series 9 

9.  Ray  florets  few,  inconspicuous. 10 

Ray  florets  conspicuous 11 

10.  Lower  leaves  cordate BrachychoEtn,  20 

Lower  leaves  not  cordate Solidago,  21 

11.  Achenia  glabrous Frionopsis,  24 

Achenia  hairy  or  villous 12 

12.  Pappus  simple,  of  a  single  series Iwpappiis,  23 

Pappus  double,  the  exterior  chaflfy ChryaopfiVi,  26 

13.  Eiiys  pistillate Ilelenium,  62 

Kays  neutral 14 

14.  Pappus  awned GaiUardin,  59 

Piippus  not  awned Lcptopoda,  63 

15.  Pappus  none,  or  rudimentary 20 

Pappus  consisting  of  scales,  teeth,  or  awns 16 

16.  Leaves  sessile,  entire 17 

Leaves  petiolate,  entire Coreopsis,  53 

Leaves  more  or  less  divided 19 

17.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  4  series , Baldwijiia,  64 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  1  or  2  series 13 

18.  Achenia  glabrous Heliant7iu%  50.  Helianthella,  51 

Achenia  silky Actinospermum,  65 

19.  The  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  smallest SUphium,  35 

The  inner  scales  the  largest Berktndiera,  36 

20.  Receptacle  conical   Rudbeckia,  47 

Receptacle  elongated 21 

21.  Leaves  pinnately  divided Lepachys,  4S 

Leaves  not  divided Drucopis,  49 

22.  Pappus  none 23 

Pappus  present 26 

23.  Leaves  lobed  or  cleft Polymnia,  33 

Leaves  not  divided 24 

24.  Leaves  petiolate 25 

Leaves  uot  petiolate Tetragonotheca,  44 

25.  Achenia  of  the  disk  quadrangular l/eliopsis,  43 

Achenia  not  quadrangular Sjnlanthes,  bo—Aomella. 

26.  Receptacle  naked Arnica,  7S      ^ 

Receptacle  chaflfy 2. 

27.  Piippns  consisting  of  many  scales Halea,  45 

Pappus  consisting  of  awns  or  teeth 25 

28.  Shrubby  plants Bornchia—BupJUhalmum,  b\ 

Herbaceous  plants 29 

29.  Rays  jnstillate,  disk  sterile 80 

Rays  neutral  or  pistillate,  disk  perfect 31 

80.  Low  plants ChryKogonum,  84 

Tall  plants SUphimn,  85 

81.  Rays  sterile ^ 

Rays  fertile •^•' 

S2.  Receptacle  flat,  rays  few Vovbeeina,  f.6 

Receptacle  convex,  rays  numerous Ximencsia,  5i 

•V?.   Ray  florets  inconspicuous Bidont,  5t 

Jiay  florets  cnn-picuons *'* 


S50  OKDER    LXVTir. COMI'OSIT.Ii:. 

84.  Achenia  4-sided Helianthus,  50 

Achenia  not  4-sided ....     35 

85.  Achenia  compressed 36 

Achenia  obconapressed C  re^psis,  53 

86.  Stem  winged ActinonnriK  .52 

Stem  not  winged Bidenf!,  54 

37.  Leaves  o{)posite '. 3?; 

Leaves  alternate 39 

88.  Pappus  none . ..Eclipta,  32 

Pappus  1-awn Zinnia,  42 

39.  Receptacle  naked 40 

Eeceptacle  chafly 47 

40.  Pappus  none Leucanthemum,  69 

Pappus  present    41 

41.  Pappus  pilose  or  bristly 42 

Pa|)pus  consisting  of  scales PcUa/oxia,  &0—Polypteris. 

42.  Pappus  double Diplopxtppus,  18 

Pappus  simple 43 

43.  Rays  sterile Galatella,  14 

Rays  fcrti  ie 44 

44.  Pappus  of  the  ra\-  and  disk  similar 45 

Pa))pus  of  the  ray  and  disk  di^sirai iar BoUonia,  19 

45.  Achenia  usually  glabrous,  compressed A>iter,  16 

Achenia  usually  pubescent 46 

46.  Achenia  obconic.  si  ky Sericncarpus.  15 

Achenia  pubescent,  compressed Erigeron,  17 

47.  Rays  neutral 4? 

Rays  pistillate 49 

4S.  Leaves  undivided Echinacea,  46    ' 

Leaves  divided  Jfaruta,  67 — Anthem  is. 

49.  Pappus  none Partheivium,  37 

Pappus  none Achillea,  88 

50.  Heads  homogamous 51 

Heads  not  homogamous 69 

51.  Leaves  alternate 52 

Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate 61 

52.  Receptacle  naked 54 

Receptacle  ch.ilfy 63 

Receptacle  bristly Cirsium,  SI 

53.  Pappus  setose Carphophorus,    7 

Pappus  scaly Marshallia,  66 

54.  Pappus  consisting  of  4  or  5  scales Stnkesia,    2 

Pappus  consisting  of  12— 20  scales Hymenopappun,  61 

Pa[)pus  capillary  or  setose 65 

55.  Scales  of  the  in  volucre  in  a  sing'e  series 56 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  more  than  one  series 57 

56.  Heads  white,  brownish,  or  rose  color  Cacdlin,  76 

Heads  yellow Senecio,  77 

57.  Heads  paniculate Eupatn-ium,  1 1 

Heads  in  spikes  or  racemes Liatris,    S 

Heads  more  or  less  corymbose 53 

58.  Corolla  expanded  at  the  base Kuhnia,    9 

Corolla  expanded  at  the  summit 59 

Corolla  nearly  straight Eupatorium^  II 

59.  Corolla  palmately  divided Elephuntopu!>,    3 

Corolla  not  palmately  divided 60 

60    Achenia  oblong,  with  double  pappus Vemonin,    1 

Achenia  obconic,  hairy Biffloi-i.i,  22 

Achenia  10-striate BiickeUia,  10 

61.  Eeceptacle  chaflfy MelanCnera,  4l 

Receptacle  nakfMl 62 


ORDER    LXVIII. COMPOSIT.C  851 

69.  Pappns  coroniform Codestina,    4 

Papiius  not  coroniform C3 

6".  Pappus  consisting  of  scales C4 

Papj  >-as  capillary  or  setose C5 

6-1.  Flowers  blue  or  white Agerdtum,    5 

Flowers  purple Sclerolepis — Spurganopfborus,    6 

65.  Aohenia  striate  or  ribbed <>•'> 

Achenia  angled 67 

66.  Pappus  plumose Kuhn  ia,    9 

Pappus  scabrous Brickellia,  10 

67.  Receptacle  conic ConocUnium,  13 

Receptacle  flat 63 

68.  Scales  of  the  involucre  numerous Eupaiorium,  11 

Scales  of  the  involucre  few Mikania,  12 

C9.  Heads  monoecious,  fertile  flowers  petalous Conyzn,  27 

Heads  monreoious,  fertile  flowers  apetalous Soliva—GymnoatyLU,  72 

Heads  heterugainous 70 

Heads  liet.  rocephalous 75 

Heals  dioecious 76 

70.  Receptacle  cliafiFy /»<-/,  38 

Receptacle  hir  ute Pterocaulon,  3'J 

Rectptacle  setose  or  naked 71 

71 .  Receptacle  setose 72 

Receptacle  naked 73 

72.  Flowers  purple Ceniaiiren,  79 

Flowers  yellow Cnicus,  80 

73.  Flowers  ye  low,  with  divided  leaves Artemisia,  71 

Flowers  purple Fluchea,  29 

Flowers  white 74 

74.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  series Erechtites,  75 

Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate Gnaphalium,  73 

75.  Fertile  heads  1-flowered Ambrosia,  39 

Fertile  heads  2-flowered Xanthium,  40 

70,  Shrubs Baccharis,  28 

Herbs Antennaria,  74 

77.  Pappus  none Apogon,  83 

Pappus  present 78 

78.  Pappus  capillary 80 

Pappus  not  capillary 79 

79.  Pappus  few  scales  and  bristles Krigia,  84 

Pappus  numerous  scales  and  bristles Crjiithia,  So 

80.  Achenia  beaked 84 

Acheti  ia  not  beaked 81 

81.  Flower.'?  yellow S3 

Flowers  not  yellow 82 

82.  Flowers  usually  nodding  Xabalus—Prenanihes,  87 

Flowers  erect Lygodesmia,  88 

83.  Achenia  flattened Soncfintt,  98 

Aclienia  not  flattened I/ieraciinn,  86 

64.  Flowers  bine Mulgedium,  92 

Flowers  not  blue S5 

85.  Heads  paniculate,  nimierous Lactuca,  91 

Heads  solitary  or  very  few S6 

86.  Heads  on  a  fistulous,  naked  scape Tararicum,  S9 

Stem  simple J'yrrhopappun,  90 


352  OEDER    LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

Sub-order  L— TUBULIFLO'R^. 

Perfect  flowers  tubular,  usually  regularly  5-cleft. 

Tribe  I.— VERNONLi'CE^. 

Flowers  discoid.  Style  divided,  with  the  branches  elon- 
gated, subulate,  hispid.  Corolla  5-cleft,  regular,  or  with  the 
limb  somewhat  palmately  divided  or  bilabiate.  Flowers  blue 
or  purple. 

Genus  I.— VERNO'NIA.     Sclireb. 
(In  honor  of  Wm.  Yernon.) 

Involucre  ovate,  imbricate.  Florets  all  perfect  and  tubular.- 
Receptacle  naked.  Stigma  bifid  ;  pappus  mostly  double,  the 
exterior  chaffy,  the  interior  capillary.     Flowers  purple. 

1.  V.  oLiGorHTL'LA,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  branching  toward 
the  summit,  pubescent,  scabrous.  Radical  leaves  oval,  coarsely  den- 
tate, acute ;  cauline  ones  crowded  toward  the  base,  scattered  toward 
the  summit,  toothed  or  serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  in  paniculate  corymbs ;  scales  of  the  involucre  cihate,  pubes- 
cent, ovate-lanceolate.  Seeds  oblong,  hairy. — Purple.  11.  June — 
July.     Damp  pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet.  Black-root. 

2.  V.  scaber'rima,  (jSTutt.)  Stem  simple,  slender,  pubescent  toward 
the  base,  nearly  glabrous  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  crowded  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  stem,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous,  and  hairy  on 
both  surfaces  ;  margins  revolute,  denticulate.  Flowers  in  terminal  co- 
rymbs ;  involucrum  with  lanceolate,  ciliate  scales,  with  a  subulate  point. 
^Ve{^s  striate,  hairy. — Purple.  If.  June — Aug.  Pine-barrens.  2 — 3 
feet. 

3.  V.  angustifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  simple,  erect,  scabrous.  Leaves 
long-linear,  numerous,  entire,  or  slightly  denticulate  ;  margins  revolute, 
pubescent  beneath.  Floicers  in  terminal  corymbs ;  involucre  with 
ovate,  lanceolate  scales,  terminated  by  a  subulate  point.  Seeds  striate, 
hairy. — Purple.     If.     June— Aug.     Common.     3 — 4  feet. 

4.  V.  NovEBOEACEx'sis,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  branching 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  numerous,  narrow,  lanceolate,  long ;  upper 
surface  glabrous,  the  lower  pubescent.  Flowers  in  large  fastigiate  co- 
rymbs ;  involucre  hemispherical,  with  ovate-lanceolate  scales,  terminated 
by  a  long  subulate  point.  Seeds  striate,  somewliat  hairy  ;  exterior  pap- 
pus subulate. — Purple.  2f.  July — September.  Moist  rich  lands.  5 
—10  feet. 

5.  V.  TOMENTo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  tomentose  toward  the 
summit.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  long,  acutely  serrate ;  upper  sur- 
face scabrous,  lower  tomentose.  Flowers  in  fastigiate  corymbs ;  invo- 
lucre with  ovate-lanceolate  scales,  with  a  long  filiform  point,  hairy. — 
Purple.     2f .     July — August.     Wet  soils.     3 — 6  feet. 

6.  V.  pr^kal'ta.  Stem  erect,  angled,  branching  toward  the  summit, 
pubescent.  Leaves  numerous,  lanceolate-serrate,  somewhat  scabrous, 
pubescent  beneath.  Floioers  in  fastigiate  corymbs ;  involucre  with 
ovate,  acute  scales,  unarmed. — Purple.  If.  Aug.  Upper  districts  of 
Car.  and  Geo.     4 — 8  feet. 


ORDER    LXVIIl. COMl'OSlT.E.  353 

7.  V,  ALTis'siMA,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Lmvcn  lanceolate, 
serrate,  slightly  8cabro\is.  Floicers  in  small,  terminal  corymbs;  invo- 
luore  small,  with  ovate,  ciliate,  appressed  scales,  slightly  mucroiiate. 
Seeds  striate. — Purple.  2J!.  Aug. — Oct,  Geo.  Damp  places.  6 — 10 
feet.  V.  fasciculata,  Mich. 

8.  V.  ovalifo'lia,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  simple,  pubescent.  Leaves  oval, 
acute,  serrate,  glabrous ;  heads  numerous,  about  20-flowered  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  ovate,  appressed.  Achenia  a  little  hairy  ;  pappus 
purple. — Purple,     y.     Middle  Florida.     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  II.— STOKE'SIA.     L'Her. 

(In  honor  of  John  Stokes.) 

Involucre  leafy,  imbricate.  Corolla  radiate.  Florets  of  the 
ray  funnel-form,  irregular,  all  perfect.  Receptacle  naked  ;  pap- 
pus consisting  of  4  bristles.     Achenia  4-sided,  glabrous. 

1,  S.  cya'nea,  (L'Her.)  Stein  herbaceous,  leafy.  Leaves  lanceolate. 
Flowers  solitary,  large,  ornamental ;  florets  all  perfect. — Blue  or  purple. 
If.     May.     Caroliua  and  Georgia. 

Genus  III— ELEPHANTO'PUS.     L. 

(From  eleplias,  an  elephant,  and  pous,  a  foot,  from  the  shape  of  the  loaf  of  some 
species.) 

Involucre  4-flowered  ;  florets  all  ligulate,  perfect.  Pappus 
bristly,  consisting  of  5  awns.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia 
hairy. 

1.  E.  Cauolinia'nus,  (Willd.)  Sleyn  leafy,  erect,  terete,  branching 
toward  the  summit,  villous.  Leaves  oblong,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
hairy,  slightly  scabrous.  Flowers  in  sessile,  terminal  clusters,  with  3 
unequal  cordate  bracts  at  the  base  of  each  capitulum  ;  involucre  9 — 10- 
leaved,  the  interior  longest,  hairy  on  the  outside.  Corolla  ligulate  nt 
the  summit,  tubular  toward  the  base,  4-cleft.  Seed  oblong. — Purple. 
%.     July — Sept.     Common. 

2.  E.  NUDiCAULis,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching  toward  the  summit, 
scabrous  and  hispid,  usually  purple,  generally  destitute  of  leaves  ;  rad- 
ical leaves  large,  oval-lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface 
and  villous  beneath  ;  bracts  tomentose  ;  involucre  with  rigid  leaves. — 
Purple.      If.     Aug. — Sept.     Common.  E.  tomentosus,  L, 

Tribe  II.— EUPATORIA'CE^. 

Flowers  discoid.  Style  divided  ;  branches  elongated,  obtuse, 
or  clavate,  papillose  externally  toward  the  summit.  Corolla 
regular,  5-cleft,  blue  or  purple,  seldom  white. 

Genus  IV.— CCELESTINA. 

(From  ccelesti,\  heavenly,  in  allusion  to  its  blue  color.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  homogamous.  Involucre  cylindrical, 
hemispherical,  many-loaved,  sub-imbricate.     Receptacle  coEvex. 


354:  ORDER    LXVIII. — COMPOSIT.E. 

Corolla  tubular,  5-parted.     Achenia  5-angled  ;  pappus  coroni- 
form,  usually  toothed.    Herbaceous  plants,  with  opposite  leaves. 

1.  C.  martt'ima,  (T.  tfe  G.)  /Sfem  decumbent,  branching,  terete.  Leaves 
ovate,  serrate,  potiolate ;  heads  in  dense  corymbs,  pedicellate. — Blue. 
Florida. 

Genus  V.— AGER'ATUM.    L. 

(From  privative  a,  -without,  and  geran,  old  age ;  retains  its  color.) 

Heads  manv-flowered,  hornogamous,  sub-globose.  Involucre 
many-leaved,  imbricate.  Leaves  linear,  acuminate.  Receptacle 
naked.  Corolla  tubular,  5-parted  ;  pappus  paleaceous,  5  scales. 
Achenia  5-angled,  tapering  at  the  base.  Herbaceous  plants, 
with  opposite  leaves. 

1.  A.  conyzoi'des,  (L.)  Stein  branching.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate 
to  cordate,  on  long  petioles;  pappus  terminated  by  arms  as  long  as 
the  corolla. — Blue  or  white.     0.     Low  country  of  Geo. 

Genus  YL— SPARGANOPH'ORUS.     Mich.     {Sderolepis,  Cass.) 
(From  sparganon,  a  fillet,  andphero,  I  bear;  the  seed  is  crowned.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  sub-globose,  pubescent,  with  the  leaves 
recurved  at  the  summit.  Ray  florets  wanting,  those  of  the  disk 
perfect.  Receptacle  naked.  Seed  glabrous,  pentangular.  Paph 
pus  membranaceous,  5  cleft. 

1.  S.  verticilla'tus,  (Mich  )  /S^e?/?  pubescent,  simple.  Leaven  YmeTiT, 
glabrous,  verticillate,  generally  6  in  a  whorl.  Fioioem  generally  termi- 
nal and  solitary,  hivolucre  with  lanceolate,  colored  leaves. — Purple. 
If.     July — Aug.     Pine  barrens.     Mid.  Car.  and  Geo.     10 — 16  inches. 

Genus  VII.— CARPHEPII'ORUS.     Cass.     {Liatris.) 
(From  karphe,  chaff,  and  phero,  I  bear,  in  allusion  to  its  chaffy  receptacle.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  sciles  of  the  involucre  in  3  series, 
imbricate.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Corolla  tubular,  5-cleft.  Stig- 
ma d'dxaie.  Achenia  T\e'Ax\y  terete,  10-ribbed;  pappus  one  or 
several  series  of  unequal  bristles.  Flowers  purple.  Herbaceous 
plants,  with  simple  stem,  corymbose  flowers,  and  entire  leaves. 
A  genus  made  up  of  species  formerly  belonging  to  Liatris. 

1.  C.  pseu'do-lia'tris,  (Cass.)  Stem  virgate,  tomentose.  Leaves  sub- 
ulate, rigid,  sessile,  numerous,  appressed  ;  heads  few  ;  pedicels  leafy 
beneath  the  flowers. — Purple.     If.     Alabama.     18 — 24  inches. 

2.  C.  TOMENTo'sus,  (T.  <fc  G.)  {Liatrln  Walteri,  E\\.)  ^/ort  simple,  gla- 
brous at  tlie  base,  hairy  n<  ar  the  summit.  Radical  leaves  lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  glabrous;  cauline  ones  smalk-r,  dimii.isliing  in 
size  toward  the  summit,  sessile,  haii*y.  Flowers  in  corymbs;  involucre 
with  many  florets;  scales  colored,  tomentose.  Seeds  hairy;  pippus  col 
ored  ;  ehatf  linear. — Pui-ple.      If.     Sept. — Oct.     Southern  G  o. 

3.  C.  bellidifo'ltus,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stems  several  from  the  same  root, 
paniculately  branched,  low,  nearly  glabrous.     Radical  leaves  spatulate, 


ORDER   LXYIII. — COMPOSITE.  355 

S-nervcd,  cauline,  sub-linear;  pappus  plumose;  scales  of  the  involucre 
in  about  3  series,  the  outer  ones  expanding. — Purple.  If.  N.  C.  8 — 
17  inches. 

4.  C.  coRYMBo'sus,  (T.  tfe  G.)  Stem  erect,  brandling  near  the  sum- 
mit;  branches  hirsute,  tomentose.  Radical  leaves  cuiieate-lanceolate, 
tomentose;  cauline  leaves  oblong,  sessile.  Flowers  m  terminal  corymbs  ; 
involucre  with  about  20  florets  ;  scales  hairy  at  tiie  ba.-^e,  with  a  mem- 
branaceous margin  ;  pappus  colored  ;  chaff  linear. — Purple.  If.  Sept. 
— Oct.     Wet  places.     2 — 3  feet.  Liatris  tomentosa,  Ell. 

Genus  YIII.— LIATRIS.     Schreb. 
(Probably  from  lia'40,  I  come  forth,  from  the  early  appearance  of  its  leaves.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  oblong ;  florets  perfect.  Receptacle 
naked.  Corolla  tubular,  5-lobed  ;  branches  of  the  style  much 
exserted  ;  pappus  plumose,  persistent,  generally  colored.  Fruit 
pubescent,  striate,  obconic.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Style 
bifid.  Flowers  usually  purple,  all  tubular.  Perennial,  herbar 
ceous  plants,  with  alternate,  entire  leaves. 

a.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.    Boot  tuberous.    Leaves  linear  or  grass- 
like. 

1.  L.  spica'ta,  (Willd.)  Stem  simple,  glabrous,  leafy.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  glabrous,  acute,  dotted,  somewhat  ciliate  at  the  base  ;  upper 
ones  very  short.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  with  bracteal  leaves  ;  in- 
volucre cylindrical;  scales  oblong,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  outer 
scales  shortest.  Generally  8  florets  in  a  capitulum,  longer  than  the  invo- 
lucre. Seeds  hairy,  furrowed. — Purple.  2f.  Aug. — Oct.  Pine-bar- 
rens.    2 — 4  feet.  Gay-feather.     Bulion  Snakeroot. 

2.  L.  GRAMiMFOLiA,  (Walt )  Stem  simple,  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy. 
Leaves  linear,  long,  with  the  midrib  hairy  and  the  margin  scabrous. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  with  bracts  as  long  as  the  involucre  ;  invo- 
lucre cylindiical,  witli  about  6  florets  ;  scales  pubescent  along  the  mar- 
gin, mucronate.  Corolla  covered  with  glantlular  dots.  Steds  hairy; 
pappus  uncolored. — Purple.    If.   Sept.. — Oct.   In  pine-barrens.    2 — t  ft. 

3.  L.  Boykin'ii,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  slender,  erect,  nearly  glabrous. 
i("ai;(?s  linear,  punctate;  lower  ones  long,  upper  short  and  setaceous. 
Spike  virgate;  heads  8 — 5-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  glabrous; 
pappus  plumose.  Acheuia  villous. — Pale  purjile.  Aug. — Sept.  West- 
ern Geo.     1—2  feet. 

4.  L.  tenuifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stem  simple,  slender,  glabrous.  Lowtr 
leaves  crowded,  narrow,  or  linear,  slightly  hairy  at  the  base  ;  upper 
leaves  setaceous,  scattered.  Flowers  in  long  racemes,  with  leafy  pedi- 
cels ;  involucre  oblong,  about  5-flowered  ;  scales  membranaceous  along 
the  margins.  Corolla  with  glandular  dots.  Seeds  hairy  ;  pappus  not 
colored. — Purple.     If.     Aug. — Oct.     Dry  pine  barrens.     2 — 4  feet. 

5.  L.  CYLiNDRACEA,  (Mich.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear, 
long,  narrow,  glaltrous;  upper  ones  pubescent  along  the  margin,  lower 
ones  alternate  at  the  base.  Floivers  few,  in  a  terminal  s|)ike  ;  invohiere 
cylindrical,  eontaining  14 — 20  florets;  scales  oldoiig,  abruj>lly  acumi- 
nate, pubescent  along  the  margin.  Corolla  glandular  ;  pap})us  plu- 
mose.— Purple.     If.    Aug — Sept.    Dry,  sandy  soils.    Mid.  Geo.    1 — 2  ft. 


356  OEDER    LXYUT. COMPOSITE. 

6.  L.  heterophtl'la,  (Br.)  Stew  simple,  glabrous.  Leaves  lance- 
olate, glabrous ;  upper  ones  smaller,  linear-lanceolate'.  Flowers  in 
spiked  lieads,  squarrose;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  naked. 
—Purple,      n.     Aug.— Oct.     So.  Car.  and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

7.  L.  piLo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  pubescent,  streaked.  Leaves  linear, 
the  lower  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent,  fringed  near  the  base.  Flowers 
in  long,  leafy  racemes  ;  the  lower  peduncles  compound  ;  involucre  ob- 
long, with  10 — 14  florets;  scales  fringed.  Seeds  hairy;  pappus  not 
colored. — Purple.     2f.     Aug. — Oct.     Pine-barrens  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

8.  L.  gua'cilis,  (Pursh.)  Stem  slendei",  pubescent,  streaked.  Leaves 
lin,ear,  glabrous,  slightly  fringed  at  the  base  ;  upper  leaves  much  smaller 
than  the  lower.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  peduncles  hairy,  with  a 
few  scales;  involucre  generally  with  7  florets;  scales  obovate,  dotted,^ 
ciliate,  colored  at  the  summit.  Seeds  hairy  ;  pappus  colored. — Purple.^ 
If.     Sept. — Oct.     Dry  pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet. 

9.  L.  secun'da,  (Ell.)  Stem  reclining,  usually  curved,  pubescent. 
Lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  fringed  at  the  base.  Floioers 
in  long,  terminal  racemes,  secund  ;  peduncles  with  1 — 2  subulate  scales ; 
involucre  with  4 — 5  florets,  generally  10-leaved.  Leaves  glabrous,  pu- 
bescent along  the  margin.  Seeds  hairy  ;  pappus  slightly  plumose. — 
Purple,  y .  Aug. — Sept.  Dry  sand-hills.  Middle  Car.  and  Geo.  2 
—3  feet. 

10.  L.  RESiNo'sA,  (Nutt.)  /Sffwi  glabrous.  Radical  leaves  long;  cau- 
line  leaves  numerous,  crowded,  all  linear.  Flowers  in  spikes,  bracteo- 
late  ;  involucre  with  obtuse  scales,  resinous,  becoming  hoary.  Seed  vil- 
lous.— Purple.      If.     Aug. — Sept.     Pine-forests  of  Car.     1 — 2  feet. 

11.  L.  el'egans,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  very  pubescent.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  scabrous  beneath,  cartilaginous  along  the  margins.  Flowers 
in  a  compact  cylindrical  raceme;  peduncles  with  small  leaves;  involu- 
cre with  5  florets.  Leaves  about  12,  lanceolate,  villous;  interior  ones 
colored.  Seeds  villous;  pappus  colored. — Purple.  If.  Aug. — Sept. 
Dry  soils.     3 — 5  feet. 

12.  L.  scARio'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hairy.  Leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous 
along  the  margin,  pubescent ;  lower  ones  very  long,  attenuate  at  the 
base.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme ;  peduncles  short,  pubescent ;  in- 
volucre with  14  florets;  scales  with  scarious  margins,  slightly  colored 
at  the  summit.  Seeds  hsary  ;  pappus  colored. — Purple.  2f.  Aug. — 
Oct.     Dry  soils.     Common.     2 — 4  feet. 

13.  L.  sph.£roi'dea,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  slightly  coriaceous,  glabrous,  the  lower  broader  than  the 
upper  ones.  Floxcers  in  terminal  racemes  ;  involucre  nearly  globular, 
with  many  florets  ;  scales  obtuse,  colored,  sometimes  fimbriate,  dotted. 
Seeds  hairy  ;  pappus  slightly  plumose. — Purple.  If.  Aug. — Oct 
Middle  and  upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo, 

14.  L.  sQUARRo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  leafy.  Leaves  Icrng,  lin- 
ear, rigid;  lower  ones  3 — 5-nerved,  radical  ones  very  long,  glabrous,  the 
upper  ones  frequently  ciliate.  Flowers  few,  in  a  termhial  raceme  ;  in- 
volucre cylindrical,  with  ovate,  ciliate  scales,  with  expanding  points. 
Corolla  deeply  cleft ;  segments  hairy.  Seeds  laair3^ ;  pappus  colored. — < 
Purple.     If.     Sept. — Oct.     Dry  pine-barrens. 

Blazivg  Star.     Rattlesnake^ s  Master. 

15.  L.  rATXiFLo'RA,  (Pursli.)     Stan   simple,  glabrous.     Leaves  linear 


ORDER    LXVIII. — COMPOSri.E.  357 

Flowers  in  leafy,  virgate  panicles,  "wilh  the  branches  few-flowcrod  ;  in- 
volucre sessile,  secund,  3 — 5-flo\vcred  ;  scales  erect,  lanceolate-acute, 
glabrous,  Elliott. 

b.    Suffnu'licose. 

16.  L,  FRUcnco'sA,  (Nutt.)  Leaves  obovate,  glabrous,  branching; 
lower  leaves  opposite,  upper  alternate,  cuneate,  oblong,  entire. 
Branches  corymbose,  naked  toward  tlie  summit ;  involucre  campan- 
ulate,  about  6-flowered ;  scales  imbricate,  in  about  3  series ;  outer 
shortest.     Achenia  pubescent. — 2^.     East  Florida. 

c.   Root  a  rhizoma.     Leaves  dilated. 

17.  L.  rANicuLA'TA,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  hairy,  viscid,  colored,  and 
brandling  toward  the  summit.  Radical  leaves  spatulate,  lanceolate, 
dentate,  glabrous  ;  cauline  leaves  sessile,  nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  hairy. 
Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  ;  branches  4 — 6-flowered ;  involucre  4 — 5 
florets,  6 — 8-leaved.  Corolla  viscid.  Seeds  hairy  ;  pappus  purple. — 
Purple.     If.     Sept. — Oct.     Pine-barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

18.  L,  ODORATis'siMA,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous,  striate, 
purple.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  ;  radical  ones  spatulate,  somewhat 
dentate;  cauline  ones  clasping.  jF'^m)^?)-^  in  corymbose  panicles ;  invo 
lucre  usually  with  7  florets,  10 — 12-leaved.  Leaves  appressed,  gla 
brous.  Seeds  hsdvj;  pappus  colored. — Purple.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  3 — 
4  feet.  Vanilla-plant. 

The  root  of  the  Liatris  spicnta  is  said  to  possess  powerful  diuretic  properties,  and 
is  used  in  the  form  of  a  decoction,  as  a  gargle  for  sore  throat. 

The  L.  scaviosa  and  squarrosa  are  said  to  be  an  antidote  to  the  poison  of  the  rat- 
tlesnake, and  are  used  to  cure  the  bite  of  this  animal :  the  former  is  known  by  our  plan- 
tation negroos  as  the  rattlesnake's  master. 

Genus  IX.— KUIINIA.     L. 

(In  honor  of  Adam  Kuhn,  a  pupil  of  Linna-us.) 

Livolucre  cylindrical,  imbricate,  10 — 25-flowered  ;  florets  all 
perfect,  tubular.  Receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  plumose,  sessile. 
Seed  pubescent,  striate. 

1.  K.  eupatorioi'des,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  branching,  the  young 
branches  very  pubescent.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  irregularlj'  serrate, 
petiolate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  beneath, 
spotted.  Flowers  in  panicles,  terminal ;  involucre  about  lO-flowered, 
with  linear,  pubescent  leaves,  the  outer  ones  small.  Seeds  pubescent.—- 
White.   If.     Sept.— Oct.     Middle  and  Western  Geo.  and  Ala.     2— 3  ft. 

2.  K.  Critonia,  (Ell.)  Stem  pubescent,  slender,  striate.  Ljeaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear,  petiolate,  entire,  with  the  margin  revolute  wlun 
young,  dotted  beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal,  divaricate  panicles  ;  in- 
volucre imbricate,  with  8 — 10  flowers.  X^ares  linear,  pubescent;  outer 
ones  reflexed  at  the  summit.  Seed  cylindrical ;  pappus  of  numerous 
plumose  rays. — White.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  In  dry  soils.  Common.  2 
• — 3  feet. 

Genus  X.— BRICKEL'LIA.     Ell. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  P.rickell,  of  Savann.ih.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulato,  iiiibricate. 
Re.cejitnch  naked,  flat,  or  slia-htlv  convex,      Achcn'ia  H»,  striate, 


358  0KD15R    LXVIII. OOMPOSITJ-:. 

elongated  ;  pappus  setaceous,  pale  purple,  persistent.  Flowers 
pale  purple.  Herbaceous  plant,  with  opposite,  3-nerved  leaves 
and  corymbose  heads. 

1.  B.  cordifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  simple,  pubescent,  corymbose  at  the 
summit.  Leaves  opposite,  cordate,  dentate,  finely  pubescent ;  branches 
of  the  style  much  exserted. — Pale  purple.  2f.  Western  Geo.  and 
Florida.     3  feet. 

Genus  XL— EUPATO'RIUM.     Tourn. 
(From  Eupator,  King  of  Pontus.) 

Involucre  cyHndrical,  imbricate,  campanulate,  scales.  Florets 
all  perfect,  tubular,  5-toothed.  Style  long,  deeply  cleft.  Re-. 
ceptacle  naked.  Seed  glabrous,  5-striate  or  angled.  Pappus 
plumose,  usually  scabrous. 

a.     Involucre  3 — o-jlowered. 

1.  E.  fcexicula'ceum,  (L.)  Stem  striate,  finely  pubescent,  with  pa- 
niculate branches ;  lower  leaves  eompoundly  pinnate,  with  filiform  seg- 
ments, glabrous,  furrowed  on  the  upper  surface ;  the  upper  ones  seta- 
ceous, in  clusters.  Flowers  in  compound  erect  panicles,  very  small  and 
very  numerous ;  involucre  with  6  interior  equal  leaves,  and  6  small 
exterior  ones,  all  pubescent.  Seeds  cylindrical ;  receptacle  naked. — 
Yellowish- white.     U-     Sept, — Oct.     Very  abundant.     3 — 10  feet. 

2.  E.  coronopifo'lium,  (L.)  Stein  erect,  pubescent,  paniculately 
branched  ;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  5 — 7  linear-lanceolate  seg- 
ments, denticulate  ;  upper  leaves  linear,  clustered,  all  pubescent.  Flow- 
ers in  compound  panicles;  involucre  with  8 — 10  unequal,  pubescent 
leaves.  Seed  glabrous,  pappus  scabrous. — White.  U-  Sept. — Oct. 
Poor  soils.     Common.     3 — i  feet. 

3.  E.  pIxNnatif'idum,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  pubescent,  branching, 
with  the  branches  pubescent;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  verticillate,  with 
linear  segments,  pubescent;  upper  leaves  gerjerally  alternate.  Flowers 
in  fiistigiate  corymbs;  involucre  8 — 10-leaved,  with  glandular  dots  on 
the  back.  Seed  oblong,  deeply  striate  ;  pappus  scabrous. — White.  U 
Sept. — Oct.     Damp  soils.     3 — 4  feet. 

4.  E.  linearifo'lium,  (Walt.)  Stem  usually  procumbent,  very  pu- 
bescent toward  the  summit,  branching.  Leaves  sessile,  pubeseent,  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, with  clusters  of  small  leaves  at  the  axil.  Flowers  in 
irregular  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  10  linear  villous  leaves,  glandular 
on  the  outer  surface.  Seed  deeply  striate,  pappus  scabrous. — White. 
U'    Aug. — Sept.     Dry  soils.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  E.  HYSsopiFo'nuM,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  Leaves  sessile, 
the  lower  ones  linear-lanceolate,  opposite,  somewhat  toothed,  upper 
ones  alternate,  pubescent,  with  clusters  of  small  leaves  in  the  a.\ils. 
Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs;  involucre  10-leaved,  sprinkled  with 
glandular  dots,  purplish  at  the  suuuiiit.  Seed  furrowed,  glandular; 
pappus  scabrous. — White.      IX.     Sept. — Oct.    Very  common.     2 — 3  ft. 

6.  E.  glauces'cens,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  slightly  serrate  toward  the  summit,  3-nerved,  pubescent, 
with  a  pair  of  small  leaves  in  the  axil.  Leaves  of  the  branches  usually 
altornato,  small,  glaucous.     Flowers  in  corymbs;  involucre  with  8 — 10 


ORDEll    LXVIII. COMrOSITvE.  359 

lanceolate  leaves,  pappus  scabrous. — White.     If.     Aug. — Sept.     Rich 
soils.     Mid.  and  upper  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

7.  E.  sessifo'lium,  (L.)  Ston  somewhat  angled.  Leaves  sessile,  am- 
plexicaul,  rounded  at  the  base,  doited  beneath,  opposite,  serrate.  Flow- 
ers in  terminal  corymV)d;  peduncles  pubescent. — White.  If.  Aug. — 
Sept.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

8.  E.  trunca'tum,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  particularly  to- 
ward the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  araplexicaul,  lanceolate- serrate,  gla- 
brous on  the  u])per  surface,  pubescent  along  the  veins,  beneath  dotted, 
ti'uncate  at  the  base  ;  involucre  pubescent. — White.  If.  Aug. — Sept. 
Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

9.  E.  al'bum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  villous;  lower  leaves  opposite, 
the  upper  alternate,  all  pubescent,  coarsely  toothed,  sessile,  lanceolate. 
Floioers  in  fastigiate  corymbs  ;  involucre  10-leaved,  the  5  intez'ior  long, 
white,  with  glandular  dots.  Seed  furrowed,  pappus  scabrous. — White. 
If.     Aug. — Sept.     Poor  soils.     Common.      2 — 3  feet. 

10.  E.  tarviflo'eum,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  sessile, 
lowei"  ones  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate,  lanceolate,  serrate  toward  the 
apex,  entire  and  alternate  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs ; 
involucre  w^ith  the  interior  leaves  ligulate,  the  exterior  small,  all  pubes- 
cent, dotted.  Seeds  angled. — White.  If.  Sept. — Oct,  Southern 
Georgia.     1 — 2  feet. 

11.  E.  scab'ridum,  (Ell.)  Stevi  pubescent,  with  the  lower  branches 
brachiate,  the  upper  ones  alternate.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
opposite,  serrate  toward  the  summit,  acute,  and  entire  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  acute  lanceolate  leaves,  dotted. 
<S'(?fc/ angled. — White.    If.  Aug. — Oct.     Dry  soils.     Common.     2 — ft. 

12.  E.  rotundifo'lium,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  sessile,  decus- 
sate, deltoid,  obtusely  serrate,  slightly  scabrous,  glaucous.  Flowers  in 
fastigiate  corymbs;  involucre  with  pubescent,  acute  scales.  Seed  an- 
gled; pappus  scabrous. — White.  2^.  July — Sept.  Di'V  pine-barrens. 
2 — 3  feet.  Wiid-liorehoinid. 

13.  E.  verben^fo'lium,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, decussate,  coarsely  toothed,  dotted,  hairy  on  the  under  suiface, 
somewhat  deltoid.  Flowers  in  corymbs;  involucre  with  hairy,  lanceo- 
late haves.  Seed  Ax\g\ed  ;  pappus  scabrous. — White.  If.  Aug. — Sept. 
Damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet,  E.  tcnuifolhun,  WiUd. 

14.  E.  puBEs'cENS,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  lower  branches  op-, 
posite,  upper  alternate.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  alternate  at  tlie  summit, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  slightly  scabrous;  the  lower  doubly  serrate  and  op- 
posite, the  upper  slightly  serrate  and  alternate.  Flowers  in  fastigiate 
corymbs  ;  involucre  with  hairy,  linear-lanceolate  leaves.  Seed  angled  ; 
pappus  scabrous. — White.      If.     Aug. — Oct.     Sandy  woods.     2 — 3  ft. 

15.  E.  cuneifo'lium,  (Willd.)  Stein  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  obo- 
vatc,  lanceolate,  petiolate  ;  lower  ones  obtusely  sen-ate,  the  upper  with 
few  serratures  toward  the  apex.  Flowers  in  corymbs.  Ltvolucrt  8 — 
10-leaved. — W^hite.     If.     Aug.— Sept.     10—12  inches. 

b.     Involucre  many-fowercd. 

16.  E.  perfolia'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  villous,  covered  with 
glandular  dots ;  lower  leaves  perfoliate,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the 
Bummit,  serrate,  pubescent  on  the  ujiper  .surface,  toniGntosc  beneath. 


SGO  ORDER    LXVIII. COMPOSIT.E. 

the  upper  leaves  distinct,  truncate  at  the  base.  Floioers  ia  largfe  co- 
rymbs ;  involucre  many-leaved,  with  acute,  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent 
leaves.  Seed  angular. — White.  If.  Sept. — Oct,  At  Barhamville, 
near  Columbia.     3 — 6  feet.  Boneset. 

1*7.  E.  ceanothifo'lium,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pu- 
bescent. Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
toothed,  slightly  scabrous,  obtuse  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  terminal  co- 
rymbs; involucre  with  10  nearly  equal  leaves,  pubescent.  Seeds  an- 
gled; pappus  plumose. — "White.  If.  Sept, — Oct.  In  rich  soils,  low 
country.     2 — 3  feet. 

18.  E.  agehatoi'des,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  usually  op- 
posite, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed,  glabrous,  on  rather 
long  petioles,  Flowers  in  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  10  nearly  equal 
leaves.  Seeds  angled  ;  pappus  slightly  scabrous. — White.  If.  Sept 
— Oct.     On  the  seacoast.     2 — 3  feet. 

19.  E.  aromat'icum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  finely  pubescent. 
Leaves  opposite,  cordate,  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  toothed,  finely  pubes- 
cent beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  10  nearly 
?qual  leaves.  Seed  angled. — While.  U-  Fragrant,  Aug. — Oct*. 
Dry  rich  soils,     2 — 3  feet. 

20.  E,  SEROTi'xuM,  (Mich,)  Stem  erect,  almost  tomentose.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  large,  tapering  toward  the  summit ;  the  lower  ones 
opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  on  rather  long  petioles.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, in  fastigiate  corymbs;  involucre  with  10  linear,  villous  leaves. 
Seeds  angled;  pappus  scabrous. — White,  y.  Sept. — Oct.  On  the 
seacoast.     5 — 6  feet. 

21.  E.  incaexa'tum,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  very  finely  pubescent. 
Leaves  opposite,  on  long  petioles,  cordate,  deltoid,  obtusely  tootlied. 
Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs;  involucre  with  15 — 20  nearly  equal 
scales,  slightly  pubescent.  Seed  angLed  ;  pappus  pilose. — Purple. 
Oct. — Nov.     In  rich  soils.     2 — 3  feet, 

c.     Involucre  with  the  scales  scarious.     Leaves  verticillate. 

22.  E.  ternifo'lidm,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  pubescent.  Leaves 
usually  ternate,  petiolate,  ovate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  tooth- 
ed, dotted  on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  invo- 
lucre with  about  15  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  the  exterior  ones  shorter 
and  broader.  Seed  angXed  ;  pappus  pilose. — Light-purple.  If.  Sept 
— Oct.     Damp  soils.     3 — 4  feet. 

23.  E.  purpu'reum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  tinged 
with  purple.  Leaves  4 — 6  in  a  whorl,  oval,  lanceolate,  petiolate,  ser- 
rate, somewhat  pubescent  on  the  under  surface,  dotted.  Flowers  in 
large,  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  generally  5-flovv^ered,  with  the  leaves 
slightly  pubescent.  Seed  angled;  pappus"^  pilose. — Pale  purple,  li- 
Sept.— Oct,     Moist  soils,     4—8  feet. 

24.  E.  macula'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  with  j)urple  dots. 
Leaves  4 — 5  in  a  whorl,  ovate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  pubescent 
beneath,  unequally  serrate.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs;  involucre 
6 — 8-flowered.  Seed  angled. — Pale  purple.  2f.  Aug. — Sept.  Moist 
soils.     4—5  feet. 

25.  E.  verticilla'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous  or  pubescent  to- 
ward the  summit,  tinged  with  purple.     Leaver,  3 — 4  in  a  whorl,  ovatft- 


ORDER    LXViir. — COMPOSITE,  361 

lanceolcate,  coareely  serrate,  glabrous,  doted  on  the  under  surface. 
Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  10 — 12  ovale,  obtuse 
leaves.  Seeda  angled  ;  pappus  scabrous. — Purple.  IX.  Sept.— Oct. 
Middle  and  upper  Car.  and  Geo.     4 — 6  feet. 

Many  of  the  species  of  Eupatorium  possess  decided  medical  properties.  The  E. 
perfoliatum  is  a  well-known  domestic  medicine,  and  has  been  used  with  much  success 
in  arresting  disease  in  its  incipient  state.  It  is  a  tonic  and  diaphoretic,  and  in  large 
doses  an  emetic. 

Genus  XII.— MIKA'NIA.     WiUd. 

(In  honor  of  Prof.  James  Mikan.) 

Involucre  4 — G-leaved,  equal,  with  4—6  florets.  Corolla  5- 
toothed,  dilated.  Receptacle  naked  ;  florets  all  perfect,  tubular. 
Style  long,  deeply  cleft.  Fcq^jyus  pilose.  Achenid  angled. 
Twining  plants. 

1.  M.  scan'dens,  (Willd.)  Stem  twining,  glabrous.  Leaves  cordate, 
acuminate,  repand  tootlied,  with  unequal  divaricate  lobes.  Flowers  in 
axillary  corymbs. — Bluish-white.  U-  July — Sept.  Margins  of  rivu- 
lets.    Common.     10 — 15  feet.  Climbing  Thoroughwort. 

2.  M.  PUBEs'cEKS,  (Muhl.)  Stem  twining,  pubescent ;  striate.  Leaves 
cordate,  acuminate,  angularly  toothed,  somewhat  hastate  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  axilhiry  and  terminal  paniculate  corymbs ;  involucre  5- 
leaved,  one  smaller  than  the  rest,  hairy.  Flowers  fragrant.  Seed  ob- 
long, striate  ;  receptacle  dotted. — Pale  purple.  If.  July — August. 
Common.     15 — 20  feet. 

Genus  XIIL— CONOCLIN'IUM.  D.  C.  {Eupatorium  ccelestiaum,  L.) 
(From  ko7ios,  a  cone,  and  klino,  a  bud,  in  allusion  to  the  receptacle,  which  is  conic.) 

Heads  many-flowered  Involucre  campanulate,  scales  in  2 — 
3  series,  linear,  acute.  Receptacle  naked,  conical.  Corolla  5- 
cleft.  Pappus  pilose,  scabrous,  iu  one  series.  Achenia  angled, 
glabrous.  Herbaceous  plants  with  opposite,  toothed  leaves. 
Heads  in  terminal  crowded  corymbs. 

1.  C.  CCELESTINUM,  (L.)  StcjH  pubesccut.  Leaves  opposite,  cordate- 
ovate,  on  short  petioles,  deltoid,  slightly  scabrous,  obtusely  toothed. 
Floivers  in  fastigiate  corymbs ;  involucre  with  numerous  linear,  pubes- 
cent leaves.  Seed  aaglad  ;  pappus  scabrous.  Receptacle  come. — Light 
blue,  with  red  dots.  Fragrant.  U-  Sept.— Oct.  Ricii  shaded  soils. 
2—3  feet. 

Tribe  HI.— ASTEROl'DE.*:. 

Capitula  helerogamous,  rarely  bomogMiuous  or  dioecious. 
Staminate  flowers  tubuhir,  regularly  tootlied.  Style  with  the 
branches  flat,  linear  or  lanceolate,  pubescent  externally  at  the 
base. 

Genus  XIV.— GALATEL'LA.     Cass.     {Aster  hyssopi/olia,  Nee.-.) 
(From  gala,  milk.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  helerogamous;  ray  florets  neutral, 
those  of  the  disk  perfect.     Involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  with 


'3f>2  ORDKR    LXVIII.— COMPOSITE. 

the  scale  imbricate.  Receptacle  alveolate.  Corolla  of  the  disk 
deeply  5-cleft.  Achenia  hirsute  or  villous.  Pappus  setaceous, 
\\\  many  series.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate,  entire  leaves, 
and  fastigiate  branches. 

1.  G.  uyssopifo'lia,  (Nees.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  striate,  with  fasti- 
giate branches.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  acute,  with  scabrous 
margins.  Flowers  in  terminal  fastigiate  corymbs ;  involucre  ovate,  the 
interior  scales  obtuse,  the  exterior  acute,  florets  of  the  ray  from  3 — 10, 
— Wliito,  tinged  with  purple.  U.  Aug. — Oct.  Common.  Middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

Genus  XV.— SERICOCARTUS.     Nees.     {Aster  soUdagiywide^,  Mich., 
A.  conyzoides,  Willd.,  A.  tortifolius,  Mich.) 

(From  seri^os,  silky,  and  karpos,  fruit.) 

Involucre  obovate,  oblong,  with  scales  in  several  series,  the 
tips  herbaceous  and  spreading.  Receptacle  alveolate.  Achenia 
obpyramidal,  short,  densely  silky.  Pappus  simple,  rigid.  Her- 
baceous plants,  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  corymbose 
flowers  and  branches,  and  white  flowers. 

1.  S.  solidagin'eus,  (Nees.)  Stetn  glabrous,  slightly  angled.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  entire,  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Floxoers  sessile, 
in  small  clusters  on  corymbose  fastigiate  branches ;  involucre  cylindrical, 
with  obtuse  reflexed  scales.  Seeds  oblong,  silky,  pubescent,  angled. — 
White,      li.     July — September.     Rich  soils.     Common. 

2.  S.  conyzoi'des,  (Kees.)  Stem  simple,  striate,  slightly  pubescent, 
or  somewhat  rigid.  Leaves  sessile,  the  lower  ones  cuneate-laiiceolate, 
serrate,  eiliate,  and  scabrous  along  the  margins,  upper  ones  entire, 
lanceolate.  Flowers  in  sessile  clusters,  on  fastigiate  corymbose  bi-anoh- 
es  ;  involucre  cylindrical,  with  oblong  eiliate  scales ;  ray  florets  some- 
times 6,  2 — 3-cleft  at  the  summit.  Seeds  villous;  pappus  scabrous. — 
White,  tinged  with  purple.  If.  June — Aug.  Middle  upper  dist. 
Car.  and  Geo. 

8.  S.  tortifo'lius,  (Nees.)  Stem  pubescent,  branching  toward  the 
summit.  Leaves  sessile,  tortuous,  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  pu- 
bescent. Flowers  in  sessile  clusters,  on  fastigiate  corymbose  branches; 
involucre  cylindrical,  with  appressed  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  flo- 
rets 2-Cieft.  Seeds  oblong,  pubescent. — White.  2f.  Low  country. 
2  feet. 

Genls  XVI.— AS'TER.     L. 

(From  aster,  a  star.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  the  lower  scales  generally  expand- 
ing, florets  of  the  ray  usually  more  than  10,  never  yellow; 
those  of  the  disk  hispid,  Receptacle  naked ;  pappus  simple, 
pilose. 

a.     Leaves  entire,  florets  of  the  ray  generally  niiynerous.     Seed'i  silky, 
pubescent, 

1  A.  FLExuo'sus,  (Mich.)  Steiv  procumbent,  assuj-gent,  glabrous. 
Leaves  subulate,  linear,  sessile,   S-nerved,  somewhat  fleshy,  very  long. 


ORDER    LXVIII. 0OMPOSITJ2.  363 

Flowers  terminal,  on  scattered  branches  ;  involucre  with  numerous  lin- 
ear-lanceolate scales,  tinged  with  purple  ;  ray  florets  3-toothed,  gener- 
ally 20.  Seed  angled,  oblong. — i'ale  purple,  y.  Sept. — Oct.  On 
the  seacoast.     2 — o  feet. 

2.  A.  Ch.\p.\ian''ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  glabrous,  simple,  or  branched  at 
the  base,  slender,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  branches  terminated  by 
single  heads.  Leaves  numerous,  linear,  subulate,  appressed.  Rays 
elongated,  20  or  more  ;  achenia  oblong,  compressed,  glabrous. — Flor. 

3.  A.  PALUDo'sus,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  near  the  summit.  Leaves 
sessile,  subulate,  acute,  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface 
and  margins,  sometimes  ciliate.  Flowers  solitary,  large,  on  naked  pe- 
duncles; involucre  squarrose,  the  lower  scales  leaf-like,  reflexed  ;  ray- 
florets  long,  numerous.  /Se^c?s  glabrous,  angled. — Purple.  If.  Oct. — 
Nov.     Pine-barrens.     Common. 

4.  A.  grandiflo'rus,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  toward  the  summit. 
Leaves  scabrous,  linear,  sessile,  rigid,  reflexed,  with  the  margin  ciliate. 
Flowers  solitary  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-lanceolate,  reflexed  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  large.  Seeds 
scarcely  pubescent. — Purple.     Oct. — Nov.     Sandy   woods.     2 — 3  feet. 

5.  A.  exi'lis,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  with  corymbose  branches. 
Leaves  long,  linear,  slightly  scabrous,  diminishing  in  size  toward  the 
summit.  Flowers  on  the  upper  branches  in  racemes  ;  involucre  with 
glabrous,  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  narrow. — Pur- 
ple.    71.     Sept. — Oct.     Damp  soils,     4 — 5  feet. 

6.  A.  subula'tus,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  much  branched. 
Leaves  long,  linear,  subulate,  appressed.  Flowers  numerous,  on  termi- 
nal peduncles ;  involucre  cylindrical,  with  the  summit  of  the  scales 
slightly  reflexed;  ray  florets  numerous,  3-cleft,  short. — Purple.  2^, 
Sept. — Oct.     Seacoast.     2 — 3  feet.  A.  linifoHus,  L. 

1.  A.  FOLioLo'sus,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves 
sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  appressed,  with  scabrous  margins,  those  of  the 
branches  minute  and  numerous.  Flowers  in  compound  panicles  ;  invo- 
lucre with  acute  appressed  scales,  hairy,  or  ciliate  at  the  summit. ;  r.iy 
florets  numerous,  linear-lanceolate.  -See J  glabrous. — Purple.  U-  Sept. 
— Oct.     In  dry  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet.        In  part,  A.  durno^us,  L. 

8.  A.  sPARSiFLo'ra's,  (Ait.)  Sfe7n  slender,  erect,  with  expanding 
branches,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  reflexed,  entire.  Flowers  solitary, 
at  the  extremity  of  the  branches  ;  involucre  with  acute,  appressed  s(jales. 
— Purple.      U'     Aug. — Sept.     Low  country.     2 — 3  feet. 

9.  A.  tenuifo'lius,  (L.)  Stetti  erect,  glabrous  near  the  base,  branch- 
ing. Ljcnves  numerous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  slightly 
scabrous  along  the  margins,  upper  ones  minute.  Flowers  in  racemes,  on 
short  peduncles  ;  involucre  with  appressed  linear  acute  scales;  ray  flo- 
rets numerous,  narrow.  Seed  oblong. — Purple.  1(.  Oct. — Nov. 
Mid.  upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo. 

10.  A.  DuMo'sus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  much  less  branched  than 
the  preceding  species.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  with  the  mar- 
giub  slightly  scabrous.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal  at  the  summit  of 
the  paniculate  branches  ;  involucre  with  acute  glabroun,  linear-lanceo- 
late scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  narrow.  Seeds  scarcely  pubescent 
— Purple.      U.     Sept. — Oct.      In  damp,  rich  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 


36J:  ORDER    LXYIir. COMPOSIT.E. 

11.  A.  ericoi'des,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  with  numerous  ex- 
panding branches.  Leaves  of  the  stem  Hnear,  glabrou?,  acute  at  each 
end,  those  of  the  branches  subulate,  numerous,  very  small.  Flowem  in 
racemes,  on  short  peduncles ;  involucre  with  lanceolate  scales ;  ray  flo- 
rets numerous,  linear. — Purple.  If.  Oct, — Nov.  Barren  soils.  Com- 
mon.    2 — 3  feet. 

12.  A.  RACEMo'sus,  (Ell.)  Stem  diffuse,  with  slender,  slightly  pubes- 
cent branches.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  the  margins  scabrous, 
pubescent  beneath,  those  of  the  branches  verj  small.  Flowers  in  sim- 
ple racemes  at  the  summit  of  the  branches ;  involucre  with  linear- 
lanceolate  scales ;  ray  florets  numerous,  linear. — Purple.  If.  Sept. — 
Oct.     On  the  coast,     1—2  feet. 

13.  A.  multiflo'rus,  (L.)  Stem  diffusely  branched,  almost  hispid. 
Leaves  linear,  acute,  pubescent,  and  fringed  along  the  margin.  Flow- 
ers in  terminal  racemes,  somewhat  secund  ;  involucre  with  ciliate,  obo- 
vate  scales,  squarrose. — Almost  white.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  In  open 
fields.     Common.     2 — 3  feet, 

14.  A.  adna'tus,  (Nutt.)  Stems  minutely  hispid,  branches  virgate. 
Leaves  small,  appressed,  joined  to  the  stem,  except  the  tips. — Pale  pur- 
ple.    Mid.  Car.  and  Geo.     Oct, — Nov.     18 — 24  inclies. 

15.  A.  SQUARKo'sus,  (Walt.)  Stem  procumbent,  branching,  hispid, 
hairy.  Leaves  small,  numerous,  ovate,  reflexed,  hispid  along  the  mar- 
gin, scabrous.  Floivers  terminal,  in  a  loose  panicle  ;  involucre  with 
lanceolate  hairy  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  3-toothed,  rather  large, 
— Blue,      If,     Sept. — Oct.     Dry  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

IG.  A.  conco'lor,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  sparingly  branched 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  pubescent,  almost  tomentose,  oblong-lance- 
olate. Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  ;  involucre  with  lanceolate,  silky 
scales;  ray  florets  linear-lanceolate. — Blue.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Dry 
soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

17.  A.  reticula'tus,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  branching  to- 
Avard  the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  margins 
revolute,  tomentose,  3-uerved,  Flowers  in  racemes;  involucre  with 
acute  scales. — White.     %.    Aug. — Oct.     Car,  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

18.  A.  Nov^  An'glle,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  with  diffuse,  spreading 
branches,  hairj'.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  auriculate 
at  the  base,  hairy,  and  scabrous  along  the  margin.  Flowers  in  termi- 
nal panicles  ;  involucre  with  lanceolate  scales,  somewhat  hispid  ;  ray 
florets  numerous,  narrow. — Purple.  1i.  Sept. — Oct.  Western  Geo. 
4—10  feet. 

19.  A.  Cya'nfxs,  (Ell.)  Stein  glabrous,  young  branches  slightly 
pubescent,  expanding.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  scabrous, 
slightly  amplexicaul.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes  ;  involucre  with 
appressed  linear-lanceolate  scales;  ray  florets  numerous,  narrow.  Seed 
pubescent.— Purple.  U-  Sept,— Oct,  Middle  Car.  and  Geo,  3—4 
feet,  A.  concinus,  Willd. 

20.  A.  virga'tus,  (Ell.)  Ste7u  erect,  glabrous,  with  long  erect  virgate 
branches,  slightly  pubescent  at  the  summit.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
amplexicaul,  long,  glabrous,  margins  slightly  scabrous.  Flowers  in 
terminal  racemes;  involucre  with  the  scale  slightly  squarrose,  slightly 
mucronate  ;  ray  florets  small.  >Segc?s  scarcely  pubescent. — Purple.  If. 
Sept.— Oct.     Middle  Geo.     3—4  feet. 


OKDER    LXVIII. — CC)MP0SlT.i5.  365 

21  A.  Caroltnia'nus,  (Walt.)  Stem  shrubby,  flcxuous  and  decum- 
bent, much  branched,  pubescent.  Leaves  oblon2;-laiK!e()late,  sessile,  at- 
tenuate at  e:!ch  end,  pubescent,  dilated  and  aniple.xieaul  at  the  stem. 
Flowers  large,  numerous,  solitary,  on  short  {)e(luncles  ;  involucre  with 
pubescent  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous. — Purple,  t,  ,  Qct. — Nov.  In 
swamps.     8 — 12  feet. 

b.  Leaves  serrate.     Flowers  m  corymbs. 

22.  A.  suRCULo'sus,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  erect,  simple,  pubescent  toward 
the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  ciliate  -when  young, 
slightly  serrate  ;  upper  leaves  generally  entire.  Floivers  large,  in  ter- 
minal corymbs;  involucre  with  oblong,  ovate,  pubescent  scales,  reflex- 
ed  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  large.  Seeds  nearly  glabrous. — Purple.  If. 
Oct. — Nov.     Car.  and  Geo.     6 — 11  inches. 

23.  A.  CuRTis'ii,  (T,  &  G.)  Stem  smooth,  glabrous,  simple,  leafy,  co- 
rymbose or  racemose  at  the  summit ;  branches  short,  bearing  a  single 
or  few  heads.  Xmi'^'.s  lanceolate,  sessile,  serrate;  involucre  hemispher- 
ical, .=cale8  unequal,  imbricate,  coriaceous,  rays  large,  20  or  more.  Ache- 
«m  glabrous. — Blue  or  purple.      If.     N.  Car.     2 — 3  feet. 

24.  A.  pum'ceus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  shining,  brandies  striate, 
pubescent.  Leaves  spatulate,  sessile,  clasping,  serrate,  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  large.  Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles,  large  ;  involucre 
with  ciliate,  linear  reflexed  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  linear-lance- 
olate.— Purple.  If.  Oct. — Nov.  On  the  banks  of  rivers  in  Sou.  Geo. 
2—3  feet.  A.  Elliottii,  T.  k  G. 

25.  A.  DRACiiNcin-oi'oES,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  with  corymbose  branch- 
es marked  with  a  hairy  line.  Leaves  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate  in  the  middle,  upper  ones  entire.  Flowers  small,  in  co- 
rymbs; involucre  with  lanceolate  expanding  scales. — Nearly  white.  2f. 
8ei)t. — Nov.     In  low  grounds.     Upper  Car. 

c.     Leaves  serrate. 

26.  A.  jun'ceus,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  with  long,  slender  branches, 
slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous, 
upper  ones  entire.  Flowers  in  racemes;  involucre  witli  linear  lanceo- 
late scales,  nearly  glabrous;  ray  florets  small,  narrow. — Puri)le.  If. 
Sept. — Oct.     Damp  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

27.  A.  diveu'gens,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  toward  the  summit, 
branching.  I^eavcs  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous,  upper  ones  en- 
tire. Flowers  in  crowded  racemes  ;  involucre  with  linear-lanceolate, 
glabrous  scales. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  1(.  Sept. — Oct.  Com- 
mon.    3 — 4  feet.  A.  miser,  L. 

28.  A.  tradescan'ti,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  numerous  vir- 
gate  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  atteimate  at  each  end,  up- 
per ones  small,  entire.  Flowers  numerous,  in  compound  racemes  ;  in- 
volucre with  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  narrow. — 
Purple.     If.     Sept. — Oct.     Near  the  mountains.     3 — i  feet. 

29.  A.  versico'lor,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves 
broad,  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  glabrous,  serrate  in  the  middle,  upper 
ones  entire.  Flowers  clustered  toward  the  summit  of  the  bratu-hes ; 
involucre  with  loose,  lanceolate  scales. — White  or  purple  Sept. — Oct 
In  damp  soils.     2  —  3  feet. 


366  ORDER    LXVIII. COMPOSITiE. 

30.  A.  l.eviga'tus,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous,  much  branched.  Leaves 
broad,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  slightly  serrate,  somewhat  am]»lexicaul, 
the  upper  ones  narrower  and  entire.  Flowers  large,  in  racenio-e  pani- 
cles ;  involucre  with  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous, 
linear.  ^Seet/ pubescent. — Purple.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Damp  rich  so  U 
2 — 4  feet.  -4.  Novi-Belgn,  L. 

.31.  A.  amplexicau'lk,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  somewhat  branched. 
Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  acute,  amplexicaul,  cordate,  serrate,  gla- 
brous, the  lower  more  attenuate  and  less  cordate  at  the  base.  Flowers 
in  terminal  panicles  ;  involucre  with  thick,  glabrous,  lanceolate  scales  ; 
ray  florets  numerous,  narrow.  Seed  nearly  glabrous. — Purple,  If. 
Sept.— Oct.     In  dry  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

d.    Leaves  cordate,  generally  serrate. 

32.  A.  undula'tus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  branching.  Leaven 
oblong,  cordate,  amplexicaul,  scabrous,  somewhat  undulate,  dentate 
near  the  summit.  Flowers  in  loose,  terminal  panicles;  involucre  with 
pubescent,  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  numerous.  Seeds  hairy. 
— Purple.      2f.     Sept. — Oct.     In  dry  soils.     2 — 3  ft.        A.  patens,  Ait. 

33.  A.  DivEESiFo'Lros,  (Mich.)  Stern  erect,  pubescent,  scabrous,  much 
branched  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  petioles 
of  tlie  lower  leaves  winged,  amplexicaul,  those  of  the  branches  small, 
pubescent  underneath,  scabrous  above.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  ; 
involucre  with  numerous,  ciliate,  pubescent  scales.  Seeds  slightly  an- 
gled, hairy. — Purple.     IT.     Sept. — Oct.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

A.   undulatus. 

34.  A.  sagittifo'lius,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  much  branched. 
Radical  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  cordate  and  sagittate  at  the  base,  une- 
qually serrate,  glabrous,  petiolate  ;  cauline  leaves  acuminate,  on  wing- 
ed  petioles,  upper  ones  oblong,  lanceolate,  sessile.  Flowers  in  racemes  ; 
peduncles  leafy,  involucre  with  lanceolate  scales. — Purple.  U.  Sept. 
— Oct.     Upper  district  of  Carolina.     2 — 3  feet 

35.  A.  sca'ber,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  scabrous,  somewhat  hairy. 
Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles,  cordate,  with  round  lobes,  acute  at  the 
apex;  cauline  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate 
at  the  apex,  rigid,  scabrous.  Flowers  in  long,  terminal  panicles  ;  invo- 
lucre with  acute,  appressed  scales,  pubescent ;  ray  florets  oval,  numer- 
ous. Seed  angled,  hairy. — Purple.  71.  Sept. — Oct.  In  dry  soils, 
z— 3  feet. 

36.  A.  panicula'tts,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  glabrous,  much 
branched,  young  branches  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
slightly  pubescent  along  the  margins  and  veins,  petiolate.  Flowers  in 
compact,  racemose  panicles;  involucre  with  numerous,  subulate  scales; 
ray  florets  narrow,  about  12.  Seeds  glabrous. — Purple,  li-  Sept. 
— Oct.     In  rich  soils.     3 — i  feet.  A.  sagittifolius,  Wilid. 

37.  A.  cordifo'lius,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  with  pubescent  branches.  Rad- 
ical leaves  cordate,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  serrate,  on  slightly  winged 
petioles,  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  in  racemose  panicles,  numerous ; 
involucre  with  linear-lanceolate  scales,  slightly  appressed ;  ray  florets 
narrow,  about  12.  Seed  glabrous. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  If. 
Sept. — Nov,     Upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo, 

38.  A.  coRYMBo'sus,  (Ait.)   Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  slightly  pubes* 


OKDER    LXVIII. COMI'USIT.K.  367 

cent  branches.  Leaves  ovale,  cordate,  the  upper  spatuhite,  hinceolatc, 
glabrous,  acutely  serrate.  Floivcrs  in  fostigiate  corymbs;  involucre 
with  pubescent,  ovate-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  narrow,  about  12. 
Seeds  i^labrous. — AVhite,  tinged  Avith  purple.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Upper 
dist.  Car.  and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

39.  A.  azuue'us,  (Lind.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  branches  rigid,  slen- 
der, racemose.  Leaves  scabrous,  lowest  cordate,  slightly  serrate,  higher 
ones  ovate-lanceolate,  all  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate- 
linear,  sessile,  usually  entire,  those  of  the  branches  subulate,  numerous, 
appressed  ;  involucre  obconic,  scales  closely  imbricated.  Achenia  near- 
ly glabrous. — Western  and  ISoullnvestern  States.     Aug. — Oct.    1 — 3  ft. 

40.  A.  Siiout'ii,  (Hook.)  Stem  slender,  nearly  glabrous.  I^eaves 
more  or  less  cordate,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous 
above,  minutely  pubescent  beneath,  mostly  entire  ;  involucre  campanu- 
Lite,  scales  closely  imbricate.  Acltejiia  glabrous.  Heads  racemose,  nu- 
meious, crowded,  showy. — Violet-blue.  Mountains.  Sept. — Oct.  2— 4ft. 

41.  A.  asperu'lus,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  simple,  racemose,  paniculate  at 
the  summit,  scabrous,  pubescent.  Radical  leaves  subcordate,  oblong- 
ovate,  slightly  serrate,  ou  slender  petioles;  cauline  ones  oblong  or  spat- 
ulate,  sessile,  rameal  ones  minute,  scattered.  Heads  small,  paniculate  ; 
involucre  nearly  hemispherical,  scales  oblong,  closely  imbricated  ;  ache- 
nia minutely  pubescent. — Blue  or  purple.     Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

42.  A.  Baldwin'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Plant  minutely  hispid,  pubescent. 
Stem  paniculately  branched.  Leaves  sessile,  rigid,  entire,  scabrous 
ab  .ve,  oblong-linear  ;  those  of  the  branches  short,  erect,  acuminate,  mu» 
cronate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute,  minutely  puhe-cent, 
loa.-ely  imbricated.  Acheiiia  slightly  lubescent. — Blue  o;-  purp'e. 
Georgi '.     Dry  soils.     1 — 3  feet. 

43.  A.  mirab'ilis,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  simple,  corymbose,  paniculate  at 
the  sununit,  scabrous,  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  the  hiwer  on<  s 
petioiate,  the  upper  sessile,  those  of  the  branches  small,  roundish  ;  invo- 
lucre hemispherical,  scales  imbricate,  oblong-linear;  rays  numerous, 
large.  Achenia  slender,  striate. — Blue  or  violet.  Columbia,  S.  C. 
1—2  feet. 

Gen-US  XVII.— ERIG'ERON.     L. 

(From  er,  spring,  and  ger,  old,  from  their  early  fudiug.) 

ILeads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  pistilhite;  thu^c 
of  the  disk  tubular,  j3erfect;  scales  of  the  involucre  narrow, 
mostly  in  a  single  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenia 
compressed.  Pappus  usually  in  a  single  series  of  scabrous 
bristles.     Heads  solitary. 

1.  E.  nudicau'le,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  and  scabrous  near 
the  summit.  Radical  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  acute,  irregularly 
toothed,  glabrous  ;  cauline  ones  smaller,  ciliate  near  the  base.  Flowers 
in  small  terminal  corymbs ;  involucre  with  acute  subulate  leaves,  pu- 
besci  nt  near  the  base  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  somewhat  o-toothed  at 
the  :-uiuiuit;  disk  florets  nutnercus,  greenish-yellow,  o-toothed.  Seed 
his[jid  ;  receptacle  flat,  dotted. —  White.  If.  Through  the  suuuni-r. 
Common.     1 — 2  feet.  L\  vernum,  T.  it  G. 

2.  H  BELLiniFo'uuM,  (L)     Stem  hirsute,  very  hairy.     IJadicul  leav(8 


868  OKDEK    LXVIIJ.^ COMPOSITE. 

obovate,  slightly  sei-i-ate ;  cauline  leaves  sessile,  scattered,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, the  lower  ones  similar  to  the  radical.  Flowers  8 — 5,  terminal, 
central  one  the  largest ;  involucre  loaves  in  a  double  series,  linear-lan- 
ceolate;  ray  florets  linear;  disk  florets  yellowish.  Seed  compressed, 
nearly  glabrous;  receptacle  somewhat  convex,  dotted. — Pale  blue.  If. 
March — April.     Common.     1 — 2  feet.  Rohiiis  Plantairi. 

8.  E.  STRiGo'suM,  (Muhl.)  Stem  pubescent,  slightly  scabrous.  Radical 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  denticulate  ;  cauline  ones  long,  linear,  entire. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  ;  involucre  with  subulate  leaves,  pubes- 
cent ;  ray  florets  2 — 3-cleft  at  the  summit.  Seeds  hispid  ;  exterior  pap- 
pus minute  scales,  interior  wanting,  or  a  few  pilose  rays;  disk  florets 
yellow. — White.  If.  May — Aug.  Common  in  sandy  pastures.  2 — 3 
feet. 

4.  E.  ambig'uI'M,  (Nutt.)  Steyn  erect,  pubescent,  somewhat  scabrous. 
Leaves  linear,  lower  ones  serrulate.  Floicers  usually  in  pairs,  axillary 
and  terminal  ;  involucre  hemispherical. — Yellow.  71.  Julv — Aug. 
Middle  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

6.  E.  Phlladel'phicum,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent,  slightly  furrowed. 
Radical  leaves  cuneate,  obovate,  sometnnes  incisely  toothed ;  cauline 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  entire.  Floicers  in  loose  co- 
rymbs;  ray  florets  capillary,  numerous ;  involucre  many-leaved,  with 
the  leaves  arranged  in  two  series,  subulate. — "White  or  pale  purple,  i;. 
Feb. — June.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  E.  quercifo'lium,  (Lam.)  Stem  pubescent.  Radical  leaves  lyrate 
and  coarsely  toothed  ;  cauline  ones  entire.  Floicers  few,  terminal;  ray 
florets  numerous  ;  involucre  with  numerous  subulate  leaves. — Pale 
blue  or  white.      If.     July — Aug.     Middle  Car.     8 — 12  inches. 

7.  E.  Canaden'se,  (L.)  Stem  hispid,  paniculately  branched.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  narrow,  ciliate.  Flowers  in  racemose  panicles  ;  invo- 
lucre cylindrical,  with  acute  linear  leaves;  ray  florets  numerous,  short, 
capillary  ;  disk  florets  4-cleft.  Seeds  somewhat  hairy ;  pappus  simple, 
pilose. — White.     ©.     June — Sept.     Common.     1 — 8  feet. 

8.  E.  pusil'lum,  (Nntt.)  Stem  glabrous,  slender.  Leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, entire,  with  scabrous  margins.  Flowers  in  simple  panicles, 
with  divaricate  branches;  involucre  with  narrow,  acute  leaves;  ray 
florets  numerous,  capillary  ;  |>appus  simple. — White.  %.  July — Sept. 
Common.     G — 8  inches. 

The  two  preceding  species,  we  think,  ought  certainly  to  constitute  a  distinct  "genus, 
and  we  miglit  add  several  varieties  of  these,  differing  from  each  otlier  in  a  greater  or 
le.^s  degree. 

Genus  XVllL— DIPLOPAP'PUS.     Cass.     {Aster  of  Ell.) 
(From  diploos,  double,  and  pappus.) 

Heads  many-flowered;  rays  8 — 12;  disk  tubular,  perfect; 
scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  subulate,  lanceolate.  Recepta- 
cle fiat.  Paj^pus  double  ;  interior  of  scabrous  bristles,  exterior 
very  short. 

1.  D.  linauiifo'lius,  (Hook.)  {Chrysopsis  linariifoUa,  Is'utt.)  Stem 
erect,  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  numerous,  linear,  mucronate, 
ecabrous,  rigid.  Floivers  in  umbellate  corymbs,  with  one  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  each  branch  ;  involucre  imbricate  ;  scales  numerous,  linear 


ORDER    LXVIII.' — €OMPOSIT.E.  369 

laneeoliite,  fringed  ;  ray  florets  linear-lanceolate,  3-cleft,  Seed  oblong, 
villous;  paj>pus  double,  consisting  of  long  and  short  hairs, — Pale  pur- 
ple and  yellow.     U-     Sept. — Oct.     Dry  soils.     Common. 

2.  D.  dichot'omus,  (Ilt)ok.)  Stem  pubescent,  dichotomoujly  divided 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  jmbescent. 
Floivers  in  corymbs,  on  long,  naked  peduncles ;  involucre  with  linear- 
lanceolate  scales,  pubescent,  short.  Seeds  hairy  ;  pappus  double. — 
White,  tinged  with  purple.      If.     Oct.     On  the  sea-coast.     2  feet. 

3.  D.  cornifo'lius,  (Darl.)  {Chrysopsis  humilis,  Nutt.)  Stein  erect, 
pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  somewhat  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  gla- 
brous, hispid  along  the  margin  and  veins.  LVowcrs  in  dichotomous  co- 
rymbs ;  involucre  with  lanceolate,  hairy  scales ;  ray  florets  generally 
8.     Seeds  glabrous. — White.     U.     Sept. — Oct.     Mountains.     1—2  feet. 

4.  D.  amtgdali'nus,  (T.  &  G.)  {Chrysopsis  amygdalina,  Nutt.)  Stcin 
striate,  simple,  branching,  and  finely  pubescent  toward  the  summit. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  pubescent,  and  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs ;  involucre  with  short, 
lanceolate,  pubescent  scales;  ray  florets  generally  12,  narrow.  Seeds 
pubescent. — White.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  On  the  borders  of  swamps. 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo,     2  feet. 

5.  D.  obova'tus,  (T.  &  G.)  {Chrysopsis  obovata,  Nutt.)  Stem  erect, 
pubescent,  somewhat  A'iscid  when  young,  branching  toward  the  sum- 
mit. Leaves  sessile,  oval,  mucrouate,  tomentose  beneath,  somewhat  ru- 
gose, i^/ojt'^rs  in  paniculate  corymbs;  involucre  with  short,  appressed 
scales;  ray  florets  10 — 13,  3-toothed.  5e(?(/ hispid. — White.  If.  May 
— June.     Damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XIX.— BOLTO'NIA.    L'Her. 
(In  honor  of  James  Bolton.) 

Involucre  imbricate ;  ray  florets  numerous,  pistillate  ;  those 
of  the  disk  perfect.  Receptacle  conic,  dotted.  Seeds  flat,  mar- 
gined. Paj-iinis  awned,  with  two  opposite  ones  larger  than  the 
rest. 

1.  B.  asteroi'des,  (L'Her.)  Stem  erect,  somewhat  striate,  glabrous. 
Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  entire,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  with  scabrous  mar- 
gins. Floioers  in  panicles,  on  long  peduncles  ;  involucre  with  subulate 
scales  ;  ray  florets  entire,  linear  ;  those  of  the  disk  yellow.  Seeds  wnn- 
pressed. — White  or  reddish.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  *0n  the  margins  of 
swamps.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  B.  glastifo'lia,  (L'Her.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  slightly  angled, 
glabrous.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  with  cartilaginou.s 
margins ;  lower  ones  somewhat  toothed.  Flowers  solitar3\  on  short 
peduneles  ;  involucre  with  glabrou.^  subulate  leave.^  with  the  margins 
slightly  serrulate  ;  ray  florets  numerous  ;  tho.se  of  the  disk  numerou.-', 
yellow.  Seeds  pubescent,  winged,  obcordate ;  pappus  consisting  of 
scabrous  bristles,  unequal.— White  or  reddisk  If.  July — Aug.  .Mid- 
dle and  Southern  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

3..  B.  DIFFUSA.  Stem  diff"usely  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile, 
entire  ;  those  of  the  branches  linear,  of  the  branchlets  subulate,  ulchc- 
nia  ob'ivate,  narrowly  winged  ;  pappus  of  several  short  bristles  ana  2 


370  ORDER   LXVm. COMPOSITE. 

Bubulate  awns. — White.     Sept. — Oct.     Western  Geo.  and  Ala.     2 — 7 
feet.. 


Genus  XX.— BRACHYCHiE'TA.     T.  &  G. 

(From,  v,e  presume,  brakus,  short,  and  chaite,  hair,  in  allusion  to  its  stem.) 

Heads  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  imbricate',  outer 
ones  the  shortest.  Receptacle  naked  ;  disk  florets  about  as  long 
as  the  ray  florets.  Papims  consisting  of  short,  scabrous  bristles, 
in  one  series.  Achenia  obconic.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  al- 
ternate serrate  leaves. 

1.  B,  corda'ta,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  pubescent,  simple  or  paniculately 
branched  at  the  summit.  Leaves  cordate  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  be- 
coming less  so  toward  the  summit,  finely  veined.  Flowers  in  a  unil  t- 
61  al  raceme  or  spike. — Yellow.  If.  N.  Car.  and  Northern  Geo.  2 — 4 
feet. 

Genus  XXL— SOLID  A' GO.     L. 

(From  solido,  I  make  firm.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  appressed  scales  ;  florets  of  the  ray 
usually  5,  pistillate ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Recepiacle 
naked,  punctate.     Pappus  pilose,  simple. 

1.  S.  discoi'deus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  usually  villous,  with  few  erect, 
virgate  branches.  Leaves  spatulate,  coarsely  serrate,  aeute,  pubesc  nt. 
Flowers  in  long,  virgate  panicles  ;  involucre  with  villous,  subulate 
scales;  ray  florets  wanting  ;  those  of  the  disk  deeply  5-cleft,  12 — 15. 
*Secc?  glabrous. — Purple.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  In  rich,  high  lands.  Xorth- 
ern  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  S.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  villous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, 3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  in  long,  recurved  racemes,  secund;  involucre  with  12 — 16  ob- 
long, appressed  scales ;  ray  florets  very  short. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — 
Oct.     Mountains  of  Car.  Golden  Bod. 

3.  S.  pu'bens,  (Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis.)  Stem  virgate,  nearly  terete,  pu- 
bescent, tomentose-villous  above.  Leaves  ovaldanceolate,  sessile,  sei-- 
rate,  nearly  glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath.  Heads  in 
email  axillary- clusters  ;  involucre  villous ;  rays  small,  4 — 7;  disk  flo- 
rets as  many.     Achenia  caneseent. — Aug. — Sept.     N.  C.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  S.  Buckley'i,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  villous,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong,  ses- 
sile, villous  on  the  under  surface,  coarsely  serrate.  Heads  in  small  ax- 
illary clusters ;  scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  glabrous  ;  rays  4 — 6  ; 
disk  florets  9 — 12.  Achenia  glabrous. — Yellow.  Oct.  Ala,  2 — 3 
feet. 

5.  S.  proce'ea,  (Ait.)  ASi!e?/j  erect,  villous.  Z^caf^s  lanceolate,  3-nerv- 
ed, acute  at  each  end,  finely  serrate,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
finely  villous  beneath.  Floivers  in  erect  racemes,  panieuhite ;  involu- 
cre with  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  small. — Yellow.  If. 
Sept.— Oct.     Middle  Geo.     3—5  feet. 

6.  S.  KUGo'sA,  (Willd.)  -Stem  erect,  hispid,  branching  toward  the 
samniit.     Lower  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous,  hairy  un- 


ORDEE    LXVIII. COMPOSITJi.  371 

derneath  ;  upper  leaves  ovate,  sparingly  serrate.  F/oivers  in  expand- 
ing,  paniculate  racemes;  racemes  secund,  recurved;  involucre  with  lin- 
ear, .lanceolate  scales;  ray  florets  small. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct. 
Rich  soils.      Variable  iu  its  characters.     3 — 7  feet.  S.  altissima,  L. 

7.  S.  As'pERA,  (Ait.)  Stern  erect,  hairy,  terete,  slightly  scabrous. 
Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  somewhat,  elliptic,  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  hairy  beneath,  serrate.  Flowers  in  paniculate,  recurved 
racemes;  involucre  with  linear-lanceolate  scales;  ray  florets  small. — 
Yellow.     U.     Sept.— Oct.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     8—5  feet. 

S.  altisshna,  L. 

8.  S.  CuRTis'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  virgate,  simple,  nearly  glabrous, 
leafy  to  the  summit,  striate,  angled.  Leaves  long  lanceolate,  mostl}' 
glabrous,  serrate,  sessile,  acuminate.  Ilead'i  in  dense  axillary  clusters  ; 
involucre  minutely  pubescent ;  exterior  scales  sliort ;  rays  4 — 6  ;  disk 
as  many,  Adienia  minutely  pubescent. — Yellow.  Mountains  of  N.  C. 
3—5  feet. 

9.  S.  ALTis'siMA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hispid,  stout,  much  branched  at  the 
summit.  Zmi^es  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute;  lower  ones  deeply  serrate, 
very  scabrous,  rugose.  Flowers  iu  large,  paniculate  racemes  ;  racemes 
recurved.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  rugosa. — Yellow,  i;.  Aug. — • 
Sept.     Common.     3 — 7  feet. 

10.  S.  viLLo'sA,  (Purjh.)  Stem  erect,  villous,  with  many  recurved 
branches  near  the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  the  lower  ones  oblong-Ian 
ceolate,  serrulate,  with  a  few  hairs  along  the  veins ;  the  upper  ones  en- 
tire, ovate-lanceolate,  with  several  small  leaves  iu  the  axils.  Floivcrs 
iu  a  terminal  panicle  ;  racemes  recurved,  secund  :  involucre  with  linear 
scales;  ray  florets  small. — Yelluw.  If.  Sej)t. — Oct.  Common.  3 — 
5  feet.  S.  pilosa,  Walt. 

11.  S.  nemora'lis,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  sparingly  branched. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  alternate  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  slightly  hispid, 
with  axillary  clusters  of  small  leaves ;  those  of  the  root  serrate,  some 
what  cuneate.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes,  secund;  involucre  with 
linear-lanceolate  scales,  pubescent  along  the  margins. — Yellow.  If. 
Sept. — Oct.     In  dry  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

12.  wS.  ulmifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stern  erect,  villous  when  young,  tomen 
tose,  striate,  with  numerous  recurved  branches.  Cauline  leaves  oblung- 
lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  hair}'^  beneath. 
Flowers  iu  paniculate  racemes  ;  racemes  secund  and  recurved  ;  involucre 
with  narrow,  oblong  scales;  ray  florets  short.  Seed  pubescent. — Yel- 
low.    1(.     Sept. — Oct.     Iu  rich  soils.  S.  Drummondii,  T.  it  G. 

13.  S.  ver'na,  (Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis.)  Stem  erect,  paniculate  at  the 
summit,  cinerous-pubescent.  Lower  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  finely  ser- 
rate, narrowed  into  winged  petiole  ;  upper  ones  sessile,  mostly  entire, 
few.  Heads  loosely  racemose,  many-fluwered. — Yellow.  N.  C,  near 
Wilmington.     2 — 3  feet. 

14.  S.  argu'ta,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  glabrou.«,  striate,  with  long  virgate 
branches.  Radical  leaves  spatulate,  acutely  serrate,  with  a  long,  at- 
tenuated base;  cauline  leaves  elliptic,  serrate;  those  of  the  branches 
entire,  3-nerved.  Flowers  in  long,  paniculate  racemes;  involucre  with 
linear-lanceolate  scales. — Yellow.     If.     Sept.     Shaded  soils. 

15.  S.  sPiTHAMyEA,  (Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis.)  Stems  growing  in  tuft-s  vil- 
loup,  pubescentj  leafy.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong-lanccolate,  cilialf,  uoarly 


372  ORDER    LXTIII. COiirOSIT^. 

glabrous,  serrate  above  the  middle.    Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  small 
— N.  C,  Roan  Mountain.     8 — 10  inches. 

16.  S.  ciNERAs'cExs,  (Schw.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  slender,  with  nu- 
merous slender,  expanding  branches  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  long, 
linear-lanceolate  ;  radical  ones  with  a  long,  tapering  base,  slightly  ser- 
rate ;  cauline  ones  small,  and  scattered  toward  the  summit.  Flowers 
in  paniculate  racemes ;  racemes  secund,  with  tlie  pedicels  often  3-flow- 
ered.— Yellow.     H.     Sept.— Oct.     Middle  Geo. 

11.  S.  jun'cea,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  glabrous,  sometimes  pubes- 
cent;  branches  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  long-lanceolate,  gla- 
brous, or  pubescent,  with  scabrous  margins ;  the  lower  ones  serrate,  ob- 
scurely S-veined.  Flowers  in  loose,  terminal,  paniculate  racemes;  ra- 
cemes secund,  recurved  ;  involucre  with  oval,  slightly  pubescent  scales. 
— Yellow.      If.     Sept. — Oct.     Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

S.  Boottii,  Hook. 

18.  S.  ellip'tica,  (Ell)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  numerous  recurv 
ed  branches  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  ser- 
rate, glabrous,  with  scabrous  margins.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes; 
racemes  secund,  expanding,  leafy  ;  involucre  with  acute,  linear  scales, 
glabrous;  rays  8 — 10;  disk  5 — 7. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  In  rich 
soils.     Low  country.  S.  Flliottii,  T.  &  G. 

19.  S.  odo'ra,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  toward  the  summit, 
branching.  Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  entire,  with  sca- 
brous margins.  Flowrrs  in  paniculate  racemes ;  racemes  recurved ; 
involucre  with  linear-lanceolate  scales. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct 
Mountains. 

20.  S.  reteor'sa,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous  or  pubescent  toward 
the  summit.  Leaves  linear,  sessile,  tapering  at  the  summit,  glabrous, 
reflexed,  scabrous  along  the  margin.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes  ; 
racemes  recurved ;  involucre  with  ciliate-lanceolate  scales;  ray  floiets 
3;  of  the  disk  3 — 4. — Yellow.     If.     Aug. — Oct.     Very  common. 

21.  S.  tortifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  toward  the  summit. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate,  obscurely  3-veined,  usually 
twisted.  Floivers  in  compact,  paniculate  racemes,  recurved  ;  involucre 
with  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  3 — 5. — Yellow.  If .  Aug. — 
Oct.     Very  common.     2 — 3  feet. 

22.  S.  pyramida'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  hispid.  Leaves  ob- 
long, ovate  ;  margin  serrulate,  scabrous,  somewhat  amplexicaul ;  mid 
rib  pubescent.  Flowers  in  paniculate,  filiform  racemes :  racemes  se- 
cund, recurved,  pubescent.  Corolla  small,  ligulate,  minute.  Seed 
smooth. — Yellow.     2f .     Aug. — Sept.     Pine-barrens.     4 — 6  feet. 

23.  S.  gracil'lima,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  virgate,  glabrous,  branched  to- 
ward the  summit ;  branches  long  and  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  spatulate, 
linear,  entire,  sometimes  the  lower  serrate.  Heads  obconic,  in  secund 
racemes,  10 — 15  florets  ;  rays  mostly  wanting.  Achenia  pubescent. — 
Middle  Florida.     2—3  feet. 

24.  S.  coRTMBo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching  near  the  summit, 
glabrous,  with  the  j'oung  branches  hirsute.  Radical  leaves  long,  in- 
dented along  the  margin,  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  fleshy  ;  the  upper 
entire,  ciliate  along  the  margin.  Flowers  in  corymbose  racemes,  lower 
branches  recurved  ;  involucre  with  pubescent,  ciliate  scales ;  ray  florets 


ORDER    LXVIII. C0MP0S1T.E.  37P> 

10.      Seed  glabrous.— Yellow,     If.     Sept.— Oct.      Middle   Geo.     4—6 
feet. 

25.  S.  SKMPEUviRENS,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  recurved 
branches  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  linear-laiiceolate,  long,  acute, 
scabrous  along  the  margin,  entire.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  small ; 
involucre  with  linear-lanceolate  scales;  ray  florets  generally  5. — Yel- 
low.    U.     Sept. — Oct.     In  rich  soils.     Common.     3—6  feet. 

a.    Racemes  erect. 

26.  S.  limonifo'lia,  (Pers.)  Stem  oblique,  glabrous,  usually  colored. 
Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  somewhat  fleshy,  entire,  glabrous.  Flowers 
in  erect,  paniculate  racemes ;  involucre  with  linear,  acute  scales ;  ray 
florets  7 — 10.  Seed  pubescent. — Yellow.  1(.  Aug. — Oct.  On  the 
sea- coast.     3 — 5  feet. 

27.  S.  amplexicau'lis,  (Mar.)  ;iS/e?«  velvety  pubescent,  loosely  branch- 
ed. Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  lower  ones  acuminate,  cla8])ing 
the  stem,  pubescent  beneath ;  upper  ones  ovate-lanceolate.  Heads 
small,  in  paniculate,  secund  racemes  ;  ray  florets  1 — 2  ;  disk  5 — 8. 
Achenia  pubescent. — Florida.     2 — 4  feet. 

28.  S.  brachypiiyl'la,  (Chap.)  Stem  scabrous,  pubescent,  leafy. 
Leaves  spatulate,  oval,  or  ovate,  glabrous;  lower  ones  serrate.  Branches 
in  virgate  panicles.  Heads  racemose,  secund  ;  ray  florets  none  ;  disk  5 
— 6.     Achenia  canescent. — Geo.  and  Flor.     4 — 6  feet. 

29.  S.  spEcio'sA,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  furrowed,  glabrous, 
with  virgate  branches,  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  broad-hmceo- 
late,  coriaceous  ;  upper  ones  entire,  the  lower  slightly  serrate.  Flow- 
ers in  uumerovis  erect  racemes;  involucre  with  oblong,  obtuse  scales; 
ray  florets  6.  Seed  glabrous. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Middle 
Geo.     3—8  feet. 

30.  S.  PUBEs'cENs,  (Ell.)  Ste7n  erect,  pubescent,  with  numerous  erect 
branches.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate  ;  the  upper  ones  generally  entire, 
pubescent ;  the  lower  serrate,  slightly  scabrous,  spatulate.  F/oiccrs  in 
paniculate  racemes;  involucre  with  pubescent,  subulate  scales;  ray 
florets  7 — 10.  Seeds  pubescent. — Yellow.  If.  Oct.  Damp  soils. 
Middle  Geo.     3 — 5  feet.  S.  piiberula,  Nutt. 

31.  S.  PAUCiFLOscuLo'sA,  (Mich.)  Slem  erect,  somewhat  shrubby,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse.  Flowers  in  compound  panicles  ;  in- 
volucre oblong,  5-flowered  ;  ray  floret  1. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Oct. 
In  pine-barrens,  on  the  coast. 

32.  S.  bico'lor,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late ;  the  lower  ones  serrate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  |)ubescent.  Flow- 
ers in  compact  racemes;  involucre  with  obtuse,  linear-lanceolate  scales  ; 
ray  florets  5—8. — Nearly  white.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Dry  pastures,  i 
—3  feet. 

33.  S.  petiola'ris,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  villou.s.  Leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  pubescent ;  upper  ones  nearly  sessile  ;  the  lower  attenuate, 
with  a  sheath-like  petiole,  serrate.  Flowers  in  long,  terminal  racemes ; 
involucre  with  oblong,  pubescent  scales ;  ray  florets  6 — 8.  Seed  gla- 
brous.— Yellow.     U-     Aug. — Sept.     Mountains.     2—3  feet. 

34.  S.  STRn'TA,  (Ait.)  Stejn  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  with  scabrous  margins;  radical  ones  serrate.     Flowers  in 


374  ORDER   LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

erect,    paniculate    racemes. — Yellow.      If.      Aug. — Sept.      In    sandy 
woods.     2  feet. 

35.  S.  gtgax'tea,  (Ait.)  Stem  stout,  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, glabrous,  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  in  racemose  pariicles;  heads 
large;  ray  florets  conspicuous.  Achenia  pubescent. — Yellow.  Ala. 
and  North  and  West,     3 — 7  feet. 

36.  S.  virga'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  slender  toward  the  sum- 
mit, nearly  glabrous.  Radical  leaves  very  long,  spatulate-lanceolate  ; 
cauline  ones  diminishing  toward  the  summit,  oblong-lanceolate,  some- 
what fleshy,  scabrous  along  the  margins,  appressed  ;  involucre  with 
linear-lanceolate  pubescent  scales  ;  ray  florets  5 — 7.  Seed  hairy. — Yel- 
low.    If.     June — Oct.     Damp  soils.     2—4  feet. 

37.  S.  pulverulen'ta,  (Nutt.)  Stetn  erect,  slender  toward  the  sum- 
mit, reddish,  covered  with  a  pulverulent  pubescence.  Leaves  sessile  ; 
the  lower  ones  acute,  serrate,  elliptic  ;  the  upper  entire,  with  scabrous 
margins,  obovate.  Flowers  in  erect  racemes  ;  ray  florets  long — Yellow. 
U-     Aug. — Sept.     Low  country.     3 — 4  feet. 

38.  S.  eeeo'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  somewhat  pubescent 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  acute  at  each  end ; 
the  lower  ones  somewhat  petiolate.  Flowers  in  short,  erect,  axillary, 
and  terminal  racemes;  involucre  with  linear  scales;  ray  florets  7 — 10. 
Seed  glabrous. — Pale  yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Damp  soils.  2 — 3 
feet.  'S'.  speciosa. 

39.  S.  c.e'sia,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  numerous  slender, 
expanding  branches,  shghtly  tinged  with  purple  Leaves  sessile,  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  finely  serrate,  with  the  margins  slightly  scabrous. 
Flowers  in  erect  racemes ;  involucre  with  linear  scales;  ray  florets  gen- 
erally 5.  Seed  nearly  glabrous. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — ^Oct.  Upper 
districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

40.  S.  flexicau'lis,  (Ait.)  Stejn  slender,  flexuous,  glabrous,  angled. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous,  attenuate  at  the 
base.  Flowers  in  erect,  axillary  racemes  ;  involucre  with  linear  scales ; 
ray  florets  generally  5  ;  disk  7 — 8.  Seed  hairy. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. 
— Oct.     Upper  district  of  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet.  S.  latifolia,  L. 

41.  S.  glomera'ta,  (Mich.)  Stetn  simple,  small.  Leaves  ulabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  lower  ones  broad,  acuminate.  Floicers  in 
simple  raceme.s,  composed  of  axillary  heads,  the  upper  ones  clustered  ; 
involucre  swollen, many-flowered. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Moun- 
tains. 

42.  S.  sQUARRo'sA,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  striate,  branching. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  toward  the  apex,  pubescent  beneath; 
the  lower  ones  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  in  com- 
pound, erect  racemes,  large;  involucre  with  reflexed,  linear  scales;  ray 
florets  generally  10,  the  disk  numerous.  >Sfe;ci  glabrous. — Yellow.  2f. 
Sept. — Oct.     Sandy  soils,     3 — 5  feet. 

43.  S.  angustifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  witli  numerous 
erect  branches,  generally  colored.  Leaves  sessile,  subulate,  entire, 
nearly  linear,  somewhat  "scabrous  along  the  margins,  sometimes  with 
axillary  clusters  of  setaceous  leaves.  Flowers  in  erect,  paniculate  ra- 
cemes ;  involucre  with  glabrous,  linear-lanceolate  scales  ;  ray  florets  7 
— 10.-— Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Rich  soils.  On  the  sea-coast.  2 — 
8  feet, 


ORDER    LXVIII. COMPOSir.E.  3^0 

44.  S.  salici'na,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  pubescent  when  young, 
nearly  glabrous  when  old,  with  long,  erect,  virgate  branches.  Leaves 
s^-Ssile  ;  the  lower  ones  long,  narrow-hmceolate,  scabrous  on  the  upper 
sui'face,  glabrous  vn  the  under;  upper  leaves  smaller.  Floicer-s  in  long, 
slender  racemes;  involucre  with  oblong  scales;  ray  florets  slender,  gen- 
erally 5.— Yellow.      2^.     Sept.— Oct.     Middle  Geo.     4—5  feet. 

S.  patula,  MuhL 

45.  S.  ela'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stcjn  erect,  terete,  pubescent,  with  erect,  to- 
mentose  branches.  Leaves  sessile,  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  tomentose  be- 
neath, nearly  entire.  Flowers  in  erect,  paniculate  racemes;  involucre 
with  pubescent,  linear-lanceolate  scales;  ray  florets  7 — 10.  /5Vf(/  gla- 
brous.—Yellow.     If.     Sept.— Oct.     Middle  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

S.  peiiolaris. 

46.  S.  rig'ida,  (L.)  Sfe))i  erect,  slightly  angled,  tomentose  when 
young;  branches  numerous, fastigiate.  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  pubescent, 
scabrous;  upper  ones  entire,  the  lower  serrate.  Flowers  clustered  near 
the  summit  of  the  branches,  large  ;  involucre  with  oblong,  pubescent 
scales;  ray  florets  7 — 10,  those  of  the  disk  numei'ous.  iSeet/ glabrous. 
—Yellow."    If.     Sept.- Oct.     Mountains.     3 — i  feet. 

47.  S.  graminifo'lia.  (Ell.)  Ste7n  angled,  slightly  furrowed ;  bianch- 
es  numerous,  expanding  ;  angles  pubescent.  Leaves  linear,  nunurous, 
obscurtly  veined,  pubescent  along  the  veins  on  the  under  surface. 
Flowers  in  fastigiate,  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  numerous,  vis- 
cid, liuear-lanceoiate  scales;  ray  florets  10,  short.  Seech  villous. — Yel- 
low.    If.     Sept. — Oct.     Damp  rich  soils.     2 — 3  ft.         S.  lafieeolala,  L. 

48.  S.  tenuifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  scabrous,  with  fas- 
tigiate branches.  Leaves  linear,  expanding,  ob^curely  veined,  scabrous, 
clusters  of  small  leaves  in  the  axils.  Flowers  in  fastigiate,  terminal  co- 
r^-mbs ;  involucre  with  viscid  scales;  ray  florets  about  10,  very  short. 
Seed  villous. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  In  dry  pastures.  Very 
common.     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  XXIL— BIGELO'VIA.     D.  C. 

(In  honor  of  Dr.  Bigelow,  of  Boston.) 

Heads  few-flowered,  the  florets  all  perfect,  tubular.  Involu- 
cre oblong,  scales  few,  erect.  Receptacle  naked,  narrow,  with  a 
setaceous  scale  among  the  central  flowers,  equaling  the  achenia. 
Achenia  oblong,  pubescent.  Pappus  pilose,  in  one  series. 
Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  entire  leaves.  Heads  in  co- 
rymbs, flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  nuda'ta,  (D.  C).  Stem  erect,  glaltrous,  brandling  near  the 
Bummit.  Radical  leaves  sj;atulate,  lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved,  entire, 
glabrous  ;  cauline  leaves  with  the  upper  ones  small  and  linear.  Flowers 
in  a  compound  fastigiate  corymb;  involucre  with  appressed  linear 
leaflets,  colored,  containing  3 — 4  flowers.  Sti/le  about  the  length  of  the 
stamens,  2-cleft;  pappus  unequal. — Yellow.  If.  Oct. — Nov.  Com- 
mon.    1 — 2  feet.  Chrysocoma  nudata,  Mich. 

Genus  XXIII.— ISOPAP'PUS.     T.  &  G. 
(From  ixos,  equal,  &a6.  pappiis,  from  the  equality  of  the  pappus  gristles.) 

Heads  many-flowered;  rays  5 — 12,  ligulate,  pistillate;  disk 


376 


OUDEE    LXVIIL—  COMI'OSrrJi. 


florets  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  subula'e,  im- 
bricate, appressed.  Achenia  villous,  terete,  linear.  Hirsute 
herbs.     Leaves  alternate,  crowded,  sessile. 

1.  I.  divaeica'tus.  Stem  erect,  slender,  hispid,  scabrous,  branching 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate,  serrate, 
hispid,  the  lower  ones  attenuate  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  long  divaricate 
panicles ;  involucre  many-leaved,  scales  pubescent  on  the  back,  linear- 
lanceolate.  Seed  hispid  ;  pappus  reddish-brown,  the  exterior  wanting. 
— Yellow.     If.     Aug. — Oct.     Southern  Georgia.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XXIV.— PRIONOP'SIS.     Xutt. 
(From  jpr/o«,  a  saw,  and  opsis,  resemblance,  in  allusion  to  the  teeth  of  the  leaf.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  hemispherical,  ray  florets  in  a  single 
series,  numerous,  pistillate,  disk  perfect.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre numerous,  imbricate,  squarrose,  with  the  exterior  ones 
squarrose.  Receptacle  alveolate,  flat.  Achenia  short,  glabrous, 
striate.  Pappus  deciduous,  consisting  of  unequal,  scabrous  bris- 
tles, some  longer  than  the  corolla  of  the  disk.  Herbaceous 
plants,  with  alternate,  serrate  leaves.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.  P.  Chapman'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  simple,  virgate,  hirsute-pubescent. 
Leaves  numerous,  lanceolate  or  linear,  glabrous,  setaceously  serrate. — 
Yellow.      If.     Middle  Florida.     1—2  feet. 

Gexus  XXV.— HETEROTH'ECA.     Cass. 
(From  hdero,  different,  and  tlieJca,  envelope.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  those  of  the  ray  pistillate  in  one  series, 
those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  few  se- 
ries, linear,  appressed,  with  spreading  points.  Receptacle  plain, 
alveolate.  Achenia  of  the  ray  oblong,  smooth,  without  pappus, 
those  of  the  disk  cuneate,  villous.  Pappus  of  the  disk  double, 
the  exterior  of  short  chafiy  bristles,  the  interior  of  capillary 
bristles.  Herbaceous  plants,  hirsute  or  strigose,  paniculately 
branched.     Flowers  yellow,  pappus  colored. 

1.  H.  sca'bea,  (D.  C.)  Stem  branching  from  the  base,  scabrous,  divar- 
icate, glandular,  hairj.  Radical  leaves  oval,  on  petioles,  dilated  at  the 
base,  coarsely  toothed,  cauline  ones  cordate-ovate,  acute,  amplexicaul, 
all  scabrous.  Flowers  in  compound  terminal  panicles ;  involucre  cylin- 
drical ;  leaflets  numerous,  acute,  linear,  viscid ;  ray  florets  lanceolate, 
nerved  •,  exterior  pappus  a  marginal  ring,  the  interior  wanting. — Yellow. 
2f .     October.      On  the  seacoast.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XXVI.— CHRYSOP'SIS.     Xutt. 
(From  chrusos,  gold,  and  ojpsis,  like.) 

Involucre  imbricate ;  ray  florets  pistillate,  those  of  the  disk 
perfect.  Anthers  naked  at  the  base  ;  pappus  double,  the  outer 
chaflfy  and  minute,  the  inner  pilose  and  scabrous,  many-rayed. 
Seeds  obovate,  villous.     Receptacle  naked. 


ORDER    LXVIII.   -   COMl'osrr.K.  377 

1.  C.  ARGENTE  A,  (Nutt.)  Steiu  brandling  toward  tlie  sinnniit,  silky 
Leaves  luucei)lato,  long,  linear,  entire,  somewhat  rigid,  covered  with  a 
Bilky  pubescence.  Floiccrs  in  terminal  corymbs;  involucre  pubeseent, 
imbricate;  leaflets  subulate,  acute;  ray  florets  10 — 11,  those  of  the 
disk  numerous.  Seeds  oblong,  villous  or  hispid  ;  pappus  colored. — Yel- 
low.    2^.     July — Oct.     Dry  soils. 

2.  C.  graminifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stc7)i  erect,  silky,  leafy  toward  tlie  sum- 
mit. Leaves  entire,  lanceolate,  linear,  covered  witli  a  silky  pubescence. 
Flovjcvf  in  compound  corymbs.  Stamens  at  first  yellow,  afterward 
white.  Seed  oblong  ;  pappus  colored,  but  lighter  than  the  i)receding. — 
Yellow.     If.     July — Oct.     Sandy  soils.     Common.     ] — 2  feet. 

3.  C.  oligan'tha,  (Chap.)  Stem  simple,  slender,  leafy  and  silky  be- 
low the  middle,  glandular  and  naked  above.  Leaves  lanceolate  orspat- 
ulate,  silky  pubescent,  entire.  Heads  on  elongated  ]ieduncles,  2 — 4  ; 
involucre  campanulate,  glandular  ;  achenia  linear,  villous. — Middle 
Florida.     April— May.     1—1^  foot. 

4.  C.  pimfo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  glabrous,  rigid.  Leaves  numerous, 
crowded,  linear,  rigid,  those  of  the  branches  small,  linear.  Floicers  in 
terminal  corymbs;  involucre  imbricate,  with  linear-lanceolate  scales. 
Woolly  at  the  point.  Anthers  white,  conspicuous.  Seeds  long,  hairy, 
hispid  ;  exterior  pappus  subulate,  whitish,  the  interior  scabrous,  brown. 
—Yellow.     Sept.— Oct.     Sandhills,  middle  Geo.     18—20  inches. 

5.  C.  Mauia'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  hairy,  simple.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  the  lower  ones  spatu- 
late,  hairy  on  the  under  surface.  Floioers  in  a  simple  corymb ;  invo- 
lucre many-leaved,  viscidly  and  glandular  pubescent.  Anthers  2-cleft 
at  the  base,  with  the  apex  white.  Seed  oblong,  villous  ;  pappus  scarce- 
ly colored. — Yellow.     11 .     Aug. — Oct.     Dry  sandy  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  C.  trichophyl'la,  (Nutt.)  Stem  hairy,  erect.  Leaves  oblong,  ses- 
sile, obtuse,  lower  ones  attenuate  at  the  base,  woolly.  Flowers  in  sim- 
ple corymbs  ;  involucre  many-lenved  ;  leaflets  narrow,  glandular  ;  florets 
of  the  ray  narrow,  long.  Seed  oblong,  almost  hispid  ;  pappus  colored. 
— Yellow,      li.     Aug. — Sept.     Dry  soils.     12 — 18  inches. 

7.  C.  gossypi'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  covered  with  a  white  woolly  tomen- 
tum,  hoary.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  sessile,  obtuse,  entire.  Flowers 
in  simple  corymbs  ;  hivolucre  many-leaved,  woolly  ;  ray  florets  nunier- 
ous.  Anthers  white  at  the  sununit.  Seed  viscid,  the  exterior  pappus 
white,  the  interior  brownish. — Yellow.  2^.  Aug. — Oct.  Pine  lands, 
middle  Geo. 

8.  0.  denta'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  wouWy.  Xcai'f.stomcntose,  cuneate,  obo- 
vate,  obtuse,  deeply-toothed,  the  lower  ones  with  a  long  tapering  base, 
obtusely-toothed  toward  the  apex,  upper  leaves  entire,  sessile,  amplex- 
icaul.  Flowers  in  simple  corymbs;  involucre  with  subulate  woolly 
leaves;  ray  florets  numerous,  nerved.  Seed  hispid,  exterior  pappus 
white,  interior  brown. — Yellow.  IX-  Aug. — Oct.  Middle  Georgia. 
1—2  feet. 

Genus  XXYIL— CONY'ZA.     L. 
(From  konie,  dust,  from  the  use  made  of  its  powder.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  with  all  the  flowers  tubular,  those  of 
the  margin  pistillate,  those  of  the  center  perfect  or  starainate. 
Seeds  of  the  involucre  in  many  series.     Achenia  compressed, 


378  ORDEK    LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

alternate  at  the  base.  Pappus  in  1  series  of  capillary  bristles. 
Herbaceous  plants  with  alternate  variously  incised  leaves. 
Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  sixua'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  hairy,  somewhat  scabrous ;  lower  leaves 
sinuate-lobed,  the  upper  linear,  entire.  Heads  paniculate, — White. 
1(.     Charleston. 

Genus  XXVIII. —BAC'CHARIS.     L.     (From  Bacchus.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  cylindric ;  scales  sub-coriaceous,  ovate. 
Receptacle  naked  ;  florets  tubular,  monoecious,  with  sterile  and 
fertile  intermixed.  Staminate  florets  with  exserted  anthers, 
unawned  at  the  base  ;  pappus  slightly  plumose.  Fertile  florets 
with  capillary  pappus.     Achenia  ribbed. 

1.  B.  angustifo'lia,  (Mich.)  A  shrub.  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branch 
ing,  young  branches  angled,  dotted.  Leaves  sessile,  entire,  linear,  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved.  Flowers  in  compound  panicles,  generally  axillary, 
solitary  ;  involucre  slightly  ventricose,  with  glabrous,  ovate,  lanceolate 
leaflets ;  sterile  florets  tubular,  white,  with  a  short,  undivided  style ; 
fertile  florets  o-cleft.  Stamens  wanting.  Style  2-eleft.  Seeds  striate, 
cylindric. — White.    ^.     Sept. — Oct.     On  the  coast.     6 — 10  feet. 

2.  B.  halimifo'lia,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  erect  branches,  glabrous  young 
branches  angled.  Leaves  sessile,  obovate,  cuneate,  den!  ate  toward  the 
summit,  upper  ones  usually  entire,  covered  with  whitish  scales  or  dust. 
Flowers  in  leafy,  compound  panicles,  axillary  and  terminal.  Style  of 
the  fertile  florets  2-cleft,  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens.  Seeds  stri- 
ate, oblong. — White.     ^  .     Sept. — Oct.     Low  country.     6 — 12  feet. 

3.  B.  sessiliflo'ra,  (Mich.)  A  shrub,  with  angular,  erect,  virgate 
branches,  glabrous.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  obovate,  cuneate,  dentate 
toward  the  summit.  Flowers  sessile,  axillary,  scattered  ;  involucre  with 
obtuse  scales,  reddish  at  the  summit. — White.  "^  .  Sept. — Oct.  On 
the  seacoast.     3 — 5  feet,  B.  glomerulijiora,  Pers. 

Genus  XXIX.— PLU'CHEA.     Cass. 
(From  a  French  botanist,  N.  Phiche.) 

Heads  many -flowered,  all  tubular,  those  of  the  margin  pistil- 
late and  fertile,  those  of  the  center  staminate  or  perfect,  but 
sterile.  Involucre  with  the  scales  in  many  series.  Receptacle 
flat.  Aathersh\(i2i\\^  Xq.  ^cAfw/a  cylindrical.  Papp>us  m  owe; 
series,  pilose.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
heads  in  corymbs. 

1.  P.  BiFRONs',  (D.  C.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  clasping  at  the  base, 
somewhat  cordate,  oval  or  lanceolate,  oblong,  serrulate,  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dot?.  Heads  in  corymbs. — Purple.  If,  Car. — Flor.  Low 
country.     2 — 3  feet. 

2,  P,  fcet'ida,  (D.  C.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  petiolate,  oval- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  feather-veined,  serrate.  Heads  in  paniculate, 
compound  corymbs.     Fetid. — If.     Penn. — Ala.     2 — -1  feet. 


ORDER    LXVIIT. — COMrOSIT.E.  379 

8.  P.  camphora'ta,  (Ell.)  Sterii  herbaceous,  succulent,  slightly  pu- 
bescent. Leaven  ovj'.te-lanceolate,  acute,  donticuhite.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary terminal  corymbs,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  scales  of  the  involucre 
acute,  as  long  as  the  florets.  This  plant,  Avhen  bruised,  gives  out  a 
strong,  disagreeable  odor. —  Purple.     If.     Aug. — ^ept.     Salt  marshes. 

Mar.sh  Flcabane. 

4.  P.  Maryland'ica,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  rather  succulent.  Leaves 
ovat^-lanceolaty,  denticulate,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  corynlb^>,  scale.'*  of 
the  involucre  I'near  or  ovate.  Seeds  minute ;  pappus  short,  consisting 
of  20 — 30  ray.s, — Purple.  0.  July — Aug.  On  the  coast  of  Car.  and  Goo. 

Gfixus  XXX.— PTEEOCAU'LOX.     Ell. 
{^Tom  pteron,  a  ring,  and  kaulon,  a  stem.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  leaflets  somewhat  obovate,  acute,  ap- 
pressed,  tomentose.  Floivers  pistillate  and  perfect,  intermin- 
gled, the  pistillate  ones  slender,  with  the  border  3-toothed  ;  the 
perfect  ones  with  the  border  5-cleft.  Anthers  very  short.  SU/le 
2-cleft.     Stigmas  glandular. 

1.  P.  ptcnosta'chyom,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  winged,  densely  to- 
mentose, white.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  decurrent,  dentate,  white, 
tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  in  compact  spikes  ;  involucre  densely  to- 
mentose. Seeds  angled,  pubescent;  receptacle  naked. — White.  If. 
May — x\ug.     Dry  sandy  soils.      1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  .TXXI.— BUPHTHAL'MUM.     L.     {Borrlchia,  Adans.) 
(From  &c/ •»..',  a  bull,  ophthalmos,  the  eye,  from  the  resemblance  of  its  flowers.) 

Involute  many-leaved  ;  florets  of  the  disk  5-cleft,  perfect, 
numerous,  those  of  the  ray  pistillate.  Seeds  winged.  Pappus 
4-tooth.ed,  or  an  obsolete  margin.     Receptacle  chafly. 

1.  B.  FRLTEs'cENS,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching,  pubescent 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  cuncate,  lanceolate,  glau- 
cous, sparingly  toothed  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal;  in- 
volucre many-leaved,  imbricate.  Leaves  mucronate,  expanding;  ray 
florets  lanceolate,  10 — 12  ;  seeds  of  the  ray  triangular  ;  j)appus  4-tooth- 
ed;  chaff  pubescent,  with  a  stiff  point. — Yellow.  ^  or  If.  June — 
Oct.     On  the  seacoast. 

2.  B.  angustifo'lium,  (Pursh.)  St(77i  erect,  branching.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, linear,  entire,  glabrous;  involucre  with  acute,  lanceolate  leaves. 
—Yellow.    ^  or  If.     July — Sept.     Southern  Geo.  and  Flor. 

Genus  XXXIL— ECLIP'TA.     L. 

(From  ekleipo,  deficient,  from  its  wingless  seeds.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  the  leaves  nearly  equal ;  florets  of 
the  disk  perfect,  4-cleft,  those  of  the  ray  pistillate  ;  pappus 
wanting  ;  receptacle  bristly. 

1.  E.  erec'ta,  (L.)  Stan  erect,  strigose ;  dichotonious.  Leaves  op 
posito,   lanceolate,  serrate,  or  entire,  attenuate  at  the  base,  Sncrvod. 


880  ORDER   LXVin. — COMPOSITJS, 

Eessile.     Flowers  on  long  peduncles, in  pairs;  involucre  with  ovate,  acu- 
minate leaves. — White.     ©.     June — July.     Gravelly  soils. 

2.  E.  procum'bens.  Sle^n  procumbent,  assurgent,  terete,  with  numer- 
ous opposite  branches,  with  appressed  hairs.  Leaves  sessile,  opposite, 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nerved  ;  involucre  with  acute  lance- 
olate leaves.  Flowers  on  peduncles,  generally  in  pairs  ;  involucre  with 
8 — 10  leaves,  lanceolate,  ciliate,  unequal ;  ray  florets  numerous,  2 
toothed. — White.  ©.  June — Oct.  Damp  soils.  Common.  12 — 18 
inches. 

3.  E.  brachtpo'da.  Stetn  prostrate,  divaricately  branched.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  slightly  serrulate.  Flowers  on  short  peduncles,  solitaiy  or 
in  pairs  ;  involucre  with  oval  lanceolate  leaves ;  florets  4 — 5-cleft. — 
White.     ®.     July — Sept.     Sandy  soils. 

Tribe  IV.-SENECIOrDEJS. 

St^le  cylindrical  at  the  apex  ;  in  perfect  flowers  bifid,  branch- 
es elongated,  linear,  pencillate,  or  truncate  at  the  apex ;  pro- 
duced beyond  the  pencil  into  a  short  cone,  or  an  elongated  ap- 
pendix, narrow  and  hispid.    Corolla  of  the  disk  regulai-,  pellucid. 

Genus  XXXIII.— POLYM'NIA.     L. 

(Named  from  one  of  the  Muses.) 

Involucre  double,  the  exterior  usually  5-leaved,  the  interior 
lU-leaved.  Ray  florets  pistillate,  those  of  the  disk  staminate. 
Rccejitacle  chaffy.     Pappus  none. 

1.  P.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  viscid,  villous,  somewhat  scabrous. 
Lower  leaves  deeply  lobed,  or  pinnatifid,  the  \ipper  ones  entire  or  3- 
lobed,  all  finely  serrate,  somewhat  ovate,  slightly  scabrous.  Flowers 
in  terminal  panicles;  involucre  viscid  and  villous;  ray  florets  10,  small. 
— Yellow.     IX.     July — Sept.     Mountains.     2- — 4  feet. 

2.  P.  Uveda'lia,  (L).  Stem  erect,  villous,  terete,  scabrous.  Leaves 
opposite,  3 — 5-lobed  or  ternate ;  leaflets  or  lobes  tomentose,  ovate,  sca- 
brous, petiole  winged.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,  with  oj^posite  or 
ternate  branches  ;  involucre  with  the  exterior  scales  largest,  eiliate, 
ovate;  the  interior  lanceolate,  villous;  ray  florets  10,  3  toothed  at  the 
summit.  Seeds  globose,  somewhat  compressed,  glabrous. — Yellow.  If. 
June — A.ug.     Common.     3 — 5  feet. 

Genus  XXXIV.— CHRYSOG'OXUM.     L. 
(From  cn7'usos,  golden,  and  grow?,  joint,  the  flowers  being  at  the  joint.) 

Involucre  5-Ieaved,  oblong,  villous.  Ray  florets  pistillate, 
those  of  the  disk  staminate.  Hecejjtacle  chaffy.  Seed  enfolded 
in  a  4-leaved  calyx.  Pappus  1-leaved,  pubescent  at  the  summit. 

1.  C.  Virginia'num,  (L.)   Stem  decumbent,  villous.     Leaves  opposite, 

oblong,  lanceolate-oval,  crenately  dentate,  attenuate  at  the  base  into  a 

long  petiole,  villous.     Flowers  solitary;  involucre  villous;  ray  florets 

o,  broad.     /S(?ec?s  compressed,  somewliat  pubescent. — Yellow.   2^.    April 

-June.     Common.     4 — 12  inches. 


OliDEK    i.X VIII.— COM PuSIT^.  381 

Genus  XXXV.— SILPII'IUM.     L. 
(From  silpfnon,  a  name  of  an  ancient  plant,  transferred  to  this  genus.) 

Involucre  leafy,  sqiiarrose.  Ray  florets  pistillate,  those  of 
the  disk  staminate.  Seed  compressed,  obcordate,  einarginate, 
2-toothed.     Iiece27tacle  chaffy. 

1.  S.  lacinia'tum,  (L.)  Stem  hispid,  simple,  nearly  glabrous  toward 
the  base.  Leaves  alternate,  about  2  feet  long  and  1  wide,  pinnatifid, 
the  segments  toothed  and  sinuate,  scabrous.  Involucre  consisting  of  10 
leaves,  subulate,  Ray  JloretKnxxmQvoMS,  about  as  long  as  the  involucre. 
Pappus  2  small  awns. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Western  Georgia 
and  Alabama.     8 — 12  feet. 

2.  S.  pinnatifi'dum,  (Ell.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  large,  pinnatifid, 
sinuate ;  segments  usually  acute,  upper  surface  glabrous,  the  under 
slightly  scabrous.  Flowers  in  panicles,  large  ;  involucre  glabrous,  with 
the  exterior  leaves  orbicular,  the  interior  oval. — Yellow.  If.  July. 
Western  Geo.  and  Ala,     4 — 6  feet. 

3.  S.  coMPOs'iTUM,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  irregularly  lobed, 
siimate,  sometimes  pinnatifid,  glabrous  above,  somewhat  hairy  beneath. 
Flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  involucre  with  the  leaves  slightly  ciliate. 
— Yellow.     If.     May — Aug.     Pine -barrens.     2 — 3  ftet. 

4.  S.  terebintuina'ceum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Radical  leaves 
cordate  or  nearly  orbicular,  or  reniform,  sometimes  lobed  and  dentate  ; 
cauline  ones  alternate,  serrate,  scabrous,  ovate.  Flowers  numerous,  in 
corymbose  panicles;  exterior  leaves  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute,  the 
interior  obtuse  ;  ray  florets  10 — 12. — Y^ellow.  If.  July — Aug.  Moun- 
tains.    4 — 5  feet. 

5.  S.  trifolia'tum,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  somewhat  hexagonal,  u^u  illy 
purple.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate,  slightly  scabrous  on  tlie 
upper  surface,  glabrous  beneath,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile,  the 
lower  ternate.  Floivers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  ovatf, 
ciliate,  loosely  appressed  leaves;  ray  florets  about  14. — YeUow.  If. 
Aug. — Oct.     Mountains.     4 — 5  feet. 

6.  S.  terxa'tum.  Stem  terete,  or  slightly  angled,  glabrou-.  Leaven 
verticillate,  by  threes,  lanceolate,  acute,  denticulate  or  serrate,  slightly 
scabrous  on  the  U|>per  surface,  pubesci-nt  along  the  veins  beneath. 
Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs;  involucre  ciliate,  with  ovate,  loosily  ap- 
pressed leaves;  ray  florets  12 — 11,  long. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Oct. 
Mountains.     4 — 6  feet. 

7.  S.  atropurpu'reum.  Stem  erect,  terete,  purple,  glabrous.  Leaves 
mostly  verticillate,  by  fours,  numerous,  the  lower  ones  alternate,  and 
the  uppermost  scattered,  the  intermediate  ones  sometimes  by  threes  ; 
all  lanceolate,  scabrous,  dentate,  on  ciliate  petioles;  midrib  purple. 
i^/o^<;(^rs  in  dichotoinous  panicles;  involucre  ciliate,  with  ovate  scales; 
ray  fioiei-s  long,  narrow. — Y'ellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Upper  districts. 
4—5  feet. 

S.  S.  denta'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  purple,  glabrous,  L^eaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  sinuate,  toothed,  hairy,  scabrous,  the  lower  ones  opjjosite, 
upper  ones  alternate,  ses.-:ile.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  invuUicre 
ciliate,  with  broad-ovate  leaves;  ray  florets  about  10.  ov.tI. — Yt'Uow. 
If.      Aug. — Sept.     Common,  near  Cnlloden.     2 — '■■•  U. 


3S9  OKDER    LXYin. COMPOSITyE. 

9.  S.  ASTERis'cus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  hispid.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate,  scabrous ;  the  lower  ones  opposite,  petiolate,  the  upper 
ones  alternate,  sessile.  Involucre  ciliate,  with  ovate  leaves.  Ray  flo- 
rets 8 — 10. — Yellow.   %.  June — Aug.  Sandy  soils.    Common.    2 — 3  ft. 

10.  S.  l^viga'tum,  (Pursh.)  Stern  quadrangular,  glabrous.  Radical 
leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  ;  the  lower  cauline  ones  ovaManceolate,  on 
short  petioles,  which  are  connate  at  the  base;  the  upper  ones  sessile, 
ovate,  the  highest  cordate,  glabrous.  Floicers  in  corymbs ;  involucre 
with  ciliate  leaves,  the  inner  ones  largest. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept. 
Middle  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

11.  S.  scaber'rimum,  (Ell.)  Steyn  angled  when  young,  becoming  te 
rete  when  old,  scabrous  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  on  short  petioles, 
connate  at  the  base,  ovate,  serrate,  rigid,  scabrous.  Flowers  in  corymbs  ; 
involucre  with  ovate,  ciliate  leaves,  exterior  ones  smallest.  Seed  nearly 
circular,  winged. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Middle  and  westein 
Geo.     3—4  feet. 

12.  S.  iNTEGRiFo'Liu^tf,  (Mich.)  Stem  quadrangular,  hispid.  Leaves 
opposite,  sessile,  oblong,  entire,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface.  Flowers 
few,  on  short  peduncles  ;  involucre  with  oblong,  ovate  leaves. — Yellow. 
2f .     Aug. — Sept.     Mountains.     3 — 4  feet. 

13.  S.  perfolia'tum,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  quadrangular.  Leaves  op- 
posite, connate,  serrate,  ovate,  the  upper  ones  perfoliate,  broad.  Flow- 
ers on  axillary  peduncles;  involucre  squarrose  ;  ray  florets  24. — Yel- 
low.    If.     July — Sept.     Mountains.     4 — 6  feet. 

14.  S.  conna'tum.  Stem  erect,  terete,  hispid,  with  reflexed  hairs. 
Leaves  opposite,  perfoliate,  scabrous,  serrate.  Flowers  in  terminal  pan- 
icles ;  involucre  squarrose,  with  ovate  leaves,  reflexed  at  the  summit ; 
ray  florets  12. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Middle  and  western  Geo. 
4—5  feet. 

Genus  XXXVL— BERLANDIE'RA.     D.  C. 

(In  honor  of  Berlandier.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  with  the  ray  florets  in  one  series,  pis- 
tillate ;  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  hermaphrodite,  but  sterile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  in  3  series,  the  exterior  smallest,  the  in- 
nermost tlie  largest.  Achenia  in  a  single  series,  flat-obovate, 
plain  at  the  summit,  each  more  or  less  attached  to  the  scales  ol 
the  involucre.  Pappus  of  two  minute  teeth.  Herbaceous  plants 
with  alternate  sessile  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent. 

1.  B.  Texa'na,  (D.  C.)  Stem  herbaceous,  branches  and  peduncles  hir- 
sute, with  purplish  hairs.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  simply  or 
doubly  crenate,  minutely  hispid,  scabrous  above,  corruscently  pubescent 
or  hairy  beneath  ;  the  lowest  petioled. — Louisiaua. 

2.  B.  TOMENTo'sA,  (T.  &  G.)  {Silph iwH  pn7nihi7n,  FuTsh.)  Stetri  erect 
or  procumbent,  ter<jte,  tomentose.  Leaves  alternate,  oblong,  irregular- 
ly dentate,  acute,  petiolate,  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose 
bene-ath.  Flowers  in  irregular  corymbs ;  involucre  tomentose,  with 
the  leaves  ovate,  8 — 10;  ray  florets  8 — 10,  tomentose  on  the  under  sur- 
face.— Yellow.  If.  July — Aug.  Pine-barrens.  Mid.  Car.  and  Geo 
2— B  feet. 


ORDEii  LWJif. — composiim:.  ol^ 

3.  B.  subacau'lis,  (Nutt.)  Minutely  strigose,  pubescent  at  first. 
Leaves  radica],  deeply  sinuate,  bipinnatifid,  often  l3-rate,  somewhat  peti- 
oled  ;  scapes  bearing  a  single  head.     Torr.  &  Gray. 

Genus  XXXVII.— PARTHE'XIUM.     L. 
(From  parthenoa,  a  virgin  ) 

Involucre  5-leaved,  villous.  Ray  florets  ^^miiW^  pistillate,  those 
of  the  disk  staminate.  Receptacle  'flat,  chaffy.  Seed  obovate. 
PapjMS  none. 

1.  P.  iNTEGRiFo'LiTiNr,  (L.)  Stem  ercct,  slightly  scabrous,  striate. 
Leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  toothed,  sessile,  scabrous, 
the  upper  ones  amplexicaul.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  ray  florets 
5,  small,  the  exterior  chaff,  broad. — White  or  yellowish.  If.  June — 
Sept.     Upper  and  middle  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  P.  hysteropho'rus,  (L.)  Stem  hirsute,  diffusely  branched  or  de 
cumbent.  Xeave^ bipinnatifid,  the  uppermost  linear,  undivided.  Heads 
small,  paniculate. — Florida. 

Genus  XXXVIII.  — I' VA.     L. 

(Origin  of  the  name  unknown.) 

Involucre  5 — 10-Ieaved.  Ray  florets  pistillate,  those  of  the 
disk  staminate.  Anthers  not  united.  Receptacle  bristly.  Seed 
obovate.     Pappus  none. 

1.  I,  FRUTEs'cENS,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  numerous  opposite  branches, 
slightly  furrowed,  somewhat  scabrous  and  pubescent  when  young. 
Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  deeply  serrate,  sca- 
brous, of  a  greenish  hue.  Flowers  axillary,  forming  terminal  panicles  ; 
involucre  viscidly  pubescent,  6-leaved,  leaves  nearly  round.  Jiay  fo- 
rets  5,  those  of  the  disk  6 — 7. — Pale  purple.  ^^  .  July — Sept.  On  the 
seacoast.     3—8  feet.  Marsh  Elder. 

2.  I.  imbrica'ta,  (Walt.)  Ste)n  herbaceous,  terete,  sliglitly  angK^d  to- 
ward the  summit,  glabrous,  becoming  purple.  Leaves  ses^ile,  linear- 
lanceolate,  cuneate,  succulent,  the  upper  ones  usually  alternate  and 
entire,  the  lower  frequently  opposite  and  toothed.  Flowers  axillary, 
pendulous  ;  involucre  with  6 — 9  fleshy  leaves,  with  the  margins  lacer- 
ate. Bay  florets  2,  those  of  the  disk  numerous.- White.  U-  July — 
Oct.     On  the  seacoast. 

Genus  XXXIX.— AMBRO'SIA.     Touin. 
(From  anibrosia,  food  of  the  god?.) 

Flowers  numerous,  staminate  florets  with  the  involucre  hem 
ispherical,  1 -leaved,  many-flowered.  Anthers  approximate,  but 
not  united.  Receptacle  naked,  pi.stillate  florets,  with  the  invo- 
lucre 1-leaved,  entire,  or  o-toothed,  1-flowered.  Corolla  none. 
Styles  2.  Fruit  a  nut  formed  from  the  indurated  calyx,  1 -seeded. 

1.  A.  thif'ida,  (L.)  Sfe)7i  erect,  rough,  hirsute.  Leaves  usually  op- 
posite, 3-lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate,  nouminale.  hairy,  ser- 
rate.    Floioers  in  small  axillary  and  teiminnl  spikes,  forming  a  large 


384  ORDER    LXVIII. C0MP0SITJ2. 

panicle ;  staminate  florets  numerous,  solitary  at  the  summit  of  the 
spike ;  pistillate  ones  in  small  clusters  at  the  base.  Involucre  of  the 
staminate  florets  5 — 8-lobed,  hairy.  Corolla  tubular.  Involucre  of  the 
fertile  florets  persistent,  5-lobed.  Fruit  with  6  spines. — Wliite.  #. 
Aug. — Sept.     Common.     4 — 6  feet.  Bitter-weed. 

2.  A.  ela'tior,  (L.)  Stem  virgate,  pubescent  wlien  young.  Leaves 
bipinnatifid,  nearly  glabrous  ;  petioles  ciliate.  Flowers  in  jjaniculate 
racemes.  Involucre  of  the  staminate  florets  globular,  soraewhat  hairy; 
fertile  florets  in  small  clusters.  Kut  with  6  short  spines. — White.  ®. 
July — Sept.     Middle,  upper  Car.  and  Geo.     4 — 8  feet. 

Hog-weed.     Roman  Wormwood. 

3.  A.  artemisi^fo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  slightlypubescent,  fi\stigiately 
branched.  Leaves  toward  the  base  bipinnatifid,  opposite ;  those  toward, 
the  summit  pinnatifid,  opposite,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
pubescent  beneath.  Racemes  terminal  by  threes.  Involucre  of  the 
staminate  florets  globular  ;  fertile  florets  axillary,  sessile  ;  spines  short. 
— White.     ©.     Aug. — Sept.     Mountains.     4 — 6  feet. 

4.  A.  panicula'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem,  erect,  paniculately  branched,  villous. 
Leaves  alternate  toward  the  base,  bipinnatifid  toward  the  summit ; 
segments  all  lanceolate-acute,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  ax- 
illary racemes,  the  upper  staminate,  the  lower  fertile.  Involucre  of  the 
staminate  florets  10-toothed,  10  flowered.  Fruit  muricate,  clustered, 
small,  obovate. — White.  @.  July — i?ept.  Cultivated  grounds,  very 
common.     2 — 6  feet. 

Genus  XL.— XA^"'TIIIUM.     Tourn. 
(From  xanthos,  yellow,  from  the  color  said  to  be  produced  on  the  hair  by  this  plant.) 

Flowers  monoecioiis.  Staminate  florets,  involucre  imbricate. 
Anthers  approximate,  not  united.  Rece2)tacle  chaliy.  Fertile 
florets.  Involucre  2-leaved,  2-flowered.  Corolla  none.  Drupe 
dry,  muricate,  2-cleft.     Nut  2-celled. 

1.  X.  struma'rium,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  scabrous,  angled. 
X<'rti'(?s  alternate,  cordate,  usually  3-lobed.  serrate,  pubescent,  very  large, 
on  long  petioles.  Pistillate  florets  m  axillary  racemes;  involucre  con- 
sisting of  subulate  leaves.  Chaff  subulate.  Fertile  florets  at  the  base 
of  each  raceme ;  involucre  10-leaved,  2-flowered.  Fruit  eUiptic,  pu- 
bescent, armed  with  hooked  bristles. — White.  ®.  July — Oct.  Very 
common.     3 — 6  feet.  Cockle  Bur.      Clott  Bur.     Sheep  Bur. 

2.  X.  echina'tum,  (L.)  Stem  rough,  spotted.  Leaves  broad,  sub- 
cordate,  irregularly  toothed,  obscurely  lobed.  Involucre  oval,  with 
rigid  prickles. — Near  salt  water,     Mass. — Car.     Aug. — Oct.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  X.  spiNo'suM,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent,  terete,  with  ternate  spines 
from  each  side  of  the  petiole.  Leaves  alternate,  3-lobed,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  beneath.  Staminate 
florets  solitary,  at  the  base  of  each  spine  ;  involucre  man}-  leaved.  Fer- 
tile florets  axillary,  solitary.  Fruit  armed  with  short  prickles.  Fruit 
2-celled. — White,  %.  July — Oct.  Common  along  the  coast.  3 — -5 
feet.  Prickly  Clotweed. 


ORDEK  LXVIU. — co^rposit^.  385 

Genxs  XLI— MELAX'THERA.     Rohr. 
(From  melas,  black,  and  anViera,  the  anther.) 

Involcure  many-leaved.  Leaves  m  a  double  series,  equal, 
oblong-lanceclate.  Florets  all  peifect.  Seeds  quadrangular, 
compressed.  Papjnis  consisting  of  a  few  bristles.  Receptacle 
chafty,  convex. 

1.  M.  hasta'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  furrowed,  sca- 
brous, branching.  Leaves  hastate,  3-lobed,  decussate,  lanceolate,  den- 
tate, scabrous,  and  somewhat  hispid,  petiolate.  Flowers  solitary,  on 
peduncles,  usually  in  pairs  ;  involucre  his})id.  Corolla  tubular,  5-clfft. 
Seed  slightly  winged  at  the  angles  ;  chaff  leaf-like. — White,  y .  Aug. 
— Sept.     Rich  soils.    4 — 6  feet. 

2.  M.  deltoid'ea,  (Mich.)  Stem  quadrangular.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate- 
deltoid,  evanescent.     Scales  of  the  involucre  ovate. — Florida. 

Genus  XLIL— ZIN'NIA.     L. 
(In  honor  of  Godfrey  Zinn,  a  German.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  pistillate,  those  of  the  disk 
perfect.  Receptacle  conical,  chafly.  Rays  obovate,  coriaceous, 
lobes  of  the  disk  villous.  Achenia  of  the  ray  3-sided,  mostly 
destitute  of  pappus.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  opposite,  entire, 
and  sessile  leaves.     Heads  solitary. 

1.  Z.  multiflo'ea,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
peduncles  larger  than  the  leaves,  with  the  apex  hollow  and  inflated. — 
Yellow  or  purple.     Car.  and  Ala. 

Genus  XLIIL— IIELIOP'SIS.     Pers. 
(From  helios,  the  sun,  and  opm,  appearance ;  from  its  resemblance  to  the  sun-Hower.) 

Lnvolucre  imbricate,  many-leaved  ;  ray  florets  pistillate,  those 
of  the  disk  perfect.  Receptacle  conic.  Seed  quadrangular 
Pappus  wanting. 

1.  H.  L.c'vis,  (Pers.)     Stem  erect,  glabrous,  dichotomously  branched, 
ieayes  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  3-nervcd,  glabrous.    Flowern 
terminal,  and  in  the  angles  of  the  stem,  on  long  peduncles.     Leaves  of 
the  involucre  oblong.     Seed  naked  ;  recepta<'l(!  convex. — Yellow.     V 
May — June.     Sandy  soils,     2 — 4  feet. 

Genus  XLIV.— TETRAGOXOTHE'CA.     Dill. 
(From  tetra,  four,  gonia,  angle,  and  ih«ka,  a  capsule.) 

Lnvolucre  gamosepalous,  deeply  4-parted,  4-angled,  with 
broad  hairy  segments.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Seed  obovate,  pu- 
bescent at  the  summit.     Pappus  wanting. 

1.  T.  helianthoi'des,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  scabrous,  tioniewhat 
hispid.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  spatuhite.  lanceolate,  dent.'ite.  liairy. 
Flowers  axillary  and  terminal ;  segments  of  the  involucre  ovate-ianceiv 

17 


3-^6  OliDLE    LXYIII. COMPOSITE. 

late,  with  rtflexed  margins  ;  ray  florets  6 — 8,  large,  of  the  disk  mimer 
ojis.  Seeds  slightly  angled  ;  scales  of  the  receptacle  covered  with  glan- 
dular dots. — YelloV.     If.     May — June.     Sandy  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XLV.— HA'LEA.     T.  &  G. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Joseph  Hale,  of  Louisiana.) 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  ray  florets  pistillate,  those  of  the 
disk  perfect.  Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  4 — 5  ovate  folia- 
ceous  scales,  the  inner  of  numerous  chaffy  scales.  Achenia  4- 
sided,  pubescent,  with  a  short  scaly  pappus. 

1.  H.  Ludovicia'na,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  striate,  quadrangular  below. 
Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  sometimes  verticillate  by  threes,  toothed,  th^e 
leaves  oval-oblong,  the  upper  ovate,  or  ovate-oblong,  connate,  perfoli- 
ate.— Louisiana.     2 — 4  feet. 

Genus  XLYL— ECHIXA'CEA. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  in  a  single  series,  much 
elongated,  sterile,  those  of  the  disk  perfect  and  tubular.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  ciliate,  imbricate.  Receptacle  conic.  Achenia 
4-sided,  ob-pyramidal.  Pappiis  coroniform,  unequally  toothed. 
Rays  2 — 3-toothed  at  the  apex. 

E.  purpu'rea,  (Moench.)  {Rudheckia  purpurea,  L.)  Steyn  some'what 
branched,  smooth,  or  a  little  roughened.  Leaves  ovate  lanceolate,  sca- 
brous, tapering  toward  the  base;  those  toward  the  upper  part  of  the 
stem  narrower,  all  coarsely  serrate.  Floiccrs  tevimnvil ;  involucre  man}-- 
leaved,  imbricate,  ciliate,  in  several  series,  squarrose  ;  ray  florets  lonj;, 
narrow,  2-cleft,  reflexed.  Seed  angled,  enlarged  at  the  summit.  Chaff 
of  the  receptacle  with  rigid  points,  longer  than  the  florets. — Purple. 
If .     Aug. — Oct.     Upper  Car.  and  Geo.     4 — 5  feet. 

2.  E.  angustifo'lia,  (D.  C.)  Stem  hispid,  naked  above.  Leaves  lance- 
olate, hairy,  hispid,  entire,  3-nerved. — Alabama.     1 — 3  feet. 

3.  E.  atroru'bens,  (Nutt.)  Stem  slender, -glabrous,  terete.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  tapering  into  long  petioles;  raj^s  dark-red. — 
Georgia  and  Florida. 

Genus  XLVIL— RUDBECK'IA.     L. 

(In  Iionor  of  Prof  Eudbeck,  of  Sweden,  predecessor  of  Lianseus.) 

Involucre  in  a  double  series,  nearly  equal.  Ray  florets  neu- 
tral, the  disk  perfect.  Receptacle  conic,  chafty.  Pappus  a  4- 
toothed  margin. 

1.  R.  pinna'ta,  (Mich.)  /S/em  hispid,  furrov/ed.  Xeawes  pinnate,  low- 
er segments  sometimes  2-parted.  Flowers  large,  showy;  involucre  with 
the  leaves  nearly  equal ;  ray  florets  long,  reflexed,  those  of  the  disk 
purple. — Yellow.  If.  July— Oct.  Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo. 
4—  5  feet. 

2.  R.  ful'gida,  (L.)  ^^c://i  hispid,  with  long,  virgate,  1-floweied 
branches.  Ljcaves  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate,  alternate,  sessile,  hispid, 
taperhig  at  the  base ;  involucre  hispid,  exterior  leaves  largest,  some- 


ORDER    LXVIII. —  COMPO-SITJE.  387 

wliAt  foliaceous  ;  ray  florets  12 — 14,  2-cloft ;  pappus,  a  slight  margin. 
CAo/T  glabrous. — Yellow.     Aug. — Oct.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

8.  R.  trilo'ba,  (L.)  Stem  hairy,  hispid,  paniculately  branched,  branch- 
es leafy,  divaricate.  Lparea  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  serrate, 
the  lower  ones  3  lobi^d,  hairj,  upper  ones  lanceolate^  serrate,  sessile. 
Flowers  numerous  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches;  involucre  with 
reflexed  leaves  ;  ray  florets  hinceolate,  rt-flexed,  about  8  ;  paj)pus  a 
4-toothed  margin. — Yellow.      If.     Aug. — Sept.     Dry  soils.     4 — 5  feet. 

4.  R.  mol'lis,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  covered  with  a  hispid 
pubescence.  Leaven  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  se.-sile,  dentate,  slight- 
ly cordate,  pubescent.  Flowers  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches ;  in- 
volucre hairy,  with  reflexed  leaves;  ray  florets  12 — 20;  pappus  nearly 
wanting. — Yellow,    %.    Aug. — Oct.     Western  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

6.  R.  iielioi'si'dis,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, few  branches  at  the  summit.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  slightly  ser- 
rate, 5-uerved,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent;  involucre  minutely  pu- 
bescent, scales  somewhat  spatulate.  Florets  of  the  disk  brownish-pui-ple. 
Achenia  of  the  rays  3-angled,  of  the  disk  4-anirled. — Pale  yellow.  In 
Wet  places.     Ala.  and  Geo.     Aug. — Sept.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  R.  digita'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching,  lower  leaves 
pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  segments ;  the  upper  ones  simple,  pinnate,  tiie 
highest  3-cleft.  Involucre  shorter  than  tlie  disk,  somewhat  pubescent, 
with  ovate-lanceolate  k-aves.  Pappus  a  4-toothed  margin.  Chaff  to- 
mentose  at  the  summit. — Yellow.  If.  August — Oct.  Mountains. 
6—8  feet. 

7.  R.  lacinia'ta,  (L.)  Ste7n  erect,  glabrous,  branching.  Lcares  sca- 
brous, the  lower  ones  pinnate,  with  3-lobed  segments,  coarsely  toothed, 
sometimes  laciniate,  upper  leaves  nearly  sessile,  ovate  or  3-cleft,  some- 
times dentate.  Flowers  in  terminal  pnnicles;  involucre  shorter  than 
the  disk,  with  small  ovate-lanceolate  leaves;  ray  florets  abo  :t  6,  dila- 
ted at  the  summit,  3-toothed ;  pappus  a  crenate  margin  ;  chaff  tomen- 
tose. — Yellow.  2f .  Aug. — Sept.  In  moist  places.  Middle  Georgia. 
4—6  feet. 

8.  R.  heterophyl'la,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  erect,  cinerous-pubescent. 
Leaves  3 — 5-parted,  the  terminal  divisions  euneiforn),  and  mo.stly  3  cleft, 
upper  leaves  simple,  ovate,  serrate.     Achenia  prismatic. — Mid.  Fh.r. 

9.  R.  nit'ida,  (Nutt )  Ste7n  erect,  sim|de,  glabrous.  Leaves  oval  ob- 
long and  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  often  tootlied  ;  lower  leaves  petiohite. 
upper  clasping.     Heads  large,  showy. — Geo.  and  Flor.     3 — 5  feet. 

10.  R.  l^viga'ta,  (Pnrsh.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
somewhat  coriaceous,  shining.  Radical  leaves  ovatespatnlate,  dentate. 
Flowers  on  long,  naked  peduncles;  involucre  with  long  lanceolate 
leaves;  ray  florets  rather  short. — Pale  yellow.  2f.  July — Aug. 
Pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet. 

11.  R.  disco'lor.  (Pursh.)  >S/cm  pubescent,  branching.  X^av^s  alter- 
nate, sessile,  strigose,  pubescent,  lanceolate,  entire,  or  finely  denticulate. 
F/'owers  tt'xm'uKil  ;  involucre  somewhat  pubesi;ent ;  ray  florets  12 — 14, 
liairy  on  the  outer  surface  ;  p:ippus  a  minute  margin  ;  eluifF  inirple, 
fri.  ged  at  the  summit. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Midille  and  west 
eru  Georgia.     2 — 3  feet. 

12.  R.  SPathula'ta,  (Mich.)  /S<rm  pubescent,  slender.  Leavrs  cutirc, 
obovate-spatulate.      Floicers    solitaiy,  terminal ;   involucre    imbricate, 


3SS  ORDER    LXVIII. COMPOSn\E. 

expanding  ;  ray  florets  3-tootlied. — Yellow.     U-    July — Aug.     Mount- 
ains.    10 — 18  inches. 

13.  R.  hir'ta,  (L.)  Ste^n  hirsute,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, sessile,  spatulate,  lanceolate,  hirsute,  upper  ones  narrower.  Flow- 
ers solitary,  terminal ;  involucre  many-leaved,  hairy  ;  exterior  leaves 
the  largest;  pappus  wanting;  chaff  fringed  at  the  summit. — Yellow. 
If.     June — Sept.     Sandy  soils.     Common,     2—3  feet. 

14.  R.  arista'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stern  erect,  corymbosely  branched.  Leaves 
serrate,  lanceolate,  hispid.  Flowers  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches ; 
involucre  manydeaved,  disk  nearly  hemispherical ;  pappus  subulate. — 
Yellow,     n-" 

Genus  XLVIIL— LEPA  CHYS.     Raf. 
(From  lepis,  a  scftle,  and  pachus,  thick.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  in  a  single  series,  neutral ; 
those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  spread- 
ing, few.  Receptacle  elongated  ;  chafl"  truncated,  thickened  at 
the  summit,  partly  inclosing  the  achenia.  Achenia  of  the  ray 
5-angled,  hairy,  abortive  ;  of  the  disk  compressed,  with  a  wing- 
like  margin  on  one  or  both  sides. 

1.  L.  pinna'ta,  (T.  <fe  G)  {RndbecJcia  tomeniosa, 'Ell.)  Stem  erect, 
pubescent,  slightly  furrowed,  much  branched,  branches  erect,  virgate. 
Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous,  tomentose,  the  lower  ones 
somewhat  trifoliate,  upper  leaves  entire.  Flowers  at  the  extremities  of 
the  branches ;  involucre  tomentose,  with  nearly  subulate  reflexed  leaves ; 
ray  florets  about  8;  pappus  almost  wanting. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — 
Oct.     Middle  and  western  Geo.     3 — i  feet. 

Genus  XLIX.— DRACO'PLS.     Cass. 
(From  drakon,  a  dragon,  and  opsis,  lite.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  neutral,  those  of  the  disk 
perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  series,  the  exterior  large^^t, 
the  inner  very  small.  Receptacle  cylindrical,  pointed.  Chaff 
linear.     Achenia  terete.     Pappus  none. 

1.  D.  amplexicau'lis,  (Cass.)  Stem  branching,  glabrous,  striate  ;  up- 
per leaves  cordate,  clasping,  entire,  lower  ones  serrate.  Heads  solitary. 
— Yellow.     Louisiana. 

Gen-US  L.— HELIAN'THUS.     L. 
(From  helios,  the  sun,  and  anthos,  a  flower.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  leafy,  generally  squarrose ;  ray  florets 
neutral,  those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Receptacle  chaflfy.  Pappus 
2-leaved,  caducous. 

a.    Florets  of  the  disk  dark  purple. 

1.  H.  deb'ilis,  (Nutt.)  Stem  decumbent,  slender,  branching.  Leaven 
mostly  alternate,  ovate,  serrulate.  Heads  terminal,  on  slender  pedun- 
cles ;  achenia  pubescent ;  pappus  2  chaffy  awns. — 0.  E.  Florida  and 
Louisiana.     1 — 2  foot. 


ORDER   LXVIII. — COMPOSIT.C. 

2.  H.  angustifo'lius,  (L.)  Stein  pubescent,  slender,  sparingly  branched 
Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  with  revolute  martrins,  scabrous  on  tlie  upper 
surface,  pubescent  benoath,  lower  ones  o])posite,  upper  ones  alternute. 
Flotcers  terminal ;  ray  florets  about  12  ;  pappus  setaceous,  ciliate. — Yel- 
low.    2;.     Aug.— Oct.     N.  Jei-.— Flor.     2—3  feet. 

3.  H.  rad'ula,  (T,  &,  G.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  hirsute,  bearing  a  single 
head.  Leaves  opposite,  obovate,  or  spatulate,  entire,  hispid,  sessile,  or 
nearly  so.  Scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  purple  ;  pappus  1 — 2 
awns.  Achenia  compressed  ;  rays  7 — 10. — 0.  Geo.,  Ala.,  and  Flor. 
Aug. — Sept.     1 — 3  feet. 

4.  H.  heterophyl'lus,  (Nutt.)  Stem  slender,  simple,  hispid  below. 
Leaves  hispid,  lower  ones  oval  or  elliptical,  upper  lanceolate  or  linear  ; 
all  nearly  sessile.  Heads  large;  rays  14 — 18. — .©.  N.  Car.  and  Flor. 
Dry  soil.     1—2  feet. 

5.  H.  atroru'bens,  (L.)  Stem  hispid,  naked  toward  the  summit,  pa- 
niculately  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  spatulate,  acute,  crenate,  sca- 
brous on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  beneath,  those  toward  the  base 
A-ery  long,  upper  ones  small,  sessile.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  ;  in- 
volucre many-leaved,  ciliate;  ray  florets  lanceolate,  nerved.  Seed  com- 
pressed :  pappus  2  long  deciduous  awns  ;  receptacle  convex,  with  the 
chaff  3-cleft  at  the  summit. — Yellow.  U.  Sept. — Oct.  Dry  soils. 
Common.     3 — 4  feet. 

6.  H.  scaber'rimus,  (EH.)  Stem  scabrous,  sliichtly  branched.  Leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate,  scabrous,  nearly  entire,  whitish.  Flowers  few  ;  in- 
volucre with  ciliate  leaves;  ray  florets  from  IG— 20  ;  pappus  subulate. 
—Yellow.     Sept.— Oct.     Western  Geo. 

"t.  H.  TRicus'pis,  (Ell.)  Stem  scabrous.  Le  ivrs  opposite,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  scabrou.s,  whitish  on  the  Tipper  surf.ice,  brownish  beneath, 
with  revolute  margins.  Flowers  terniiiial  ;  involucre  with  subulate 
leaves;  ray  florets  14 — 16;  pappus  subulate.— Yellow.  U-  Sept. — 
Oct. .    Western  Georgia.     3—4  feet. 

8.  H.  mol'lis.  (Willd.)  Stem  glabrous  toward  the  base,  scabrous  at 
the  summit,  purple.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  pubescent 
beneath,  lower  ones  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Floivers  in  a  termi- 
nal panicle;  involucre  with  numerous,  pubescent,  ciliate  leaves;  ray 
florets  about  10,  hairy  ;  pappus  acuminate,  pubescent. — Yellow.  1(. 
July — Aug.     Common.     3 — 6  feet. 

9.  H.  gigan'teus,  (L.)  Stem  somewhat  scabrous  toward  (he  summit, 
branching.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous,  tapering  at 
each  end,  on  short  petioles,  ciliate  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  terminal 
panicles;  involucre  many-leaved,  fringed  ;  ray  florets*! 2 — 14;  j)appus 
subulate. — Yellow.     2f .     Aug. — Oct.     Mountains.     5—8  feet. 

10.  H.  TOMEXTo'sus,  (Ell.)  Stem  pubescent,  ecabrou-s  branched. 
Leaves  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  toward  the  summit,  serrulate, 
scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  beneath,  upper  leaves  alter- 
nate. Flowers  terminal  ;  involucre  with  long,  ciliate  leaves,  sunnnit.'^ 
hispid;  ray  florets  10 — 14;  pappus  subulate;  chaff  3-cleft,  hairy  to- 
ward the  summit— Yellow.     IC.     Aug.— Oct.     Western  Geo.    4— C  ft. 

11.  H.  spathula'tus.  (Ell.)  Stem  strisiie,  scabrous  toward  the  suninnt 
sparingly  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  spatulate,  tapering  toward 
the  summit,  on  short  petioles,  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  at  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  branches ;  involucre  with  subulate  leaves ;  ray  floreU 


S90  OEDEE    LXY III.— COMPOSITE. 

pubescent,  10 — 12  ;  pappus  subulate,  chaff  hispid. — Yellow.    If.     Aug. 
. — Oct,     Middle  and  Western  Geo.     4—6  feet, 

12.  H.  doronicoi'des,  (Lam.)  Stem  branching,  hirsute  above,  gla- 
brous below.  Leaver  ovate,  or  ovate  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate,  (pu- 
bescent beneath,  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  usually  opposite.  Heads  large, 
chaff  hairy  at  the  summit, —  Wet  places.     5 — 8  feet. 

13.  H.  STRUMo'sus,  (L,)  Stem  erect,  slender,  glabrous,  sparingly 
branched.  Leaven  opposite,  narrow,  tapering  toward  the  summit,  long, 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  few,  terminal,  small  for  this  genus;  in- 
volucre shorter  than  the  disk,  with  fiinged  leaves;  ray  florets  about  6  ; 
pappus  setaceous ;  chaff  pubescent. — Yellow,    2]!,  Aug. — Sept,  3 — i  ft, 

h.     Florets  of  the  dish  yellowish. 

14.  H,  niRsu'xrs,  (Raf )  Stem  simple,  or  dichotomously  branched 
above,  hirsute,  glaucous.  Leaves  op|)osite,  on  short  petioles,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  broad  or  narrow,  entire,  or  slightly  serrate,  acuminate,  sca- 
brous, pubescent  above,  hirsute,  pubescent  beneath,  3-nerved.  Heads 
few,  r2-rayed;  leaves  of  the  involucre  spreading,  recurved,  narrow- 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  disk. — Yellow.  2^.  July — Aug.  Dry 
woods.     Middle  Georgia, 

A  very  variable  species,  especially  in  regard  to  the  leaves,  varying 
from  a  broad  ovate-lanceolate  leaf,  6  inches  long  2  wide,  to  a  ver\'  nar- 
row lanceolate  leaf  2  inches  long  and  4  lines  wide.  The  lower  leaves 
often  the  smallest  and  narrowest,  increasing  in  breadth  upward. — H.  di- 
ver sif  alius,  Ell.     Y  H.  trachyphyllux,  T.  (fe  G.      ^  H.  stenophyllus,  T.  &,  G. 

15.  H.  tru.n'ca'tus,  (Schw.)  Stem  glabrous,  slender,  simple,  or  divided 
at  the  base.  Leaves  opposite,  rounded  at  the  base,  ovate,  serrate,  ta- 
pering toward  the  summit,  hairy,  sessile.  Flowers  terminal ;  involucre 
with  the  leaves  somewhat  hispid  on  the  inner  surface;  ray  florets  10 — 
12;  pappus  subulate  ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  pubescent. — Yellow.  If. 
Aug. — Oct.     Western  Georgia,     2 — 3  feet.  //.  divaricatus,  L. 

16.  H.  divarica'tus,  (Ell.)  >S/<??7i  glabrous,  branching.  Leaves  orate- 
lanceolate,  serrulate,  tapering  toward  the  summit,  scabrous  on  the  up- 
per surface,  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  in  terminal 
panicles  ;  involucre  with  acute  ciliate  leaves  ;  ray  florets  5 — 10  ;  pap- 
pus consisting  of  2  hairy  awns. — Yellow.  If.    Aug. — Sept.      5 — 6  feet. 

H.  microcephalus,  T.  <fe  G. 

17.  H.  Schweinit'zii,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  branching. 
Leaves  narrow-ianceolate,  sparingly  serrulate,  almost  sessile,  scabrous 
above,  tomentose  beneath.  Heads  on  slender  canescent  peduncles ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  hairy ;  rays  8  ;  pappus  short. — N.  Car.     3 — 6  ft. 

18.  H.  longifo'lius,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous,  tinged  with  purple,  pa- 
niculately  branched.  Leaves  long-laneeolate,  nearly  sessile,  ghibruus, 
the  upper  ones  entire,  the  lower  ones  serrate  and  connate.  Flowers 
at  the  extremities  of  the  branches  in  corymbs ;  involucre  with  nearly 
glabrous  leaves ;  ray  florets  about  10;  pappus  subulate;  cliaff  of  the 
receptacle  3-toothed. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct.  In  damp  soils 
Western  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

19.  H.  hispidu'lus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous.  Leaves  opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  toward  the  summit,  serrulate,  slightly  hispid 
beneath;  involucre  with  scabrous,  ciliate  leaves  ;  pappus  subulate,  pu- 
bescent;  chaff  3-toothed. — Yellow.   June — Sept.     Mid.  Geo.    3 — 4  feet. 


ORDER    LXVJII. COMTDSlTil^.  391 

20.  H.  spaksifo'lius,  (Ell.)  Stem  scabrous,  with  long  slender  branch- 
es, nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  opjjo^ite,  ovate,  coarsely  toe-thed,  hispid, 
scubrout^,  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  in  loose  panicles  ;  in- 
volucre with  the  leaves  finely  ciliate  ;  ray  florets  about  14;  pappus 
subulate. — Yellow.      If.     Aug. — Oct.     Western  Geo. 

21.  H.  puBEs'cENS,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  hoary,  nearly  simple. 
Leaves  seirsilo,  opposite,  cordato-ovate,  pubescent,  Avith  sciibrous  margins. 
Floicers  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches  ;  involucre  with  villous,  near- 
ly subulate  scales;  ray  florets  lanceolate,  14 — 16.  Seed  compressed; 
pappus  2  subulate  scales,  ciliate. — Yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Middle 
Georgia.     2 — 3  feet. 

22.  II.  tenuifo'lius,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  opposite, 
on  rather  long  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  tapering  at  the 
brise,  coarsely  serrate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  and 
slightly  pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  few,  terminal  ;  involucre  as  long 
as  the  disk,  with  ciliate  leaves  ;  ray  florets  about  10;  pappus  subulate. 
— Yellow.      If.     Aug. — Oct.     Western  Georgia. 

23.  II.  traciielifo'lius,  (L.)  >S/fm  scabrous,  branching,  Z^air*' ovate- 
lanceolate,  serrate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  scabrous,  tomentosc  beneath, 
whitish  above.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  ;  involucre  with  subulate 
ciliate  leaves;  ray  florets  10 — 12  ;  pappus  subulate  ;  chaff  hairy  at  the 
summit. — Yellow.     2^.     Sept. — Oct.     Mountains.     3 — 4  feet. 

24.  H.  decapet'alus,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent,  scabrous,  branched. 
Leaves  ovate,  somewhat  spatulate,  serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent 
beui at li,  upper  ones  alternate.  Flowers  in  large  panicles;  involucre 
with  long  ciliate  leaves;  ray  florets  10 — 12,  long;  pappus  subulate, 
pubescent.— Yellow,     if.     Aug.— Oct.     Middle  Geo.     3— 4  feet. 

25.  li.  multiflo'rus,  (L.)  Stem  scabrous.  Leaves  scabrous,  the  low- 
er ones  cordate,  the  upper  ovate;  involucre  many-leaved,  smooth;  ray 
florets  numerous. — Yellow.      If.     July — Sept.     Mountains.   2 — 3  feet. 

26.  H.  ALTis'siJius,  (L.)  Sre}n  glabrous,  purple.  Leaves  alternate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous,  tapering  toward  the  summit,  on 
khort  fringed  petioles;  ray  florets  about  16;  involucre  with  ciliate 
lanceolate  leaves;  chaff  green. — Yellow.  If.  July — Sept.  Mount- 
ains.    6 — 8  feet. 

27.  H.  TUBERo'sus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  branching.  Leaves 
ovate  and  cordate  ovate,  alternate,  scabrous,  serrate,  the  .lower  ones 
opposite;  involucre  with  ciliate,  linear-lanceolate  scales;  rays  12 — 15  ; 
pappus  1 — 4  subulate  scales  or  chaffy  awns.  Koots  bearing  tubers, 
used  as  pickles. — From  Brazil.  Artichoke  or  Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

Genus  LL— HELIANTIIEL'LA.     T.  <fe  G. 
(Diminutive  of  llelianthus.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk 
perfect;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  somewhat  foliaceous. 
Ovary  compressed,  with  the  margins  winged  more  or  less,  and 
produced  into  a  varying  appendage. 

1.  H.  grandiflo'ra,  (T.  k  G.)  ^S^^-m  pubescent,  simple.  Leaves  lanoe- 
linear,  hispid ;  ray  florets  about  20;  chaff  3-tootljed.  Achmia  oval, 
compressed. — 3 — 4  feet.     East  Florida. 


392  ORDER    LXVIII. OOMPOSIT-E. 

2.  H.  teln-uifo'lia,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  scabroii?.  Leaves  linear ;  rays 
10 — 12  ;  chaff  3-lobed.  Achenia  quad  rang  uJar,  glabrous. — Sand-hills. 
Middle  Florida. 

Genus  LIT.— ACTIXOME'RIS.     Nutt. 

(From  aktin,  a  ray,  and  meris,  a  part,  alluding  to  the  few  rays.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  with  leaves  nearly  equal ;  ray  florets 
4 — 12,  neutral  ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect.  RecejHacle  chaffy. 
Seed  compressed,  marginetl,  inclosed  by  the  chaff;  pappus  2- 
awned. 

1.  A.  helianthoi'des,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  -winged,  hirsute,  pubescent. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  scabrous,  villous  beneath.  Flowers  in 
terminal  corymbs ;  involucre  with  leaves  arranged  in  two  series,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  hispid;  ray  florets  10 — 12;  those  of  the  disk  numerous, 
slightly  winged,  hairy. — Yellow.  1^.  June — July.  Middle  Geo.  3 
4  feet. 

2.  A.  al'ba.  Stem  smooth  and  glabrous,  or  scabrous  puberulent  to- 
ward the  summit.  Leaves  scabrous,  serrate,  narrow-lanceolate,  upper 
ones  often  decurrent.  Heads  corymbose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  shorter 
than  the  disk ;  rays  none  ;  pappus  two  slender  awns. — White.  Com- 
mon.    Aug.— Oct."    3 — 10  feet. 

3.  A.  SQUARRo'sA,  (Xutt.)  Stem  erect,  winged,  glabrous  when  old,  or 
pubescent  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous,  on 
short  petioles.  Flowers  in  leafy  panicles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ex- 
panding, arranged  in  1 — 2  series;  ray  florets  about  4  beneath,  lanceo- 
late. Seed  slightly  winged,  somewhat  hairy. — Yellow,  If.  Aug. — 
Oct.    Middle  and  low  country  of  Car.  and  Geo,     3 — 7  feet. 

4.  A.  nudicau'lis,  (Nutt.)  {Helianthus  aristatiis.  Ell.)  Stem  scabrous, 
with  slender  branches.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  toothed,  sessile,  acute  ; 
upper  ones  alternate,  the  lower  opposite.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ; 
involucre  pubescent;  ray  florets  small;  pappus  consisting  of  two  per- 
sistent awns. — Yellow,     If.     Sept. — Oct.     Western  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  LIIL— COREOP'SIS.    L. 
(From  l-o/'is,  a  bug,  and  opsis,  resemblance,  from  the  form  of  the  achenia.) 

Involucre  double,  each  many-leaved  ;  the  exterior  equal,  the 
inner  one  sub-coriaceous  and  colored.  Receptacle  chaffy,  with 
flat  scales.  Seeds  compressed,  emarginate  ;  pappus  consisting 
of  2  awns  ;  ray  florets  neutral ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect. 

a.   Leaves  opposite,  entire. 

1.  C.  l.\nceola'ta,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  glabrous  toward  the  sum- 
mit, branching  at  the  base.  Leaves  sessile,  entire,  linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate  toward  the  base.  Flowers  solitary  and  terminal,  on  long,  naked 
branches ;  involucre  with  the  leaves  about  equal  in  both  series ;  ray 
florets  toothed  at  the  summit,  about  8.  Seed  compressed,  winged  ; 
pappus  two  subulate,  hairy  awns  ;  chaff  narrow. — Yellow,  if.  ApriJ 
— May.     Damp  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  C.  CRASsiFOLiA,  (Ait.)     (C.  lanceolato,!^.)     iS^m  pubescent,  striate, 


ORDEIt    LXVIIL— COMPOSITE.  303 

branched  at  the  base.  Xm?'^.'?  opposite,  oblong ;  the  lower  ones  alter- 
nate at  the  base,  hirsute.  Flowers  terminal;  involucre  glalirous;  rav 
florets  toothed,  about  8. — Yellow.  U-  June — July.  Pine-barrens. 
Conuijon.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  C.  latifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Steyn  glabrous,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite, 
undivided,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  dentate  or  serrate  ;  teeth  mucronate. 
Heads  in  corymbs  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  hnear,  the  outer  spreading ; 
rays  large,  5 — G. — Yellow.     Aug.     Mountains.     4 — 6  feet. 

4.  C.  argu'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  acu- 
minate, serrate.  Flowers  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles,  dichoto- 
mously  divided. — Yellow.      If.     Carolina. 

5.  C.  (Emle'ei,  (Ell.)  {0.  integrifolia,  Poir.)  Steyn  glabrous,  angular. 
Leaves  sessile,  glabrous,  acute  at  each  end,  clasping,  and  somewhat 
connate.  i*7oii>ers  opposite,  axillary  ;  the  upper  ones  in  corymbs;  the 
exterior  involucre  smaller  than  the  interior;  ray  florets  about  8,  entire. 
/Stfec/s  compressed,  margined. — Yellow.     11.    July — Aug.     Upper  Car. 

6.  C.  rose'a,  (Nutt.)  Ste7n  glabrous,  simple  or  branching.  Leaves 
opposite,  connate,  linear,  entire.  Floicers  on  axillary  and  terminal  pe- 
duncles ;  exterior  involucre  small ;  ray  florets  about  8.  Seed  entire. — 
Pale  red.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  In  damp  pine-barrens.  Common.  10 — 
12  inches. 

b.    Leaves  opposite,  divided. 

7.  C.  auricula'ta,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves 
eessile,  entire,  oblong-lanceolate,  finely  pubescent,  the  lower  ones  di- 
vided, with  2  small  lateral  lobes  at  the  base.  Flowers  axillary  and 
terminal ;  exterior  involucre  equal  to  the  interior;  ray  florets  about  8, 
toothed.— Yellow.     U     Aug.— Oct.     3 — i  feet. 

8.  C.  diversifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  pubescent,  dichotomously  divided. 
Lower  leaves  trifoliate,  the  leaflets  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular ;  the 
upper  ones  spatulate-lanceolate,  all  entire,  sj^rinkled  with  glandular 
hairs.  Floivers  on  long  peduncles ;  exterior  involucre  equal  to  the  inte- 
rior. Seed  nearly  round. — Yellow.  If.  May — July.  Middle  Car. 
and  Geo. 

9.  C.  senifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stc7n  pubescent,  branching  townrd  the  sum- 
mit, angled.  Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  trifoliate  ;  leaflets  pubescent,  lan- 
ceolate. Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs ;  exterior  involucre  equal  to  the 
interior,  both  pubescent ;  ray  florets  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface, 
about  8. — Yellow.     U-     June — Aug.     Pine  lands.     2 — 3  feet. 

10.  C.  tincto'ria,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  opposite,  pinnately 
divided;  lobes  linear,  entire  ;  rays  3-lobed,  twice  the  lengtli  of  the  in- 
volucre. Acheiiia  oblong,  wingless.  A  cultivated  plant. — Yellow  and 
purple.     July — Oct.     Lou.  and  Texas.     1 — 3  feet. 

11.  C.verticiixa'ta,  (Ehr.)  {C.  dt'lphln?folia,'L&m.)  >5/ an  erect,  angled 
striate,  glabrous,  branching  near  the  summit.  Leaves  oppo.>^ito,  trifoliate, 
sessile  ;  middle  leaflet  frequently  3-parted  ;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate, 
entire.  Floioers  in  cor jmhs  ;  exterior  involucre  usually  10-leaved,  in- 
terior 8  ;  ray  florets  8.  Seed  compressed  ;  chaff  filiform,  dilated  at  the 
summit. — Yellow.     U-     June — Aug.     Dry  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

12.  C.  angustifo'lta,  (Ait.)  Ste7n  simple,  corymbose  at  the  summit, 
glabrous,  angled,  slender.  Leaves  entire,  opposite  or  alternate,  linear 
or  lanceolate,  narrowed  toward  the  base;  rays  obovato,  tapering  at  the 

17* 


3^4 


ORDER   LXVin. COMPOSITE. 


base,  3-lobed.  Achenia  elliptic,  winged;  pappus  2  short  awns;  disk 
dark  purple. — Yellow.  June — Sept.  Pine-barrens.  N.  C,  Florida,  and 
Texas.     1—3  feet. 

13.  C.  tenuifo'lia,  (Ehr.)  (C.  verticillata,  L.)  >S<e?n  glabrous,  slightly- 
angled,  branching  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  trifoliate,  sessile  ;  leaf- 
lets many-parted,  with  linear,  entire  segments.  Flowers  in  corynibs; 
exterior  involucre  with  about  8  lanceolate  leaves. — Ytllow.  If.  July 
— Aug.     Upper  Car.     2 — 3  feet. 

14.  C.  trichosper'ma,  (Mich.)  Stent  glabrous,  branching,  angular. 
Leaves  opposite,  pinnate ;  leaflets  serrate.  F/o?f(?rs  in  corymbs;  exte- 
rior involucre  with  8  ciliate  leaves ;  ray  florets  8,  entire  ;  chaff  linear-lan- 
ceolate.— Yellow.     U'    Aug. — Oct.     Swamps.     Upper  Car.     2 — 3  feet. 

Tickseed.     Sunjlower. 

15.  C.  mi'tis,  (Mich.)  {O.  Aurea,  AM.)  >S;em  obtusely  angled,  glabrous, 
much  branched.  Leaves  decussate,  bi|>innatifid  ;  segments  linear  seiru- 
late,  slightly  scabrous.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  exterior  involu- 
cre with  serrulate,  linear  leaves;  interior  pubescent  at  the  base  ;  ray 
florets  8,  obovate. — Yellow.  71.  Aug. — Sept.  Wet  grounds.  3 — 4 
feet. 

16.  C.  arista'ta,  (Mich.)  Stern  pubescent.  Leaves  quinnale  ;  leaflets 
pinnate,  serrate.  Flowers  large ;  florets  of  the  ray  entire,  broad,  ovaL 
Seed  cuneate,  obovate,  2-awned  ;  awns  very  long,  divaricate. — Yellow 
"U .    Aug. — Sept. 

17.  C.  PUBEs'cEXs,  (Ell.)  Stem  pubescent,  obtusely  angled,  sparingly 
blanched.  Leaves  quinnate,  pinnate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire 
the  lateral  ones  small.  Floivers  terminal,  on  long  branches  ;  exterior 
involucre  about  equal  to  the  interior ;  ray  florets  8,  broader  at  the  sum- 
mit. /Se^c/ slightly  winged. — Yellow.  U-  Aug. — Sept.  Western  Geo. 
2—3  feet. 

18.  C.  trip'teris,  (L.)  SteJ7i  glabrous,  branching  toward  the  summit, 
fistular.  Leaves  opposite,  the  upper  ones  trifoliate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  entire,  scabrous  along  the  margin ;  radical  leaves  pinnate ;  ex- 
terior involucre  not  as  long  as  the  interior  ;  ray  florets  entire,  8.  Seed 
slightly  winged.— ^Yellow.      If.     Aug. — Oct.     Western  Geo.     4 — 6  ft. 

19.  C.  nuda'ta,  (Nutt.)  Ste7n  erect,  glabrous,  striate,  dichotomously 
divided  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  subulate,  linear,  glabrous,  those 
near  the  summit  smaller.  Flowers  terminal ;  exterior  involucre  minute. 
—Red.     U-     July— Aug.     Southern  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

c.   Leaves  alternate. 

20.  C.  gladia'ta,  (Walt.)  Ste?n  glabrous,  striate,  dichotomously  di- 
vided toward  the  summit.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  entire,  succu 
lent ;  radical  ones  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  terminal ;  exterior  invo- 
lucre smaller  than  the  interior,  expanding;  ray  florets  3  lobed  at  the 
summit,  8.  Seed  with  serrulate  wings  ;  pappus  pilose  ;  chaff  purple.— 
Yellow.     If ,     Aug. — Sept.     Damp  pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet 


ORDER    LXVIII. — COMPOSITJE.  395 

Genus  LIV.— BI'DENS.     L. 

(From  lidens,  two  teeth,  from  the  two  nwns  of  the  fruit) 

Involucre  double,  tlie  outer  unequal ;  ray  florets  neutral  when 
present,  frequently  wanting  ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  chaft'y  ;  pappus  consisting  of  4  retrorsely  scabrous 
awns.     Seed  quadrangular. 

1.  B.  chrysantuemoi'des,  (MioJj.)  Stem  glabrous  below,  somewhat 
pubescent  toward  the  summit,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  sessile, 
opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  ghibrous,  somewhat  connate ;  invo- 
lucre double,  the  exterior  one  consisting  of  about  8  unequal,  foliaceous 
leaves ;  the  interior  of  about  the  same  number  of  equal,  membranace- 
ous leaves ;  ray  florets  lanceolate,  8.  Seed  compressed,  oblong ;  pap- 
pus consisting  of  2  awns  which  are  distinct,  and  2  others  very  minute ; 
receptacle  convex. — Yellow.  If.  Oct, — Nov.  In  wet,  cultivated 
lands.     2—3  feet. 

2.  B.  conna'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  glabrous,  with  opposite  brandies. 
Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  toothed,  glabrous,  attenuate  at  the  base  ; 
the  lower  ones  ternute,  the  upper  ones  simple,  all  sessile.  Flowers  sol- 
itary, on  opposite  peduncles;  the  exterior  involucre  foliaceous,  the  in- 
terior chaffy;  ray  florets  none. — Yellow.  2^.  July — Oct.  Middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

3.  B.  FRONDo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  slightly  pubescent,  branching.  Leaves 
lanceolate ;  the  lower  ones  pinnate,  the  upper  ternate  and  simple, 
slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  solitary,  on  opposite  and  terminal  pedun- 
cles;  exterior  involucre  with  unequal,  ciliate  scales  ;  the  exterior  chaffy; 
ray  florets  none. — Yellow.     U-     June— Sept.     Damp  soils.     Common. 

4.  B.  bipinna'ta,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  obtusely  angled,  with  opposite 
branches.  Leaves  opposite,  decussate,  bipinnate ;  leaflets  lanceolate, 
pinnatifid,  slightly  pubescent  along  the  margin.  Flowers  on  long,  usu- 
ally terminal,  peduncles  ;  exterior  involucre  with  linear-lanceolate 
leaves  ;  interior  leaves  ciliate  toward  the  summit.  Seed  slightly  angled. 
— Yellow.     If.     July — Oct.     Common.     2—4  feet. 

Genus  LV.— ACMEL'LA.     L.     {Spilanlhes,  Jacq.) 
(From  akme,  a  point.) 

Involucre  consisting  of  12  leaves,  arranged  in  a  double  series, 
pubescent,  equal ;  florets  of  the  ray  pistillate,  of  the  disk  per- 
fect. Seed  quadrangular,  compressed.  Receptacle  cliafty,  with 
yellow  scales. 

1.  A.  re'pens,  (Pers.)  Stem  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints, 
pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
slightly  pubescent.  Flowers  solitary,  on  axillary  and  terminal  pedun- 
cles. Leaves  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  ray  florets  about 
12.  /S^erf  oblong,  naked,  truncate  at  the  summit. — Yellow.  If.  Sept 
—Oct.     Wet  soils.     1—2  feet. 

2.  A.  NuTTALL'n,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  pubescent,  diffusely  branched. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  serrate.  Achcnia  with  ciliato 
margins. — Lou. 


396  ORDER   LXVm. COMPOSITE. 

Genus  LVI.— YERBESI'NA.    L. 
(Name  altered  from  Yerbena.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  in  a  double  series  ;  ray  florets  pistil- 
late, about  5  ;  disk  florets  perfect.  Receptacle  cLaffy  ;  pappus 
2-awned. 

1.  V.  Viegin'ica,  (L.)  Stem  eroet,  irregularly  winged,  pubescent, 
slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  alternate,  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  attenuate 
at  the  base,  dentate,  pubescent  and  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  to- 
mentose  beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  imbricate, 
pubescent,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  ray  florets  about  3,  of  the  disk  about 
15.  Seed  hairy,  compressed  ;  chaff  hairy, — White.  2^.  Aug. — Sept. 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     3—6  feet, 

2.  V.  sinua'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  winged  toward  the  base, 
striate.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  spatulate,  or  ovate ;  those  on  the 
middle  of  the  stem  sinuate,  with  acute  lobes,  scabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pubescent  beneath ;  involucre  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  disk ; 
ray  florets  3 — 5.  >See(/ winged,  cuneate. — White.  If.  Oct. — ISov.  On 
the  sea-coast.    4 — 6  feet. 

3.  V,  siegesbeck'ia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  4  winged  branch- 
es, bracteate.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  pubes- 
cent, alternate  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  fastigiate  corymbs  ;  involucre 
pubescent ;  ray  florets  1 — 3,  3-toothed.  Seed  hispid,  obovate  ;  chaff 
pubescent. — Yellow.     If.     June — Aug.     Common.     4 — 6  feet. 

Genus  LVIL— XIMENE'SIA.     Cav. 
(Dedicated  to  Ximenes.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  in  a  single  series,  pistillate ; 
disk  florets  perfect ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  series.  Recepta- 
cle flat,  chaffy ;  chaff  embracing  the  achenia.  Achenia  flat,  2- 
awned. 

1.  X.  encelioi'des,  (Cav.)  Stem  erect,  eanescent.  Leaves  opposite, 
or  sometimes  alternate,  cordate-ovate,  serrate ;  petiole  dilated  at  the 
base. — Yellow.     Probably  introduced. 

Sub-tribe  III. 

Genus  LVIIL— FLAVE'RIA,     Juss. 
(From  flatus,  yellow.) 

Heads  few-flowered,  in  glomerate  fascicles,  discoid,  or  with  1 
ray  floret.  Involucre  oblong,  with  3 — 4  scales,  the  outer  ones 
broadest.    Receptacle  naked.    Achenia  oblong,  striate,  glabrous. 

1.  F.  linea'ris,  (Laga.)  Stem  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  sufiFruc- 
ticose.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  entire  or  toothed,  linear,  somewhat 
fleshy. — Pale  yellow.     Coast  of  East  Florida. 


OKDER   LXVIII. COMPOSITyE.  .3U7 


Sub-tribe  IV.— HELENIE'^. 

Capitula  usually  heterogamous  and  radiate,  with  the  rays  in 
one  series  ;  flowei's  of  the  disk  perfect.  Anthers  usually  black- 
ish. Pappus  chaify,  rarely  none.  Leaves  mostly  alternate, 
rarely  opposite. 

GiiKL-s  LIX.— GAILLAR'DIA.     Fou. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  Gaillard.) 

Involucre  many-Jeaved.  Leaves  in  two  series,  with  a  foliace- 
ous  appendix.  Receptacle  convex,  hairy ;  ray  florets  neutral, 
3-parted  ;  disk  florets  perfect.  Pappus  chaffy,  awned.  Seeds 
oblong,  villous. 

1.  G.  lan'ceola'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  slightly  branched. 
Leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  with  a  few  serratures,  ciliate. 
i'Vou'ers  solitar}',  terminal;  florets  of  the  ray  dilated  at  the  summit,  8- 
cleft ;  pappus  8  or  9  leaved  ;  leaves  terminated  by  a  long  awn. — Yel- 
lowish or  purple,  li.  May — Aug.  Middle  Geo.  Pine-barrens.  1 — 
2  feet. 

2.  G.  pulchel'la,  (Fou.)  Stem  branching,  hirsute.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  the  lower  ones  petioled,  tootlied  ;  tlie  upper  entire,  acuminate  ; 
involucre  very  hirsute  ;  corolla  of  the  disk  with  subulate  teeth ;  chaff 
of  the  pappus  with  long  awns. — Lou. 

Genus  LX.— POLYP'TERIS,  Nutt.,  oa  PALAFOX'IA,  Lagiu 
(From  polus,  many,  and  pteron,  a  wing.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  oblong,  membranaceous ;  florets  all 
perfect,  tubular.     Seed  quadrangular.     Pappus  chaffy. 

1.  P.  integriko'lia,  (Nutt.)  Stejn  erect,  slightly  scabrous,  branching 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  ;  invo- 
lucre 8 — 12-leaved  ;  florets  numerous,  with  a  5-cleft  border.  Seed  some- 
what  scabrous,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  pappus  consisting  of  9  membrana- 
ceous scales. — Southern  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  LXL— HYMENOPAP'PUS.     L'Her. 
(From  humeri,  a  membrane,  and  pappus,  a  pappus.) 

Involucre  many-leaved.  Leaves  obovate,  nearly  round,  col- 
ored, expanding.  Seed  conical,  somewhat  pubescent.  Pappus 
chaffy,  consisting  of  short,  obtuse,  denticulate  scales.  Pcccpta- 
cle  naked. 

1.  H.  scabios.e'us,  (L'Her.)  Stem  erect,  angular,  woolly,  tomcntose. 
Leaves  alternate,  long,  pinnatifid,  with  remote  segments,  linear,  den- 
tate ;  the  upper  ones  with  entire  segments,  all  toraentose  beneatk 
Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  tomcntose,  the  interior  leaves 
large,  colored  ;  florets  all  perfect,  tubular.— White.  If.  April— May. 
Near  Macon.     2 — 3  feet. 


ORDER    LXVIII. — COSLPOSIT^. 

Genus  LXIL— HELE'NIUM.     L. 
(Named  from  Helen,  the  celebrated  Grecian.) 

Involucre  gamosepalous,  iii any-parted ;  florets  of  the  ray  pis- 
tillate, of  the  disk  perfect.  Pap^ms  chatty,  5-a\vned.  Recepta- 
cle globose,  naked. 

1.  H.  autumna'le,  (L.)  St€7n  erect,  branching  toward  the  summit, 
glabrous,  winged  by  the  deeurrent  leaves.  Leaves  sessile,  alternate, 
lanceolate,  doiibly  serrate,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  small  cor3^nibs ;  invo- 
lucre 8-parted,  wnth  subulate  segments,  longer  than  the  disk  ;  ray  flo- 
rets about  10,  3-toothed  at  the  summit.  Seed  angular,  larger  at  the 
summit;  scales  of  the  pappus  lacerate,  mucionate. — Yellow.  2f.  Oct. 
— Nov.     In  Wet  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  H.  paviflo'rum,  (Nutt.)  Stem  branched,  glabrous,  slightly  angu- 
lar. Leaves  lanceolate,  sub-serrulate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  filiform ; 
rays  5-toothed  ;  pappus  awned.     Heads  solitary  or  in  pairs. — Geo. 

8.  H.  tenuifo'lium,  (Nutt.)  Stem  much  branched.  Leaves  crowded, 
narrow,  linear,  entii  e. — Mis-. 

4.  H.  quadeidenta'tlm,  (Lab.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  slightly  wing- 
ed by  the  decurrt-nt  leaves.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  entire,  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  solitary  and  terminal ;  ray  florets  obovate,  3 — 4-toothed. 
Seeds  hispid  ;  pappus  consisting  of  6  mucronate  scales ;  receptacle  ob- 
long.— Yellow.      If.     Sept. — Oct.     Swamp3'  lands.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  LXIIL— LEPTOP'ODA.     Nutt. 
(From  leptos,  slender,  and  pous,  foot  or  support,  from  its  slender  stem.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  in  double  series  ;  ray  iiorets  neutral, 
dilated  at  the  summit,  3-cleft ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Re- 
ceptacle convex,  naked.  Seed  cylindrical.  Pappus  membrana- 
ceous, 8 — 12-leaved. 

1.  L.  Hele'mum,  (Nutt.)  (Z.  decxirrens^  Mac.)  Stem  glabrous,  sim- 
ple, striate,  solid.  Leaves  deeurrent,  somewhat  denticulate.  Flowers 
solitary,  terminal ;  involucre  with  the  interior  leaves  subulate,  pubes- 
cent at  the  summit ;  ray  florets  somewhat  pubescent.  Seed  glabrous  ; 
pappus  awned,  fimbriate. — Yellow.  If.  March — April.  Middle  Geo. 
1—2  feet. 

2.  L.  ixci'sA,  (T.  k  G.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
sessile, not  deeurrent,  pinnatifid  or  incised;  rays  in  2  or  3  series.  Arhe' 
tda  glabrous,  striate. — Geo. 

3.  L.  fimbria'ta,  (T.  <fe  G.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate-acute, 
usually  deeurrent ;  radical  ones  oblanceolate  ;  scales  of  the  pappus 
deeply  fimbriate. — Florida.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  L.  puber'ula,  (Mac.)  Stem  simple,  viscidly  pubescent,  striate,  fist- 
ular.  Radical  leaves  obovate  or  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  serrate  ; 
cauline  leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  notched,  and  tooth- 
ed. Flotvers  terminal,  solitary ;  involucre  with  the  outer  leaves  subu- 
late, pubescent,  longer  than  the  interior  ;  ray  florets  numerous.  Seeds 
hairy;  pappus  fimbriate. — Yellow.  2f.  April — May.  In  damp  soils. 
Car.  and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 


ORDER   LXVm. COMPOSITiE.  390 

6.  L.  brevifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  Fitem  glabrous  below,  pubescent  at  the 
Bumniit.  X(?av^s  entire ;  the  lower  ones  spatulate,  upper  ones  lanceo- 
late, decurrent. — North  Carolina  and  Alabama. 

6.  L.  brachypo'da,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stan  leaf}-,  puljescenf,  or  glabrous 
below,  corymbose  at  the  summit.  Leaven  lanceolate,  entire  or  denticu- 
late, decurrent;  scales  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk.  Acliniia 
hairy  on  the  angles. — Yellow.    Damp  soils.    K  Car.  and  Flor.  1 — 3  feet. 

Genus  LXIV.— BALDWIN'IA.    Nutt. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Baldwin.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  imbricate,  squarrose ;  ray  florets  neu- 
tral, those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Receptacle  conve.x,  pitted.  Seeds 
immersed  in  the  receptacle.  Pappus  membranaceous,  consist- 
ing of  10  acute  leaves. 

1.  B.  uniflo'ea,  (Nutt.)  Stem  simple,  slightly  angled,  pubescent. 
Leaves  obovate,  tapering  at  the  base,  narrow,  entire,  pubescent  when 
young ;  involucre  squarrose,  with  the  leaflets  ovate,  the  interior  mucro- 
nate  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  pubescent,  3-toothed  at  the  summit.  Seed 
hairy,  enlarged  toward  the  summit ;  pappus  consisting  of  acute,  mem- 
branaceous scales. — Yellow.  If.  July — Sept.  Damp  soils.  Middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  LXV.— ACTINOSPER'MUM.     Ell. 

(From  aktin,  a  ray,  and  sperma,  a  seed.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  8 — 10,  neutral ;  those  of 
the  disk  perfect.  Involucre  shorter  than  the  disk ;  scales  in  2 
series,  somewhat  foliaceous.  Receptacle  with  subulate  chaff, 
united  together.  Achenia  turbinate,  silky,  12-radiate  at  the 
summit. 

1.  A.  angustifo'lium,  (T.  <fe  G.)  {Baldwinia  multiflora,  Nutt.)  Stem 
glabrous,  much  branched,  terete.  Leaves  linear,  glabrous,  sessile,  alter- 
nate. Flowers  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches;  involucre  imbricate, 
many-leaved,  glandular,  oval ;  ray  florets  small.  Seed  enlarged  at  the 
summit,  pubescent ;  pappus  with  numerous  scales,  expanding,  obtuse. — 
Yellow.      If.     Sept. — Oct.     Middle  and  Southern  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

Genus  LXVL— MARSHAL'LIA.     Schreb. 
(In  honor  of  Ilunipbrey  Marshall.) 

Involucre  imbricate  ;  florets  all  perfect,  tubular.  Receptacle 
ihaffy.     Pajypus  consisting  of  5  membranaceous  scales. 

1.  M.  latifo'lta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  leafy,  branched  above,  glabrous. 
Leaves  sessile,  ovate  lanceolate  ;  involucre  with  acute,  rigid  scales  ;  pap- 
pus tawny. — Purple.     May — June.     Mountains.     1  foot, 

2.  M.  lanceola'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  striate,  pubescent 
toward  the  summit.  Radical  leaves  obovate  ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate, 
all  glabrous,  entire,  attenuate  at  the  base,  dilated  at  the  stem,  and 
clasping  it.     Flowers  terminal ;  involucre  ranny-leaved,  with  membra- 


400  OKDEK    LXVIII. COMroSIT.E. 

» 

naceous  margins  ;  florets  numerous,  covered  externally  with  a  glandu- 
lar pubescence.  Seeds  angular,  striate  ;  receptacle  flat. — Pale  purple. 
U.  April — May.  Middle  and  upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.  1 — 2 
feet. 

8.  M.  angustifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  angular,  gla- 
brous, or  slightly  pubescent  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  long,  narrow- 
lanceolate,  glabrous  ;  the  upper  ones  linear.  Flowers  solitary,  termmal ; 
involucre  with  numerous  subulate  leaves.  Corolla  pubescent  without. 
Seed  angular. — Pale  purple.  2f .  May — June.  In  pme-barrens.  1 — 
2  feet. 

Sub-tribe  VI.— ANTHEMIDE'^. 

Heads  mostly  heterogamous ;  ray  florets  pistillate,  ligulate, 
or  tubular ;  disk  florets  usually  perfect.    Pappus  small  or  none. 

Genus  LXVIL— AX'TIIEMIS.     L.     {Jfaruta,  Cass.) 
(From  anthemon,  a  flower,  in  allusion  to  the  great  number  of  flowers.) 

Involucre  hemispherical,  many-leaved,  with  leaves  nearly 
equal ;  ray  florets  pistillate ;  disk  florets  perfect.  JRecej^tacle 
chaffy,  with  the  chaff  rigid  and  acuminate.  Seed  naked.  Pajy- 
pus  wanting  or  none. 

1.  A.  cot'ula,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  slightly  angled,  much 
branched.  Leaves  bipinnate,  with  subulate,  3-parted  segments.  Flow 
ers  in  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  many-leaved,  pubescent ;  ray  florets 
10 — 12.  /Sefc?  slightly  angular  ;  receptacle  conic,  with  subulate  chaff. 
— White.     0.     May — June.     Moist  soils.     Very  common.     1 — 2  feet. 

{Marutit  cotula,  D.  C.)     Mayweed. 

Genus  LXVIII.— ACHILLE' A.     L. 

(Named  after  Achilles,  a  pupil  of  Chiron.) 

Involucre  ovate,  imbricate,  many-leaved;  ray  florets ' pistil- 
late, those  of  the  disk  perfect.  Recei^tacle  chaffy.  Pappus 
none. 

1.  A.  millefo'liiim,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  furrowed,  branched 
at  the  top.  Leaves  bipinnate,  with  the  segments  linear,  acute, glabrous. 
Flowers  in  dense,  terminal  corymbs ;  involucre  with  the  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent ;  ray  florets  4 — 5. — White  or  pale  red.  If.  July 
— ^Aug.     1 — 2  feet.  Yarrow. 

Genus  LXIX.— LEUCAN'THEMUM.    Tourn. 
(From  leuJcos,  white,  and  anthemon,  a  flower.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  florets  numerous,  pistillate.  In- 
volucre imbricate,  broad.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
Aclienia  of  the  disk  and  ray  similar.     Pappus  none. 

1.  L.  vulga're.  Stem  erect.  Leaves  laciniate  toothed ;  the  cauline 
ones  clasping,  the  radical  ones  spatulate. — White.     10 — 18  inches. 

Daisy 


ORDER    LXVIII. CuiIl'OSn\E.  401 

Genus  LXX.— TANACE'TUM.     L. 

(Name  uncertain,  said  to  be  altered  from  Athanasia.) 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous  ;  florets  tubular  and  perfect,  or 
heterogamous,  with  the  lateral  ones  pistillate.  Receptacle  naked, 
convex.     Achenia  glabrous,  angled. 

1.  T.  vulga're,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  suftructicose.  Leaves  bi- 
pinnately  divided,  inciscly  serrate.  Heads  in  corymbs. — Yellow.  June 
— Aug.     Naturalized.  Tansey. 

Genus  LXXI.— ARTEMI'SIA.    L. 
(Dedicated  to  the  goddess  Artemis.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  the  leaves  round,  connivent ;  ray 
florets  none.     Receptacle  naked.     Pappus  none'. 

1.  A.  cauda'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous,  paniculately 
branched.  Radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  sub-bipinnate,  pubescent ; 
upper  ones  sub-pinnate  ;  segments  sub-setaceous,  convex,  alternate,  di- 
varicate. Flowers  erect,  pedicillate,  globose,  in  dense  panicles. — Yel- 
low.     If.     July — Aug.     On  the  sea-shore.     2 — 6  feet.  Wormwood. 

Genus  LXXIL— SOL'IVA.     Ruiz  &  Pav. 
(In  honor  of  Salvator  Soliva.) 

Involucre  many-leaved.  Floicers  of  the  circumference  sterile, 
of  the  center  fertile  ;  fertile  flowers  apetalous.  Stamens  none  ; 
sterile  florets  with  the  corolla  funnel-shaped,  slender.  Seeds 
compressed.  Pap)pus  a  winged  margin,  toothed.  Receptacle 
naked.  Gimnostijles. 

1.  G.  stolonif'era,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous,  creeping.  Leaves  pin- 
natifid,  with  linear  and  sometimes  toothed  segments,  somewhat  succu- 
lent, sprinkled  with  a  soft  pubescence,  tapering  into  a  long  base,  all 
radical.  Flowers  sessile  at  the  root ;  invohicre  with  oblong,  hairy  leaf- 
lets, in  a  single  series.  Seed  terminated  by  the  persistent  style,  en- 
larged at  the  summit. — U-     Feb. — May.     Damp  soils.     Low  country. 

Sub-tribe  VII.— GNAPHA'LEJE. 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous  or  heterogamous ;  florets  all  tu- 
bular.    Pappus  capillary  or  setaceous,  sometimes  none. 

Genus  LXXIII.— GXAPIIA'LIUM.     L. 
(From  gnophalo7i,  soft  down.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  scales  oblong,  membranaceous, 
usually  colored.  Pistillate  and  perfect  florets  intermingled. 
Pistillate  florets  slender,  5-toothed.  Stamens  none.  Perfect 
florets,  stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Seeds  glabrous ;  pappus 
pilose.     Receptacle  naked. 


402  ORDER   LXVIII. — C0MP0SITJ5. 

1.  G.  polycei'h'alum,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  branching  to-R^ard  the  sum- 
mit, white,  tomentose.  Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  un- 
dulate, glabrous  above,  tomentose  and  white  beneath.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal corymbs;  involucre  conical,  leaflets  oblong,  tomentose  at  the 
base.  Seeds  cylindrical  glabrous  ;  pappus  pilose. — White.  %.  Sept. 
— Oct.     Very  common.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  G.  purpu'reum,  (L.)  Stem  erect  or  decumbent,  simple,  tomentose. 
Leaves  linear-spatulate,  tomentose  beneath,  slightly  mucronate,  undu- 
late. Floicers  in  sessile,  axillary  clusters  ;  involucre  with  the  leaflets 
ovate,  glabrous,  inner  ones  tinged  with  purple.  ASe^o?  oblong,  scabrous. 
r-Purple.     U-     March — May.     Common.     1 — 12  inches. 

Gexus  LXXIV.— ANTEXNA'RIA.     Gart. 

(From  the  resemblance  of  the  pappus  to  the  antennce  of  insects.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  irabricate ;  scales  oblong,  scai-ioiis, 
colored.  Flowers  dioecious.  Seeds  glabrous.  PaiJims  plu- 
mose.    Receptacle  naked. 

1.  A.  MARGARrrA'cEA,  (R.  Br.)  Stevi  erect,  branching  near  the  sum 
mit.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering,  acute,  tomentose  beneath, 
entire.  Flowers  in  fastigiate  corymbs  ;  involucre  many-leaved,  with 
ovate,  obtuse,  white  scales. — Yellow.  1i.  Aug. — Sept.  Mountains. 
1—2  feet. 

2.  A.  plantagixifo'lia,  (Hook.)  Stem  simple,  with  procumbent  shoots, 
white,  tomentose.  Radical  leaves  spatulate,  ovate,  entire,  nerved,  to- 
mentose beneath  ;  caulin»-  ones  spatulate,  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  small, 
terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre  with  the  inner  scales  long, obtuse,  colored. 
— Reddish-white.      If.     May — June.     Car.  and  Geo. 

Sue-tribe  VIIL— SENECIO'NE^. 

Heads  homogamous  or  Leterogamous,  discoid  or  radiate; 
rays  in  a  single  series.     Pappus  capillary. 

Gkxls  LXXV.— ERECH'TITES.    Raf. 

(Probably  named  after  Erectheus.) 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid,  with  the  marginal  flowers  pis- 
tillate, the  center  ones  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical.  Scales 
in  one  series,  linear.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong,  stri- 
ate. Pappus  setaceous,  abundant.  Herbaceous  plants,  with 
alternate  simple  leaves. 

1.  E.  hieracifo'lia,  (Raf.)  {Senecio  hieracifolius,  L.)  Stem  erect, 
p-ibescent,  branching  towaril  the  summit,  succulent.  Leaves  alternate, 
olilong,  sessile,  unequally  notclietl,  or  pinnatifid,  with  acute  lobes,  gla- 
brous. Flowers  in  compoun-i  terminal  panicles  ;  involucre  with  gla- 
brous leaves,  ventricose,  wiih  iire^ular  setaceous  It-aflels  at  the  base. 
Seeds  slightly  pubescent  ;  pajjv.i^  bristly. — Yellowish-white.  0.  June 
— Sept.     Rich  soils.     Middle  (r-u.     4 — %  feet.  Fire-vved. 


ORDER   LXVIII. — COMrOSIT.^.  403 

Genus  LXXVL— CACA'LTA.     L. 

(An  ancient  name.) 

Involucre  cylindric,  oblong,  scaly  at  the  base ;  florets  all 
perfect,  tubular.     Receptacle  naked.     Pajjpus  pilose. 

1.  C.  suaveo'lens.  {Senecio  suaveolens.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves 
ovate-hastate,  serrate,  mucronate,  petioles  winged,  colored.  Flowers 
in  erect  corymbs;  involucre  many-leaved,  sligiitly  pubescent  at  the 
Bummit,  with  irregular  subulate  scales  at  the  base;  disk  florets  numer- 
ous. /SVcc^  striate  ;  pappus  pilose. — Yellow.  11.  Aug. — Oct.  Middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 5  feet. 

2.  C.  ATiurLiciFo'LiA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous,  slightly 
glaucous.  Leaven  cordate,  somewhat  renifoim,  glabrou-*,  toothed,  up- 
per ones  lanceolate-ovate,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  co- 
rymbs ;  involucre  with  5  equal  linear  leaves,  5-flowered.  Seed  oblong, 
ovate,  glabrous;  pa[>pus  scabrous;  rece|itaele  with  an  irregular  mass 
in  the  center,  8-cleft  at  the  summit. — AVhite,  tinged  with  purple.  2^. 
July — Sept.     In  rich  soils  in  Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 8  foet. 

3.  C.  ova'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching  at  the  summit.  Leaves 
ovate,  obtusely  toothed,  7-nerved,  glaucous  beneath.  Floicers  in  fasti- 
giate  ctjrynibs  ;  involucre  composed  of  5  equal  linear  leaves.  Seed  gla- 
brous ;  pappus  pilose;  receptacle  naked,  with  an  irregular  projeetion 
in  ti.e  center. — White,  y.  Sept. — Oct.  West  Georgia  and  Alabama. 
3—4  feet. 

4.  C.  lanceola'ta,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  branching  toward  the  summit. 
Leaves  long,  narrow,  lanceolate,  remotely  dentate,  7-nerved,  glaucous 
beneath.  Florvers  in  terminal  corymbs;  involucre  with  5  linear-lance- 
olate leaves,  with  membranaceous  margins.  Seed  glabrous,  striate  ; 
pappus  pilose;  receptacle  small,  with  a  projection  in  the  center. — 
White.      U.     Aug.— Sept.     Middle  Geo.     4—6  feet. 

5.  C.  diversifo'lia,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  angled.  Leanes  not  glaucous, 
somewhat  3  nerved,  the  lower  ones  ovate,  somewhat  cordate,  obtusely 
toothed,  upper  leaves  3 — 5-lobed,  somewhat  hastate. — Flor.     Swamps. 

Genus  LXXVIL— SEXE'CIO.    L. 
(From  senex,  an  old  man,  in  allusion  to  the  hoary  appearance  of  some  specie*.) 

Involucre  cylindrical,  scaly  at  the  base;  scales  withered  at 
the  point.  Florets  of  the  disk  perfect,  of  the  ray  pistillate. 
Receptacle  naked.     Paj)piLs  pilose,  abundant. 

1.  S.  loba'tus,  (Pers.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  angled,  fistulous,  succu- 
lent. Leaves  pinnatifid,  sessile,  with  spatulate  lobes,  dentate,  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles  ;  involucre  with  linear  leaves;  ray  flo- 
rets about  12,  3-toothed  at  the  summit.  Seed  stviato  ;  pappus  bii^tly. 
— Yellow.     0.     Jan. — May.     Common.     1—3  feet.  Butter-vced. 

2.  S.  au'reus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  slender,  sometimes  jnibes- 
cent  near  the  base.  Radical  leaves  cordate,  or  nearly  orbicular,  ser- 
rate, glabrous,  supported  on  long  petioles  ;  cauline  leaves,  the  upper 
ones  amplexicaul,  pinnatifid,  small,  lower  ones  nearlv  orbicular.     //<>«£>- 


404  OKDER   LXVIII. — COMPOSITE. 

ers  in  terminal  umbels.     Seed  stnate  ;  pappus  bristly. — Yellow.      If. 
June — July.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

3.  S.  obova'tus,  (Mubl.)  Ste?7i  simple,  glabrous.  Radical  leaves  ob- 
ovate,  or  nearly  orbicular,  crenate,  with  an  attenuated  base;  cauline 
leaves  much  smaller,  sessile,  piimatifid,  tomentose  at  the  base.  Flowers 
in  terminal  panicles;  involucre  many-leaved,  glabrous  ;  ray  florets  10 
— 12,  those  of  the  disk  numerous.  Seed  striate;  pappus  pilose. — Yel- 
low,    y.     June — July.     Middle  Carolina.     12 — 18  inches. 

4.  S.  TOMENTo'sus,  (Mich.)  /S^an  tomentose  or  woolly.  Radical  leaves 
oblong,  oval,  serrulate,  on  long  petioles  ;  cauline  ones  oval-lanceolate, 
more  or  less  divided.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbels  ;  involucre  many- 
leaved,  tomentose  at  the  base  ;  ray  florets  12 — 15,  nerved,  slightly  3- 
toothed  ;  pappus  setaceous. — White.  If.  April — May.  Middle  Car-, 
olina.     2—3  feet. 

5.  S.  millefo'lium,  (T.  &  G.)  Stem  striate,  lanuginous  when  young, 
ccespitose.  Leaves  bipinnately  divided,  segments  parted,  linear,  mostly 
radical,  somewhat  fleshy.     Heads  in  dense  corymbs. — June.     12 — 18  in. 

6.  S.  balsam'ita.  Stem  erect,  simple,  slender,  glabrous.  Radical 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  serrate,  glabrous,  on  long  petioles  ;  cauline  ones 
pinnatifid,  toothed.  Floicers  in  terminal  umbels ;  involucre  many- 
leaved,  membranaceous  along  the  margins;  ray  florets  10 — 12-cleft. 
Seed  &iv\diie  ;  pappus  bristly. — Yellow.  If.  April — May.  Pine-bar- 
rens.    1 — 2  feet. 

7.  S.  fastigia'tus,  (Schw.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Radical  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  somewhat  acute,  dentate,  glabrous ;  cauline  ones  pinnati- 
fid, with  the  segments  notched  and  toothed,  the  terminal  segment  ovate  ; 
involucre  with  subulate  leaflets.  Seed  striate  ;  pappus  abundant,  seta- 
ceous.— Yellow.      2f .     May — June.     Middle  Car.     2 — 3  feet. 

Gexus  LXXVIII.— AR^NICA.     L. 
(From  arnikis,  a  lamb's  skin,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves.) 

Involucre  hemispherical ;  leaflets  equal,  longer  than  the  disk  ; 
receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  simple  ;  florets  of  the  ray  often  with 
5  filaments,  destitute  of  anthers. 

1.  A.  NumcAu'Lis,  (Ell.)  Stem  simple,  hirsute,  somewhat  viscid.  Rad- 
ical leaves  opposite,  sessile,  somewhat  viscid,  decussate,  dentate  ;  stem 
nearly  leafless,  or  with  1 — 2  pair  of  ovate  sessile  leaves.  Flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  on  small  branches  at  the  summit  of  the  stem ;  leaves 
of  the  involucre  hirsute,  in  a  single  series.  Style  2-cleft.  Seed  obovate, 
striate  ;  pappus  pilose.— Yellow.  2f.  April— May.  Damp  pine-bar- 
rens.    Common.     1 — 2  feet.  Leopard' s-bane. 

Tribe  V.— CYNA'RE^. 

Heads  sometimes  dioecious,  mostly  homogamous  or  heterog- 
amous,  discoid. 

Genus  LXXIX.— CENTAU'REA.     L. 
(From  the  Centaur,  Chiron.) 

Involucre  scalv;    scales    lanceolate,  imbricate.      Beceptarlc 


ORDER    LXYIII. COMPOSITE.  405 

bristly.  Florets  of  the  ray  pistillate,  funnel-shaped,  irregular  ; 
those  of  the  disk  staminate.  Pappus  consisting  of  three  series, 
the  exterior  a  toothed  margin,  the  middle  one  composed  of  10 
or  12  awns,  the  interior  one  short,  hairy. 

1.  C.  America'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  somewhat  branched. 
Leaves  glabrous,  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  repand  toothed,  the  upper  lance- 
olate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  pectinate  appendages.  Heads  large, 
ehowy. — Pale  purple.     Cultivated.     Louisiana,  Texas.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  LXXX.— CNI'CUS.     VaiU. 
(From  knizo,  to  prick.) 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  florets  of  the  disk  and  ray  similar. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  coriaceous,  produced  into  long,  hard, 
spiny,  pinnate  appendages.  Mecej^tacle  flat,  covered  with  capil- 
lary bristles.     Achenia  longitudinally  striate.     Pappus  triple. 

1.  C.  benedic'tus.  Stem  villous,  branching.  Leaves  subpinnatifid, 
clasping,  decurrent.     Flowers  yellow. — 0.     Louisiana. 

Genus  LXXXL— CIR'SIUM.     Tourn.     {Cnicus.) 
(From  kirsos,  a  swelled  vein,  for  which  the  thistle  was  supposed  to  be  a  remedy.) 

Involucre  ventricose,  imbricate,  with  spinose  scales.  Florets 
perfect.     Receptacle  hairy.     Pappus  plumose,  or  pilose. 

L  C.  disco'lor,  (Spren.)  Stem  erect,  hairj'.  Leaves  sessile,  pinnati- 
fid  ;  segments  2-lobed,  spinous,  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  touientose 
beneath.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal,  on  leafy  branches;  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate,  terminated  by  a  long  spine.  Seed  smooth  ;  pappus 
plumose. — Purple.     If.     June-— July.     Upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo. 

2.  C.  ALTis'siMUM,  (Spren.)  Stem  erect,  branching.  Leaves  sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate,  scabrous,  tomontose  beneath,  dtnlate,  ciliate,  radical 
ones  pinnatifid.  Floicers  tcrminixl ;  involucre  cylindrical,  ovate  ;  scales 
ovate,  spinous,  appressed,  pale  ;  receptacle  villous. — Purple.  U-  July 
— Sept.     Upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo.     2— 3  feet. 

3.  C.  Virginia'num,  (Mich.)  Stem  simple,  angled,  tomentosc  toward 
the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  with  spiny  teeth,  acute, 
slightly  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  touientose  beneath.  Floicers  foV\- 
tary,  terminal ;  involucre  ventricose  ;  scales  nppre.-sed,  carinate,  ovate. 
Seeds  slightly  angled,  oblong;  pajipus  plumose;  receptacle  bristly. — 
Purple.     If.     June — Sept.     Pine-barrens.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  C.  mu'ticum,  (Mich.)  Ston  erect,  slender,  branching.  L^ravrs  pin- 
natitid,  woolly,  tomentose  beneath;  segments  with  spines,  somewhat 
bracteolate,  occasionall}' 3-lobed,  pale,  acute;  branches  naked,  1  Adw- 
ered  ;  involucre  globose;  scales  without  spines,  laiuiginous. — Purple. 
It       July — Sept.     Mountains.     2 — 6  feet.  Ciiicus  7nuticus,  Pur.-h. 

5.  C.  gla'ber.  {C.  muiicum,  Mich.)  >S^'m  erect,  furrowed,  .'sprinkled 
with  hair.<,  branching.  Leaver,  sessile,  pinnatitid,very  long,  hairy  along  the 
veins,  spiny  along  the  margins  and  angles  ;  segments  3 — 5-lobed.  Flow- 
ers in  panicles.     Peduncles  slender,  elightlv  hairy  ;  seulos  of  the  involu 


406  ORDER    LXVIII. — COMPOSITJE. 

ere  viscid,  with  a  short  spine.  Seeds  glabrous;  pappus  plumose;  re- 
ceptacle brist]3\ — Purple.  2^.  May — Aug.  In  cultivated  lands,  4 — 
fi  feet. 

6.  C.  Lecon'tei,  (T.  &,  G.)  Stem  slender,  angled,  terminated  by  a 
single  head.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  few  spinous  teeth,  underside 
woolly,  upper  glabrous,  decurrent ;  scales  of  the  involucre  appressed, 
outer  ones  niucronate,  inner  ones  longest  and  subulate-acuminate. — Pine 
woods.     2  feet. 

7.  H.  horrid'ulum,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  woolly.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, pinnatifid,  crowded  near  the  base  ;  segaients  lobed,  dentate,  spi- 
nous, hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  woolly  beneath.  Flowers  solitary, 
axillary  and  terminal,  on  short  peduncles.  Bracts  numerous,  spinous  ; 
spines  arranged  in  pairs.  Involucre  ventricose  ;  scales  lanceolate,  slight- 
ly hairy.  Seeds  shining;  pappus  plumose. — Purple.  1^.  March — ■- 
April.     Poor  soils.     Common. 

8.  C.  repan'dum,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  sometimes  branching,  but 
usually  simple,  woolly.  Leaves  oblong,  narrow,  aniplexicaul.  repand, 
sinuate,  fringed  with  spines,  woolly  beneath  ;  branches  1-flowered,  leafy. 
Involucre  with  ovate-lanceolate  scales,  erect,  spinous,  slightly  woolly  ; 
receptacle  bristly  ;  pappus  plumose. — Purple.   2^.  June — July.    2 — 3  ft, 

Sub-order  IL— LABIATIFLO'R^. 

Corolla  mostly  bilabiate,  lower  lip  usually  3-Iobed,  the  upj^er 
2-lobed  or  2-toothed. 

Genus  LXXXII.— CHAPTAL'IA.     Vent. 
(In  honor  of  the  French  chemist  Chaptal.) 

Involucre  imbricate;  florets  of  the  ray  in  a  double  series,  the 
inner  series  pistillate,  with  long  styles  ;  disk  florets  staminate, 
bilabiate.  Receptacle  naked.  Seed  oblong,  stiiate,  glabrous. 
Pappus  pilose. 

1.  C.  TOMENTo'sA,  (Vent.)  Root  tuberous  ;  scapes  several  from  each 
root,  tomentose,  1-flowered.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  retrorsely  den- 
tate, white,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  solitary,  nodding,  leaves  of 
the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose;  ray  florets  16 — 20  in  the  outer 
series. — White  and  purple.  2^.  March — April.  Damp  pine-barrens. 
12—18  inches. 

Sub-order  111.— LIGULIFLO'R^. 
Flowers  all  ligulate  and  perfect,  arranged  in  a  radiate  manner. 

Tribe  VL— CICHORA'CE^E. 
Plants  with  a  milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate. 


ORDER    LXVIII.— COMr(JSrf.K.  407 

Genus  LXXXIII.— APO'GON.     Ell. 
(From  a,  without,  and  pagon,  a  beard.) 

Heads  few-flowered,  10 — 12.  Involucre  8  leaved,  in  a  double 
series.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Achenia  lanceolate,  transversely 
striate.     Pappus  none. 

1.  A.  hu'milts,  (Ell.)  Stem  hrowchxng,  glabrous.  Leaves  sessile,  ligu- 
late,  entire.     Flowers  terminal. — Yellow.     April,     6 — 12  inches. 

Genus  LXXXIV.— KRI'GIA.     Schreb. 
(In  honor  of  David  Krieg.) 

Involucrum  many-leaved,  simple  ;  receptacle  naked,  pitted  ; 
pappus  double,  exterior  one  chafty,  short,  the  interior  pilose, 
rough.     Stigmas  linear-ligulate. 

1.  K.  Virgin'ica,  ( Willd.)  A  very  small  j)lant,  glaucous,  the  primnry 
leaves  nearly  round,  entire,  the  rest  lyrate,  nearly  glabrous.  Scapes  gla- 
bi-ous,  1-flowered,  becoming  elongated  by  age ;  involucrum  glabrous. — 
Bright  yellow.     0.     April-— May.     Sandy  soils.     Near  Columbia. 

Dwarf  Dandelion. 

2.  K.  Carounia'na,  (Xutt.)  Scapes  hairy,  glandular,  long.  Leaves 
runcinate,  pinnatifid,  or  lanceolate,  lateral  lobes  acute,  much  smaller 
than  the  terminal  one,  sometimes  dentate,  sprinkled  with  joii\ted  hairs; 
involucrum  10 — 20-parted,  with  linear-lanceolate  segments,  glabrous. 
Corolla  slightly  hairy  at  the  base.  Seeds  obconic,  striate  ;  pappus  com- 
posed of  5  nearly  round  scales,  and  5  scabrous  bristles. — Bright  yellow. 
2f.     Feb. — April,     Saudy  soils.     Common. 

Genus  LXXXV,— CYN'TIIIA.     Don. 

(Probably  named  from  Mount  Cynthus.) 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  many-leaved,  scales  in  2 
series,  exterior  the  shortest.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenia  short, 
4-angled.  Papjms  in  many  series,  the  exterior  paleaceous,  the 
interior  pilose.  Harbaceous  plants,  glabrous,  with  glabrous  leaves. 

1.  C.  Virginia'na,  (Don.)  {Krigia  amplexicauHs,  Nutt.)  Stem  bear- 
ing leaves,  somewhat  branched,  glaucous;  radical  leaves  spatulate, 
lanceolate,  dentate,  cauline  ones  somewhat  amplexicaul,  hinceohite  or 
ovate;  involucrum  generally  12-parted.  Fluivers  solitary,  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  brandies,  large  ;  exterior  pappus  consisting  of  8  scales. 
— Yellow.  U-  June— July.  Middle  and  upper  dist.  of  Car.  and  Geo 
12 — 14  inches, 

2,  C.  DANDELi'oN,  (D.  C.)  {Krigia  dandelion,  Nutt.)  Scape  bearing  a 
few  glandular  hairs  near  the  summit,  slightly  glaucous.  Leaves  oblong, 
narrow,  slightly  obovate ;  secondary  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long, 
somewhat  glaucous;  involucrum  10 — IS-parted. — Yellow.  If.  April 
-—May.     Southern  Georgia, 


4:08  ORDER    LXVIII. COMPOSIT-E. 

Gen-US  LXXXVL— HIERA'CIUM.     Tourn. 
(From  hieraoc,  a  hawk.) 

Involucre  imbricate ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  simple,  per- 
sistent, setaceous.  Flowers  yellow,  solitary  or  corymbose, 
perfect. 

1.  H.  Maria'num,  (Willd.)  {H.  scabrum,  Mich.)  Stem  erect,  villous  and 
scabrous,  leafy.  Leaves  sessile,  obovate,  oblong,  strigose,  upper  leaves 
small,  lower  ones  denticulate.  Flowers  in  irregular  panicles;  involucre 
hispid,  tomentose  ;  florets  numerous. — Yellow.  2f.  Aug. — Sept. 
Mountains.     2 — 4  feet. 

2.  H.  Groxo'vii,  (L.)  Stem  leafy,  erect,  hairv,  with  a  glandular  pu- 
bescence. Leaves  few,  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  ovate,  sessile,  ciliate, 
pubescent.  Flowers  \n  terminal  panicles;  involucre  cyliudric,  covered 
with  hispid  glands.  /SVec/ oblong,  furrowed. — Yellow.  If.  June — 
Sept.     In  dry  soils.     Common. 

3.  H.  VENo'suM,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceou?,  glabrous  toward  the  summit, 
hair}'^  at  the  base.  Leaves  all  radical,  ovate-oblong,  little  hairy  on  the 
upper  surface,  entire,  margins  ciliate,  with  dark  red  veins.  Flowers  in 
corymbose  panicles  ;  involucre  glabrous.  Seed  striate,  receptacle  dot- 
ted.— Yellow.      If.     May — June.     In  shaded  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

Veiny  Hawkweed. 

4.  H.  panicula'tum,  (L.)  Stem  leafy,  erect,  pubescent  beneath,  gla> 
brous  above.  Leaves  lanceolate,  denlicuiate,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  large 
compound  panicles,  on  slender  peclunclps  ;  involucre  with  the  interior 
leaves  very  narrow,  glabrous.  Seed  furrowed. — Yellow.  If.  July — 
Sept     Mountains. 

Genus  LXXXVII.— NAB'ALUS.     Cass.     (Frenanthes,  L.) 
(From  naila,  a  harp,  alluding  to  the  lyrate  leaves.) 

Involucre  cylindric,  in  a  single  row,  somewhat  imbricate  at 
the  base  with  a  few  appressed  scales ;  receptacle  slightly  pitted. 
Florets  perfect.  Stigmas  somewhat  liispid,  filiform.  Fruit  nar- 
row, angled  ;  pappus  pilose,  erect,  persistent,  colored,  scabrous. 

1.  X.  al'bus.  (P.  serpe7itaria,  Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  nearly  glabrous. 
Leaves  hastate,  radical  ones  palmate,  cauline  ones  on  long  petioles,  sin 
uate,  pinnatifid,  somewhat  3-lobed,  middle  segment  3-parted,  with  a 
long,  attenuated  base,  upper  leaves  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  terminal, 
paniculate  racemes,  nodding  ;  florets  12  in  each  capitulum  ;  involucrum 
8-cleft. — Purple.  2^.  Mountains.  Aug. — Oct.  Upper  district  of  Car- 
olina. Rattles7iake-root    White  Lettuce.     Liotis-foot. 

2.  N.  ALTis'siMus,  (Hook.)  {Frenanthes  altissima,  L.)  Stem  erect, 
branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  3-lobed,  alternate,  angled,  nearly  liastate, 
plightly  dentate,  scabrous  on  the  mai'gin.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes, 
nodding  ;  involucre  about  5-flowered,  cylindrical.  Seeds  angular,  stri- 
ate.— Yellow.     If.     Aug. — Sept.     4 — 6  feet. 

.3.  N.  Fra'seri,  (D.  C.)  (Frenanthes  alba,  Ell.)  Stem  herbaceous, 
much  branched,  pubescent,  slightly  angled;  radical  leaves  hastate,  an- 
gled, toothed;  upper  leaves  spatulate,  obovate-lanceolate,  toothed  and 
engled.  Flowers  in  loose  panicles,  in  terminal  clusters,  nodding  ;  florets 
8 — 12   in  a  capitulum;  involucrum  with    8    oblong  puh-scent    leaves 


ORDER    LXVIII. — COMPOSURE.  409 

fringed  at  the  summit.  Seeds  cylindrical,  striate ;  pappus  7,  scabrous. — 
Pale  yellow.  %.  Sept. — Oct.  Dry  soils.  2  ft.  Gall  of  the  earth. 
4.  N.  barba'tus,  (T.  &.  G.)  (P.  crepidinea,  Ell.)  Stem  branching  to- 
ward the  summit.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  up- 
per ones  sessile,  denticulate,  scabrous.  Flov:ers  in  terminal  panicles, 
composed  of  nodding  clusters;  involucrum  with  8 — 10  nearlv  glabrous 
leaves;  florets  numerous;  pappus  scabrous. —  If.  Sept.  Mountains. 
4—6  feet. 

0.  N.  tirga'tus,  (D.  C.)  {P.  virgata,  Mich.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  sessile,  runcinate,  somewhat  amplexicaul,  upper  leaves 
narrow-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  long  terminal  racemes,  pendulous,  10 — 
12  florets  in  a  capitulum  ;  involucrum  with  8  oblong,  obtuse  leaves, 
fringed  at  the  summit.  S^eds  cylindric,  striate ;  pappus  scabrous. — 
Pale  purple,     y.     Oct.     Pine-barrens.     Common. 

6.  N".  corda'tus,  (Hook.)  Stejn  erect,  generally  glabrous.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  cordate  at  the  base,  irregularly  toothed,  cil- 
iate,  upper  leaves  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  racemose  panicles,  nodding, 
6 — 8  flowers  in  a  head;  leaves  of  the  involucrum  usually  8,  with  mem- 
branaceous margins.  Seeds  striate,  with  scabrous  pappus. — Yellow. 
2f .     July — Aug.     Mountains.     4 — 6  feet. 

7.  N.  peltoi'deus,  (Hook.)  Stem  simple,  slender.  Leaves  on  long 
petioles,  deltoid,  acuminate,  acutely  denticulate,  lower  ones  triangular, 
glabrous,  slightly  glaucous  beneath.  Floioers  in  axillary  racemes,  5  in 
each  capitulum  ;  involucrum  with  5  equal  linear  leaves,  with  membra- 
naceous margin.  Seeds  glabrous,  angled  ;  pappus  hairy. — Purple.  If 
Sept.     Mountains.     2  feet. 

Genus  LXXXVHI.— LYGODES'MIA.     Don. 
(From  lugodes,  pliant,  and  7nia,  one,  the  allusion  not  apparent.) 

Heads  5 — 10-flowered.  Florets  in  1  or  2  series.  Involucre 
5-leaved,  cylindrical,  elongated,  with  a  few  scales  at  the  base. 
Achenia  linear,  compressed,  sulcate.  Pappus  abundant,  pilose, 
colored,  scabrous.  Herbaceous  plants,  glabrous,  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  with  linear,  subulate,  entire  leaves. 

1.  L.  aphyl'la,  (D.  C.)  Stem  slender,  angled,  dichotomously  divided 
at  the  summit.  Leaves  radical,  linear,  filiform,  minute  bracts  at  the 
origin  of  the  branches.  Heads  showy,  involucre  cylindrical.  Achenia 
long,  slender. — Rose-color.     Pine-barrens.     Geo.,  Flor.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  LXXXIX.— TARAX'ACUM.     Haller.     {Leontodou,  L.) 
(From  tarasso,  to  disorder.) 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  a  few  loose  scales  at  the  base  ;  flo- 
rets perfect ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  stiped. 

J.  T.  DENS-LiOMS,  (Dis.)  {L.  taraxacum,  L.)  Scapes  several  from  each 
root,  terete,  glabrous,  each  1-flowered.  Leaves  all  radical,  runcinate, 
oblong ;  segments  lanceolate,  toothed,  slightly  hairy  wiien  young  ;  in- 
volucrum with  numerous  leaves,  equal,  sometimes  colored;  scaK-s  re- 
flexed.  Seeds  oblong,  angled;  pappus  stipitate,  hairy  ;  recptaole  con- 
vex.—Yellow       If.     March — April.     Damp  soils.     Introduced. 

f)atuh-/i<>n. 

IS 


410  ORDER   LXVIII. COMPOSITE. 

Ge.nus  XC— PYERHOPAP'PUS.     D.  C.    {Borkhausia.) 
(From  purros,  reddish,  and  papptis.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  with  a  dorsal  tooth  near  the  summit, 
surrounded  at  the  base  with  a  few  short  subulate  scales.  Pap- 
ims  haiiy,  stipitate.     Receptacle  naked.     Florets  perfect. 

1.  P,  Carolinia'nus,  (D.  C.)  {B.  Car oUni ana,  Is  nii.)  Stem  erect,  few- 
flowered,  pubescent  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  old 
ones  pinnatifid,  pubescent  along  the  margins,  narrow.  Flowers  few, 
solitary,  on  the  summit  of  the  branches  ;  florets  numerous.  Seed  com- 
pressed, striate. — Yellow.     2+.     March — July.     Common. 

Genus  XCI— LACTU'CA.     Tourn. 
(From  lac,  milk,  in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

Involucre  cylindrical,  imbricate,  scales  membranaceous  at  the 
margin.  Receptacle  naked.  Florets  perfect.  Seeds  smooth  ; 
pappus  simple,  stipitate. 

1.  L,  elonga'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaves  long,  smooth  be- 
neath, the  lower  ones  runcinate,  amplexicaul,  entire,  toothed,  the  upjier 
ones  lanceolate ;  involucre  imbricate,  reflexed  when  old  ;  florets  nu- 
merous. Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles.  Seeds  compressed  ;  pappus 
stipitate,  hairy. — Yellow.     If.     July — Sept.     4 — '7  feet.         Fire-weed. 

2.  L.  graminifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous.  Leaves 
gessile,  long,  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  narrow,  sometimes  amplexicaul, 
usually  undivided.  Flowers  in  loose,  leafless  panicles;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  subulate.  Seeds  compressed,  lanceolate. — Purple,  ir.  April 
— Sept.     In  dry  soils. 

3.  L.  sagittifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, sagittate,  tapering  toward  the  apex,  entire,  glabrous.  Flowers  in 
loose,  terminal  panicles;  involucre  with  glabrous,  subulate  leaves.  Seed 
compressed ;  pappus  hair3\ — Yellow.  If.  July — ^Sept.  Middle  Car- 
olina.    4 — 6  feet. 

Genus  XCII— MULGE'DIUM.     Cass. 
(From  rmdgeo,  to  milk.) 

Heads  many-liowered.  Involucre  many-leaved,  imbricate. 
Receptacle  alveolate,  naked.  Achenia  glabrous,  compressed, 
with  the  summit  extending  into  a  short  beak.  Pappus  capil- 
lary. Herbaceous  plants,  with  undivided  or  pinnatifid  leaves. 
Floivers  blue. 

1.  M.  acximina'tum,  (D.  C.)  {Sonchus  acuminatus,  Willd.)  Radical 
leaves  slightly  runcinate,  spatulate,  ovate,  sometimes  angled,  acutely 
toothed.  Petiote  winged,  upper  surface  glabrous,  lower  pubescent. 
Cauline  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed  in  the  middle,  petioled. — Pur- 
ple.     If.     Aug. — Sept.     Rich  soils. 

2.  M.  Florida'num,  (D.  C.)  {Sonchus  Floridanns,  L.)  Stem  erect, 
glabrous.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  Ivrnte,  sometimes  with  1  or  2 
runcinate  segments,  acutely  denticulate.  Flowers  in  long  slender  j^ani- 
cles.  Peduncles  scabrous. — Blue.  2T.  July — Sept.  Upper  districts 
Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 5  feet. 


ORDER    LXIX. LOBELIACE.'E.  411 

Genus  XCIIL— SON'CHUS.     L. 

(The  Greek  name.) 

Involucre  many-leaved,  imbricate,  connivent  at  the  summit. 
Florets  perfect.  Receptacle  pitted,  naked  or  scabrous.  Siignm 
hispid.     Pappus  hairy. 

1.  S.  Carolinia'nus,  (Willd.)  {S.  aspcr,  Vill.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous, 
fistulous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  toothed,  undulate,  auriculate, 
somewhat  clasping  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  um- 
bels. Seed  compressed,  striate ;  pappus  sessile. — Yellow.  0.  March 
■ — April     Common,     1 — 3  feet. 

2.  S.  olera'ceus,  (L.)  Stein  terete,  fistulous,  succulent,  glabrous, 
branching.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  sinuate,  pinnatifid, 
segments  acute,  slightly  toothed.  Floioers  in  axillary  umbels,  with  to- 
mentose  spots  on  the  peduncles.  Seed  oblong,  compressed,  sulcate. — 
Yellow.     %.     March—July.     Common.  Sow-thistle. 

3.  S.  macrophyl'lus.  Stem  erect.  Leaves  lyrate,  pubescent,  and 
hispid  on  the  under  surface,  cordate  at  the  base,  large.  Flowers  in  pan- 
icles. Peduncles  h'lr&utc. — Blue.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  In  shaded,  damp 
soiLs.     4 — 7  feet. 

Order  LXIX.— LOBELIA 'CE^E.     {Lobelia  Family.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  irregular,  inserted  into  the  calyx, 
5-cleft.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  alternate  Avith  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  cohering.  Ovary  2 — 3-celled  ; 
ovules  numerous.  Styles  simple.  Stigma  surrounded  by  a 
cup-like  fringe.  Capsxde  2 — 3-celled,  many-seeded,  dehiscing 
at  the  apex.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  leaves. 

Genus  I— LOBELIA.     L.  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  Lobel,  a  French  botanist.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  irregular,  cleft  on  the  upper  side 
nearly  to  the  base.  Stamens  united  into  a  tube.  Stiyma  2- 
lobed.  Capsule  sometimes  attached  to  the  calyx.  Seeds  mi- 
nute, scabrous. 

1.  L.  Kal'mii,  (L)  Stetn  erect,  slender.  Radical  leaves  spatulate, 
ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  ])ubescent;  cauline  leaves  linear,  nearly  sub- 
ulate. Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  small,  scattered,  on  short  pedun- 
cles. Calyx  4-cleft,  with  subulate  segments.  Corolla  with  a  3  cleft 
border;  the  lateral  segments  subulate,  reflexed,  the  middle  segment  3- 
cleft.  Anthers  cohering  into  a  tube,  villous  at  the  summit.  Sli(/ma 
villous.  Capsule  2-valved,  2-celled,  surrounded  by  the  calyx. — Blue. 
If.     May — Aug.     Damp  soils.     Common.  L.  Kuttallii,  Koein. 

2.  L.  PALLIDA,  (Muhl.)  (Spicata.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  sliglitly 
angled.  Leaves  lanceolate,  cuneate,  denticulate,  the  upjjer  ones  .-mall, 
the  lower  ones  2  inches  long.  I^lowcrs  in  racemes,  remote.  C<i'iix 
small.  Anthers  exserted. — Blue.  2f.  Through  the  summer.  Damp 
soils. 


412  ORDER    LXIX. LOBELIACE.E. 

Yar.  Claytonia'na,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  sessile, 
oblong,  serrulate  ;  radical  ones  entire.  Flowers  in  crowded  spikes. 
Stamens  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — Blue.  li.  July — Sept. 
Near  Columbia.  L.  spicata,  Lam. 

3.  L.  Botkin'ii,  (T.  &  G.)  Ste77i  glabrous,  branching ;  branches  erect, 
-virgate.  Leaves  narrow-linear,  erect,  glandular-denticulate;  racemes 
lax,  elongated ;  pedicels  slender,  flattened.  Calyx  turbinate ;  lobes 
narrow,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate. — Blue.  Wet  places.  Geo.  and 
Flor. 

4.  L.  Dortman'na,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  nearly  naked ;  cauline 
leaves  minute  ;  radical  leaves  in  a  tuft,  terete,  fleshy,  consisting  of  two 
tubes.  Flowers  3 — 4,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  nodding. — Pale  blue.  U- 
July — Sept.     Ponds  and  swamps.    Geo.  and  northward.    9 — 18  inches. 

Water  Gladiole. 

5.  L.  PALUDo'sA,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  smooth,  nearly  naked  ;  small 
stems  from  each  root,  fistulous.  Leaves  smooth,  fleshy,  crenulate ;  rad- 
ical ones  linear-oblong,  crowded,  obtuse  ;  cauline  ones  linear.  Flowers  few, 
remote,  with  minute  bracts. — Pale  blue.  If.  Swamps.  Geo.  and 
northward.     2  feet.  Marsh  Lobelia. 

6.  L.  leptosta'ciiys,  (D.  C.)  Stem  erect.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
denticulate,  sessile  ;  racemes  elongated ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  den- 
tate ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  narrow,  linear ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  pilose. 
—Blue.      U .     Geo.  and  Car.     1—2  feet. 

7.  L.  BREviFo'LiA,(N'utt.)  >S^^«n  crcct.  simple,  glabrous.  Leaves  scat- 
tered, dentate,  oblong-linear,  smooth ;  lower  ones  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole.  Flowers  in  spicate  racemes  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  tlie 
linear  dentate  bracts  ;  tube  of  the  calyx  short,  pilose;  lobes  lanceo- 
late.     Cc<ro//a  much  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. — Blue.    If.  Ala. 

8.  L.  GLANDULo'sA,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  leafy  near  the  base. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  somewhat  amplexicaul  and  ciliate  at 
the  base.  Floioers  in  racemes  ;  pedicels  bracteate.  Calyx  hairy  ;  seg- 
ments dentate  ;  margin  of  the  corolla  hairy. — Blue.  If.  Sept. — Oct. 
Damp  pine-barrens.     Common. 

9.  L.  infla'ta,  (L  )  Stem  erect,  branching,  hirsute.  I^eaves  oval-lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  serrate.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes.  Calyx  inflated, 
glabrous.  Corolla  small.  Stamens  about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla.— Pale  blue.      If.     July — Sept.     Upper  country  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

The  seeds  of  this  species  are  used  in  large  quantities  in  the  Botanko- 
mcdical  practice,  as  an  emetic. 

10.  L.  stphilit'ica,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute,  angled,  nearly  glabrous 
near  the  base.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  sessile,  large,  crenulate  ;  lower 
ones  nearly  glabrous.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes.  Calyx  hispid,  with 
reflexed  margins.  Corolla  large. — Blue.  If.  July — Sept.  Moun- 
tains.    2 — 3  feet. 

11.  L.  puber'ula,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  erect,  slightly  angled,  silky,  pubes 
cent.  Leaves  sessile  ;  the  lower  ones  obovate,  obtuse,  serrulate  ;  the 
upper  ones  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  with  a  silky  luster.  Flowers  in 
racemes,  on  short  pedicels,  all  turning  to  one  side  ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  villous,  lanceolate,  ciliate. — Blue.  %.  Sept. — Oct.  Wet  soils. 
Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

12.  L.  amcf/n-.s  (Mich.)     Stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  angled  near  thd 


ORDER    LXX. CAMPANULACE^.  413 

summit.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  sessile,  decurrent,  sometimes  inciiaed, 
pubescent.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes,  secund.  Cabix  witli  subulate 
segments.  Anthers  blue.  Stigma  compressed. — liiight  blu--.  If. 
Sept. — Oct.     In  wet  places.     Common.     2 — 4  feet. 

13.  L.  caudixa'lis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  simple,  pubescent  toward 
the  summit.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  senate,  euneate,  sprinkled  with 
hairs.  Flowers  in  terminal,  secund  racemes ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
subulate;  filaments  red.  Anthers  h\nQ. — A  bright  scarlet  flower,  li. 
Sept.     Damp  rich  soils.     2 — 3  feet.  Cardinal  Flower 

The  L.  inflata  and  syphUitica  are  possessed  of  powerful  medical  properties ;  the 
former  of  which  has  long  been  esteemed  by  the  profession  as  a  remedial  agent  in 
asthma  and  otiier  pectoral  affections.  It  is  now  considered  by  a  respectable  and  in- 
fluential class  of  practitioners,  as  of  prime  importance  in  the  cure  of  almost  all  dis- 
ea-ses.  Its  being  of  universal  application,  \\^  believe  thej'  found  on  the  hypothesis  of 
its  possessing  alterative  powers  in  a  high  degree.  Of  the  truth  of  these  assertions  we 
are  entirely  unable  to  judge. 

Order  LXX.— CAMPANULA'CE.E. 

Cahjx  superior,  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  inserted  into 
the  top  of  the  calyx,  with  a  5-cleft  border,  rnarcescent,  regular ; 
aestivation  valvate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  An- 
thers  2-cel!ed.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  many  ovules.  Style  sim- 
ple, hairy.  Fruit  dry,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx  and 
corolla,  dehiscing  by  pores.  Seeds  numerous,  attached  to  a 
central  placentae.     Herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  I.— CAMPAX'ULA.     Tourn.  5—1. 
(From  campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  its  flower.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate,  dosed  with  valves, 
bearing  the  stamens.  Stiyma,  3-cleft.  Cai^sule  inferior,  3- 
celled,  dehiscing  by  lateral  pores, 

1.  C.  amplexicau'lis,  (Mich.)  Stem  generally  simple,  erect,  pentan- 
gular, with  the  angles  retrorsely  aculeate.  Leaves  cordate,  sessile,  pu- 
bescent, persistent,  5-)iarted,  with  lanceolate  segments.  Corolla  with 
5  acute  segments.  Antliers  purple.  Style  pubescent  toward  the  sum- 
mit. Capsule  oblong,  angled. — I'urple.  0.  April.  Very  common.  6 
— 12  inches.  Specularia  perfoliata,  D.  C. 

2.  C.  acumina'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  Ian 
ceolate,  remotely  serrate,  euneate,  glabrous.  Flowers  generally  3  in 
the  axil  of  each  leaf — Blue.     2^.     July — Aug.     Mountains. 

C.  Americana,  L. 

3.  C.  divarica'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate, with  a  long,  tapering  summit,  a  cluster  of  small  leaves  in  each 
axil.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  in  terminal  panicles,  with  subulate  leaves 
at  each  division. — Sept.     Mountains.     2  feet. 

4.  C.  erixoi'des,  (L.)  Stem  decumbent,  diflfuse,  flexuous,  angleil  by 
the  decurrent  leaves.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  decurrent,  witJj  mar- 
gins and  midrib  retrorsely  aculeate.  Flowers  in  panicles,  small,  solitary, 
terminal,  nodding. — Aug.     Mountains. 


414  OKDKE    LXXI. VACCINACE^. 


Order  LXXL— VACCINA'CE.^. 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  4 — 5-toothed.  Corolla  urceo- 
late,  or  sometimes  campaniilate,  4 — o-cleft.  Stamens  8 — 10, 
inserted  into  an  epigynous  disk.  Anthers  with  2  horns  at  the 
base,  2-celled.  Ovary  inferior,  4 — 5-celled,  many-seeded.  Style 
simple.  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  by  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  suc- 
culent.    Shrubs,  with  alternate,  coriaceous  leaves. 

Genus  L— VACCIN'IUM.     L.  10—1. 
(Latin  came  of  the  plant.) 

Calyx  superior,  4 — o-cleft.  Fruit  globose,  4 — 5-celled, 
many-seeded.     Stamens  8 — 10. 

a.   Leaves  deciduous.     Corolla  campanidate. 

1.  V.  FRONDo'suM,  (Willd.)  ( V.  glaiicuni,  Mich.  Gaylussacia  fron- 
dosa,  T.  &  G.)  A  branching  shrub,  with  the  young  branches  pubescent. 
Leaves  oval,  lanceolate,  entire,  rugose,  somewhat  glaucous,  slightly  pu- 
bescent, sprinkled  with  glandular  dots.  Flowers  6 — 8,  in  racemes.  Co- 
rolla contracted  at  the  mouth,  somewhat  urceolate.  Fruit  large,  blue. — 
White.    "^ .     April.     In  close  soils.     3  feet. 

Whortleberry.     Blue-tangle. 

2.  V.  RESiNo'suM,  (Ait.)  {Gaylussacia  resinosa,  T.  &,  G.)  A  branch- 
ing shrub.  Leaves  oblong,  oval,  entire,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots 
on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  lateral  racemes,  secund.  Corolla 
short,  ovate.  Stamens  exserted.  Berries  large,  black. — White.  April 
— May.     Mountains.  Black  Whortleberry. 

3.  V.  DUMo'suM,  (Curt.)  {Gaylussacia  hirtella,  T.  <fe  G.)  A  small 
shrub,  with  the  young  branches  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots.  Leaves 
cuneate,  obovate,  nearly  sessile,  finely  serrulate,  with  revolute  margins. 
Flowers  in  leafy  racemes ;  pedicels  solitary,  axillary ;  peduncles  and 
calyx  roughened  with  glandular  dots.  Corolla  angled.  Berries  nearly 
black. — White.    ^.     June.     Pine-woods.     12 — 18  inches. 

Lo7v  Swamp  Whortleberry. 

4.  V.  niRTEL'LUii,  (Ait.)  Branches  virgate,  somewhat  cinerous.  Leave$ 
narrow,  obovate-oblong,  mucronate,  entire,  somewhat  hispid  beneath. 
Racemes  leafy ;  pedicels  hispid,  bracteate.  Stamens  somewhat  exserted. 
Anthers  not  awned.    ^ .     Car. 

5.  V.  arbore'um,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree  ;  young  branches  long 
straight,  pubescent ;  old  ones  crooked.  Leaves  broad,  lanceolate,  ser- 
rulate, pubescent  on  the  under  surface,  on  short  petioles,  sometimes 
nearly  round.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes,  nodding.  Calyx  small.  Co- 
rolla 5-cleft,  angled  ;  segments  reflected.  Stamens  very  short.  Berry 
globular,  black,  dry. — White.     '^  .     April — May.     Dry  fertile  soils. 

Farkle  Berry. 

6.  V.  DiFFu'suM,  (Ait.)  Branches  diffuse,  smooth.  Leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  obsoletely  serrate.  Raceyyies  leafy  ;  pedicels  1-fiow- 
ered,  naked.  Fruit  globose,  black. — Red  and  white,  ^ .  A  large 
Bhrub.     S,  Car.     10—15  feet. 


ORDER    LXXI. VAC01NE.E.  415 

7.  V.  stamin'eum,  (L.)  A  shrub,  erect^  branching;  young  branches 
pubescent.  Leaves  oval,  lanceolate,  nearly  acute,  entire,  glaucous  be- 
neath. Flowers  solitavy,  axillary,  nodding,  on  tiliform  peduncles  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  oblong,  acute.  Anthers  exserted,  awned.  Berry 
blue.— White,    ^i  .     April— May.     Dry  soils.     2—3  feet. 

W/iortle  or  Huckle  Berry. 

8.  V.  elkva'tum,  (Banks  <t  Sol.)  Branches  smooth;  yonng  ones  pu- 
bescent. Leaves  oval,  obovate,  lanceolate,  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  entire, 
glaucous  beneath,  pubescent;  ))edicels  solitary,  axillary,  filiform.  Co- 
rolla campanulate.  A)Uhcrs  exserted,  awned.  Fncit  globose,  white. — 
White.    "^ .     Car. 

b.  Leaves  perennial. 

9.  V.  myrtifo'lium,  (Mich.)  A  creeping  shrub,  glabrous.  Leaves 
oval,  petiolate,  denticulate,  shining.  Floicers  small,  in  sessile,  axillary 
clusters.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-tqothed.  Anthers  unawned.  Fruit 
small,  on  pedicels,  globose,  black. — White,  ^j  .  April — May.  Car. 
and  Geo. 

10.  V.  myrsini'tes,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub,  erect,  branching;  young 
branches  pubescent.  Leaves  small,  sessile,  ovate,  mucronate,  serrulate, 
pubescent  when  young,  dotted  on  the  under  surAice.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary and  terminal  racemes  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  acute,  red.  Corolla 
oblong  or  nearly  ureeolate. — Pale  purple.  ^  .  March — April,  Pine- 
barrens.     Very  common,     1 — 2  feet. 

c.  Corolla  ureeolate. 

11.  V.  coRYMBo'suM,  (L.)  A  shrub,  with  few,  geniculate,  straggling 
branches.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  long-lanceolate,  acute,  finelj'  serrulate, 
pubescent  when  young.  Flowers  in  crowded  racemes,  near  the  summit 
of  the  stem,  bracteate.  Corolla  oblong,  slightly  angled.  Stamens 
short,  with  unawned  anthers  ;  filaments  hairy.  Style  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Berries  black. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  ^ .  March — 
April.     In  damp  soils.     Common.     4 — 8  feet.  Bilberry. 

Var,  am(e'num,  (Pursh.)  Corolla  cyliudric.  Calyx  reflexed.  Flovy 
crs  large  ;  young  branches  reddish. 

Var.  fusca'tum,  (Ait.)  Leaves  serrulate.  Flowers  in  terminal,  co- 
rymbose racemes,  nodding.  Corolla  cylindric,  striped  with  red.  Calyx 
brown. 

12.  V.  virga'tum,  (L.)  a  shrub,  with  the  flower-bearing  branches 
nearly  leafless.  Leaves  oblong-serrulate,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces. 
Flowers  in  sessile  racemes,  bracteate.  Calyx  with  reflexed  segments. 
Corolla  contracted  at  the  throat. — White,  tinged  with  red.  March — 
April.     Damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

13.  V.  gale'zans,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub,  with  pubescent,  dotted 
branches  and  creeping  roots.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  cuneate,  serru- 
late, pubescent,  with'the  margins  often  tinged  with  purple.  Flowers 
in  sessile  fascicles,  axillary,  with  3 — 4  bracts  at  the  base  of  each  pedun- 
cb>.  Corolla  long,  nearly  cylindrical,  slightly  angled  ;  filaments  hairy. 
Anthers  uncrowned.  Fruit  small,  black. — White,  tinged  with  red.  \> . 
March — April.     Damp  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

14.  V.  tenel'lum,  (Ait.)  A  small  shrub,  with  numerous  green  branch- 
es ;  branches  angled.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  ser- 
nilate,  shining  on  botli  sides.    Flowers  in  dense  terminal  fjtscicle?.   Calyx 


416  OKDER    LXXII. EKICACE^. 

green.       Oorolla   ovate.      Fruit   bluish-black,   large. — Pale   red.       ^ 
March — April.     In  dry  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

15.  V.  myrtiloi'des,  (Mich.)  A  large  shrub,  with  long,  slender,  nu- 
merous branches.  Leaves  small,  sessile,  lanceolate,  crenulate,  glabrous, 
ehining.  Flowers  usually  solitary,  axillary.  Fruit  black. — White.  ^  . 
March — April.  On  the  banks  of  rivers.  Middle  and  Southern  Geo. 
6—8  feet. 

Genus  II.— OXYCOCCUS.     L.  8—1. 
(From  oxus,  sour,  and  kokkus,  berry.) 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  with  4  linear  segments.  Stamens 
8 ;  filaments  connivent.  Anthers  tubular,  2-parted.  Fruit 
many-seeded.  Cranberry: 

1.  O.  ERTTHROCAKFUS,  (Pcrs.)  A  Small  shrub,  with  erect,  flexuous 
branches.  Leaves  oval,  membranaceous,  acuminate,  serrulate,  and  cili- 
ate,  hairy  along  the  veins.  Flowers  axillary.  Calyx  minute,  4-cleft ; 
segments  acute.  Corolla  long,  revolute.  Fruit  red,  transparent. — 
Red.     '^ .     June.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

Order  LXXIL— EPJCA'CEJE.     {Heath  Tribe.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  nearly  equal,  persistent.  Corolla  4 — 5- 
cleft,  regular  or  irregular.  Stamens  definite.  Anthers  2 -celled, 
dehiscing  by  pores.  Ovary  many-celled  ;  ovules  numerous,  at- 
tached to  a  central  placentae.  .  Style  1.  Fruit  capsular  or 
baccate,  many-seeded.  Leaves  verticillate  or  opposite,  exstipu- 
late,  often  evergreen. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Stjimens  5 2 

Stamens  more  tbaa  5 4 

2.  Shrubs 3 

Herbaceous  plants Galax,  17 

8.  Stvle  long AzaUa,  13 

Style  short Cyriila,    1 

4.  Stamens  3 5 

Stamens  more  than  S 6 

5.  Flowers  white Ellioitii,    3 

Flowers  not  white Menziesia,    G 

6.  Stamens  10 7 

Stamens  14 Bejaria,  12 

7.  Shrubs  or  small  trees 8 

Herbaceous  plants,  or  small,  scarcely  shrubby  plants 11 

8.  Capsule  8-cel!ed 9 

Capsule  5-cel!ed 10 

9.  Leaves  i)erennial .   Mylocarium,    2 

Leaves  not  perennial Clethra,    5 

10.  Corolla  ovate  or  cylindrical Andromeda,    7 

Corolla  salver-foriii,  with  a  regular  border Kabnia,    8 

Corolla  funnel-form,  with  an  irregular  border Rhododendron,    9 

11.  Parasitic  plants 12 

Not  parasitic  plants 13 

12.  Anthers  1-cclled Schweinitzia,  18 

Anthers  2-celled » Monotropa,  16 


ORDER   LXXir. ERICACE.*:.  417 

13.  Creeping  plants 34 

Plan ts  not  creeping ......'.'.'.....'...'.  15 

14.  Flowers  in  spikes Pi/rofd,  14 

Flowers  in  corymbs '.'.'.'.'.'.'. \\'.'chima)>hU,i\  15 

Flowers  in  racemes Epigoea,  10 

15.  Fruit  a  berry GmiWieria,    4 

Fruit  a  capsule Leiop/ujHum,  11 

Genus  I— CYRIL'LA.    L. 

(In  honor  of  Dr.  Cyrilli,  of  Naples.) 

Calyx  minute,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  inserted  into  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  berry,  2-celled. 
Seeds  solitary. 

1.  C.  racemiflo'ka,  (Walt.)  A  large  shrub,  with  verticillate  branch 
es,  which  spring  from  the  summit  of  the  wood  of  the  preceding  year. 
Leaves  alternate,  cuueate,  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  and  growing  only 
on  the  new  wood ;  petioles  slightly  decurrent.  Flowers  in  simple 
racemes,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  of  the  preceding  year. 
Calyx  small.  Petals  scarcely  united,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Anthers 
bifid  at  the  base,  2-celled.  Style  short,  thick.  Stigmas  2,  obtuse. — 
White.    ^ .     June— July.     10—15  feet. 

Genus  IT.— MYLOCA'RIUM.    Willd. 
(From  mule,  a  mill,  and  karua,  a  kernel,  from  the  nuts  resembling  inillstoncs.) 

Calyx  5 -cleft.  Petals  5.  Stijle  with  winged  angles.  Stig- 
ma 3 — 4-cleft.     Capsule  3-celled,  angular. 

1.  M.  ligustri'num,  (Willd.)  A  shrub.  Leaves  perennial,  lanceolate, 
cuneate,  entire,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  alternate,  sessile,  somewhat  glau- 
cous underneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  small.  Petals 
obovate. — White.  '^  .  March — April.  Southern  Geo.  and  Flor.  6 — 
15  feet.  Bucktohcat-tree. 

Genus  III— ELLIOTT'IA.     Miihl 
(In  honor  of  Stephen  Elliott,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  American  botanists.) 

Calyx  4-toothed,  inferior.  Corolla  4-parted.  Stigma  capi- 
tate or  clavate,  undivided.      Capsule  4-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  E.  EACEMo'sA,  (Muhl.)  A  shrub,  with  numerous  virgate  branches. 
Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  mucronate,  entire,  on  short  petioles,  pu- 
bescent on  the  under  surface.  Floxvers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx 
small.  Corolla  with  the  segments  very  sliglitly  cohering  at  the  base. 
Stamens  8,  hypogynous.  Anthers  sagittate. — White.  ^.  June — 
July.     Southern  Geo.     4 — 8  feet. 

Genus  IV.— GAULTHE'RIA.    L. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Gaulther,  of  Quebec.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bracteolate.  Corolla  ovate.  Capsule  5  celled. 
Stamens  10. 

18* 


^ 


418  ORDER   LXXII. ERIC  ACE  Ji:. 

1.  G.  procum'beks,  (Pursh.)  A  very  small  shrub.  Sicm  procumbent ; 
branches  erect.  Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  crowded  toward 
the  summit,  coriaceous,  with  fine  serratures.  Flowers  few,  terminal, 
nodding.  Fruit  a  berrj,  red,  eatable. — White.  ^.  May — July. 
Mountains. 

Genus  V.— CLE'THRA.     L.  10—1. 
(.From  kletJira,  name  of  the  Alder.) 

Calj/x  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10.  Style 
1 — 3-cIeft  at  the  summit,  persistent.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved, 
inclosed  by  the  calyx. 

1.  C.  alnifo'lia,   (Pursh.)      A  small  under-shrub.     Leaves  cuneate, 
obtuse,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous,  of  the  same  color  on  both  surfaces. , 
Flowers  in  simple,  terminal  racemose  spikes,  bracteate,  tomentose. — 
White.    ^  .     July — Aug.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo. 

Spiked  Alder.    White-buah. 

2.  C.  TOMENTo'sA,  (La  Marsh.)  A  shrub,  with  the  young  branches 
clothed  with  a  stellular  pubescence.  Leaves  cuneate,  obovate,  acute, 
serrate,  scabrous,  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  and  white 
underneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemose  spikes,  bracteate.  Petals 
obovate,  double  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Anthers  sagittate.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, compressed. — White.    ^  .     July — Aug.     Common.     2 — 4  ft. 

3.  C.  sca'bra,  (Pers.)  Similar  to  the  preceding.  Leaves  scabrous  on 
both  surfaces,  with  large  uncinate  serratures.  Flowers  in  somewhat 
})aniculate  spikes,  tomentose. — White.  ^ .  July.  Near  Flint  River, 
Middle  Geo.     3—4  feet. 

4.  C.  panicula'ta,  (Pursh.)  Zfav(?s  narrow,  cuneate,  lanceolate,  acute, 
•with  acuminate  serratures,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces.  Panicle  termi- 
nal, with  the  branches  racemose,  tomentose,  and  white. 

5.  C.  acuminata,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  on  long  petioles, 
oval,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath.  Flow- 
ers in  racemose  spikes,  Isracteate,  with  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers. — 
White.    ^ .     Mountains. 

-^*^  Genus  VI.— MENZIE'SIA.    Smith,  8—1. 

(In  honor  of  Archibald  Menzies.) 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  globose,  4 — 5-cleft.  Stamens  8, 
Iiypogynous.  Style  1.  Capsule  4-celled ;  dissepiments  pro- 
duced by  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.  Seeds  numerous, 
oblong. 

1.  M.  globula'ris,  (Salis.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  lanceolate,  very 
pubescent  when  young,  and  glaucous  beneath,  except  the  nerves.  Fioxo- 
crs  globose. — Yellowish-brown.    "^  .     Mountains.     2 — 4  feet. 

Genus  VII.— ANDROM'EDA.     L.  10—1. 
(From  Andromeda.) 

Calyx  small,  5-parted,  inferior.  Corolla  ovate  or  cylin- 
drical ;  border  5-cleft.  Stamens  10.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved  ; 
style  1. 


ORDER    LXXir. ERICACE^.  419 

1.  A.  sPECio'sA,  (Mich.)  {Zenobia  spcciosa,  Don.)  A  email,  branch- 
ing, glabrous  shrub.  Leaves  oval,  obtuse,  crcMuite.  Floictrs  in  naked 
terminal  racemes.  Corolla  campanulate.  Anthers  4-awned. — White. 
^  .     May — June.     Southern  Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  A.  RACEMo'sA,  (L.)  {Zenobia  raccmosa,  D.  C.)  A  small  shrub,  with 
irregular  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  pubescent  on 
the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Cah/x  purple,  ciliate. 
Corolla  oblong-ovatc,  furrowed.  Ant/iers  4-awned. — White.  ^^  .  March 
— May.     Wet  places.     3 — 5  feet. 

3.  A.  floribun'da,  (Pursh.)  {Zenobia  foribunda,  D.  C.)  Stem  gla- 
brous. Leaves  ovate-oblony;,  coriaceous,  acute,  slightly  serrulate  ;  ra- 
cemes axillary,  secuiid. — W' lute.    ^  .     May — June.     Mountains. 

4.  A.  akbore'a,  (L)  {Oxi/dc7idruiu  arboreum,  D.  C.)  A  shrub  or  tree, 
much  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate-oval,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  or 
entire,  glabrous,  sour  to  the  taste.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemose  pani- 
cl»-8.  Corolla  pubescent,  ovate-oblong.  Anthers  unawned,  linear. — 
White.  ^2 .  Middle  and  upper  Geo.  and  Car.  June — July.  15 — 20 
feet.  Sorrel-trce. 

5.  A.  axilla'ris,  (Mich.)  {Lcv,cothoe  spimdom,  Don.)  A  shrub,  with 
flexuous  branches,  terete,  sparingly  branched ;  young  branches  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  lanceolate-oval,  acuminate,  glabrous,  somewhat  coriace- 
ous, finely  serrulate,  paler  on  the  under  surface,  sprinkled  with  hairs. 
Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  numerous.  Calyx  deeply  cleft.  Corolla 
cylindrical-ovate;  bracteas  pubescent. — W^hite.  '^  .  February — April 
Margin  of  swamps.     2 — 4  feet. 

6.  A.  acumina'ta,  (Willd.)  {Leucothoe  acuminata,  D.  C.)  A  glabrous 
shrub :  V)ranche3  fistular.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly 
entire,  coriaceous,  slightly  serrate.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Corolla 
cylindrical.  Anthers  gibbous  at  the  base. — White.  ^^ .  April.  On 
the  margins  of  swamps.     Middle  and  Southern  Geo. 

7.  A.  nit'ida,  (Mich.)  {Leucothoe  corcacea,  D.  C.  A,  rhomboidaJis, 
Vaill )  A  shrub,  glabrous,  with  slender,  angled  branches.  Leaves  oval, 
acuminate,  entiie,  3-nerved.  Flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  6 — 10.  Calyx  purple;  segments  acute.  Corolla  cylindrical. 
^nr/<ers  horned  at  the  base. — White,  tinged  with  red.  ^2-  March — 
April.     In  wet  lands,     3—6  feet.  Sour-tcood.     Sorrel-tree. 

8.  A.  Maeia'na,  (L.)  {Leucothoe  Mariana,  D.  C.)  A  small  shrub, 
sparingly  branched.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  coriaceous, 
sour  to  the  taste.  Flowers  in  clusters,  near  the  summit  of  the  old 
branches;  peduncles  1-flowored.  Corolla  ovate;  filaments  hairy  at 
the  base. — White,  tinged  with  red.    ^  .     May — Aug.     Dry  sandy  soils. 

9.  A-  calycula'ta,  (L.)  {Cassandra  calyculata,  Don.)  A  shrub. 
Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  oblong,  obtuse,  obsolctely  serrulate,  peren- 
nial, sub-revolute,  ferruginous  beneath.  Floicers  in  leafy,  terminal  ra- 
cemes, secund  ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary  ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
acute,  bracteolate.  Corolla  cyhndrical. — White,  ^i  .  April — May. 
Mountains,     2 — 5  feet. 

10.  A.  angustifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  {Cassandra  angustifolia,  Don.)  Ke- 
sembles  the  preceding.  Leaves  slightly  ferruginous  beneath,  with  rev- 
olute  margins;  segments  of  the  eafyx  acuminate.  Corolla  obloni^-oval 
—White.  ^  .  April— Mav.  In  wet  places.  Middle  Car.  and  Goo.  3 
—5  feet 


420  ORDER  LXXII. EEICACE^. 

1 1.  A.  ligustri'na,  (Muh].)  {Lyonia  ligusb-ina,  D.  C.)  A  shrnb, 
with  irregular  branches,  pubescent.  Leaves  obovate,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, nearly  entire,  or  finely  serrulate.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles; 
peduncles  3 — 6  at  each  bud,  1-flowered.  Corolla  nearly  globose,  pu- 
bescent.— White.    T^  .     May — June.     Damp  soils.     3 — 15  feet. 

12.  A.  FRONDo'sA,  (Pursh.)  {^Lyonia  frondosa.  l^nit.)  A  small  shrub, 
pubescent.  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, tomentose.  Flowers  on  leafy  paniculate  branches;  pedicels  axil- 
lary, 2 — 5  at  each  bud.  Corolla  globose.  Anthers  awned. — Whitish, 
^j  .     May — June.     Damp  soils.     S — 5  feet. 

13.  A  ferrugine'a,  (Walt.)     {Lyonia  ferruginea,   JSTult.)     A  shrub, 
with  flexuous   branches.     Leaves  obovate,  entire,  scaly  beneath,  coria 
ceous,  on  long  petioles,  with  revolute  margins.     Flowers  axillary,  clus 
tered.     Corolla  globose,  ferruginous  on  the  outside.    Anthers  unawned." 
— White.    ■^ .     June — July.     Pine-barrens.     3 — 5  feet. 

14.  A.  rig'ida,  (Pursh.)  (Lyonia  rigida,  Nutt.)  A  small  tree,  with 
rigid  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  crowded,  tomen- 
tose underneath  ;  margins  revolute.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Co- 
rolla globose,  ferruginous. — Yellowish.  '^  .  June — July.  Southern 
Geo.  and  Flor      15—20  feet. 

Genus  VIII.— KAL'MIA.     L.  10—1. 
(In  honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus.) 

Calt/x  5-partecl.  Corolla  salver-form,  -with  a  border  contin- 
uing at  the  base  into  10  cornute  protuberances,  in  the  cavities 
of  which  the  anthers  are  concealed.  Stcwiens  10.  Style  1. 
Ccqysule  5 -celled. 

1.  K.  latifo'lia,  (L.)  a  small  shrub,  with  irregular,  crooked  branch- 
es. Leaves  on  long  petioles,  scattered,  and  by  threes,  oval,  coriaceous, 
glabrous  and  green  on  both  sides,  perennial,  shining.  Flowers  in  large, 
terminal  corymbs,  pubescent,  viscid.  Calico-flower.     Ivy-hush. 

2.  K.  angustifo'lia,  (L.)  A  very  small  shrub,  with  creeping  roots. 
Leaves  scattered  or  ternate,  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  ferruginous  under- 
neath. Floivers  in  lateral  corymbs;  peduncles  and  calyx  glandular, 
pubescent. — Red,    "^ .     April — May.     Sandy  woods.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  K.  cunea'ta,  (Pursh.)  Leaves  euneate,  oblong,  pubescent  undcfi'- 
neath,  scattered,  slightly  awned  at  the  apex.  Flowers  few,  in  lateral 
corymbs. — White,  with  red  near  the  base.  ^ .  June — July.  South- 
ern Car.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  K.  dirsu'ta,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  with  hairy  branches.  Leaves 
alternate  and  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute,  hairy.  Flow- 
ers solitary,  on  axillary  peduncles,  longer  than  the  leaves. — Red.  ^  . 
May — Sept.     In  wet,  sandy  pine-barrens.     10 — 18  inches. 

The  Kalmias  afford  some  of  the  most  splendid  ornaments  of  the  forest.  The  leaves 
are  all  poisonous ;  nevertheless  some  animals,  it  is  said,  eat  them  with  impunity,  and 
that  too  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  their  flesh  poisonous  to  man,  it  becoming  so 
impregnated  with  the  ]/oison  of  the  leaves.  This  has  proved  the  case  with  partridges 
after  a  winter  of  deep  snows  among  the  mountains,  wtien  the  bird  is  compelled  to 
live  almost  entirely  on  these  leaves.  An  ointment  made  from  the  leaves  ha.s  been 
used  in  cases  of  scald-head,  itch,  and  other  cutaneous  affections.  Care  should  be  had 
in  its  use,  lest  the  system  should  be  injuriously  affected  by  the  cutaneous  absorption 
of  the  poison. 


: 


ORDEK    LXXII. ERICACE^.  421 

Genus  IX.— RH0D0DE^"DR0X.     L.  10—1. 
(From  rododeiidron,  rose-tree.) 

Cal^x  o-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  an  une.jual 
border.     Stamens  declined,  10.     Style  1.     Capsule  5-celled. 

1,  R.  MAx'iMUM,  (L.)  A  large  shrub.  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  the 
under  surface  lighter  than  the  upper,  coriaceous,  thick,  perennial,  en- 
tire, ferruginous  on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  compact  terminal 
racemes,  covered  when  young  with  large  ferruginous  bracteas.  Corolla 
large,  irregular.  Stamens  declining,  longer  than  the  corolla.  Styles  as 
long  as  the  stamens.  The  leaves  of  this  species  vary  considerably  in 
form,  some  bemg  obtuse  and  the  others  acute  at  the  base :  the  flowers 
also  vary  from  purple,  white,  to  rose-color. —  "^  .  Mountains.  4 — 20 
feet.  Mountain-laureL 

2.  R.  puxcta'tum,  (L.)  A  small  shrub,  with  straggling  branches. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  ferruginous  underneath,  with  resinous  dots, 
glat)rous  above.  Flowers  in  compact  terminal  racemes.  Corolla  with 
oval  or  ovate  segments,  a  little  undulate, — Pale  red.  ^  ,  June — July, 
4—6  feet. 

Genus  X.— EPIGyE'A.    L.  10—1. 
(From  <?/:>/,  upon,  and  ge^  the  ground,  from  its  trailing  on  the  ground,) 

Calyx  o-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  the  base,  large.  Corolla 
hypocrateriform  ;  border  5-parted,  spreading  ;  tube  villous 
within.     Stamens  10.     Style  1.      Capsule  5-celled. 

1.  E.  re'pens,  (L.)  a  very  small  prostrate  shrub,  creeping.  Leaves 
cordate,  ovate,  entire,  reticjulate,  when  young  slightly  fringed,  hispid 
along  the  midrib.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes ;  bracts  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Corolla  sub-cylindrical. — "White,  tinged  with  red,  fragrant 
Jan. — March.     Common  in  sandy  soils. 

Trailing  Arbutus.      Ground-laurel. 

Genus  XL— LEIOPHYL'LUM,     Pers.  10—1. 
(From  leios,  smooth,  andi phullon,  foliage.) 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Petals  scarcely  united.  Stamens 
10,  exserted.      Capsule  5-celled,  opening  at  the  summit. 

1.  L.  buxifo'lium,  (Ell.)  A  very  small  shrub,  branching,  glabrous. 
Leaves  small,  oval,  lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous,  revolute  at  the  margin. 
Flowers  in  small  terminal  corymbs,  with  persistent  calyx, — White.  ^  . 
Mountains.     6 — 8  inches.  Sand-myrtle.     Slcck-lcaf. 

Genus  XII.— BEJA'RIA,     Juss,  12—1, 
(In  lionor  of  Bejar,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

Calyx  7-cleft.  Corolla  Y-petaled.  Stamens  14.  Style  1. 
Capsule  V-celled,  many-seeded. 

1,  B.  RACEMo'sA,  (Pursh.)  A  handsome  shrub,  erect,  branchinir.  his- 
pid, and  glutinous.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  alternate,  jierciinial,  en- 
tire, glaucous  on  the  under  surface.  Flowers  in  long,  simple  racemes. 
Calyx  campanulate,  with  very  short  segments.    Petals  obovnto,  as  long 


4:22  ORDER  Lxxii. — p:ricace^. 

as   the    stamens.      Style   pers'stent.       Capmle   globular. — White.     ^ 
June — July.     Southern  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  XIIL— AZA'LEA.    L.  5—1. 
(From  asaleos,  arid ;  inappropriate  to  our  species.) 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  somewhat 
unequal  segments.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Style  1,  straight.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-vaIved,  dehiscing  at  the 
summit. 

1.  calexdula'cea,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaven  ovate,  pubescent 
on  both  sides.  Flowers  in  clusters,  large,  not  viscid  ;  teeth  of  the  caiyx 
oblong.  Corolla  with  rather  a  short  tube.  Flowers  vary  in  color  from 
deep  red  variegated  with  yellow  to  bright  yellow  and  rose  colored,  all> 
of  which  are  oftt-n  found  growing  near  each  other. —  ^.  Aj^ril — June. 
Abundant  near  Culloden,  Geo.     2 — 6  feet. 

2.  A.  CANEs'cENS,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  obovate,  pubes- 
cent above,  tomentose  beneath.  Floicers  not  viscid,  rather  n;died  ;  teeth 
of  the  calyx  short,  rounded. — Rose-color.  ^  .  April — May.  Lower 
Car.  and  Geo.     3—4  feet. 

3.  A.  Bi'coLOR,  (Pursh.)  A  small  shrub,  with  the  young  branches 
hairy,  hisjad.  Leanes  oblong,  hairy  on  both  sides.  Flowers  small,  na- 
ked, not  viscid.  Calyx  very  short,  with  one  long  narrow  segment. 
Stamens  longer  than  the  tube. — Nearly  white,  with  red  tube.  U 
May — June.     Sandy  hills.  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  A.  nudiflo'ra,  (L.)  A  small  shrub,  producing  many  stems  from 
the  root.  Stem  branching  toward  the  summit,  young  branches  pubes- 
cerit.  Leaves  pubescent,  lanceolate-oblong,  the  veins  beneath  bristly, 
alternate,  crowded  toward  the  summit,  margins  of  under  surface  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  tube  of  the  corolla  pubescent,  vis- 
cid ;  segments  of  the  border  unequal,  filaments  longer  tlian  the  corolla. 
Capsule  hairy.  A  very  variable  plant,  from  which  has  arisen  numer- 
ous varieties,  but  the  preceding  description,  we  believe,  will  include  all 
the  essential  characteristics. — White,  pale  red,  deep  red,  scarlet,  and 
yellow.    ^  .     March — May.     Common. 

5.  A.  visco'sA,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  with  young  hispid  branches. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oval,  or  obovate,  with  scabrous  margins;  nerves  of 
the  leaves  hispid.  Floicers  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  minute.  Co- 
rolla hispid  and  viscid.  Stamens  hardly  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Style 
longei-  than  the  stamens. — White  or  red.  ^  .  May — July.  Damp  soils. 
3 — 6  feet. 

Gem-s  XIV.— PYRO'LA.     10—1. 
(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Calyx  minute,  5-parted.  Stamens  10,  slightly  united  at  the 
base.  Anthers  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  base.  Corolla  rotate, 
5-lobed.      Capsule  5-celled.     Seeds  arilled. 

1,  P.  rotundifo'lia,  (Mich.)  A  small,  creeping  plant.  Zeaves  nearly 
round,  entire  or  crenulate,  coriaceous,  perennial.  Floicers  in  spikes ; 
scape  triquetrous,  many-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
acute. — White.     1i.     July.     Sandy  soils.     Near  Macon,  Geo. 

Round-leaved  Winterqreen, 


ORDER    LXXir. EKICACK^.  423 

Genus  XV.— CHTMAP'HILA.     L.  10— I. 
(From  cheima,  winter,  and  phileo,  to  love.) 

Calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  preceding.  Stigma  sessile,  or- 
bicular. Anthers  beaked.  Capsule  5-celled,  dehiscing  at  the 
angles. 

1.  C.  macula'ta,  (Pursh.)  A  small,  creeping  plant.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  incisely  serrate,  variegated  in  the  middle  with  white, 
opposite  or  by  threes.  Florvers  in  corymbs,  ou  pubescent  peduiielos, 
fragrant,  nodding. — Reddish-white.  If.  July.  Rich,  shaded  soil. 
Common.     3 — 4  inches.  Spotted  Wintcrgrcen. 

This  plant  resembles  very  closely  the  C.  umbellata  in  its  sensible  properties  of 
taste  and  smell,  and  we  should  presume,  would  have  nearly  the  same  effect  on  tlio 
human  system.  The  C.  umbellata  is  a  well-known  remedy,  under  the  names  of  Pij- 
rola  umbellata  and  pipsisseica ;  the  latter,  no  doubt,  its  Indian  name.  The  Indi- 
ans, it  is  well  known,  highly  esteemed  it  as  a  remedy  in  scrofula,  rheumatism,  &c.  It 
is  astringent,  tonic,  and  diuretic,  and  has  been  recommended  in  dropsy. 

Genus  XVL— MONOT'ROPA.     10—1. 
(From  monos,  one,  and  tropos,  turn,  the  solitary  flower  turning  to  one  side.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  ciicullate  at  the  base.  Corolla  5-petaled. 
Stamens  1 0.  Anthers  2-celled,  appendaged  at  the  base.  Style 
1.     Capsule  5-valved,  5-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  M.  uniflo'ra,  (L.)  Jioots  parasitic,  growing  from  the  roots  of 
trees ;  scape  erect,  short,  glabrous,  succulent,  white,  bearing  one  flower 
on  its  summit,  generally  in  clusters.  Leaves  merely  scales,  ovate, 
white.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal.  Petals  pubescent  oa  the  fnside. 
Stamens  10,  unequal.     Anthers  reniform.     Seeds  numerous. 

2.  M.  Mobrisonia'na,  (Mich.)  Scape  long,  straight,  1-flowered.  Flow- 
ers erect,  solitary;  scales  of  the  stem  distant.  Capsule  globose. — 
Shady  woods.     Car.,  and  near  Macon,  Geo.     6 — 10  inclies. 

3.  M.  LANUGixo'sA,  (Micli.)  Scape  bearing  flowers  in  a  spike.  Leaves 
merely  scales,  membranaceous,  sessile,  crowded  at  the  base.  Floicers 
in  terminal  spikes,  woolly.  Petals  oblong,  erect;  whole  plant  white, 
turning  black  by  decay. — White.  %.  July.  Shaded  soils.  8 — 10 
inches.  Indian  Pipe. 

Genus  XVII.— GA'LAX.     L.  5—1. 
(From  galax,  milky,  from  the  whiteness  of  its  flowers.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  adhering  with  the  stamen  tul)e  at  the  base.  Stajneiis 
10,  united  into  a  tube,  5  sterile,  5  shorter  and  fertile.  Stir/ma 
3-lobed.  Capsules  3,  ovate,  3-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous, 
Rmall. 

1.  G.  apiiyl'la,  (L.)  Root  red,  creeping,  perennial.  Leaves  coriace- 
ous, radical,  renifurm,  crenate.  Scape  many-flowered.  Flowers  »\\v,\\\, 
in  a  long  spike.  Emits  a  bad  odor. — Wlnte.  2^.  Running  streams. 
Mountains.     Geo.  and  Car.  BcdU-vxfd, 


424  ORDER    LXXIII. STYRACE^. 

Genus  XVIIL—SCHWEINIT'ZIA.     Ell  10—1. 
(From  the  botanist,  Schweinitz.) 

Calyx  5-leaved  ;  leaves  concave,  equal  with  the  corolla.  Co- 
rolla campanulate,  5-cleft ;  a  5-cleft  paracorolla  at  the  base. 
Stamens  10.  Anthers  adnate,  1 -celled,  opening  by  pores. 
Ovary  sub-globose,  4 — 5-angled.     Capsule  5-celled. 

1,  S,  odora'ta,  (Ell.)  An  herbaceous,  parasitic  plant.  Scu,pe  squar- 
rose.  Flowers  terminal,  aggregated,  sessile,  bracteal ;  bracts  large.— 
Reddish-white.     N.  C.     In  rich,  shaded  woods. 

Order  LXXIII.— STYRA'CEJE.     {Storax  Family) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cIeft,  persistent.  Corolla  4 — 5-cleft,  or  as  many 
petaled.  Stamens  10,  or  numerous,  inserted  into  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  of  unequal  length,  slightly  cohering.  Ovary 
3 — 5-celled.  Style  simple.  Fruit  1 — 5-celled;  embryo  im- 
bedded in  the  albumen ;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  Shrubs  with 
alternate  exstipulate  leaves.     Flowers  axillary. 

Genus  I— STY'RAX.     Tourn.  15—12. 
(From  aturax,  the  ancient  name  of  a  gum  this  genus  furnishes.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-toothed.  Corolla  5-parted.  Stamens  10,  united 
at  the  base,  cohering  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Drupe  coria- 
ceous, dry. 

1.  S.  grandifo'lium,  (L.)  a  middle-sized  shrub,  with  the  young 
branches  pubescent.  Leaves  large,  broad-obovate,  acuminate,  on  short 
petioles,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  hoary  underneath.  Flowers  in 
simple  axillary  racemes,  peduncles  leafy  near  the  base.  Calyx  tomen- 
tose.  Corolla  with  expanding  oblong  segments.  Drupe  adhering  to 
the  calyx,  many-celled. — ^White.  ^  .  April— May.  In  rich  soils,  mid- 
dle Car.  and  Geo.     6—12  feet. 

2.  S.  pulverulen'tum,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub,  growing  in  dense 
bunches.  Leaves  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  acute,  serrulate,  a  little  hairy 
on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  on  small  lateral 
branches,  axillary,  terminal,  fragrant. — White.  ^  .  March — April.  In 
pine-barrens.     10 — 18  inches. 

3.  S.  lm've,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  with  virgate  and  slightly  genic- 
ulate branches.  Leaves  varying  in  size,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
thick,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  lateral,  leafy  racemes.  Corolla  tomentose, 
Fruit  globular,  1-celled. — White.  '^.  April.  On  the  margins  of 
swamps.     4 — 6  feet. 

4.  S.  gla'brum,  (Ell.)  A  shrub,  with  diffuse  spreading  branches. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  finely  serrulate,  thin  membranaceous, 
glabrous.  Floioers  in  lateral,  leafy  racemes. — White.  "^  .  April.  Mar- 
gins of  rivers.     Middle  Geo.     6 — 8  feet. 


ORDER  LXXIV. KiiKNAClwE.  425 

Genus  II.— HALE'SIA.     Ellis,   15—12. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Ilalcs.) 

Calyx  4-toothed,  attached  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  4-cleft,  or 
4-petaled.     Stamens  8 — 12.     Fruit  4-angled,  2-seeded. 

1.  H.  tetrap'tera,  (L.)  a  small  tree.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pu- 
bescent, acuminate,  serrulate,  on  short  petioles,  generally  glaucous  be- 
neath. Flowers  m  small  axillary  clusters.  CoroZ/acampanulate,  4  cleft. 
Stamens  10 — 12,  hairy  at  the  base.  Fruit  4-winged,  oblong. — White. 
March — April.     Very  common.     10 — 20  feet. 

2.  H.  dip'tera,  (L.)     A  small  tree.     Leaves  ovate  and  broad-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  serrulate.     Flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  4-petaled.     Sta- 
mens 8.     Fruit  compressed,  obovate,  with  2  large  wings. — White.      ^^ 
March — April.     Common. 

Genus  III— HO'PEA.     L.  15—12. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  John  Hope.) 

(7a Zyj;  superior,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous,  col- 
lected into  5  parcels.  Style  1.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  3- 
celled  nut. 

1.  H.  tincto'ria,  (L.)  a  small  tree  or  shrub,  with  expanding  branch- 
es and  smooth  bark.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  crowded  near  the 
summit  of  the  branches,  shining  on  the  upper  surface.  Flowers  in  ax- 
illary clusters,  sessile.  Calyx  earapanulate,  with  scales  at  the  base. — 
Yellow.   ^  .     March — April.     In  rich  soils.     4 — 20  feet. 

Order  LXXIV.— EBEXA'CE^.    {Mony  Family.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  4 — G-cleft,  nearly  equal,  persistent. 
Corolla  urceolate,  hypogynous,  regular,  4 — 6-cleft,  in  the  sterile 
florets  8 — 16  stamens;  filaments  frequently  double,  each  bear- 
ing an  anther.  Anthers  2-celIed,  with  longitudinal  dehiscence ; 
in  the  fertile  florets  4 — 5  stigmas.  Fruit  fleshy,  nearly  globu- 
lar, 8 — 1 2-seeded;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves. 

Genus  I.— DIOSPY'ROS.     L.  20—13. 
(From  dio8,  Jupiter,  and  puros,  fruit.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  D.  Virginia'na,  (L.)  a  tree  or  shrub,  with  irregular  branches. 
Leases  alternate,  on  short  petiole.-!,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  some 
what  pubescent  along  the  margin.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  short 
peduncles.  Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  persistent.  Fruit  yellowish- 
red,  with  several  large  seeds  immersed  in  a  soft  pulp,  eatable  when 
perfectly  ripe. — Greenish-yellow,  ^i  .  May — June.  Common.  G — 10 
feet.  "  Persimmon 

The  Persimmon  is  too  well  known  to  need  my  directing  the  attention  of  tli©  ptn- 
dent  to  its  uses  or  properties.  The  bark  is  a  powerful  astringent,  and  i.s  u.>«od  in  inter- 
mittent fevers.  The  fruit  wlien  perfectly  rii>e,  and  mixed  with  yeast  and  sugar,  make* 
an  agrefeable  and  healthy  drink,  known  as  Pi^rsimmon  Beer. 


426  ORDER  LXXV. AQUU^^OLIACE^X 


Order  LXXV.— AQUIFOLIA'CEiE. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  4 — 8-cleft.  Corolla  4 — 8-parted, 
hypogynous,  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens  4 — 8.  Filaments 
erect.  Anthers  adnate.  Ovary  2 — G-celled.  Ovules  solitary. 
Fruit  fleshy,  2 — 6-seeded ;  albumen  fleshy,  large.  Emhryo  2- 
lobed.  Trees  and  shrubs,  with  coriaceous  leaves.  Flowers 
small  and  axillary. 

Gents  I— I'LEX.     L.  4—4. 
(The  Latin  name  of  a  species.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  rotate,  4-cleft ; 
in  the  sterile  flowers  stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  segments  of 
the  corolla  and  inserted  into  it ;  in  the  fertile  florets  stigmas  4. 
Style  none.     Fruit  4-seeded. 

1.  I.  opa'ca,  (Ait.)  A  large  tree,  with  dense,  irregular  branches. 
Leaves  alternate,  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  spiny,  dentate,  glabrous,  coria- 
ceous, shining  on  the  upper  surface,  perennial.  Flowers  clustered,  on 
short  peduncles.  Calyx  with  4  minute  teeth.  Corolla  small,  rotate, 
4-cleft.  i^rr<?7  scarlet,  4-seedecl. — White.  April — May.  Drv  rich  soils. 
50—40  feet.  '  "        Holly. 

2.  I.  Dah'oon,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  with  long,  virgate  branches. 
Leaves  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  spiny  when 
voung,  often  entire  when  old.  Flowers  in  axillary,  paniculate  clusters. 
"Corolla  smalL  Berry  red,  persistent. — White.  ^ .  May.  Common. 
4 — 12  feet.  '  Dahoon  Holly. 

3.  I.  ligustri'na,  (Ell.)  A  shrub  with  expanding  branches.  Leaves 
narrow,  lanceolate,  cuneate,  usually  entire,  coriaceous,  perennial.  Floio- 
frs  generally  solitary.  i^rw^Y  red,  scattered. — White.  ^.  May — June. 
Swamps.     6 — 10  feet. 

4.  I.  myrtifo'lia,  (Walt.)  A  shrub,  with  expanding,  rigid  branches, 
pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  alternate,  perennial,  lineardanceolate, 
glabrous,  occasionally  with  a  few  shai'p  serratures.  Sterile  flowers 
generally  by  threes,  fertile  ones  solitary,  axillary. — White.  "^ .  May 
— June.     Around  ponds.     10 — 20  feet. 

5.  I.  Cassi'na,  (Walt.)  A  shrub,  with  erect,  virgate  branches,  branch- 
lets  expanding,  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  alternate,  oval,  obtuse, 
serrate,  glabrous,  shining.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  peduncles  gen- 
erally 3-flowered,  pubescent.  Corolla  with  obtuse  segments.  Fruit 
globose,  4-celled,  scarlet. — White.  ^  .  March — April.  Loose  soils,  near 
the  ocean.     6 — 15  feet. 

6.  I.  prinoi'des,  (L.)  A  sjnall  shrub,  with  virgate  branches.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  cuneate  ;  peduncles  several-flowered,  one  of  them  abortive, 
the  others  fertile. — White.    ^  .     April — May.     Near  Culloden,  G-eo. 

Genus  IL— PRI'NOS.     L.  6—1. 
(The  Greek  name  of  a  species.) 

Calyx  4 — 8-cleft.       Corolla   4— S-parted,   rotate.     Stamens 


ORDER  LXXVI. — SAPOTACK^.  427 

4 — 8.  Flowers  often  dioecious,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  pistil. 
Fertile  florets  ;  style  none  ;  stigma  4 — S-cleft.  Friiit  baccate, 
4 — 8-seeded. 

1.  P.  ambig'uus,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub,  branches  terete,  somewhat 
virgate.  Leaves  deciduous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end, 
slightly  serrulate,  pubescent  underneath,  on  short  petioles.  Flovers 
with  the  sterile  ones  clustered,  axillary,  fertile  ones  generally  solitary, 
or  3 — 4  in  each  axil;  eognicuts  of  the  calyx  sometimes  5,  and  of  the 
corolla  the  same  number.  Sticjmas  4 — 5,  furrowed.  Fruit  red,  with 
4 — 5  seeds. — White.    ^  ,     April — May.     Southern  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  P.  verticilla'tus,  (L.)  A  large  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaven  de- 
ciduous, on  short  petioles,  oval,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  pubescent 
underneath.  Floioers  with  the  fertile  ones  clustered,  axillary,  umbellate. 
Stamens  6.  Calyx  and  corolla  6-cleft.  Fruit  red. — White.  ^  .  April 
—May.     Fertile^ soils.     10—20  feet.  Black  Alder. 

3.  P.  integrifo'lia,  (Nutt.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  deciduous,  oval, 
entire,  on  short  petioles,  mucronate,  glabrous  ;  fertile  flowers  solitary, 
on  long  peduncles. — White.     ^  . 

4.  P.  lanceola'tus,  (Pursh.)  A  shrub.  Xeay<?s  deciduous,  lanceolate, 
serrulate,  glabrous,  acute;  fertile  florets  scattered,  generally  in  jiairs. 
Calyx  and  corolla,  5-cieft ;  sterile  florets  clustered.  Stamens  3. — 
White.    ^  .     June.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     6 — 8  feet. 

5.  P.  gla'ber,  (L.)  a  small  shrub,  with  many  expanding  branches. 
Leaves  perennial,  lanceolate,  cuneate,  alternate,  glabrous,  shining,  some- 
what serrate  toward  the  apex;  fertile  flowers  solitary,  axillary  ;  sterile 
ones  clustered.  Stamens^.  Corolla  rotate.  Calyx  ixnd  corolla  6 — 8 
parted.  Stigma 'SAohed.  i^r/«'f!  black,  6 — 8-seeded. — White.  "^  .  April 
— May.     Damp  soils.  Lik-bcrry. 

6.  P.  coria'otus,  (Pursh.)  A  small  shrul),  with  virgate  branches. 
Leaves  perennial,  elli|itical,  acute,  serrate  near  the  summit,  shining  on 
the  upper  suriace,  dotted  beneath,  coriaceous;  fertile  flowers  solitary, 
sterile  ones  clustered.  Calyx  and  corolla  generally  8-parted.  Stamens 
8.  Fruit  6 — 8-seedeJ. — White.  ^2  .  May.  On  the  margins  of  swamos. 
6 — 6  feet. 

Order  LXXVI.--SAP0TA'CE^. 

Cahjx  5-cleft,  regular,  persistent.  Corolla  5-cleft,  hypogy- 
nous,  regular,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla. 
Style  1.  Ovary  several-celled,  with  an  erect  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  bnccate,  by  abortion  only  1 -seeded  ;  embryo  erect,  large. 
Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous,  without 
stipules. 

Genus  L— BUME'LIA.     Sw.  5—11. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  Asb.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  o-cleft,  salver-form.  Style  1,  ])ara- 
corolla  5-leaved  ;  drupe  1-seeded. 

1.  B.  lycioi'des,  (Pursh.)  A  small  tree,  with  smooth  branches,  spiny 
leaves  lanceolate,  broad,  smooth  on  both   sides,  on  short  petioles,  clus- 


428  ORDER   LXXViri. — OLEACE^. 

tered  on  the  old  alternate  buds,  alternate  on  the  young  branches ;  spines 
axillary.  Flowers  clustered,  on  1-flowered  peduncles ;  drupe  black. — 
Greenish-white.  "^ .  May — June.  Wet  soils.  Middle  Carolina,  near 
Columbia. 

2.  B.  reclixa'ta,  (Pursh.)  A  small  shrub,  with  spreading  branches, 
spiny.  Leaves  small,  obovate,  smooth.  Flowers  in  clusters,  15 — 20,  on 
short  pedicels. — Greenish-white.  ^  .  June — July.  Banks  of  streams. 
Georgia. 

3.  B.  te'nax,  (L.)  a  small  tree,  with  slender,  flexible  branches. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  cuneate,  pubescent  underneath.  Fruit  oval.  Flow- 
ers in  clusters. — Greenish-white.  '^  .  June — July.  In  dry  soils.  20 
—30  feet. 

4.  B,  LANUGixo'sA,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree,  with  expanding  pubescent 
branches.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  covered  with  a  ferruginous  pu- 
bescence on  the  under  surface,  obtuse.  Drupes  globose. — White.  ^  , 
June — July.     Dry,  light  soils.     8 — 12  feet. 

Order  LXXVIL— JASMINA'CE^.     Br. 

Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx  persistent,  S-lobed.  Co- 
rolla salver-form,  5-lobed.  Stamens  2.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  style 
simple ;  stigma  2-lobed. 

Genus  I.— JASMI'NUM.     Tourn.  2—1.     {Arabic  name.) 

1.  J.  officina'le,  (L.)  Stem  somewhat  running,  striate,  somewhat 
angular.  Xcav^s  unequally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  3  pairs.  Flow- 
ers axillary  and  terminal.  Corolla  much  longer  than  the  subulate  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  5-lobed  ;  lobes  lanceolate. — White.  Asia,  from  the  base 
of  the  Caucasus.    Naturalized  in  Europe  and  America. 

White  Jasmine. 

2.  J.  fru'ticaxs,  (L.)  Stem  not  running,  branches  angular.  Leaves 
alternate,  tei-nate,  rarely  simple.  Floxoers  few,  mostly  terminal.  Co- 
rolla much  longer  than  the  subulate  lobes  of  the  calyx. — Yellow.  South- 
ern Europe.     Introduced.  Yellow  Jasmine. 

Order  LXXVIIL— OLEA'CE^.    {Olive  Family.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious.  Calyx  divided,  persistent. 
Corolla  hypogynous,  4-cleft.  Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the 
segments  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  simple,  2-celled,  2  seeds  in  a 
cell.  Style  I.  >S'^/^7?2a  simple,  or  bifid.  i^?'2^27  usually  a  drupe, 
often  1 -seeded  by  abortion  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves. 

Genu3  I.— O'LEA.     Tourn.  2—1. 
(From  elaia,  the  Olive.) 

Floivers  dioecious.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed.  Corolla  with 
a  short  tube ;  limb  4-cleft ;  segments  ovate.  Fruit  a  drupe, 
1  -seeded. 


ORDER    LXXVirr. OLEACK.E.  429 

1.  0.  America'na,  (L.)  a  small  tree.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate, 
elliptic,  coriaceous,  shining,  perennial.  Floxccra  in  paniculate  racenie3, 
with  persistent  bracts.^ — White,  fragrant.  \  .  April — May.  xSear  tlie 
sea-coast.     10 — 20  feet. 

Genus  II.— CHIONAN'THUS.     L.  2—1. 
(From  chion,  snow,  and  antJios,  flower.) 

Calyx  minute,  4-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  4-cleft,  with  long, 
linear,  pendulous  segments.    Stamens  2.   Fruit  a  striated  drupe. 

1.  C.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  A  beautiful  shrub.  Zcai^es  opposite,  lanceolate, 
entire,  shining  when  mature.  Floioers  in  panicles,  composed  of  oppo 
site  branches. — White.    "^  .     April — May.     Common.     6 — 10  feet. 

^      Fringe-tree,  or  Old  Man's  Beard 

Genus  III— FRAX'IXUS.     Tourn.  20—2. 
(From  the  Latin/raajwiw*,  the  Ash.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  small,  3 — 4-cleft,  or  none.  Co- 
rolla none,  or  4-petaled.  Stamens  2.  In  the  fertile  florets,  sta- 
mens none.  Pistil  1.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  samara,  foliaceous  at 
the  extremity. 

1.  F.  acumina'ta,  (Lam.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate; 
leaflets  7 — 9,  elliptic,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  lucid  on  the  upper 
surface,  usually  entire.  Satnara  with  a  long  lanceolate  wing. — White. 
^  .     March — April.     Swamps.     50 — 70  feet.  F.  Americana,  L. 

2.  F.  rLATYCAR'pA,  (L.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  opposite;  leaflets  pe- 
tiolate,  oval-lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent  when  young.  Samara  with 
a  broad-lanceolate  wing. — White.    "^  .     March — April.     Swamps. 

3.  F.  trip'tera,  (Nutt.)  A  small  tree.  Leaflets  obovate,  tomentose 
beneath,  oblique  at  the  base.  Fruit  unlike  that  of  the  other  species  of 
this  genus,  3-winged,  tapering  at  the  base.     Seed  3-sidod. 

4.  F.  epip'tera,  (Mich.)  A  middle-sized  tree.  Xmufs  unequally  pin- 
nate ;  leaflets  7 — 9,  ellii)tic,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  slightly 
serrate.  Flowers  in  axillary  panicles.  Samara  cuneate,  emarginate. — 
White.    ^  .     March — April.     River  swamps.     40 — GO  feet. 

5.  F.  PUBEs'cENS,  (L.)  A  large  tree.  Leaflets  7 — 9,  ovate  lanceolate, 
serrate,  on  short  petioles,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath.  Samara  with 
an  oblong  lanceolate  wing — ^^  .     March — April.     Swamj^s.     50 — GO  ft. 

Jitd  Asfi. 

6.  F.  Carolinia'na,  (L.)  A  small  tree.  Leaflets  generally  7,  lanceo- 
late, slightly  serrulate  toward  the  ape.x,  entire  and  attenuate  at  the 
base,  glabrous,  lucid  on  the  upper  surface.  Flowers  having  a  calyx. — 
White.    ■^  .     April — May.     In  high  lands.  F.  pitbesccns. 

Genus  IV.— SYRIN'GA.     L.  2—1. 
(From  suriaso,  a  pipe,  because  pipes  were  made  of  its  branches.) 

Calyx  short,  4-toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  salver-form,  4- 
parted.  Stamens  2,  included.  Ovary  2-celled.  Style  inclu- 
ded, bifid. 


430  ORDER    LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 

1.  S.  vtlga'rts,  (L.)  Leaves  cordate  or  ovate-cordate,  smooth,  oppo- 
site, petiolate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  tliyrse,  sweet  scented. — Various 
shades  of  purple.     Persia.     Common  in  yards.     4 — 12  feet. 

Common  Lilac. 

Several  other  species  have  been  introduced;  the  Persian  Lilac.  S.  Per-siccr,  with 
blue  flowers,  varying  in  color,  and  entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  is  the  most  common, 
and  is  a  smaller  plant  than  the  preceding. 

Genus  V.— LIGUS'TRUM.     Tourn.  2—1. 
(From  ligo,  to  bind,  from  the  use  made  of  its  branches.) 

Calyx  short,  tubular.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed,  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  2,  included.  Fruit  a  berry,  2- 
celled,  1 — 2 -seeded. 

].  L.  vulga're,  (L.)  a  shrub.  Leaves  entire,  on  short  petioles, broad- 
lanceolate,  smooth,  thick.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Berry  black. 
— White.     April — May.     Europe.     Naturalized.  Privet  or  Prim. 

Order  LXXIX.— ASCLEPIADA'CEJE.    {Asclejnas  Family.) 

Calyx  o-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  5-lobed,  aes- 
tivation intricate.  Stamens  5  ;  filaments  connate.  Anthers  2- 
celled.  Pollen  m  masses,  adhering  to  the  processes  of  the 
stigma.  Ovaries  2.  Styles  2.  Stigma  1,  dilated,  with  5 
processes  ;  placenta?  attached  to  the  suture.  Follicles  1  or  2. 
Seeds  numerous,  imbricate,  comose.  Plants  with  a  milky  juice, 
sometimes  twining.  [This  order  includes  the  Oleander^  Nerium 
oleander.,  and  the  Periwinkles,  Vinca  minor.] 

Genus  L— ENSLE'NIA.     Nutt. 
(In  honor  of  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  botanist.) 

Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  sub-rotate  ;  lobes  erect ; 
crown  5-leaved  ;  leaves  membranaceous,  free,  upper  margin  trun- 
cate or  lobed  at  the  apex,  with  a  pair  of  flexuous  awns.  An- 
thers terminated  by  one  erect  membrane  ;  pollen  masses  oblong, 
attached  below  the  apex.  Follicles  cylindrical,  smooth,  oblong- 
lanceolate.     Seeds  silky. 

1.  E.  al'bida,  (Nutt.)  A  twining  herb,  smooth.  Leaves  large,  ovate- 
cordate,  petioles  long.  Flowers  in  racemose  clusters,  on  slender  axilla- 
ry peduncles. — River  banks.     July — Sept.     8 — 12  feet. 

Genus  II.— PODOSTIG'MA.     Ell. 
(From  pous,  foot,  and  siifftna,  from  its  shape.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted  ;  lobes  oblong,  concave, 
erect.  Staminal  crown  5-leaved ;  leaves  short,  concave.  An- 
thers terminated  by  a  membrane;  pollen  masses  attached  at 
the  apex,  compressed.     Follicles  smooth. 


OKDKK    LXXIX. ASCLKPIAJJACK.l^.  431 

1.  P.  PUBEs'cENS,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  pubescent.  Leaves  op- 
posite, ovate  or  linear-oblong;  umbels  on  sliort  peduncles,  few-fli.wer- 
ed  ;  flowers  rather  large. — Yellowish-green.  Dry  pine-barrens.  12 — 
18  inches. 

Genus  III.— ACER' ATES.     Ell. 
(From  a,  priv.,  and  keras,  a  horn,  tho  hoods  of  the  crown  being  destitute  of  a  horn.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted  ;  limb  spreading 
or  reflexed.     Stamineal  crown  destitute  of  horns. 

1.  A.  vikidiflo'ra,  (Ell.)  Steyn  erect  or  ascending,  hairy.  Leaves 
oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  or  lanceolate  and  nearly  linear,  thick,  on  short 
petioles,  tomentose,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  sub-globose  umbels,  nearly 
sessile.     Follicles  ?,mooi\x. — Green.    If.     July.     Sandy  fields.     1 — 2  ft. 

Genus  IV.— ASCLETIAS.     L.  18—5. 
(The  Greek  name  of  .(Esculapius.) 

Calyx  small,  o-parted.  Corolla  reflexed,  5-parted.  Stami- 
neal crown  5-leaved  ;  leaflets  opposite  the  anthers,  each  pro- 
ducing from  its  base  a  subulate  averted  process.  Stlr/ma  with 
5  angles.  Pollen  in  10  masses,  arranged  in  pairs.  Follicles  2. 
Seeds  comose. 

1.  A.  PURPURAs'cENS,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  simple.  Leaves  ovate,  near- 
ly sessile,  nearly  glabrous  above,  downy  beneath,  purple  midrib. 
Floicers  in  erect,  terminal  umbels.  Horns  of  the  nectary  resupinate. — 
Purple.     If.     June — July.     In  swamps.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  A.  rHYTOLACCOi'DEs,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  simple.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, broad-lanceolate,  large,  acuminate,  smooth,  pale  beneath.  Fiowers 
in  lateral  and  terminal  umbels,  nodding. — Greenish-purple.  If.  Juno 
— July.     Mountains.     2 — i  feet. 

3.  A.  amplexicau'lis,  (Mich.)  Stem  decumbent,  terete.  Leaves  large, 
succulent,  sessile,  opposite,  cordate,  strongly  veined.  Flowers  in  a.xilla- 
ry  and  terminal  umbels.  Horns  of  the  nectary  exserted. — Dull  wliiti'. 
If.     April — May.     Dry  sandy  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  A.  obtusifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  simple,  erect,  purjile.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, opposite,  cordate,  ovate,  undulate,  glabrou.s  glaucous  beneath. 
Fioicers  in  terminal  umbels,  usually  solitary,  on  long  peduncles.  Co- 
rolla large,  tinged  with  purple  and  green.  Hoi-ns  of  the  nectary  e.\- 
serted. — Purple  and  white.      2f .      June — July.     Sandy  soils.     2 — 3  ft. 

5.  A.  vauiega'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  terete,  with  2  pubescent 
lines.  Leaves  opposite,  oval-lanceolate,  undulate,  glabrous  beneath, 
veins  and  margins  pubescent.  Floieers  in  terminal  umbels,  with  tlie 
peduncles  and  })edieels  pubescent,  with  a  caducous  bract  at  tlie  base  of 
each  pedicel.  Cali/x  hairy,  reflexed,  with  subulate  segments.  Corolla 
glabrous,  green  on  the  outer  surface ;  follicle  lanceolate,  smooth.— 
White.     If.     April — June.     In  rich  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

6.  A.  quadrifo'lia,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves  ver- 
tic'llate  by  fours,  ovate-lanc<'olate.  glabrous,  acuminate  on  short  p(?tioIes. 
Floicers  in  terminal  and  axilhuy  umbels;  pedicels  capillary  ;  nectaries 
with  horn.s,  2-toothcd. — White.    2f.    June— July.    Dry  woods.    2— 3  ft. 


432  ORDER    LXXIX. ASCLEPI  ADAGES. 

•  Y.  A.  iNCAnNA'TA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  tomentose.  Leaver, 
opposite,  lanceolate,  long,  somewhat  tomentose,  pubescent  along  tho 
veins  and  margins.  Flowers  in  numerous  umbels,  generally  in  pairs ; 
nectaries  with  subulate,  exseit  horns. — Purple.  If.  July — Aug.  On 
the  banks  of  streams.     2 — 4  feet. 

8.  A.  TUBERo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  and  decumbent,  hirsute,  branching 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  alternate,  crowded,  sessile,  or  on  short 
petioles.     Flowers  numerous  in  umbels. — Orange.     If .     Sandy  soils. 

Fleurisy-root.     Butter jiy -weed. 

9.  A.  parvifo'lia,  (L.)  Stern  erect  and  decumbent,  slightly  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  at  the  base, 
slightly  pubescent,  silky  on  the  upper  surface,  on  short  petioles.  Flow- 
ers in  axillary  and  terminal  umbels.  Horns  of  the  nectary  long.-^ 
White,     n.     May— Aug.     1—2  feet. 

10.  A.  pauper'cula,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  marked  by  a  de- 
current,  hairy  line.  Leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  long,  glabrous, 
margins  pubescent.  Flowers  in  umbels,  on  long  peduncles. — Bright 
purple.      2f.     May — July.     Damp  sandy  soils.     3 — 4  feet. 

11.  A.  angustifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem,  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, slightly  pubescent,  long,  strap-shaped.  Flowers  in  terminal  um- 
bels. Horns  of  the  nectary  included. — Dull  white.  If.  May — June 
Pine-barrens.     8 — 16  inches.  A.  Jlichauxii, 

12.  A.  cine'eea,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  slender.  Leaves  long,  linear, 
opposite,  glabrous,  upper  ones  minute.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbels. 
Horns  of  the  nectary  exserted. — Dull  white,  variegated.  If.  June — 
July.     Pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet. 

13.  A.  verticilla'ta,  (L.)  Stein  erect,  slender.  Leaves  hairy,  linear, 
crowded  at  the  base,  verticillate  in  the  middle,  opposite  toward  the 
summit  of  the  stem.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  umbels.  Horns 
of  the  nectary  exserted. — Dull  white.  If.  May — Aug.  In  rich  soils. 
2—3  feet. 

14.  A.  obova'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  tomentose,  terete.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, nearly  sessile,  obovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  tomentose  on  the  under 
surface ;  the  upper  ones  smaller  and  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  terminal 
and  axillary  umbels,  nearly  sessile. — Middle  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

15.  A.  laurifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  marked  by  a  de- 
current  hairy  line.  Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  ovate,  tapering  at  the  sum- 
mit, glabrous.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  umbels ;  peduncles 
long.  Coro//«  green  on  the  outer  surface. — Purple.  2f  .  June — July. 
Damp  pine-barrens.     2  feet.  Toxi carpus  laurifolins. 

The  root  of  the  A.  ttilerosa  is  highly  esteemed  throughout  the  Southern  States  as 
a  valuable  remedial  agent.  It  is  a  diaphoretic  and  expectorant,  and  is  employed  in  all 
affections  of  the  lungs,  dysentery,  rheumatism,  and  pleurisy,  and  it  is  said  with  great 
benefit  in  all  of  these  cases. 

Gen-US  v.— SEUTE'RA.     Rich. 
(In  honor  of  the  botanist  Seuter.) 

CoIt/^v  5-leaved  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  sub-rotate  ; 
tube  short,  deeply  5-parted  ;  lobes  acute,  smooth.  Stamineal 
crown  5-leaved ;  leaves  erect,  somewhat  fleshy,  flat.  Masses  of 
pollen  ovoid,  subventricose,  attached  by  the  apex.  Follicles 
smooth,  slender.      Seeds  comose. 


ORDER    LXXIX. ASCLEPIADACK.E.  4'.)^ 

1.  S.  mari'tima,  (D.  C.)  Stem  glabrous,  climbing.  Leaves  opposite 
sessile,  linear,  channeled;  succulent.  Umbels  9 — i(jflf)\vere(l,  t^olitary, 
axillary  ;  calyx  small ;  sepals  erect,  acute  ;  leaves  of  tlie  staniiiical 
crown  oval,  obtuse,  white. — Greenish,  June — Oct.  On  lauds  over- 
flowed by  salt  water.  Lyoni  maritima,  EIL 

Genus  VI.— GONOLO'BUS.      L.  18—5. 
(From  the  Greek  gonia,  an  angle,  and  lohos,  a  pod.) 

Cali/x  small.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted.  Stamineal  crown 
shield-form,  lobed.  Stameiis  5.  ^«^/ie;-5  opening  tran.sversely. 
Pollen  masses  10,  in  5  pairs.  Stigma  flattened.  Follicles  2, 
ventricose.     Seed  comose. 

1.  G.  Carolinen'sis,  (Mich.)  Stem  climbing,  pubescent.  Leaves  ob- 
long, cordate,  acuminate,  slightly  auriculate,  pubescent,  Floioers  in  ax- 
illary umbels  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  long,  obtuse ;  follicles  ribbt-d, 
angular. — Purple.      If.     May — Aug.     Clay  soils.  G.  hirsutus,  'Slich. 

2.  G.  macropiitl'lus,  (Mich,)  Stem  climbing  over  small  shrubs,  pu- 
bescent. Leaves  opposite,  broad-cordate,  acuminate,  pubescent.  Flow- 
ers in  axillary  umbels  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  obtuse  ;  follicles  muricate 
— Obscure  yellow.     If.     June — Aug.     Light  soils. 

Genus  VII,— METASTEL'xMA.     Br 

(From  meta,  behind,  and  sielma,  a  girdle.) 

Cali/x  small,  5-leaved.  Corolla  sub-campanulate ;  lobes 
with  white  hairs  within.  Stamineal  crown  5-leaved  ;  leaves  sim- 
ple ;  anthers  terminated  by  a  membrane ;  pollen  masses  ovoid, 
compressed,  attached  by  the  apex.  Follicles  smooth,  slender. 
Seeds  comose. 

1,  M.  Fra'seri,  (Decai.)  Herbaceous  plant,  erect,  smooth.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  mucronate,  or  acuminate  smooth.  Lobes  of  the  corolla 
ovate,  acute. — Greeuish.     Carolina. 

Genus  VIII— CHTHAMA'LIA.     Decai. 
(From  chthainalos,  on  the  ground.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  ovate-pubescent.  Corolla  campannlate, 
with  a  short  tube;  limb  5-parted,  lobes  erect,  ovate-oblong. 
Stamineal  crown  campanulate.  Follicles  ovoid,  fleshy.  Seeds 
hairy. 

1.  C.  pubiflo'ra,  (Decai )  Decumbent,  puberulent ;  branches  tcrote, 
slender.  Lower  leaves  sub-reniform ;  upper  ones  ovate-cordate,  acute, 
puberulent.     Flowers  3 — 4;  lobes  of  the  corolla  villous  within. — Car. 

There  are  many  intcrestin?  exotics  bclonfring  to  this  order.  The  IToi/ii  airuosa, 
tlie  Wax  Plant,  is  a  plant  irom  the  Ka!jt  Indies,  and  receives  it-*  comnion  n.-xine  from 
its  wax-like  flowers.     The  Stapelias,   from  the  Ciipe  of  Good   Hope,  are   !-ii)s:u'ar 

Slants,  and  readily  distinguislied  by  their  disgusting  odor;  hence  c'nlleJ   carrion 
owers. 

19 


434  ORDER  LXXX. APOCYNACE^. 


Order  LXXX.— APOCYNA'CEJE.      {Dog-hane  Family) 

Calyx  persistent,  o-cleft.  Corolla  hypogynous,  5-lobed,  reg- 
ular, nestivation  twisted.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla, 
alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovaries  2,  or  1 — 2-eelled,  many -seed- 
ed. Style  1 — 2,  or  wanting.  Stigma  1.  Fruit  usually  a  fol- 
licle, double  or  single,  or  a  capsule.  Seed  numerous.  Plants 
usually  with  a  milky  juice.     Leaves  entire. 

GE5US  L— APOC'YNUM.     Tourn.  18—5. 
(From  apo,  from,  and  k7ion,  a  dog.) 

Calyx  minute,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  campanulate,  with 
the  limb  divided  into  5  short,  spreading  or  revolute  lobes,  the 
•base  furnished  with  5  glandular  teeth,  alternating  with  the  sta- 
mens. Stamens  5  ;  anthers  sagittate.  Style  wanting.  Fol- 
licles 2,  long,  distinct. 

1.  A.  axdros^mifo'lium,  (L.)  Stetn  erect,  wnth  spreading  branches. 
Leaves  ovate,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  lateral  cymes.  Tube 
of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. — "White,  tinged  with  red.  If. 
June — July.     Common.     3 — 5  feet.  Log's-bane. 

2.  A.  Cannabi'num,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  on  short  petioles,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  paniculate  cymes.  Ca- 
lyx about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — Greenish-white.  If. 
June — July.     Common.  Lidian  Hemp. 

3.  A.  PUBEs'cENS,  (Br.)  Steia  erect.  Leaves  ovate,  oblong,  on 
short  petioles,  mucronate.  Flowers  in  short  pubescent  cymes  ;  tube  ot 
the  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. — Greenish- white,  y.  June — July. 
Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  II.— AMSO'NIA,     Walt.  18—5. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  the  throai 
closed.  Follicles  2,  erect.  Seed  terete,  with  the  summit  oblique- 
ly truncate. 

1.  A.  latifo'lia,  (Pursh,)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  oval-lance- 
olate, on  short  petioles,  alternate ;  upper  ones  acuminate,  pubescent 
along  the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbose  panicles ;  fol- 
licles linear,  long. — Pale  blue,  U-  April — May.  Very  common. 
Middle  Car,  and  Geo, 

2.  A.  salicifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  smooth,  growing  in  bunches. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs, 
numerous  ;  follicles  long,  slender.— -Pale  Jilue.  May — June.  Abundant 
near  Macon,  Geo,     1—2  feet. 

3.  A.  angustifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  pubeseen*:,  branching. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  numerous,  pubescent,  erect,  those  of  the 
branches  linear,  eiliate  ;  follicles  long,  slender.— -Blue.  li.  April- 
May.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     Abundant,  A.  cihata. 


ORDER    LXXXI. LOGANACE^.  435 

Genus  III.— ECHI'TES.     Walt.  18—5. 
•  (From  echis,  serpent,  from  the  form  of  its  roots.) 

Calyx  5-parte(l,  with  acute  segments.  Corolla  funnel-shaped, 
the  border  5-parted,  the  throat  naked.  Anthers  adhering  to  the 
stigma.     Follicles  2,  distinct,  long,  slender. 

1.  E.  diffor'mis,  (Walt.)  Stem  climbing  over  small  shrubs.  Leaves 
opposite,  pubescent  beneath,  the  lower  ones  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear, 
the  upper  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Flowers  in  corymbose  racemes. 
Stamens  included,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla. — Yellowish- 
white.     U.     May — Aug.     Damp  rich  soils. 

Order  LXXXI.— LOGANA'CE^  or  SPIGELIA'CE^. 

Cahjx  5-parted.  Corolla  hypogynous,  tubular,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled. 
Style  articulated.  Stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular,  2-celled, 
2-valved,  dehiscing  elastically.  Placentce  central.  Albumen 
abundant.  Embryo  minute.  Herbaceous  plants  with  opposite 
entire  leaves.         Flowers  in  secund  spikes. 

Genus  L— SPIGE'LIA.    L.  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  Adrian  Spigelian  of  Padua.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Anthers  converging.  Flowers  in  secund 
spikes. 

1.  S.  Maryland'ica,  (L.)  Stem  square,  branching  at  the  base,  slight- 
ly winged.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  margins,  and  veins  pubes- 
cent beneath.  Flowers  in  a  simple  terminal,  secund  spike  ;  seguients 
of  the  calyx  subulate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  ventricose,  long,  yellow  with- 
in, segments  short. — Deep  red.  U-  May — July.  Dry  soils.  Very 
common.     1 — 2  feet.  Carolina  Pink,  or  Fink-root. 

2.  S.  genti^noi'des,  (Chap.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  4-angled.  Leares 
sessile,  lower  obovate,  middle  ovate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate.  Spikes 
2 — 5-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube  of  tiie  corolla  ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  narrow-lanceolate. — Florida. 

The  root  of  this  pl.int  is  mncli  used  in  both  the  rogul.ir  and  doinoslic  practice,  as  a 
vermifu<i;e,  or  in  casoe  of  worms.  It  should  always  lie  employed  in  cunnc-ction  with 
some  cathartic  medicine,  since  it  acts  as  a  narcotic,  if  not  carried  from  the  sy.>-teui, 
either  by  its  own  action  or  that  of  some  other  agent 

Genus  II.— GELSEM'INUM.     Ait.  5—2. 
(An  ancient  name  of  Jasmine.) 

Calyx  5-leaved.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  the  border  5 
lobed.      Capsule  compressed,  2-celled.     Seed  tlat. 

1,  G.  sempervi'rens,  (Ait.)  (nitidum.)  Stem  twining,  smooth,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  op|)o^ite,  lanceolate,  entire,  perennial,  shining  on  the 
upper  surface,  paler  beneath.  Floicers  in  axillary  clusters,  on  .short  pe- 
duncles, which  are  covered  with  small  scales.  Leaves  of  the  calyx  equal, 
glabrous.  Capsule  oblong,  furrowed,  terminated  by  the  style. — Yellow 
^  .     Feb. — March.  yellow  Jessamine 


4:36  ORDER   LXXXII. — GENTIANACE^. 


Order  LXXXII.— GENTIANA^CE^.     {Geiitmn  Family) 

Calyx  4 — 10  cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  usually 
regular,  limb  with  as  many  lobes  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  in- 
serted into  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  the  segments,  and 
equal  to  them  in  number.  Ovary  1 — 2-celled,  many-seeded. 
Style  1.  Fruit  capsular,  1 -celled.  Seeds  numerous,  small. 
Herbaceous  plants,  with  opposite  exstipulate  leaves. 

Genus  L— GENTLVNA.     L.  5—2. 

(From  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft  Corolla  tubular,  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft, 
with  the  orifice  naked.  Stamens  4 — 5,  included.  Stigmas  2. 
Capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved. 

1.  G.  sapona'ria,  (L.)  Steyn  erect,  simple,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous.  Flowers  axillary,  terminal,  sessile, 
clustered.  Calyx  with  short  segments.  Corolla  with  the  border  5-cleft, 
with  the  segments  acute ;  the  inner  segments  unequally  2-cIeft  — 
Bright  blue.     Sept. — Oct.    Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

Soap  Gentian. 

2.  G.  Cates'b.^i,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  slightly  pubescent, 
rough.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  scabrous.  Floicers  axillary,  1 — 3  in 
an  axil.  Calyx  with  the  segments  2 — 3  times  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  bol- 
der of  the  corolla  erect,  or  expanding.  Anthers  sagittate.  Seed  com- 
pressed, slightly  winged,  small. — Blue.  If.  October.  In  damp  places. 
Low  country.     Car.  and  Geo. 

3.  G.  ocHROLEu'cA,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous,  of  the  margins  scabrous  ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  foliaceous,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  opposite,  sometimes  clus- 
tered, on  very  short  peduncles  ;  border  of  the  corolla  connivent,  the  in- 
terior segments  short,  dentate. — White,  striped  with  green  and  purph-. 
2f .     Sept. — Oct.     Damp  soils.     10 — 15  inches.       Sampson  Snake-ruot. 

4.  G.  angustifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  simple,  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves 
linear,  cuneate.  Flowers  terminal.  Corolla  large,  of  the  segments  ex- 
panding, the  middle  ones  shorter  and  lacerate. — Blue,  tinged  with  pur- 
ple.    2f .     Wet  places.     Oct. — Xov.     12 — 18  inches. 

5.  G.  crim'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete  at  the  base,  angled  toward 
the  summit,  glabrous.  Leaves  sessile,  with  scabrous  margins,  acute. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  and  terminal,  on  rather  long  peduncles ;  seg- 
ments fim.briate. — Pale  blue.    If .    Oct. — Nov.     Mountains.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  G.  quinqueflo'ra,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous,  angled, 
and  slightly  winged.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  amplexicaul, 
acute.  Flowers  usually  terminal,  generally  from  3 — 5.  Corolla  with 
the  segments  undulate. — Blue.     If.     Among  the  mountains. 

7.  G.  acu'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  angular.  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  am- 
plexicaul. Flowers  in  terminal  and  lateral  clusters ;  throat  of  the  co 
rollaciliate;  segments  linear-lanceolate. — Blue.      2f.     Mountains. 


ORDER  LXXXII. GENTIANACEiE.  437 

Genus  II.— FRASE'RA.     Walt.  4—1. 
(In  honor  of  Jolin  Frasor.) 

Calyx  4-parted,  with  the  segments  lanceolate.  Corolla  4- 
parted,  with  a  paracorolla  in  the  center  of  each  segment.  Caj)- 
sule  l-celled,  2-vaIved.      Seed  compressed,  winged,  elliptical. 

1.  F.  Walte'ri,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  branching,  furrowed. 
Leaves  verticillate  or  opposite,  glabrous ;  the  lower  ones  lanceolate- 
oblong,  long  ;  the  upper  ones  narrower,  small.  Flowers  verticillate  ; 
segments  of  the  corolla  lanceolate.  Stamens  4.  Stigmas  2. — Red  and 
yellow.      $  .     July — Aug.     Middle  Car.     6 — 8  feet. 

Wild  Columbo.     F.  CaroUnensh,  "Walt. 

Genus  III.— SABBA'TIA.     DL.  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  Sabbati,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

Calyx  5 — 12-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  rotate,  5 — 12- 
parted.  Stamens  5 — 12.  Stiffinas  2,  spiral.  Capsule  1 -celled, 
2-valved. 

1.  S.  rANicuLv'TA,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  marked  by  a 
decurrent  line.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate.  Floivers  in  diffuse  panicles ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  setaceous.  Corolla  with  the  segments  lanceo- 
late.— White,     li.     July — Oct.     Pine-barrens.     Common. 

2.  S.  coRYMBo'sA,  (Bald.)  Stem,  erect,  branches  near  the  siimmit^ 
opposite,  quadrangular.  Leaves  ovate,  sessile.  Floicers  in  corymbs. 
Corolla  usually  C-parted,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stame7is  usually 
6. — White.      If.     June — July.     Wet  pine-barrens. 

3.  S.  gra'cilis,  (Sal.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  lance- 
olate, opposite,  sessile  ;  upper  ones  linear.  Flowers  in  corj^mbs.  Cali/x 
tuibinate,  with  linear  segments.  Corolla  with  obtuse  obovate  segments. 
Stamens  5.  Style  short. — Red  and  yellow.  0.  July — Sept.  C)n  the 
sea-coast.     12 — 18  inches. 

4.  S.  braciiia'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  angled,  with  brachiate 
branches.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  panicles,  gtiierally  3  at  the 
extremity  of  each  branch  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lancoolatc  ; 
those  of  the  corolla  obovate. — Red.  U-  June — Aug.  Middle  Car. 
and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  S.  angula'ris,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  winged,  glabrous,  with 
opposite,  brachiate  branches.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  teriiatc,  amplexi- 
caul.  Calyx  angled,  with  subulate  segments.  Corolla  with  5  obovate 
segments.     Stamens  5. — Red.     If.     Jul}' — Aug.     In  rich  soils.   1 — 2  ft. 

6.  S.  caltco'sa,  (Pursh.)  Steyn  slightly  angled,  sparingly  branched, 
<^L  simple.  Leaves  sessile,  oval,  obtuse.  Floicers  terminal,  frequently 
soliiaiy.  Calyx  usually  lOparted,  with  the  segments  leafy.  Corolla 
1 — 10-parted,  with  lanceolate  segments^ — Red.  U  ?  June — Sept  In 
rich  and  wet  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

7.  S.  chloroi'des,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  branching.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  erect;  segiuents  of  the  calyx  7 — 12-parted,  linear,  shorter 
than  the  corolla.  Corolla  8 — 12-parted,  with  the  segments  lanceolate 
—Red.     U  ?     July — Sept.     Around  ponds. 


4B8  ORDER   LXXXIII. BIGNONIACE^. 

8.  S.  gentianoi'des,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  angled.  Leaves  linear, 
acute,  long.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  the  terminal  ones  crowded. 
Calyx  campanulate,  8 — lO-parted,  with  the  segments  subulate.  Corolla 
8 — 10-parted,  with  obovate  segments.  Stamens  short. — Red.  Ji  ? 
Aug. — -Sept,     Middle  Geo.  Lapitliea gentianoides,  Gris. 

Genus  IV.— CENTAUREL'LA.     Rich.  4—1. 
(Diminutive  of  Centaurea.) 

Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent,  glabrous.  Corolla  campanulate, 
persistent,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla, short.     Cajysule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  ver'na,  (Mich.)  Stem  simple,  angular,  glabrous.  Leaves  few, 
resembling  scales.  Flowers  terminal,  1 — 3.  Calyx  with  lanceolate,  ex-" 
panding  segments.  Style  persistent.  Stigma  2-cleft. — White.  0. 
Feb. — April.     On  the  sea-coast  of  Geo.     4 — 8  inches. 

2.  C.  panicula'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  smooth,  with  brachiate  branches. 
Jjeaves  minute,  subulate,  those  of  the  base  alternate,  those  toward  the 
summit  opposite.  Flowers  in  panicles,  on  opposite  peduncles,  the  lower 
ones  branched.  Calyx  4-cleft,  the  two  outer  deeurrent.  Corolla  about 
the  length  of  the  calyx. — Greenish-white.  ©.  Aug. — Sept.  In  ditches 
and  damp  grounds.     8 — 12  inches. 

Genus  V.— VILLAR'SIA.     Vent.  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  D.  Villars,  a  French  botanist.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  with  the  limb  5-parted, 
ciliate.  Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Stigma  2-lobed,  glands  5,  al- 
ternating with  the  stamens.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  V.  LACUNo'sA,  (Vent.)  Stem  filiform,  floating.  Leaves  reniform, 
lacunose  beneath,  slightly  crenate,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  somewhat 
umbellate,  arising  from  the  petioles. — White.  If.  July — August.  In 
still  waters.  Limnanthemum  lacunosum,  Gris. 

Genus  VL— OBOLA'RIA.    L.  13—2. 
(From  oholos,  a  small  Greek  coin.) 

Calyx  2-parted,  in  the  form  of  bracts.  Corolla  campanuhite, 
4-cleft ;  segments  equal,  entire,  or  crenulate.  Stamens  4,  some- 
what didynamous.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

1.  0.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  Stem  cespitose,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched, 
glabrous.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  obovate,  slightly  deeurrent,  glabrous. 
Flowers  2 — 3,  on  the  summit  of  axillary  branches.— White  or  red.  If. 
April — May.     In  rich  soils.     4 — 6  inches. 

Order  LXXXIII.— BIGNONIA'CE^.     {Trumpet-fiower 
Family.) 

Calyx  divided.  Corolla  hypogynous,  usually  irregularly 
4 — 5-iobed.     Stamens  5,  1  or  3  sterile.      Ovary  2-celled,  or 


ORDER    LXXXlll. IJIGNUNIACE,  439 

Bpuriously  4-ceIIed,  many-seeded.  Style  1.  Capsule  1 — 2- 
celled.  Seed  compressed,  usually  Avinged.  Albumen  none. 
Trees,  climbing  or  running  plants.     Leaver  without  stipules. 

Genus  I.— BIGNO'NIA.     L.  13—2. 
(In  honor  of  the  Abb6  Bignon.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  cup-shaped,  coriaceous.  Corolla  campanulate, 
5-lobed,  ventricose  beneath.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Pod 
2-celled.     Seed  with  membranaceous  wings. 

1.  B.  capreola'ta.  a  vine,  climbing  over  trees  and  shrubs.  Leaves 
connate,  lanceolate,  cordate,  glabrous,  bearing  tendrils,  peduncles  axil- 
lary, each  1-flowered. — Dull  red.    ^  .     March — April.     Common. 

CrosS'vine. 

2.  B.  rad'icans.  a  vine,  climbing  over  the  loftiest  trees,  attaching 
itself  by  radicles.  Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  ovate,  toothed,  acuminate, 
glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  beneath.  F/oicers  in  corymbs. 
Corolla  slightly  ventricose  beneath,  tinged  with  yellow  on  the  inside, 
with  the  segments  nearly  round,  with  a  barren  filament. — Red.  ^ . 
June — Sept.     Common.  Tccoma  radicans. 

Genus  II.— CATAL'PA.     L.  2—1. 

(Its  name  in  India.) 

Calyx  2-parted.  CoroZ/a.  campanulate,  with  the  tube  ventri- 
cose, border  with  4  unequal  lobes.  Stamens  2,  fertile,  and  2 — 
3  sterile.  Stigma  in  2  plaits.  Capsule  cylindrical,  2-celled, 
2-valved.       Seed  with  membranaceous  margins. 

1.  C.  cordifo'lia.  a  tree,  with  long,  opposite,  expanding  branches. 
Leaves  nearly  round,  cordate,  acuminate,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surlace, 
downy  beneath,  very  large,  usually  3  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  in  large,  ter- 
minal panicles;  segments  of  the  calyx  obovate,  concave;  those  of  tlie 
corolla  crenulate,  with  the  tube  variegated,  with  yellow  and  purple; 
silique  long,  with  the  dissepiment  opposite  the  valves. — White.  ^. 
April — May.     Common  on  the  Ocmulgee.     20 — 50  feet. 

Genus  III.— MARTYN'IA.      13—2. 
(In  lionor  of  John  Martyn,  an  English  botanist) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  hypogynous,  bilabiate,  with  the  limb 
5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Ovary  spuriously  4-collod. 
Style  1.  Stigma  divided.  Fruit  a  ligneous  capsule,  termi- 
nated by  a  hooked  beak.  Seed  few,  large.  Herbaceous  plants, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  a.xillary  Howers. 

1.  M.  probosci'dea,  (Glox.)  Stem  procumbent,  branching,  fistulous, 
viscidly  pubescent,  whole  plant  fetid.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 
6W?/x  split  to  the  base  on  the  underside.  Capsule  ligneous,  2-vulved, 
4-celled,  with  the  surface  furrowed,  with  2  curved  beaks,  2 — 3  inches 
long. — Dull  yellow.     0      June — Aug.     Common. 


440  OEDER    LXXXIV. POLEMONIACE^. 


Order  LXXXIV.— POLEMONIA'CE^.     {Phlox  Family) 

Cahjx  5-parted,  persistent,  sometimes  irregular.  Corolla 
regular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  middle  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovary 
superior,  3-celled.  Style  simple.  Stigma  trifid.  Cajjsule  3- 
celled,  dehiscence  loculicidal.  Seed  angular  or  oval,  ascending ; 
embryo  straight ;  cotyledons  foliaceous.     Herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  L— PHLOX.    L.  5—1. 
(From  plilox,  a  flame,  the  appearance  of  the  flowers.) 

Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a 
flat  5-lobed  border,  lobes  cuneate.  Stamens  unequal,  inserted 
into  the  tube  of  the  coroHa.  Capsule  ovate,  3-celled,  1  seed  in 
each  cell. 

1.  P.  ACUMINATA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  little  scabrous  toward  the 
summit,  smooth  toward  the  base.  Leaves  membranaceous,  scabrous, 
lower  ones  spatulate-ovate,  acuminate,  upper  ones  lanceolate.  Flow- 
ers in  terminal  corymbs  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  awned  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  rounded. — Purple.  %.  Aug. — Sept.  Common 
in  the  upper  country.     3 — 5  feet. 

2.  P.  panicula'ta,  (L.)  Stem  smooth,  erect.  Leaves  opposite,  lance- 
olate, flat,  with  scabrous  margins,  acuminate.  Flowers  in  numerous  op- 
posite corymbs;  segments  of  the  calyx  pubescent,  awned.  Anthers 
linear,  2-celled.  >S^^^wa  hispid. — Purple,  U.  June — July.  Upper  dis- 
tricts of  Carohna.     2  feet. 

3.  P.  undula'ta,  (Pursh.)  >S'^«;2  erect,  glabrous.  Zeares  oblong-lance- 
olate, undulate,  with  scabrous  margins.  Flowers  in  paniculate  corymbs  ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  awned,  those  of  the  corolla  refuse. — Blue.  If. 
July — Aug.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  P.  pyramida'lis,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous.  Leaves  cordate- 
ovate,  acute.  Flouers  in  pyramidal,  fastigiate  panicles;  segments  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute  ;  those  of  the  corolla  cuneate,  truncate. — Purple. 
If,     Juno — Aug.     Mountains. 

5.  P,  corda'ta,  (Ell,)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  cordate,  taper- 
ing toward  the  summit,  auricled  at  the  base,  with  scabrous  margins. 
Flowers  in  somewhat  paniculate  corymbs,  numerous  ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  awned,  as  long  as  the  tube. — Blue.  U-  August,  Upper  dis- 
tricts of  Carolina.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  P.  macula'ta,  (L.)  Ste7n  erect,  terete,  dotted,  sprinkled  with 
glandular  hairs.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  with  scabrous 
margins.  Flowers  in  alternate  corymbs.  Calyx  with  subulate  segments, 
angled.  CoroZ/a  with  obovate  rounded  segments. — Purple.  1i-  May 
— July.     Rich  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

7.  P.  Caroii'na,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  fa.<tigiate  corymbs.  Cali/z 
glabrous,  with  linear-lanceolate  teeth  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  rounded 
— Purple.     If.     July — Sept.     Upper  districts  of  Carolina. 


ORDER   LXXXIV. — POLEMONTACE J5.  441 

8.  P.  nit'ida,  (Pursh.)  Stan  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, some-wluit  coriaceou?.  Floucrs  in  fastigiate  coiynibs  ;  segment!* 
of  the  ealyx  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  those  of  the  coroUa  obovatc 
— Purple.      2^.     May — June.     Middle  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

9.  P.  glabeu'rima,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, or  oval-lanceolate,  glabrous,  long,  smooth.  Floioers  in  terminal  co- 
rymbs; segments  of  the  calyx  acute,  linear-lanceolate  ;  of  the  corolla 
nearly  round. — Blue.      If.     May — June.     Low  country.     1 — 2  feet. 

10.  P.  arista'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  pubescent.  Leaves 
linear.  Floivers  hw,  corymbose;  segments  of  the  calyx  awned;  tube 
of  the  corolla  curved  ;  segments  obovate. — Purple.  If.  May — June. 
Upper  districts  of  Carolina. 

11.  P.  piLo'sA,  (L.)  Stetn  erect,  villous,  purple,  covered  with  a  white 
pubescence.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent, 
sessile,  with  revolute  margins.  Floivers  in  fastigiate  corymbs,  bracte- 
ate  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  hany,  acute,  subulate  ;  those  of  the  corolla 
obovate  or  acute. — Purple.  2f .  March — April.  Rich  soils.  12 — 18 
inches. 

12.  P.  amce'na,  (Sims.)  Stem  decumbent,  assurgent,  hirsute.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  /'/ower.s  numerous,  in  corymbs;  segments  of  the  calyx 
subulate,  those  of  the  corolla  obtuse. — Purple.  If.  May — June. 
Southern  Georgia. 

13.  P.  divarica'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stein  erect,  smooth,  -with  divaricate 
branches.  Leaves  remote,  ovate,  membranaceous,  sessile,  upper  ones  al- 
ternate. Floivers  in  corymbs,  scattered ;  segments  of  the  calyx  subu- 
late.— Purple.     If.     April.     Swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

14.  P.  subula'ta,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  branching,  hir- 
sute. Leaves  subulate,  raucronate,  ciliate,  pubescent,  the  lower  oppo- 
site, the  upper  alternate.  Fhivcrs  axillary,  somewhat  corymbose. 
Calyx  hairy,  with  acute  linear  segments ;  segments  of  the  corolla  cu- 
neate,  emarginate. — Ptose-color.  2f .  Feb. — May.  In  light  soils,  mid- 
dle and  upper  districts  of  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

15.  P.  seta'cea,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  hairy.  Leaves 
subulate,  ciliate,  somewhat  fasciculate,  pubescent.  Flowers  somewhat 
umbelled,  or  solitary,  forming  terminal  corymbs;  teeth  of  the  calyx  sub- 
ulate ;  segments  of  the  corolla  cuneate,  emarginate. — Purple.  If. 
April — May.     Middle  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Genus  II.— POLEMO'NIUM.     L.  5—1. 
(From  polemos,  war;  from  having  caused  war  between  two  kings.— riiny.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted ;  seg- 
ments erect.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  5  teeth  or  valves,  which 
close  the  orifice  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  3-cleft.  Capsule  3- 
celled. 

1.  P.  rep'tans,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching.  Leaves  piti 
nate,  from  7— 11  leaflets;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  oritue. 
Floioers  terminal,  nodding.  Cah/x  5-cleft.— Blue.  If.  Mountains. 
10—12  inches.  '  Jacob's  Laddrr. 


19 


44:2  OKDER   LXXXV. HTDROPHTLLAC^. 

Genus  III— CAN'TUA.     Juss.  5—3.     (Gilia.) 
(The  Peruvian  name  of  this  plant.) 

Cali/x  3 — 5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form.  S{igma  3-cleft, 
spotted.  Stamens  5.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
angled. 

1.  C.  coronopiko'lia,  (Willd.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  pinnatifid, 
sessile,  fasciculate,  with  smooth,  linear  segments.  Flowers  in  long  race- 
mose panicles.  Calyx  pubescent ;  segments  subulate.  Corolla  dotted 
with  red.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  ob- 
long, 3-furrowed. — Red  and  yellow.  $ .  July.  On  the  Congaree, 
near  Columbia,  S.  C.  Standiiig  Cypress.     Gilia  coronopifolia. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  native  plants,  which  has  become  extensively  in- 
troduced into  our  gardens.     We  have  also  found  it  on  tlie  Ocmulgee,  near  Macon. 

Genus  IV.— COLLO'MIA.     Nutt.  5—1. 
(From  kolla,  glue.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat  campanulate,  large.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, 5-lobed,  lobes  oval,  oblong  ;  tube  straight,  long,  slen- 
der. Capsule  3-celled,  triangular.  Seeds  oblong,  angular, 
covered  with  a  mucilage  containing  the  fibro-cellular  tissue. 

1.  C.  linea'ris,  (Nutt.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  oblong-linear, 
somev/hat  lanceolate,  floral  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  Calyx  viscid. 
—Whitish-purple.     ©.     June.     Louisiana. 

Order  LXXXV.— HYDROPHYLLA'CE^. 

Calyx  5 — 10-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  5-lobed, 
with  two  lamellae  at  the  base  of  each  lobe.  Stamens  5,  alternate 
with  the  segments  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  simple,  1 -celled  ; 
ovule  suspended.  Style  1,  bifid.  Placentae  2,  parietal.  Fruit 
capsular,  inclosed  in  the  permanent  calyx.  Few  or  many 
seeded.     Herbaceous  plants,  hispid. 

Genus  1.— HYDROPHYL'LUM.     5—1. 

(From  hudor^  water,  and  j>7mWara,  leaf.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5  longi- 
tudinal nectariferous  grooves  on  the  inside.  Stamens  5,  ex- 
serted  ;  filaments  bearded.  Capsule  globose,  1-celled,  2-valved, 
usually  1 -seeded. 

1.  H.  Virgin'icum,  (L.)  Stetn  erect,  nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  \)mx\Q.i& 
and  pinnatifid ;  segments  oval-lanceolate,  serrate.  Flowers  in  compact 
axillary  clusters  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear. — Blue.  Ti.  May — 
June.     In  shady,  rocky  situations.     1 — 2  feet. 

?.  H.  Canaden'se,  (L.)  Nearly  smooth.  Leaves  palniately  5 — 7- 
lobed,  rounded,  unequally  toothed.     Floioers  in  globose  cymes  ;  pedun 


ORDER    LXXXV. IIYDR0PHYLLACEJ2.  443 

clefl  much  shorter  than  the  petioles;  lobes  of  the  calyx  hncar ;  sinuses 
of  the  calyx  uaked  ;  filaments  longer  than  the  corolla. — White.  2^. 
Mountains. 

Genus  II.— PHACE'LIA.     Juss.  5—1.     (Cosmanthus,  Nolte.) 
(From  pitakelos,  a  bundle.) 

Cali/x  5-cleft.  Corolla  5-cleft,  sub-campanulate,  with  5  nec- 
tariferous grooves  on  the  inside.  Stamens  5,  exserted.  Style 
filiform.     Stigmas  2.     Cai^siilc  2-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded. 

1.  P.  fimbria'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  assurgent,  hispid.  Leaves  pinnatifid, 
with  undivided  lobes.  Flowers  in  simple,  terminal  racemes,  revolute 
before  flowering,  afterward  erect ;  segments  of  the  corolla  fimbriate. 
— Blue.     If.     May — June.     Common  around  Macon.     6 — 10  inches. 

Cosmanthus  fimbriatus,  Nolte. 

Genus  III— DIAPEN'SIA.     L.  5—1. 
(From  diapente,  5-cleft.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  bracteate,  fringed.  Corolla  salver-form, 
with  a  short  tube.  Stem  creeping,  with  short  assurgent 
branches. 

1.  D.  Barbula'ta,  (Ell.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  cuneatc,  acute,  pubes- 
cent at  the  base,  upper  ones  crowded.  Flowers  at  the  extrenaities  of 
the  branches,  solitaiy.  Anthers  beaked. — White.  2^.  June — Aug. 
Mountains. 

Genus  IV.— IIYDRO'LEA.     L.  5—2. 

(From  hudor,  water,  and  elaia,  oil.) 

Calyx  5-parted  or  5-leaved.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  the 
limb  5-parted.  Stamens  5  ;  filaments  inserted  into  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  dihited  at  the  base.  Capsule  2-ceIled.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  H.  quadrh^al'vis,  (Walt.)  Stem  decumbent,  assurgent,  hairy,  ge- 
niculate, spiny  Leaves  cuneate,  lanceolate,  alternate,  entire,  hairy 
along  the  veins.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  nearly  sessile.  Calyx  5- 
partud,  hairy,  with  subulate  segments.  Corolla  ])ubescent,  with  acute 
segments.  Capsxde  globose.  Seeds  numerous,  oval. — Blue.  If.  July 
— Sept.     Around  ponds.     1 — 2  feet. 

2  H.  coRYMBo'sA,  (Mar.)  Stem  erect,  or  assurgent  toward  the  sum- 
mit, without  spines.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  with  the  veins  and  mar- 
gins pubescent.  Flowers  soHtary,  on  tin;  extremities  of  the  small 
branches,  somewhat  corymboSi\  Calyx  with  tiie  segments  acute, 
hairy.  Corolla  campamilate,  with  ovate  segments^,  with  yellowish 
veins,  and  white  spots  near  the  base.  Capsule  globose,  glabrous. — 
Blue.      2^.     Through  the  summer.     In  pine-barren  ponds.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  V.— NEMOPH'ILA.     Barton,  5—1. 
(From  nemos,  a  grove,  a,n(l pkileo,  to  love;  growing  in  shady  places.) 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  5  small  reflexed  intorlobes,  ciiiate  ; 
lobes  lanceolate,  3-nervcd.     Corolla  campanulate,  twice  as  long 


'Mtt        ORDER  LXXXVI. CONVOLVULACE^. 

as  the  calyx,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  pollen  somewhat  angular. 
Ovarium  l-celled,  1 — 2-seeded. 

1.  N.  evaneb'cens.  Stem  3 — i  inches  high,  succulent,  angular,  hairy 
on  the  angles;  several  stems  from  the  same  root.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, ciliate,  variously  lobed  ;  lobes  obtuse,  usually  mucronate  and 
dentate  ;  petiole  triangular.  Flowers  opposite  the  leaves,  solitary. 
Grows  in  rich,  damp  soil.  Springs  up  m  February,  blooms  iri  March, 
and  dies  in  June. — White.     On  the  Ocmulgee. 

Genus  VL— ELLIS'IA.     5—1. 
(In  honor  of  John  Ellis,  a  botanist.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-forin,  5-cleft,  smaller  than 
the  calyx.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  each  cell  2-seeded. 
Herbaceous,  annual  plants,  dichotomously  branched ;  leaves 
pinnatifid. 

1.  E.  MiCROCA'Lyx.  Stem  glabrous,  decumbent.  Leaves  lyrate,  pin- 
natifid ;  segments  3 — 5,  lateral  ones  oblique,  deeply  toothed,  middle 
ones  trifid  and  obtuse.  Floicers  solitary,  small. — Alluvial  grounds. 
Ala.     4 — 6  inches. 

Order  LXXXVL— CONVOLVULA'CE.E.     {Bind-iveed 
Family.') 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  regular,  5- 
lobed,  deciduous,  plaited.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  base  of 
the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovary  2 — 4-celled, 
occasionally  l-celled  ;  ovules  few,  erect.  Style  1,  usually  bifid, 
sometimes  separated  to  the  base.  Capsule  1 — 4-celled.  Seeds 
borne  at  the  base  of  the  placentse.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually 
twining.     Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate. 

Genus  L— CO^^VOLV'ULUS.    L.  5—1. 
(Frono  co7ivolvere,  to  entwine.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  bracteolate.  Corolla  funnel-form 
or  campanulate,  plaited,  "with  5  segments.  Stamens  5,  shorter 
than  the  limb.  Ovary  2 — 3-celled,  few-seeded.  Stigmas  2. 
Style  undivided. 

1.  C.  tenel'lus,  (L.)  Ste7n  prostrate,  branching  at  the  base,  hairy. 
Leaves  on  short  petioles,  elliptic,  mucronate,  slightly  cordate,  entire, 
somewhat  hairy ;  peduncles  axillary,  bearing  several  flower^*,  longer 
than  the  leaves;  bracts  2,  at  the  summit  of  the  peduncle.  Calyx  5- 
leaved,  acuminate,  ciliate.  Corolla  small,  externally  hairy,  with  the 
margin  obscurely  10-toothed  ;  filaments  5,  villous.  Anthers  sagittate. 
(S'<?//e  deeply  cleft.  CapswZe  hairy,  4-celled. — "White.  If.  June — Aug. 
Common 


ORDER    LXXXVI. CONVOLY CLACK.E.  415 

2.  C.  aquat'icls,  (W.alt.)  >S;cm  tomcntose.  Leaves  oh\ot^o\nlv,  on 
short  petioles ;  peduncles  generally  3-flo\vered,  sometimes  us  long  as 
the  leaves.  Corolla  hairy.  Capsule  tomentose. — Kose-color,  IC. 
Through  the  summer.     Middle  and  lower  Geo. 

Stylisma  convolvuloides,  Chois. 

S.  C.  SPiTiiAM^'us,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent.  Leaves 
cordate  or  oval,  pubescent.  Flowers  solitary,  on  axillary  peduncles; 
bracts  longer  than  the  calyx. — White.  If.  June — July.  In  drj 
soils. 

4.  C.  obtusilo'bus,  (Mich.)  Stem  prostrate,  glabrous,  branching. 
Leaves  alternate,  sinuate-lobed,  nearly  hastate,  emarginate.  Flourn, 
on  peduncles,  with  2  small  leaves  near  the  middle.  Corolla  large,  with 
a  yellow  tube  and  white  limb.  Style  2-cleft. —  U-  Aug. — Oct.  On 
the  coast.  Batatus  litoralis,  Chois. 

5.  C.  purpu'reus,  (L.)  Stem  twining,  hairy.  Leaves  cordate,  entire ; 
peduncles  1 — 3-flowered.  Calyx  hairy.  Corolla  funnel-shaped. — Blue, 
purple,  or  white.     %.     Through  the  summer.     Introduced. 

Mornii\g-(jlory 

6.  C.  Macrorhi'zus,  (Ell.)  Root  very  large,  white,  forinaceous,  in- 
eipid.  Stem  twining,  pubescent,  somewhat  angled.  Leaves  cordate, 
entire  or  lobed,  pubescent  underneath,  the  young  leaves  tomentose, 
acute  ;  peduncles  1 — 5-flowered.  Calyx  pubescent.  Corolla  with  the 
limb  obscurely  10-lobed,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface.  Stameyts  un- 
equal. Style  2-cleft.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled.  Seeds  hairy. — White, 
tinged  with  purple.     2^.     June — Oct.     Is.  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

Batatus  jalapa,  Chois. 

7.  C.  bata'tas,  (L.)  Stem  creeping.  Leaves  very  various,  cordate 
often  variously  angled  and  divided,  usually  with  long  petioles;  pe- 
duncles 3 — 4-flowered,  equaling  in  length  the  petioles.  Sepals  usually 
acuminate,  mucronate.  Corolla  campanulate. — Various  shades  of  pink 
and  purple.  From  the  East  Indies;  now  cultivated  in  all  warm  coun- 
tries for  its  valuable  root.  Sweet  Potato. 

8.  C.  pandura'tus,  (L.)     Root  large.     Ste^n  terete,  nearly  glabrous 
young  branches  pubescent.     Leaves  cordate,  entire  or  3-loL)ed,  mucro- 
nate, pubescent ;  peduncles  1 — 5-flowered,  stipulate.      Corolla  with  the 
limb  -lightly  lobed.     Style  simple. — White   and  purple.     If.     May — 
Aug     In  dry  soils.  Wild  Potato-vine.     Ipomoea  punduratus,  Mey 

9.  C.  saqittifo'lius,  (Mich.)  Stetn  twining,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves 
glabrous,  sagittate,  with  long,  acute,  diverging  auricles  ;  peduncles  ax- 
illary, 1-flowered,  solitary,  bracteate.  Style  2-cleft.  Capsule  2-celled. 
— Purple.     If.     Through  the  summer.     On  the  coast. 

10.  C.  re'pens,  (Ell.)  Ste7ii  twining,  pubescent.  Xtairs.  sagittate, 
with  obtuse  or  truncate  auricles,  entire,  pubescent,  on  long  petioles; 
peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered,  thickened  toward  tlie  summit, 
pubescent.  Calyx  bracteate.  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  the  limb  ob- 
scurely 4-lobed.  Style  slightly  2-cleft.  Capsule  3-celled. — White, 
tinged  with  red.     U-     April — May.     On  the  coast 

11.  C.  tamnifo'lius,  (Ell.)  Stem  twining,  terete,  hairy.  Leaves  cor- 
date, slightly  undulate,  acuminate,  entire,  with  hairy  margins  ;  veins 
on  the  under  surface,  muricate.  Flowers  in  capitate  clusters  ;  coninmn 
peduncle  muricate,  hairy.  Calyx  villous.  Corolla  small,  S-tocthed 
Style  slightly  2-cleft.  Capsule  2-celled.— Blue.  ©.  Aug.— Sept 
Middle  Geo. 


4:46  ORDER  LXXXVI. — CONTOLVULACE^. 

Genus  IL— IPOMCE'A.     L.  o— 1. 
(From  ips,  bind-weed,  and  Jiomoios,  similar.) 

Resembling  the  preceding  genus.  Stigma  capitate,  globose. 
Capsule  3-celled. 

1.  I.  orbicula'ris,  (Ell.)  Stem  prostrate.  Leaves  orbicular,  emargi- 
nate,  coriaceous,  on  rather  long  petioles  ;  peduncles  usually  3-flowered, 
partial  peduncles  bracteate.  Sepals  ovate,  slightly  mucronate.  Corolla 
with  a  short  tube. — Purple.  If  Through  the  summer.  On  the 
coast. 

2.  I.  Bo'xA  Nox,  (Pursh.)  Stem  prostrate,  roughened,  sometimes 
prickly.  Leaves  cordate,  entire,  or  angled  ;  peduncles  1 — 3-flo\vered. 
Calyx  awned.      Corolla  undivided,  with  a  long  tube,  large,  white. 

Calonyction  sjjuriosuin,  Chois. 

3.  I.  coccix'e.a,  (L.)  Steyyi  twining.  Leaves  alternate,  cordate,  acu- 
minate, angled  at  thebaic;  peduncles  3 — 5-flowered.  Sepals  awned. 
Corolla  salver-furm  ;  limb  plaited. — Red.     0.     June — Sept.    Common. 

Quamoclit  coccinca,  Moen. 

4.  I.  TRiCHOCAu'pA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  twining,  hairy,  angled.  Leaves 
cordate  when  young,  3-lobed  when  old  ;  villous  margins  frequently 
pur[tle  ;  peduncles  1 — 3-flowered,  with  2  bracts  at  each  division.  Sep- 
als oblong,  ciliate.  Corolla  pubescent  on  the  inside  near  the  base. 
Stigma  globose.  Capsule  4-celled,  hairy. — Purple  or  red.  0.  July — 
Oct.     In  cultivated  lands.     Common.  /.  commutata,  R. 

5.  I.  NIL,  (Pursh.)  Stem  twining,  hairy.  Leaves  cordate,  the  old 
ones  3-lobed,  acuminate ;  peduncles  1 — 3-flowered ;  segments  of  the 
calyx  subulate,  long,  villous.  Corolla  with  the  limb  obscurely  5-angled. 
Stigma  globose. — White  and  blue.  %.  In  cultivated  lands.  Common. 
Aug. — Oct.  Pharbltif  nil,  Chois. 

6.  I.  dissec'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  hairy.  Leaves  7-lobed,  glabrous,  on 
pubescent  petioles;  segments  sinuate  ;  peduncles  1  flowered  ;  segments 
of  the  calyx  oval.  Corolla  campanulate. — %.  July.  Calcareous  soils. 
Geo.  and  Flor.  /.  sinuata,  Ait. 

Genus  III— CALYSTE'GIA.     Br.  5—2. 
(From  kalux,  a  calyx,  and  stege,  a  covering.) 

Bracts  2,  opposite,  inclosing  the  flower.  Sepals  5,  equal. 
Corolla  campanulate.  Style  1.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  sometimes  1 -celled. 

1.  C.  Catesbeian'a,  (Pursh.)  Stem  voluble,  toraentose.  Leaves  cor- 
date, oblong-lanceolate,  or  sagittate,  acute,  tomentose  ;  peduncles 
1-flowered ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  somewhat  inflated.  Sepals 
obtuse. — Car. 

2.  C.  paradox'a,  (Pursh.)  Stem  lying  on  the  ground,  tomentose. 
Leaves  oblong,  cordate-sagittate,  acute ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  elon- 
gated ;  bracts  linear,  remote  from  the  flower.  Sepals  naked,  smooth, 
acuminate. — White.     Vir. — Car. 

The  medicinal  substances,  Jalap  and  Scammony,flre  the  production  of  plants  of  this 
order.  The  former  from  the  Co7icolvulus  jalapn,  a  native  of  Mexico,  and  the  lattci 
from  the  C.  scammonia,  indigenuus  in  Greece  and  the  East. 


OEDER   LXXXVII. BORAOmACE^.  447 

Genus  IV.— DICHON'DRA.     Foster,  5—2. 
(From  dis,  twice,  and  chondros,  a  grain,  from  the  form  of  its  capsules.) 

Cal7/x  5-parted  ;  segments  spatulate.  Corolla  5-p.irted,  bell- 
form,  short.  Stamens  5.  Sti(jmas  2.  Cajjsulc  2-cellecl,  formed 
of  2  carpels,  each  1 -seeded.     Seeds  globose. 

1.  D.  Carolinen'sis,  (Mich.)  S(ej7i  creeping,  pubescent.  Leaves 
somewhat  reniform,  emarginate.  Calyx  ciliate,  villous. — Purple.  2{. 
June.     Lou. 

Genus  V.— CUSCU'TA.    Tourn.  5—2. 

(The  ancient  name  of  a  parasitical  plant.) 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  globose,  urceolate  ;  limb  4 — 5-cleft. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla.  Stigmas  2.  Caj^sule  2- 
celled,  2  seeds  in  each  cell ;  dehiscence  transverse. 

1.  C.  Amekica'na,  (L.)  Stem  twining,  filiform,  resembling  orange- 
colored  threads,  springing  first  from  the  earth,  afterward  becoming 
parasitic  ;  the  root  dying.  Leaves  none.  Flowers  in  racemose  clusters. 
— White.     @.     Through  the  summer.     Common. 

Love-vine.     C.  compact  a,  Juss. 

Order  LXXXVII.— BORAGINA'CEiE.     [Borage  Family.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  regular,  5- 
cleft.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  seg- 
ments. Ovary  4-lobed,  4-celled,  with  4  suspended  ovules. 
Style  simple,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  lobes.  Nuts  4,  dis- 
tinct. Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate,  scabrous  leaves. 
Flowers  in  secund  spikes  or  racemes. 

Genus  L— LITHOSPER'MUM.     L.  5—1. 
(From  lithos,  a  stone,  and  sperma,  a  seed.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  small,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens  included.     Nuts  shining. 

1.  L.  arven'se,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hispid,  branching.  Leaves  oblong- 
obtuse  or  ovate.  Flo^vers  solitary,  axillary,  forming  leafy  racemes. 
Calyx  with  long,  linear,  subulate  segments.  Nuts  rugose. — Wliite.  ©• 
April— May.     Introduced.     12 — is'inches.  Corn  Gromweit. 

2.  L.  hir'tum,  (Leh.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute,  simple.  Leaves  hispid,  ob- 
long, somewhat  oval,  those  of  the  flowers  ovate.  Calyx  with  long, 
lanceolate  segments,  persis^tent.  Corolla  with  5  tubercles  in  the  throat, 
i^/ottiers  in  terminal  racemes. — Bright  orange.  U-  April— May.  Com- 
mon.    10 — 16  inches.  Batscliia  Gmelitii,  Midi. 

3.  L.  CANEs'cKNS,  (Lch.)  Stem  villous,  erect,  simple.  Leaves  oblong, 
mucronate,  obtuse,  villous  beneath.  Flowers  axillary,  crowded  near 
the  summit  of  the  stem.  Calyx  with  linear-lanceolate  segments,  short; 
tube  of  the  corolla  double  the  length  of  the  calyx.— Bright  orange.  U. 
June— July.     8—12  inches.  '  Fuccoon. 


44:8  ORDER    LXXXVII. BOKAGINACEiE. 

Genus  II.— CYNOGLOS'SUM.     L.  5—1. 
(From  kuon,  a  dog,  and  glossa,  a  tonguo.) 

Cali/x  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  short  tube  and 
5-lobed  border  ;  orifice  closed.  Seeds  depressed,  affixed  to  the 
style  by  their  inner  margin. 

1.  C.  Viegin'icum,  (L.)  Ston  erect,  hispid.  Leaves  large,  oval,  ob- 
long, the  upper  ones  amplexicaul,  hairy.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs. 
— Blue.     y.     May — June.     In  shady  woods.     1 — 2  feet. 

Hound's  Tongue. 

2.  C.  Moriso'ni,  (D.  C.)  {Myosolis  Virginiana,  L.)  Stem  branching,  hairy. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  above.  Flowers  in  divar- 
icate, dichotomous  racemes.  Nuts  covered  with  hooked  prickles. — ^ 
Blue,     i  .     June — July.     Upper  districts  of  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  III.— ONOSMO'DIUM.     Mich.  5—1. 
(From  onosma  and  eicZos— like  the  Onosma.) 

Calyx  o-parted,  with  acute,  ciliate  segments.  Corolla  cam- 
panulate,  with  a  border  5-parted,  ventricose.  Stamens  included. 
Syle  exserted.     Nuts  shining. 

1.  O.  CAROLiiNiA'NUM,  (A.,  D.  C.)  Villous.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  cili- 
ate ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate, 
shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  glabrous ;  lobes  ovate, 
acute. — White,     y.     Stony  hills. 

2.  0.  His'piDUM,  (Nutt.)  Stern  obtusely  angled,  hispid,  branched. 
Leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent,  entire.  Flowers  in  simple 
racemes.  Calyx  hispid,  ciliate.  Corolla  pubescent.  Seed  angled  on 
the  inner  side. — Yellowish.  If.  May — June.  Sandy  soils.  Common. 
12—18  inches. 

Genus  IV.— PULMONA'RIA.     L.  5—1. 
(From  its  supposed  eflfect  on  the  lungs.) 

Calyx  small,  5-parted,  persistent,  prismatic.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  obscurely  5-lobed. 

1.  P.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate-ovate, glabrous,  glaucous.  Flowers  in  terminal  fascicles.  Co- 
rolla several  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Style  slender,  as  long  as  the 
stamens. — Violet-color.     U-     April — May.     Mountains.     1—2  feet. 

Mertensia  Viryiyiica,  D.  C. 

Genus  V.— HELIOTRO'PUM.     L.  5—1. 
(From  helios,  the  sun,  and  trope,  twining.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  5-parted. 
Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  segments  of  the  corolla.  Ovary 
entire,  4-celled,  with  a  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Style 
simple.  Fruit  drupaceous,  easily  separable  into  4  pieces. 
Seed  solitary.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes. 


ORDER   LXXXVIII. — SOLANACEuE.  449 

1.  H.  In'dicum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hispid,  furrowed.  Leaves  alternate, 
cordate,  ovate,  scabrous,  acute  ;  margins  irregular.  Floicers  iu  axillary 
spikes.  Calyx  5-parted,  hirsute,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Fruit  angu 
lar,  separating. — Blue.  0.  June — Aug.  Middle  and  southern  Car. 
and  Geo.     8 — 12  feet. 

2.  H.  cuRASSAv'icuM,  (L.)  Stem  erect  or  decumbent,  simple  or  branch- 
ed, succulent,  glaucous.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  glabroU'^,  succulent. 
Flowers  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  succulent,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the 
corolla.  Corolla  salver-form,  furrowed.  Fruit  angled  ou  the  inside, 
coated  with  a  fleshy  pulp. — White,  tinged  with  yellow.  0.  May — 
July.     On  the  sea-coast.     6 — 12  inches. 

Order  LXXXVIII.— SOLANA'CEJE.     {Nightshade  and  Po- 
tato Families) 

Calyx  4 — 5-partecl,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  4 — 5- 
cleft.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its 
segments,  sometimes  1-abortive.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  poly- 
spermous  placentae.  Stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  capsule,  with  2 
— 4  cells  and  a  double  dissepiment,  or  a  berry  with  the  pla- 
centse  adhering  to  the  dissepiment.  Seeds  numerous.  Embryo 
curved.      Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  with  alternate  leaves. 

Genus  I.— LYCOPER'SICUM.    Tourn. 
(From  the  Greek  lukos,  a  wolf,  and  persica,  a  peach.) 

Calyx  persistent,  5 — many-parted.  Corolla  rotate  ;  limb  5 
— many-cleft.  Stamens  5  or  more,  inserted  into  the  throat  of 
tlie  corolla,  exsert.  Ovary  2 — many-celled  ;  ovules  numerous. 
Fruit  a  berry,  many-seeded.  Seeds  reniform,  somewhat  villose. 
Herbaceous  plants,  with  compound,  alternate  leaves. 

1.  L.  esculen'tum,  (Mill.)  Stem  somewhat  fleshy,  villous.  Leaves 
unequally  pinnatifid  ;  segments  incisely  toothed,  pilose.  Flotprrs  ex- 
tra-axillary. Ca/yx  deeply  divided  ;  limb  of  the  corolla  plaited.  Ari- 
thers  oblong-conical,  opening  by  a  slit  on  the  internal  face.  The  parts 
of  the  flowers  and  fruit  vary  very  much,  from  the  soldering  of  two  or 
more  flowers  together,  making  the  fruit  many-celled  and  irregular. 
Nativeof  the  warm  parts  of  America.    Tomato.  Love-apple.  Wolf  peach. 

There  are  numerous  varieties  of  Tomato,  bearing  fruit  red,  yellow,  and  white.  The 
Tomato  may  readily  be  grafted  on  the  Iribh  potato,  and  both  llouiish  and  bear  tluir 
accustomed  fruits. 

Genus  II.— SOLA'NUM.     L.  5—1. 

(The  derivation  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  5,  conni- 
vent,  dehiscing  by  2  pores  at  the  extremity.  Fruit  a  sub-glo- 
bose berry,  2-celled. 

1.  S.  TUBEROSUM,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceous,  with  a  rhizoma  bearing 
tubers.     Leaves  unequally  pinnatitid  ;  segments   unequal,    ttltcrnately 


450  OEDEPw   LXXXYIII. — SOLANACE^. 

large  and  small,  oval,  unequal  at  the  base,  minutely  villous.     Pedicels 
articulated.     Corolla  plicate,  o-angled. — ^,     ^South  America.     Potato. 
Extensively  cultivated   as  one  of  the   most   important  agricultural 
productions,  especially  in  Europe  and  the  IS'orthern  U.  States. 

2.  S.  nodiflo'rum,  (Jacq.)  Ste7n  herbaceous  or  si  ffructicose  ;  branches 
terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  glabrous,  ovate,  entire.  Fiowem  sub-umbel- 
late, numerous  ;  peduncles,  pedic.ls,  and  calyx  puberuleiit.  Fruit 
black,  globose,  shining. — White,  yellowish  at  the  base.  So.  Car.,  Geo., 
and  Flor.     2  feet. 

3.  S.  ni'grum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  angled,  glabrous,  with  the  young 
branches  pubescent,  unarmed.  Leaven  ovate-angled,  dentate,  tapering 
at  the  base,  on  long  petioles,  sprinkled  -with  hair.  Floicerx  in  3 — 6- 
flowered  umbels,  between  the  leaves.  Calyx  persistent,  pubescent^ 
Corolla  pubescent,  with  acute  segments.  Fruit  black,  many-seeded. — 
White.    IX .   Through  the  summer.   Damp  soils.    Common.     Nightshade. 

4.  S,  PTYCAN'THUii,  (Duu.)  Stem  herbaceous,  slender,  hispid,  angled. 
Leaves  petiolate,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  acute  at  the  base,  pubescent, 
]^a]e  beneath.  Peduncles  filiform,  short,  hirsute,  1 — 3  flowered.  Calyx 
5-cleft ;  lobes  ovate.     Fruit  globose. — White.     Geo. 

5.  S.  MAMMo'suM,  (L.)  Stem  prickly.  Leaves  coidate,  angled,  villou.s, 
lobed,  very  broad,  and  prickly  on  both  sides.  Floviers  in  loo^^e  terminal 
racemes  and  opposite.  Fruit  yellow,  tapering  at  the  base, — Yellow. 
©.     June — Aug,     Middle  and  southern  Geo. 

6.  S.  Pu'mtlum,  (Dun.)  Stems  pilose-hirsute,  yellowish-red,  numer- 
ous, rooting.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  eniire,  attenuate  at 
the  base  ;  midrib  spiny.  Flowers  in  racemes,  3 — 5-flo\vered.  Pedun- 
cles filiform,  long.     Calyx  red, — Purple.     Middle  Geo. 

7.  S.  Virginia'num,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  prifk'y ;  branches  angled. 
Leaves  pinnutifid,  prickly,  ciliate;  segments  obtuse.  Calyx  prickly. 
Friiit  small,  greenish-white. — White.  July — Aug.  Sandy  soils.  Com- 
mon.    6 — 10  inches. 

8.  S.  Carolinen'se,  (L,)  Sfe77i  erect,  with  numerous  expanding 
branches,  hairy,  armed  with  stiff,  shai-p  pi  ickles.  Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, hastate,  scabrou.«,  prickly,  covered  with  stellular  pubescence. 
Floxcers  in  sim|)le,  lateral  racemes.  Calyx  pubescent,  prickly. — White. 
2^,     May — July,     Very  common.     1 — 2  feet.  Horse-nettle. 

9.  S.  esculen'tum,  (Dun.)  Ste77i  herbaceous,  spiny,  or  unarmed. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  repand  or  sinuate,  tomentose,  canescent,  acu- 
leate on  the  veins  and  petiole,  unequal  at  the  base.  Flowers  usually 
solitary.  Peduncle  reflexed.  Calyx  tomentose,  aculeate,  6 — 9-cleft, 
persistent ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  increasing  with  the  fruit.  Co- 
rolla 6 — 9-clelt;  segments  broad.  Stamens  6—9.  Fi'uit  large,  smooth, 
shining,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  white  or  purple,  6 — 9-celled  ;  placentae 
fleshy.  Seeds  numerous  small,  compressed. — Purple  and  yellow.  East 
Indies.     Cultivated  extensively  for  the  table.     Egg-plant.    Jeu^s-apple. 

Genus  III.— PHYSA'LIS.     L.  5—1. 
(From  tbe  Greek  phusa,  a  bladder,  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  calyx.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  increasing-  after  flowering,  becoming  inflated. 
Corolla  rotate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  5,  conniv^nt.  Berrif  globose^ 
2-celled,  inclosed  in  the  inflated  calyx. 


ORDER   LXXXVIII. — S0LANACEJ5.  451 

1.  P.  visco'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  dichotomous,  the  young  branches 
pubescent  and  viscid.  Leaves  alteruate  and  lanceolate,  rupand,  den- 
tate, viscid,  on  long  petioles.  Floicem  solitary,  in  the  divisions  of  the 
stem.  Calyx  pubescent.  Corolla  pubescent,  with  brownish  spots  at  tho 
base. — Yellow.  0.  July — Oct.  Cultivated  lands.  Coniinon.  1 — 2 
feet.  Ground  Cherry. 

2.  P.  Penxsylvan'ica,  (L.)  Stem  slightly  angled,  pubescent.  Leaven 
ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  repaiul,  touieiitose  on  the  under  surface.  Flow- 
ers on  axillary,  solitary  j)eduncles.  Fruit  red,  small. — Yellow.  Q. 
June — Aug.     Common,     10 — 12  inches. 

3.  P,  TOMENTo'sA,  (Walt.)  /S^tfm  branching,  stellatc-tomentose.  L^eaves 
ovate,  repand-toothed,  tomentose  beneath,  whitish.  Peduncles  filiform, 
longer  than  the  petioles.  Corolla  spotted  yellow.  Stigma  bifid. — Yel- 
low and  purple.      If.     Car.  and  Geo, 

4.  P.  lanceola'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  densely  pubescent,  angled, 
somewhat  branched,  Ljeaves  alternate,  oval-lanceolate,  entire,  tomen- 
tose, on  rather  short  petioles.  Flowers  solitary,  nodding.  Calyx  trun- 
cate,— Yellow,  with  purple  spots.  2f .  June — Aug.  Dry  soils.  Com- 
mon. 

5.  P,  visciDO-ruBEscENs,  (Dun.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  viscid,  hirsutc- 
tomentose.  Uppermost  leaves  in  pair.*,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  sub- 
acuminate,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  viscid.  Peduncles  winged,  filiform, 
erect.  Calyx  hirsute,  tomentose,  5-cleft ;  lobes  ovate,  acuminate.  Co- 
rolla carapanulate,  plicate. — Sandy  soils,     Geo.  and  Car. 

6.  P.  hirsu'ta,  (Dun.)  Stem  erect,  angular,  striate,  divaricately 
branched,  hirsute;  branches  pubescent.  Leaves  long-petiolate,  oblique- 
cordate,  acute,  repand,  dontate  or  nearly  entire.  Calyx  deeply  6-eleft ; 
lobes  oblong,  acute.  Peduncles  winged,  shorter  than  the  petiole,  1- 
flowered. — ^.     Blue.     Car.  and  Geo.     10 — 12  inches. 

P.  angulata,  Walt.     P.  pruinosa,  L. 

Genus  IV.— LY'CIUM.     L,  4—1. 
(From  lycion,  &  name  given  to  a  thorny  shrub.) 

Calyx  4-toothed,  short.  Corolla  tubular.  Stajiiens  4  ;  fila- 
ments bearded.     F'ruit  a  2-cellpd,  many-seeded  berry,  red. 

1.  L,  Carolinia'num,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  with  long,  slender 
branches,  unarmed.  Leaves  clustered,  cuneate,  glabrous,  narrow. 
Flowers  soUtary,  axillarv. — White.  ^  .  Through  the  summer.  Saline 
marshes,     3 — 5  feet. 

Genus  V.— DATU'RA.     L.  5—1. 
(Arabian  name.) 

Calyx  large,  tubular,  ventricose,  S-anirled.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  with  a  long  tube  ;  the  limb  5-anglcd,  plaited.  Sianicns 
5.  Stigma  bilamellate.  Capsule  2-celled  ;  cells  2-parted,  ap- 
parently 4-celled. 

1.  D.  stramo'nitim,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  diehotomous.  I^mves 
alternate,  angled,  sinuate,  unequal  at  the  base,  on  long  petioles.  Flow- 
ers sohtary,  in  the  divisions  of  the  stem.  Calyx  pube:^ceiit,  witli  acute 
segments.  Fruit  spinous, — Whiti.sh-purple.  ©,  May — Sept.  \  ery 
common.  Thorn-apple.     Jamestown- weed 


462  ORDER   LXXXIX. OROBANCIIACE^. 

Genus  VI.— NICOTIA'NA.     L.  5—1. 
(From  John  Nicot,  of  N ismos.) 

Calyx  urceolate,  5 -cleft.  Corolla  fimuel-form,  o-cleft,  regu- 
lar. Stamens  5.  Stigma  emargiuate.  Capsule  2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

1.  N.  taba'cum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  viscidly  pubescent.  Leaven  ovate, 
entire,  petiolate,  very  large.  Flowem  in  terminal  panicles  and  racemes; 
tube  of  the  corolla  cylindrical,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — White, 
tinged  with  pink.     @.     July — Aug.     Introduced.     2 — 5  feet. 

Tohacco. 

Genus  VIL— PETU'NIA.     Juss. 

Calyx  tubular,  10-nerved,  5-parted ;  lobes  obloiig-spatulate. 
Corolla  campanulate  ;  tube  cylindrical  or  ventricose ;  limb 
spreading,  plicate,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  mid- 
dle of  the  corolla  tube,  unequal.  Ovary  2-celled,  many-ovuled. 
Seeds  minute,  nearly  spherical.     South  American  plants. 

1.  P.  el'ega^ts,  (Miers.)  Suffructicose,  clothed  with  viscil,  articu- 
lated hairs.  Leaves  numerous,  linear,  obtuse  ;  margin  revolute,  canes- 
cent  beneath.  Flowers  axillary.  Capsule  small,  obovate,  smootli,  sur- 
rounded by  the  persistent  calyx,  2-valved,  2-celled.    Brazil.    Cultivated. 

Petunia. 
Genus  VIIL— AT'ROPA.     L.  5—1. 
(From  Atropos,  one  of  the  Fates.) 

Calyx  with  acute  angles,  somewhat  sagittate  at  the  base. 
Corolla  campanulate.  Stamens  5,  distant.  Style  1.  Fruit 
baccate,  globose,  2-celled. 

1.  A.  physalioi'des,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, sinuate,  angled,  ovate,  glabrous.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary. — 
Blue.     %.     June — Sept.     Cultivated  lands. 

There  are  many  plants  of  this  order  in  cultivation,  although  many  are  poisonous:— 
The  Solanun  tuberosum,  the  Irish  Potato,  so  extensively  cultivated  for  food;  the 
Capaicun  anrjuuw?,  the  Cayenne  Pepper;  the  Lycopersicum  e^culentum,  the  To- 
mato ;  and  tho  Petunia,  belong  to  this  order. 

Order  LXXXIX.— OROBANCHA'CEJE. 

Calyx  divided,  persistent.  Corolla  hypogynous,  persistent. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Ovary  superior,  with  parietal  pla- 
centae. Style  1.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule,  1-celled, 
2-valved,  with  one  or  two  placentse  in  the  middle  of  the  valves. 
Seed  numerous,  minute.  Herbaceous,  parasitic  plants.  Leaves 
brown,  or  colorless  scales. 

Genus  L— OROBAN'CHE.     L.  13—2. 

(From  oroftos,  vetch,  and  anclio,  to  strangle;  supposed  to  kill  plants  on  v.hioh  it 

grows.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft ;  segments  unequal.    Corolla  ringent.    Cap- 


ORDER    XC.^ — SCROPIIULARIACE^.  4r53 

sule  ovate,  1-celled.     Seed  numerous,  Avitli  a  gland  beneatli  tlie 
base  of  the  germ. 

1.  0.  Amkrica'na,  (L.)  Sion  simple,  thick,  covered  with  ovate-lanceo- 
late scales.  Flowers  in  spikes,  terminal.  Corolla  recurved.  Stamens 
exserted. — Brownish-yellow.  If.  July — Aug.  Rich  soils.  G — 8 
inches.  Conopholis  Americana,  Walt     Cancer-root. 

2.  0.  uxiflo'ra,  (L.)  Stems  erect,  short,  numerous  from  each  root, 
covered  with  smooth,  concave  scales.  Scape  1-flowered,  4 — 6  inches 
long,  pubescent.  Corolla  with  oblong,  oval  lobes,  with  a  pubescent 
margin, — Bluish  white,     y.     May — July.     Pine-barrens. 

Anoplantkus  unijlorus.  En. 

Genus  II.— EPIPHE'GUS.     Nutt  12—2. 
(From  epi,  upon,  and  pJiegas,  the  Beech.) 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed.  Floivers  polygamous,  the  upper 
ones  sterile,  the  lower  fertile.  Corolla  of  the  sterile  florets  rin- 
gent,  compressed,  4-cleft ;  of  the  fertile  4-toothed,  small.  Cajj- 
sule  truncate,  oblique,  1-celled. 

1.  E.  Vieginia'nus,  (Bart.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  covered  with 
small  ovate  scales.  Flowers  alternate,  small ;  sterile  flowers  largest, 
striped  with  purple,  growing  on  the  roots  of  beech-trees. — White,  with 
purple.     2^.     Aug. — Sept.     12 — 18  inches. 

Order  XC— SCROPHULARIA'CE^.  [Figwort  Family) 
Calyx  divided,  unequal,  persistent.  Corolla  bilabiate,  hy- 
pogynous.  Stamens  usually  4,  didynamous,  sometimes  only  2. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Style  1.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  generally 
a  2-celled  capsule.  Flacentce  central.  Seed  usually  numerous, 
small.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  the  leaves  generally  opposite. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  stamens  4 2 

Stamens  2  or  5 l^ 

2.  Stamens  didynamous ^ 

Stamens  not  didynamous 1 ' 

3.  Divisions  of  the  calyx  2 j* 

Divisions  of  the  calyx  more  than  2 5 

4   Leaves  entire  Euchruma  or  Casiillehi,  1 S 

*  Leaves  not  entire PedicuUirin,  20 

5.  Divisions  of  the  calyx  4 ^ 

Divisions  of  the  calvx  5 ' 

G.  Seeds  1-4 Melampyrum,  21 

Seeds  many bclncalbea,  19 

7.  The  tMo  longest  stamens  sterile Lindernia,    9 

Four  stamen's  fertile '^ 

8.  Flowers  with  a  sterile  filnment ^ 

Flowers  with  no  sterile  filament '" 

9.  Flowers  dull,  greenish-purple Scroj,hularia,    .'J 

Flowers  white •  •  •  <  '>/i""^^    * 

Flowers  bri-ht  purple I'eiiHtrmon,    b 

10.  Corolla  bilabiate \\ 

Corolla  nearly  regular _ 

11.  Flowers  gibbous  at  the  base Linaria  or  A utirrhiuunt,    2 

Flowers  not  gibbous  at  the  base 


4:54:  ORDER    XC. — SCROPHULARIACE^. 

12.  Calyx  5-leaved Herpefitis,   7 

Calyx  5-toothed Mimulas,    6 

13.  Calyx  and  corolla  curved Buchn^ra,  12 

Corolla  campanulate 14 

14.  Flowers  yellow 15 

Flowers  not  yellow 16 

15.  Tube  of  the  corolla  longr. Danystoma,  17 

Tube  of  the  corolla  short Seymeria,  13 

16.  Leaves  auriculate OtophyUa,  14 

Leaves  not  auriculate Gerardia,  16 

17.  Calyx  4-cleft 18 

Calyx  5-cleft Macranthera,  15 

18.  Flowers  without  bracts Scoparia,  11 

Flowers  bracteate Polyp)  emum. 

19.  Stamens  5 Veriascum,    1 

Stamens  2 20 

20.  Capsule  1-cellcd Micra^xthemum,  10     ■« 

Capsule  2-celled 21 

21.  Capsule  obcordate Veronica,  11 

Capsule  not  obcordate Gratiola,    8 

Genus  I— VERB  AS' CUM.     L.  5— L 

(From  hariascum,  bearded,  in  allusion  to  its  filaments.) 

Cali/x  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  unequal.  Stamens 
5,  declined,  usually  hairy.  Capsule  2-valved,  2-celled,  ovate  or 
globose. 

1.  V.  Thap'sus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  winged,  tomentose.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  decurrent,  tomentose,  hoary.  Flowers  in  terminal 
spikes.  Calyx  tomentose,  persistent.  Corolla  tomentose  on  the  outer 
surface.  Seed  dotted. — Yellow.  5 .  May — Aug.  Common.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe.  Mullein. 

2.  V.  lych'nitis,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  angled.  Leaves  oblong,  cuneate, 
naked  above,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  in  paniculate  spikes,  lateral 
and  terminal. — Yellow.  "^  .  June — July.  Car.  and  Geo.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

3.  V.  Blatta'ria,  (L.)  Stem  slightly  angled,  simple,  pubescent. 
Leaves  sessile,  amplexicaul,  slightly  cordate,  serrate.  Flowers  in  termi- 
nal racemes;  peduncles  1-flowered,  solitary. — Yellow,  tinged  with 
purple.  (5 .  May — Aug.  Common.  Middle  Geo.  2 — 3  feet.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

Genus  II.— LINA'RIA.    Juss.  13—2. 

(From  linum,  flax,  from  its  resemblance.) 

Cali/x  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  large,  personate,  spurred  at 
the  base.      Capsule  thin,  many-seeded. 

1.  L.  vulga'ris,  (Mill.)  Smooth  and  glaucous.  Sfe7n  erect.  Leaves 
numerous,  linear.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  on  short  pedicels ; 
spur  long;  lower  lip  bearded. — Orange-yellow.  1(.  In  cultivated 
grounds.     Introduced  from  Europe.  Toad-Jlax. 

2.  L.  Canaden'sis,  (Dum.)  Stem  assurgent,  glabrous,  simple.  Leaves 
scattered,  erect,  linear,  dotted,  alternate  on  the  fertile  branches,  verti- 
cilhite  on  the  sterile  ;  the  spur  of  the  corolla  long,  subulate.  Seeds  an- 
gled.— Blue.     If.     March — Ai)ril.     Common,     12 — 18  inches. 

Ant irrh inum  Canaden tis. 


ORDEii  xc. — sciioiMii  r.AKfACK.r:.  455 

Genus  III.— SCROPHULA'RIA.     L.  Ki— 2. 
(From  its  supposed  use  in  scrofula.) 

Cal>/x  campaimlate,  5-cleft,  with  equal  sog-nients.  Corolla 
with  tJie  tube  globose,  the  border  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous.      Caj^side  2-celled,  inany-seeded. 

1.  S.  Martlan'dica,  (L.)  /S^cm  erect,  angled,  glabrous,  much  Viranched. 
Le  L'es  opposite,  coi-date,  ovate,  laiiceolaie,  serrate;  petioles  ciliate. 
Flowers  in  compound,  terminal  panicles.  Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;  the  4  upper  segments  erect,  the  lower  one  reflext  d. — Greenish, 
tinged  Avith  purple.     If.     Aug. — Oct.     Rich  soils.     2 — i  feet. 

S.  nodosa,  L. 
Genus  IV.— CHELO'NE.     L.  13—2. 
(From  chelone,  a  tortoise.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3  bracts.  Corolla  ringent,  ventricose. 
Stamens  4,  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  rest. 
Anthers  woolly.  Capsule  2-ceiled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  with  a  membranaceous  margin. 

1.  C.  gla'bea,  (L.)  Stem  angled,  rooting  at  the  joints,  glabrous. 
Leaves  usually  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous, 
nearly  sessile.  Floivers  in  terminal  spikes.  Bracts  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  Calyx  with  the  segments  obtuse.  Corolla  with  the  lower  lip 
bearded. — White.      If.     July — Aug.     In  wet  shady  places.     2 — ?>  feet. 

2.  C.  Lyo'ni,  (Pursh.)  Glabrous;  stem  obtusely  angled.  X^^a res  op- 
posite, petiolate,  ovate,  acuminate.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  and  bracteas  oblong,  ciliate. — Rose-color.  August, 
Mountains. 

Genus  V.— PENTSTE'MOK    L'Her.  13—2. 

(^Torapcnte,  five,  and  stemon,  a  stiimcn.) 

Calyx  5-leaved,  bilabiate,  ventricose.  Stamens  4,  with  a  fifth 
sterile  filament  bearded  on  the  upper  side  and  longer  than  the 
others.  Anthers  smooth.  Cajjsule  ovate,  '2-celled,  'J-valvod. 
Seed  numerous. 

1.  P.  l.«:viga'tus,  (Sol.)  Stetn  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent,  terete. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong;  those  of  the  root  lanceolate,  acute,  upper  ones 
slightly  denticulate.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Cahix  hairy.  Co- 
rolla pubescent,  upper  lip  2-cleft,  with  the  segments  retlexed  ;  the  lower 
3-cleft. — Pale  purple.      U-     June — Sept.     Fertile  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  P.  PUBEs'cKNS.  Stein  pubescent,  erect.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
oblong,  serrulate,  amplexicaul,  pube:?eent.  Flowers  in  terminal  pani- 
cles.— Pale  purple.     IX.     May — Sept.     In  dry  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

8.  P.  dissec'tus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  op- 
posite, glabrous,  compoimdly  dissected,  with  the  segments  irregnl.ir, 
linear.  Flowers  in  panicle-,  with  the  flowers  at  the  summit  «if  the 
branches. — Purple.      U-     Ju'h — July.      Midtlle  Georgia.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  P.  DicrrA'us,  (Nutt.)  Glabrous,  or  rarely  puberulent.  Radi^-al 
leaves  petiolate,  elliptic-oval  or  oblong  ;  cauline  ones   lanceolate,  am- 


456  ORDER   XC. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 

plexicaul,  serrate  or  rarely  entire.  Panicle  lax;  corolla  sxib-campanu- 
late,  upper  lip  scarcely  shorter  than  the  lower ;  sterile  filaments  longi- 
tudinally bearded. 

Genus  VI— MIM'ULUS.     L.  13—2. 
(From  mimo,  an  ape,  from  its  ringent  corolla.) 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.  Corolla  ringent,  with  the  upper 
lip  reflexed  at  the  sides  ;  pahite  of  the  lower  lip  prominent. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Stigma  thick,  bifid.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  many-seeded.     Seeds  minute. 

1.  M.  rin'gens.  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  4-angled.  Leaves  opposite, 
sessile,  narrow,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous.  Flowers  axi^- 
lary,  on  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the  ca- 
lyx subulate ;  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  larger  than  the  upper. 
Seed  numerous,  small. — Pale  blue.      If.     July — Sept. 

2.  M.  ala'tus.  Ste7n  erect,  glabrous,  square,  slightly  winged.  Leaves 
ovate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  axillary,  on  short 
peduncles ;  segments  of  the  calyx  mucronate.  Corolla  tinged  with 
yellow. — Pale  blue.     y.     Aug. — Sept.     Pine-barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  VIL— HERPES'TIS.     Gs&vt  13—2. 
(From  herpestes,  any  thing  that  creeps.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  unequal.  Corolla  tubular,  somewhat  bilabiate. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved, 
with  the  dissepiment  parallel  to  the  valves. 

1.  H.  cuneifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  prostrate,  branching,  glabrous,  suc- 
culent. Leaves  opposite,  cuneate,  obovate,  obscurely  crenate  towai-d 
the  summit,  sessile.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves;  the  three  exterior  segments  of  the  calyx  broad,  the  two 
interior  narrow,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  nearly  campanulate, 
with  a  5-eleft  border  ;  segments  nearly  equal. — Pale  purple.  If.  May 
— Oct.     Inundated  lands.  H.  Monnieria,  Hum. 

2.  H.  rotundifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  oval,  nearly  orbicular,  slightly  hairy,  amplexicaul.  Flow- 
ers on  opposite  peduncles;  the  3  outer  leaves  of  the  calyx  large,  the  2 
interior  small  and  subulate.  Anthers  sagittate. — Blue.  If,  July — 
Sept.     Along  the  margins  of  ponds. 

3.  H.  amplexicau'lis,  (Pursh.)  Stem  procumbent,  woolly.  Leaves 
cordate,  amplexicaul,  entire.  Ftoiocrs  on  opposite  peduncles,  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  larger  than  the  preceding  species. — Blue.  If.  July — 
Sept.     Wet  pine-barrens.     Mid.  Car.  and  Geo. 

4.  H.  micran'tha,  (Pursh.)  Stem  prostrate,  glabrous,  succulent. 
L^eaves  sessile,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  glabrous.  Flowers  on  axillary  pe- 
duncles, shorter  than  the  leaves. — White.  2f .  Sept. — Oct.  On  the 
margins  of  rivers,  Hemianthus  micranthoides, 

5.  H.  NiGREs'cENs,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  square,  glabrous.  Leaves  lance- 
olate, toothed  at  the  summit.  Floivers  solitary,  axillary.  Stamens  4, 
fertile.  Capsule  compressed,  acute. — If.  Aug. — Sept.  Wet  places. 
12 — 18  inches. 


ORDER  xc. — scropiiulariace.t:.  4:57 

Genus  YIII.— GRATIOLA.     L.  2—1. 
(From  gratia^  favor,  from  its  supposed  medicinal  qualities.) 

Calf/x  5-leaved  or  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base. 
Corolla  irregular,  resupinate.  Stamens  2 — 4  ;  when  4,  two  of 
them  sterile.      Capsule  2-celled. 

a.     Two  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

1.  G.  Florida'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous,  erect,  somewhat  branch- 
ing. Leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  lowermost  obovate,  slightly  serrate,  nar- 
row at  the  base.  Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  tube  long. 
Stain€)is  2.— If. 

2.  G.  Virginia'na,  (L.)  Stem  succulent,  somewhat  furrowed,  not 
quite  terete,  erect,  or  declined.  Leaves  sessile,  obscurely  3-nerved. 
Ploiters  axillary,  on  short  peduncles ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal, 
with  the  bracts  about  equal  to  the  segments.  Corolla  curved.  Sta- 
mens  2,  short.  Capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous. — 
White,  tinged  with  red.    If .    March — April.    Wet  places.    3 — 8  inches. 

3.  G.  sph^rocar'pa,  (Ell.)  Stem  procumbent,  jointed,  terete,  furrowed. 
Leaves  sessile,  obovate,  serrate,  obscurely  3-nerved.  Flowers  solitary, 
axillary.  Sepals  equal.  Bracts  large,  expanding.  Stamens  2.  Style 
flhort.      Ca/Mw/e  globose.    Seeds  numerous.— U-     Sept. — Oct.    In  ponds. 

4.  G.  au'rea,  (Muhl.)  St€7n  procumbent,  glabrous,  terete,  slightly 
nuTowed,  jointed.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  amplexicaul,  ob- 
x;urely  3-nerved,  acutely  serrate,  dotted.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on 
hort  peduncles.  Bracts  as  long  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx. — Yellow. 
U-     April — June.     Wet  pine-barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  G.  visco'sA,  (Schw.)  Viscidly  pubescent,  decumbent.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate,  3-nerved,  amplexicaul.  Segments  of 
the  calyx  broad-lanceolate  ;  bracts  short. — White,  yellow  within. 

6.  G.  Drummond'ii,  (Benth.)  Viscid,  puberulent,  decumbent.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  few  serratures,  3-nerved,  amplexicaul.  Bracts  short ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  subulate. — Blue  or  white. 

b.     Calyx  without  bracts. 

7.  G.  quadridenta'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent,  terete,  pubescent, 
slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  o]iposite,  subulate,  with  2  teeth  nenr  the 
summit.  i'Yowers  solitary,  axillary.  Sepals  uncqutd.  Anthers  \\\\\{c, 
— White,  tinged  with  yellow  and  purple.      2f .     Around  ponds. 

8.  G.  PiLo'sA,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  terete  at  the  base,  square  at  the 
summit,  hair3\  Leaves  oval,  amplexicaul,  serrate,  rugose.  Flowers  ax- 
illary, solitary.  Sepals  unequal.  Capsule  smooth. — White,  tinged 
with  purple.      If.     In  wet  places.     Common.     July — Sept. 

9.  G.  subltla'ta,  (Bald.)  Ste7n  erect,  hispid.  Leaves  linear  lanceo- 
late, margins  revolute,  entire.     Floicers  subsessile.     Segments  of  the 

>  calyx  subulate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  long,  slender. — 6 — 8  inches. 

10.  G.  tetrago'na,  (Ell.)  Stem  procumbent,  square,  jointed,  glabrous. 
Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  obscurely  3-nervod.  Fiowirs 
solitary,  axillary,  on  square  peilunclea.  Sepals  linear,  equal  Capsulct 
oblong.— White,  streaked.      If.     In  water.     Sept. — Nov. 

llysanthcs  gratiolo'ideti,  BiMith. 

11.  G.  Megalocar'pa,  (Ell.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  senate,  pube?c.  nt. 
Floicen  opposite,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leave.*.  Sepah  linear. 
Capsule  Xvivgo,  gXohose. — Yellow,     If.     July — Aug.     Wet  placo.s. 

20 


458  OKDEK    XO. SCKOrilULAKIACEiE. 

Genus  IX.— LINDER'NIA.     L.  2—1. 

(In  honor  of  F.  B.  Yon  Linden.) 

Cahjx  pubescent,  5-leaved.  Corolla  bilabiate,  4-cleft ;  ihn 
upper  lip  short,  reflexed,  emarginate  ;.  the  lower  lip  3-cleft,  with 
the  segments  oval,  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  the  two  longest  sterile. 
Capsule  2-valved,  2-celled,  many -seeded. 

1.  L.  dilata'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  procumbent,  smooth,  square.  Lcava 
oblong,  ovate,  aniplexieanl,  sparingly  toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  on 
square  peduncles,  covered  with  glandular  hairs.  Corolla  resujiinate. 
Stigma  compressed. — Pale  purple.  ©.  May — Sept.  Around  ponds. 
6 — 8  inches,  Gratiola  tctragona. 

2.  L.  attenua'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  procumbent  or  erect,  square,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  lanceolate  and  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base.  Flotcers 
on  erect  peduncles,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  solitary. — Purplo. 
0.     May — June.     Wet  places.     6—8  inclies.  L.  refracta. 

Genus  X.— MICRAN'THEMUK     Mich.  2—1. 
(From  mikros,  small,  and  anthos,  flower.) 

Cahjx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-cleft,  segments  unequal.  Sta- 
mens 2.      Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  M.  orbicula'tum,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  prostrate,  creeping,  glabrous,  te- 
rete. Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  orbicular,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  obscurely  5-nerved.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  short  pedun- 
cles; segments  of  the  calyx  slightly  spatulate,  the  two  upper  ones 
shorter.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  lower  segments  elongated. 
Stamens  dilated  at  the  base.  A7i(hers  globose,  2-lobed,  white.  Style 
fihform.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,  with  central 
placentae. — White.  If.  Through  the  autumn.  Very  common.  3 — 6 
inches.  Round-leaved  Micrayithemum. 

2.  M,  emargina'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  prostrate  or  floating,  creeping 
Leaver  sessile,  oval,  and  obovate,  entire,  emarginate,  obscurely  5-neived, 
Flowers  smaller  than  the  preceding,  on  very  short  peduncles, — White. 
%      Through  the  summer.     Common  in  wet  places. 

Large-lea  red  Micrav'themum 

Genus  XL— YEROX'ICA.     L.  2—1. 
(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Calyx  4,  rarely  5-parted.  Corolla  4-lobed,  unequal  ;  the 
lower  segments  narrowest.  Stamens  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  ob 
cordate.     Seed  few. 

1.  V.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  slightly  angled.  Leaves 
verticillate,  by  fours  or  fives,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  pubescent  be 
neath.  Flowers  in  long,  axillary  spikes.  Corolla  tubular.  Style  long, 
persistent. — White.      1[ .     June — Aug.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  V.  America'na,  (Schw.)  Glabrous ;  stem  decumbent,  assurgent. 
Leaves  ovate,  jietiolate,  thick,  serrate,  subcordate  at  the  base.  Racnnes 
opposite,  long.  Capsule  orbiculate,  obtuse,  emarginate. — Blue.  li. 
May — June.     Dump  jilaces.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  V.  peregri'na,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous,  frequeiiily 
simple.     Lower  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  toothed  ;  the  upper  ones  alter 


ORDER    XC. SCR01M1ULARIACPJ.E.  459 

nate,  linear,  lanceolate.  I'lowers  eolWury,  axillary.  Corolla  shorter  \h:in 
the  calyx.  Stamens  very  short. — White.  0.  Feb. — .March.  Wet 
lands.     Very  common,     6 — 8  inches. 

4.  V.  serpylufo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  decunibent,  sometimes  creeping,  pu- 
bescent, slightly  angled.  Leaves  ovate,  on  short  jietiules,  decussate, 
glabrous,  crenate.  J^lotoers  in  terminal,  leafy  racemes.  Capsule  emar- 
ginate. — Pale  blue.     If.     May — June. 

5.  V.  agres'tis,  (L.)  Ste7n  procumbent,  hairy.  Leaves  cordate,  al- 
ternate, on  short  petioles,  notched.  Flotvcrs  solitary,  axillary,  on  hairy- 
peduncles.  Calyx  deeply  parted.  Seeds  8  in  a  cell. — Blue.  0.  Jan. 
— April.     Common  in  the  low  country. 

6.  V.  anagal'lis,  (L.)  Stem  succulent,  erect.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
serrate,  varying  in  width.  Flowers  in  long,  opposite  racemes. — Blue. 
If.     May — June.     In  damp  places.     1—2  feet. 

7.  V.  arven'sis,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  hairy,  with  assurgent  branch- 
es. Leaves  opposite,  cordate-ovate,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  dentate ; 
the  upper  ones  usually  sessile,  lanceolate.  Floivers  axillary,  solitary,  on 
short  peduncles.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  short.— 
Pale  blue.      0.     May — June.     Damp  soils.     Common. 

Genus  XIL— BUCIINE'RA.     L.  13—2. 
(In  honor  of  J.  G.  Buchncr.) 

Calyx  cylindrical,  o-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  a  little  curved, 
with  the  border  equally  5-cleft ;  segments  obcordate.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous.      Capsule  5-celled. 

1.  B.  America'na,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  terete,  scabrous,  and  hairy. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  opposite,  dentate.  Flowers  in  spikes.  Ca- 
lyx slightly  curved,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-cleff,  the  lower  bitid.  Corolla 
pubescent.  Statnens  short. — Purple.  2|.  Through  the  summer.  Damp 
soils.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  B.  eloxga'ta,  (Sw.)  Stem  scabrous,  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 
Radical  leaves  obovate  ;  lower  ones  oblong,  few-toothed,  middle  oneg 
lanceolate,  upper  ones  linear,  entire.  Spikes  elongated;  bracts  ovate, 
or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  calyx  erect. — Blue  or  white. 

Genus  XIII.— SEYME'RIA.     L.  13—2. 
(In  honor  of  Henry  Seyiner.) 

Cali/x  deeply  o-cleft.  Corolla  canipanulate,  equally  5-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  tlie  corolla.  Capmle 
ovate,  ventricose,  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,  dehiscing  at 
the  summit. 

1.  S.  tenuifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  much  branched, 
rough.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  compoundly  pinnatitid,  with  tiliforui 
segments.  Floivers  axillary,  on  rather  short  peduncles.  Cali/x  with 
subulate  segments.  Corolla  with  short  tube,  pube-cent. — Yellow  and 
purple.     i&.     Aug. — Sept.     Low  country.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  S.  pectina'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  much  brancheil,  viscidly  pubescent, 
obtusely  angled.  Lower  leaves  pectinately  pilinatilid,  witli  the  .eeg- 
monts  linear,  entire;  upper  ones  smaller,  anil  often  i-utire.  Flourrs  on 
axillary  peduncles.  Corolla  with  a  short  tube. — Yellow.  O-  Aug. 
— Sept.     Middle  Georgia.     2—4  feet. 


460  ORDER    XC. SCEOPIIULAKIACKyE. 

Genus  XIV.— OTOPHYL'LA.     Bentb. 
(From  OMS,  otos^  an  ear,  and  phtcUon,  a  leaf.) 

Cal)/x  cainpanulate,  deeply  5-cleft ;  lobes  foliaceous,  unequal. 
Corolla  with  the  lobes  entire,  spreading.  Stamens  didynamous, 
included.  St7/le  elongated.  Cajjsule  sub-globose,  obtuse. 
Seeds  numerous,  angular. 

1.  0.  MiCHAUx'ir,  (Benth.)  Ston  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate  ;  some  nearly  entire,  others  auriculate. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Corolla  somewhat  pilose  within. — Carolina 
and  northward.  Gerardia  auriculata,  Mich. 

Gemjs  XV.— MACRAXTHERA.    Torr, 

Cal7/x  5-cleft,  campanulate;  lobes  narrow,  elongated.  Co- 
rolla tubular ;  limb  oblique ;  lobes  short,  entire,  spreading. 
Stamens  exserted,  nearly  equal.  Capsule  ovate,  acuminate. 
Leaves  opposite,  pinnatifid.     Floivers  in  racemes. 

1.  M.  Fuchsioi'des,  (Torr.)  Z^avcs  lanceolate  ;  lobes  lanceolate,  lower 
ones  subdentate.  Racemes  elongated,  lax,  secund  ;  filaments  pilose ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.— Yellow.  If.  Lou. 

2.  M.  Lecont'ii,  (Torr.)  Resembles  the  preceding.  Calyx  lobes  2 — 
3  times  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — Yellow.  IX.  Georgia 
and  Florida. 

Genus  XVL— GERARDIA.     L.  13—2. 
(In  honor  of  John  Gerard,  an  English  botanist.) 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  sub-campanulate,  unequally  5- 
lobed  ;  segments  rounded.  >S'tamf?25  4,  didynamous.  Capsule 
2-celled,  dehiscing  at  the  summit. 

1.  G.  aphyl'la,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  naked,  nearly  simple,  with  op- 
posite, ovate  scales,  sometimes  a  few  minute  leaves.  Calyx,  small,  5- 
toothed.  Corolla  small,  longer  than  the  peduncle.  Capsule  ovate. — 
Purple.     #.     June — July.     Along  the  sea-coast.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  G.  seta'cea,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  glabrous,  slen- 
der. Leaves  setaceous,  glabrous.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  on 
leafy  branches.  Calyx  truncate,  with  small,  subulate  teeth.  Corolla 
hniiy,  the  border  nearly  equally  5-cleft,  ciliate,  with  the  tube  white. — 
Purple.     @.     Aug. — Sept.     Damp  lands.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  G.  fascicula'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  marked  with  lines, 
branching  at  the  summit.  Leaves  opposite  and  by  threes,  sometimes 
alternate,  linear,  acute,  clustered.  Flowers  large,  on  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves.  Calyx  truncate,  with  small,  subulate  teeth.  Corolla 
with  the  upper  segments  reflexed,  villous,  the  three  lower  pubescent, 
ciliate.^-Purple,  spotted  with  red.  0.  Aug. — Oct.  Common  in  tlie 
low  country.  G.  purpuera. 

4.  G.  filifo'lia,  (ISTutt.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  branching.  Leaves  fili- 
form, glabrous,  alternate,  in  axillary  clusters ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
acutely  toothed.  Flowers  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.  Co- 
rolla with  the  throat  pubescent,  ventricose. — Purple.  0.  Aug. — Oct. 
Southern  Georgia. 

5.  G.  TENUiFo'LiA,(Vahl.)  Steiu  diffuse, much  branched,  glabrous,  angled. 
Leaves  linear,  acute,  glabrous,  except  on  the  margins.    Flowers  on  pedun- 


ORDER    XC. SCROPIIULARIACK.E.  4<)1 

cles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  Cahjx  with  minutn  teeth.  Comlla  piibe.s- 
cent,  ventricosc,  with  the  segments  cihate,  with  the  tube  nearly  wliit--. — 
Purple.  0.  Aug. — Oct.  Dry  sautiy  soik.  Common  in  niiUtlle  Cieo. 
6.  G.  linifo'lia,  (Xutt.)  Stan  erect,  slender,  witli  erect,  virgate 
branches.  Leaves  hnear,  appressed  to  the  stem.  Flowers  on  peduncles 
eliorter  tlian  the  leaves,  which  become  elongated.  Calyx  truncate,  with 
5  minute  teeth. — Purple.      IX.     Aug. — Sej)t.     Damp  pine  bariens. 

Gen-US  XVII.— DASYSTO'MA.     {Gcrardia.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Tube  of  the  corolla  elongated, 
large  ;  limb  spreading,  5-lobed  ;  lobes  entire.  Stamens  4,  in- 
cluded, didynamous.      Capsule  ovate,  acute.     Seeds  numerous. 

1.  D.  PUDEs'cENS,  (Benth.)  {Oerardia  fava,  L.)  Stein  pubescent, 
sparingly  branched,  or  simple  pubescent.  Lower  leaves  lanceolate, 
sometimes  deeply  serrate,  on  short  petioles  ;  upper  ones  entire,  or 
slightly  dentate.  Flowers  axillary,  opposite,  oa  very  short  peduncles. 
Calyx  with  subulate  segments. — Yellow.  1(.  July — Sept.  Upper 
dist.  Car.  and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

2.  D.  queecifo'lia,  (Benth.)  {O.  qncrcifolia,  Pursh.)  Stem  erect, 
branching,  obtusely  angled,  purple.  Upper  leaves  lanceolate,  sca- 
brous; lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  acute,  toothed  segments.  Flowers 
axillary,  on  short  peduncles.  Calyx  pube-^cent.  Corolla  pubescent  on 
the  inner  surface,  ventricose.  Antltcrs  hairy. — Yellow.  If.  May — 
Sept.     Rich  soils.     Common. 

3.  D.  pedicula'ria,  (Benth.)  {G. pcdicularia,  L)  Stem  erect,  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  purple,  viscid,  densely  pubescent.  Leaves  oblong, 
sessile,  irregularly  dissected,  serrate,  Flourrs  axillary,  on  short  pe- 
duncles ;  segments  of  the  calyx  foliaceous.  Corolla  villous. — Yellow. 
®.     July — Sept.     Pine-barrens.     Common. 

4.  D.  pectina'ta,  (Benth.)  Very  hirsute.  Leaves  lanceolate,  pecti- 
nate, pinnatifid  ;  lobes  dentate  or  incised  ;  lower  ones  opposite.  Calyx 
with  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  often  dentate.  Corolla  3  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx. — Yellow.      If. 

Genus  XVIIL— EUCHRO'MA.     Nutt.  13—2.     (Castilleja.) 
(From  eu,  well  or  beautiful,  and  chroma,  color.) 

Calyx  tubular,  2 — 4-cleft,  ventricose.  Corolla  bilabiate,  with 
tlie  upper  lip  very  long,  inclosing  the  stamens ;  lower  lip  triful, 
short.    Stamens  4.     Capsule  compressed,  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  E.  coccin'ea,  (Spren.)  (S^^?n  pubescent.  Radical  leaves  lanceolate, 
entire,  hairy  ;  cauline  ones  pubescent,  divided  into  3  linear  segments. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.  Bracts  large,  red. — Yellowish.  Q  ov  S  . 
June — Aug.     Common.     12 — 18  inches. 

2.  E.  GRANDiFr.o'RA,  (Nutt.)  Leavcs  mostly  trifid ;  segments  divari- 
cate. Calyx  4-cleft,  oblique.  Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  Flourrs 
in  many-flowered  spikes,  pubescent,  long;  segments  of  the  h)Wer  lip 
linear  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  upper,  plaited.  Capsule 
ovate,  acute. — Greeuish-Avhite. 

Genus  XIX.-SCHWAL'BEA.    L.  13—2. 
(In  honor  of  C.  Schwalbc,  a  German  botanist) 

Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  obli.piely  4-cleft,  uj^per  segment 


462  OEDEB    XCI. LABIAT.E. 

small ;  lower  large,  emarginate.  Corolla  bilabiate,  ringent ; 
the  upper  lip  arched,  entire,  the  lower  3-lobed.  Capsule  ovate, 
2-celled,  2-valved.     Seed  numerous,  winged. 

1.  S.  Ameri'gaxa,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent,  angled,  simple.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, lanceolate,  entire,  sessile.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  nearly 
sessile.  ^Srac^s  2,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Dull  purple.  11.  May — June. 
Pine-barrens. 

Genus  XX.— PEDICULA'RIS.     L.  13—2. 
(From  pediculus,  a  louse,  from  its  supposed  effect  on  sheep.) 

Cali/x  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  obliquely  truncate.  Corolla 
ringent,  with  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  compressed.  Stamens 
4.  Capsule  2-celled,  mucronate,  oblique.  Seeds  few  in  each 
cell,  slightly  angled. 

1.  P.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Ste7n  simple,  succulent,  pubescent.  Leaves 
pinnatifid,  with  the  segments  notched  and  toothed,  the  lower  ones 
crowded,  with  compressed  petioles.  Flowers  in  leafy  spikes ;  lower 
lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  smallest. — Yellow,  tinged  with 
purple.     21-     March — April.     Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

Gexus  XXL— MELAMPY'RUM.     L.  13—2. 
(From  melos,  black,  and  puros,  wheat.) 

Cali/x  4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  compressed,  with  the 
margins  folded  back  ;  lower  lip  trifid,  grooved.  Capsule  oblique, 
2-celled,  2  seeds  in  each  cell. 

1.  M,  America'num,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  terete ;  lower 
loaves  linear,  entire,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  toothed  at  the  base,  all 
opposite.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Seeds  oblong,  cartilaginous. — 
Yellow.     @.     June — July.     Mountains. 

Order  XCI. —LABI A'TJE.     {Labiate  Famibj.) 

Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  regular,  or  bilabiate,  hypogynous. 
Corolla  bilabiate,  with  the  upper  lip  entire,  or  bifid,  the  lower 
3 -cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the  two  shorter  being  some- 
times abortive,  inserted  into  the  corolla.  Ovary  4-lobed  ;  ovules 
4.  Style  1,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  lobes;  stigma  bifid. 
Fruit  inclosed  within  the  persistent  calyx.  Seed  erect,  with 
little  or  no  albumen.  Usually  herbaceous  plants,  with  whorled, 
spiked,  or  capitate  flowers  and  square  stems,  and  opposite 
branches  and  leaves. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  stamens  2 2 

Stamens  4 T 

2.  Calyx  bilabiate 3 

Calyx  Avith  the  segments  nearly  equal 5 

3.  Corolla  yellow Collinsonia,  12 

Corolla  not  yellow 4 

4.  Flowers  purple IlecUnma,  10 

Flowers  blue  or  violet Salvia,  13 

6.  Corolla  bilabiate « 

Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-lobed Lycopus,  8 


DRDER  XCI. — LABr.vr^E.  403 

6.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  emarginate CuniUt,  4 

Upper  lip  linear,  iaclosing  tho  stamens Jlonarda,  1-1 

7.  Calyx  bilabiate 8 

Calyx  not  bilabiate 12 

8.  Calyx  closed  by  a  lid  of  a  flower Scutellat'ia,  19 

Caiyx  not  closed  by  a  lid 9 

9.  Flowers  blue Tric/iostema,  2G 

Flow  ers  not  blue 10 

1 0.  Stamens  exserted Ceranthera,  9 

Stamens  included U 

11.  Flowers  in  spikes Prunella,  18 

Flowers  in  opposite  clusters Catamintha,    8 

12.  Calyx  lO-toothed Marrubium,  21 

Calyx  3-clert Macbridea,  20 

Calyx  5-clel't,  or  toothed 13 

18.  Stamens  lonirer  th:in  the  corolla 14 

Stamens  sliorter  than  the  coroila : 16 

14.  Corolla  consisting  of  -4  nearly  equal  lobes Mentha,    2 

Corolla  bilabiate 11 

15.  Flowers  in  spikes Ifi/asopus,  1 1 

Flowers  in  racemes Teucriurn,  27 

Flowers  in  heads  or  whorls Pycnantkein  urn,    5 

16.  Flowers  purple 17 

Flowers  not  purple 19 

17.  Leaves  cordate 20 

Leaves  not  cordate 18 

18.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes Dracocephalum,  IG 

Flowers  in  whorls Stachy.%  22 

19.  Corolla  campanulate : Isantlms,  25 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire Leonnrus,  23 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-cleft Ilijptis,    1 

20.  Flowers  purple,  stem  creeping Cedi-onella,  17 

Flowers  purple,  stem  not  creeping Lamium,  24 

Flowers  nearly  white Ncpeta,  15 

Genus  I— HYP'TIS.     Jacq.  13— L 
(From  hyptios,  resupinate;  the  limb  of  the  corolla  is  turned  on  its  b.ack.) 

Cabjx  5-toothed,  tubular.  Corolla  ringent ;  the  upper  lip  2- 
cleft,  the  h^wer  -S-parted,  the  middle  segment  forming  a  small 
sack.     Stamens  4,  inserted  into  the  tube. 

1.  H.  radia'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  square,  pubescenL  Leaves  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent,  tapering  at  the  base,  dentate.  Flowers  in 
axillary  heads,  on  long  peduncles ;  involucre  about  12-leaved.  Caliiz 
pubescent,  5-toothed,  teeth  linear. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  U- 
July — Sept.     Damp  soils.     Common.     3 — 4  feet. 

2.  H.  spica'ta,  (Poit.)  Branches  nearly  glabrous  or  scabrous,  angu- 
lar. Leaves  ovate,  acute,  unequally  serrate,  euneate,  glabrous,  or  pu- 
bescent above.  Heads  in  lax,  paniculate  racemes ;  bracts  ovate,  shoit- 
er  than  the  calyx  ;  calyx  inflated  at  the  base,  elongated  ;  corolla  small, 
white  within.     Achenia  small,  black. — Violet.     Florida.  10 — 12  inches. 

Genus  II.— MENTHA.     L.  13—1. 
(From  3fentfi0,  a  daughter  of  Cocytus,  who  was  turned  into  mint.) 

Calj/x  tubular,  ciliate,  glabrous,  o-toothed.  Corolla  funnel- 
shaped,  with  the  border  nearly  equally  4-cleft,  witli  the  upper 
segment  broad-emarginate.     Sfa?ncns  erect,  distant,  e(iual. 


464  ORDER    XCI. LABIATE. 

1.  M  vir'idis,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  branching,  glabrous, 
rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate,  on 
short  petioles.  Flowers  in  whorls,  numerous;  tube  of  the  corolla  rather 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  short.  Seeds  4. — Purple.  1^.  July 
— Aug.     In  wet  soils.     Europe.     1 — 2  feet.  Spearmint. 

2.  M.  PIPERITA,  (L.)  Stem  like  the  preceding,  often  purplish.  Leaves 
ovate-oblong,  acute,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base.  Whorls  crowded  in 
short  spikes;  teeth  of  the  calyx  hairy.  Corolla  smooth. — Pale  purple. 
England.  Peppermint. 

The  first  is  the  species  from  which  the  Oil  of  Peppermint  of  the  shops  is  obtained. 
This  oil  exists  in  the  whole  plant,  and  is  distilled  with  water,  or  it  yields  the  oH  to 
alcohol  by  maceration.  It  is  an  aromatic  stimulant,  and  is  extensively  used  as  a  fam 
ily  medicine. 

Genus  III— LYCO'PUS.     L.  2—1. 

(From  lukos,  a  wolf,  and  pous,  a  foot) 

Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  throat  naked.  Corolla 
tubular,  4-cleft ;  segments  nearly  equal,  the  upper  segment 
rather  broader  and  emarginate.     Stamens  2,  (W^i-dni.     Seeds  4. 

1.  L.  Viegin'icus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  square,  pubescent,  branched. 
Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  sessile,  acuminate,  tapering  at  tlie 
base.  Floivers  in  crowded  axillary  whorls,  sessile.  Calyx  persistent, 
unarmed,  shorter  than  the  seed.  Anthers  2-lobed,  purple. — White.  If. 
June — Aug.     Wet  soils.     Common.     1 — 2  feet.  Buyle-weed. 

2.  L.  angustifo'lius,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  square.  Leaves 
narrow  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  upper  ones  slightly,  and  the  lower 
ones  deeply  toothed.  Flowers  in  dense  whorls,  sessile.  Calyx  armed 
•with  spines,  longer  than  the  seed,  with  the  segments  acuminate. — 
White.     U.     Aug. — Sept.     Wet  places.     1 — 2  ft.       Water  Horehound. 

3.  L.  sinua'tus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  glabrous,  square. 
I^eaves  sinuate  and  incised,  and  sometimes  dentate  ;  the  segments  acute. 
Flowers  in  dense  sessile  whorls  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  acute,  longer 
than  the  seeds. — White.     If.     Aug. — Sept.     In  swamps.     4 — 6  feet. 

The  Lycapus  Virginicus  is  a  medicinal  plant  possessing  mild  narcotic  properties. 
In  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs  it  has  been  used  with  advantage,  it  being  taken  in 
the  form  of  infusion. 

Genus  IV.— CU'NILA.     L.  13—1. 

Caly.v  ovoid,  many-nerved,  5-toothed  ;  throat  villous.  Co- 
rolla 2-lipped,  upper  lip  flat,  emarginate,  lower  o-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 2,  exserted,  distant. 

1.  C.  Maria'na,  (L.)  Stem  much  branched,  purple.  Leaves  sub- 
sessile,  ovate,  subcordate,  serrate.  Flowers  in  corymbose  cymes. — 
Pale  red.     If.     Dry  hills  and  rocks.     July — Aug.         Common  Dittany, 

Genus  V.— PYCNAN'THEMUM.     Mich.  13—1. 
(From  puTcnos,  dense,  and  anthos,  flower.) 

Calyx  tubular,  striate,  many-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  with 
the  upper  lip  nearly  entire,  the  lower  one  trifid,  with  the  middle 
segment  longest.     Stamens  4,  distant.     Cells  of  the  anthers 


ORDER   XCI. — LABIAT.E.  465 

parallel.     Flowers  in  heads,  siiiToiiiidecl  by  a  niany-lcaved  in- 
volucre. 

1.  P.  arista'tum,  (Mich.)  Stem  square,  pubescent,  much  branched. 
Leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  slightly  serrate,  on  short  petioles,  whitish. 
Floicers  in  1  or  2  sessile  whorls,  and  a  terminal  head  ;  bracts  awned. 
Calyx  with  the  segments  terminated  by  long  awns.  Corolla  glabrous, 
small. — White.      %.     July — Aug.     Mountains.     2 — 3  foet. 

2.  P.  hyssopifo'lium,  (Benth.)  Stem  rigid.  Leaves  subsessile,  oblong- 
linear,  nearly  entire,  obtuse,  nearly  glabrous.  Calyx  scarcely  bilabiate. 
12 — 18  inches. 

3.  P.  ALBEs'cENS,  (T,  &,  (y.)  Lcaves  ovate-lanceolate,  subserrate,  gla- 
brous above,  hoary  beneath.  Verticels  cymose,  lax.  Achcnia  bearded 
at  the  apex. 

4.  P.  inca'num,  (Mich.)  Stem  quadrangular,  pubescent  toward  the 
summit,  glabrous  at  the  base.  Leaves  opposite,  oblong,  ovate,  acute, 
pubescent,  hoary.  Floivers  in  lateral  and  terminal  heads.  Bracts  se- 
tact'ous.  Calyx  tomentose,  striate.  Corolla  pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface.  Stamens  exserted.  Seeds  rugose. — Yellow,  spotted  with  pur- 
ple,    y.     Aug. — Sept.     In  dry  fertile  soils.     3 — 6  ft.  Wild  Basil. 

5.  P.  LooMis'ir,  (Nutt.)  Leaves  ovate,  subserrate,  acute,  glabrous 
above.  Verticels  cymose,  many-bracted,  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
white.     FUncers  spotted. 

6.  P.  tul'lia,  (Benth.)  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  subserrate, 
peiiolate,  villous-pubescent.  Calyx  bilabiate,  teeth  nearly  equal,  with 
subulate  awns. — Whitish. 

7.  P.  du'bium,  (Dr.  A.  Gray.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  nearly  entire,  petiolate,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  verticillate  cymes, 
teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  the  two  lower  ones  shorter  than  the  tube. 

8.  P.  mu'ticum,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  branching.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
sessile,  slightly  dentate,  glabrous,  dotted.  Floioers  in  loose  heads. 
Bracts  rather  short,  acute.  Calyx  with  acute  segments,  ciliate.  Co- 
rolla pubescent,  small. — Whitish.  If.  July — Aug.  Upper  districts 
of  Car.  and  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

9.  P.  Virgin'icum,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  branching.  Flowers 
in  terminal  heads.  Lcaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  dotted. 
Bracts  villous,  acuminate.  Calyx  villous.  Corolla  jiubescent  on  the 
outer  surface. — White,  spotted.  If.  July — August.  Damp  lands. 
2—3  feet. 

10.  P.  linifo'lium,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  fastigiately  branch- 
ed. Leaves  usually  clustered,  linear,  entire,  dotted,  acute.  Flowers  in 
terminal  heads, corymbose.  Bracts  ovate,  awned,  ciliate.  Coro/Za  pu- 
bescent.—White,  spotted.     2f.     July— Aug.     Mountains.     2—3  feet. 

11.  P.  NUDUM,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous.  Leaves  sessile, 
oblong-ovate,  glabrous,  entire.  Flowers  in  numerous  lieads.  Bracts 
smooth,  lanceolate.  Calyx  covered  with  resinous  dots.  6'oro//rt  pubes- 
cent. Stamens  exserted.— Purple.  2f.  July— Aug.  Mountains.  1—2 
feet. 

12.  P.  monta'num,  (Mich.)  ^;«m  glabrous,  purple.  Xrair.s  oval -la  nee- 
olate,  serrate,  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  in  1  or  2  whorls,  and  a  terminal 
head.  Calyx  erect,  bracts  ciliate.  Corolla  with  the  throat  pubescent 
^/«me«s  exserted.  Seed  hairy  at  the  summit.— Purple,  spotted.  If. 
July — Aug.     Mountains.     1 — 2  feet. 

20* 


466  ORDER   XCI. LABIATE. 

Genus  VL— THY'MUS.     L.  13— L 
(From  tJtumos,  strength ;  the  smell  of  thyme  reviving  persons.) 

Cali/x  bilabiate ;  many-nerved,  throat  hairy ;  upper  hp  three- 
toothed,  spreading  ;  inferior  bifid,  the  awl-shaped  division  ciH- 
ate  ;  throat  villous.  Corolla  naked  within,  upper  lip  flat,  lower 
three-lobed,  middle  lobe  the  longest. 

1.  T.  serpyl'lum,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  canescent.  Leaves  small, 
with  short  petioles,  ovate,  scabrous,  flat.  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  with 
short,  lanceolate  teeth,  the  lower  subulate,  ciliate. — Nearly  white. 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Thyme. 

Genus  VIL— MICROME'RIA.     13—1. 

Calyx  tubular,  many-strice,  5-toothed,  teeth  nearly  equal ; 
throat  often  villous  within.  Corolla  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect, 
entire  or  emarginate,  nearly  flat ;  lower  lip  with  nearly  equal 
lobes,  spreading.     Stamens  4. 

1.  M.  bracteola'ta,  (Benth.)  Stent  pubescent,  simple,  slender 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire.  Pedicels  3 — 5-flowered.  Co- 
rolla minute, — Carolina.  Hedeoma  bractcolata,  Nutt. 

2.  M.  Brown'ei,  (Benth.)  Stem  glabrous,  prostrate,  branches  filiform. 
Leaves  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  subcrenate,  glabrous.  Peduncles  elon- 
gated.    Calyx  villous  within. — Florida. 

Genus  VIII.— CALAMIN'THA.     Pursh.  13—1. 
(From  kalos,  beautiful,  and  mentha,  mint.) 

Cabjx  tubular,  ribbed,  glabrous ;  throat  closed  with  hair  after 
flowering.  Corolla  pubescent,  with  the  throat  inflated,  the  up- 
per lip  emarginate,  erect,  the  lower  one  3-parted,  with  the  seg- 
ments obtuse,  nearly  equal.     Stamens  4. 

1.  C.  grandiflo'ra,  (Pursh.)  Stem  slightly  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves 
ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  toothed,  glabrous.  Floicers  in  opposite,  dichot- 
omous  clusters.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anthers  crescent- 
shaped. — Rose-color,  spotted  with  purple.  If.  June — Aug.  Middle 
Cai-.  and  Geo. 

2.  C.  coccin'ea,  (Nutt.)  Glabrous,  or  covered  with  the  lightest  pu- 
bescence. Leaves  obovate-oblong,  or  cuneate-linei*r,  obtuse,  nearly  en- 
tire, narrowed  into  a  short  petiole.  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-toothed  ; 
calyx  villous  within.  Verticels  elongated,  2 — 6-flowered. — Red.  East 
Florida. 

3.  C.  canes'cens,  (T.  &  G.)  Canescent  when  young.  Leaves  linear, 
obtuse,  entire,  margin  revolute,  somewhat  fasciculate.  Verticels  2-flow- 
ered.  Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  g-toothed.  Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx. — Red.     "West  Florida. 

Genus  IX.— CERANTHE'RA.     Ell.  13—1.     {Dicerandra,  Benth.) 
(From  Jceras,  a  horn,  and  anth^ra,  an  anther.) 

Cahjx  bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  2-cleft. 


ORDER    XCI. LAJJIATJ2.  4:67 

Corolla  double  the  length  of  the  calyx,  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip 
2-lobed,  the  lower  3-parted.  Stamens  4,  distant,  exserted. 
Anthers  awned. 

1.  C.  likearifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching.  Leaven 
linear,  dotted,  sometimes  clustered.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Ca- 
lyx striate,  usually  tinged  with  purple,  minutely  pubescent  at  the  sum- 
mit, dotted.  Corolla  with  throat  inflated.  Style  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens, hispid. — Reddish,  spotted  with  violet  0.  Sept. — Oct.  Near 
Culloden,  Geo.     12 — 18  inches. 

Genus  X.— IIEDEO'MA.     Pers.  13—1. 
(A  Greek  name  for  mint.) 

Cal]/x  bilabiate  ;  the  upper  lip  with  2  subulate,  ciliate  seg- 
ments ;  the  lower  lip  3-cleft,  segments  lanceolate.  Corolla 
ringent.     Stamens  2. 

1.  H.  pulegioi'des,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent,  angular.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, serrate,  pubescent.  Floioers  on  axillary  peduncles,  verticillate. 
Calyx  hairy, — Pale  purple.     0.     July — Aug.     Sandy  soils.     6 — 10  in. 

Squaw  Mint,      Wild  Pennyroyal. 

Tliis  plant  is  an  aromatic  stimulant,  and  like,  many  of  the  plants  of  this  order  is  used 
much  in  family  practice.     It  is  taken  in  hot  infusion  for  producing  perspiration. 

Genus  XL— HYS'SOPUS.     L.  13—1.     {Lophanthus.) 
(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.) 

Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  3-parted,  middle  lobe  sub-crenate. 
Stamens  straight,  distant,  long.     Sti/le  longer  than  the  corolla. 

1.  H,  scrophulari^fo'lius,  (Willd.)  Stem  herbaceous,  pubescent 
toward  the  summit,  glabrous  below.  Leaves  cordate,  and  ovatedanceo- 
late,  acuminate,  petioles  pubescent.  Floicers  in  crowded  whorls,  form- 
ing spikes.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate. — Reddish.  If.  July — Septem- 
ber.    Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XII.— COLLINSO'NIA.     L.  2—1, 
(In  honor  of  Peter  Collinson,  a  friend  of  Linnspus.) 

Calyx  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  one  bifid,  10- 
nerved.  Corolla  unequal,  lower  lip  with  numerous  capillary 
segments.     Stamens  2 — 4.     Seed  generally  abortive  except  1. 

1.  C.  Canapen'sis,  (L.)  Stem  4-angled,  smooth,  I^eaves  broad -cor- 
date, ovate,  glabrous,  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate.  Flowers  large,  in  a 
compound  terminal  panicle. 

Horse-balm.     Heal-all.     Stone-root.     Knot-root. 

2.  C.  tubeuo'sa,  (Mich,)  Steiyi  somewhat  pubescent,  branching. 
Leaves  large,  rhomi)oid-oval,  glabrous,  serrate,  on  long  petioles,  except 
the  upper  ones. — Yellow,     If,     Aug.— Sept,     Rich  soils.     3 — 4  feet. 

8.  C.  scab'ra,  (L.)  Stem  furrowed,  pubescent  toward  the  summit, 
glabrous  at  the  base.  Leaves  rugose,  pubescent,  ovate,  slightly  cordate, 
obtuse,  on  short  petioles.     Floioers  in  terminal  racemes.     Calyx  pubes 


468  ORDER   XCI. LABIATE. 

cent,  with  lanceolate  segments.  Corolla  pubescent,  the  lower  lip  fim. 
briate. — Yellow  and  purple,  Sept. — Oct.  In  the  low  country.  2 — 3 
feet.    . 

Var.  C.  ova'lis,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous.  Leaven  oblong-oval,  gla- 
brous, acute,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  in  simple  terminal  panicles; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  short.  Corolla  small. — Yellow.  If.  July — Aug. 
Middle  Carolina. 

4.  C.  puncta'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  pubescent,  brandling 
at  the  summit.  Leaves  ovate -lanceolate,  large,  acuminate,  dentate,  pu- 
bescent and  dotted  beneath  ;  upper  pair  nearly  sessile,  ovate.  Flowers 
in  compound  paniculate  racemes.  Calyx  with  the  lower  lip  longest, 
sprinkled  with  resinous  dots.  Corolla  pubescent ;  upper  segments 
short,  lower  one  fimbriate ;  filaments  4,  two  upper  ones  sterile. — Yel  - 
low.     If.     Sept. — Oct.     Rich  soils.     Common.     2 — i  feet. 

5.  C.  verticilla'ta,  (Bald.)  Stem  erect,  simple.  Leaves  verticillate, 
oval,  acuminate.     Flowers  in  a  terminal,  verticillate  raceme. 

Var.  C.  purpuras'cens.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  short  panicle. — Yellow. 
2f.     May— July.     Middle  Georgia.     1—2  feet. 

6.  C.  anisa'ta,  (Sims.)  Ste^n  erect,  branching,  pubescent ;  segments 
of  the  calyx  linear.  Floiccrs  in  a  compound  panicle,  leafy,  pubescent. 
Stamens'^. — Pale  yellow.     If.     July — ^Se})t.     Mountains.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XUI.— SALVIA.     L.  2—1. 

(From  the  Latin  salvo,  to  save  or  heal,  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  healing  properties.) 

Cahjx  somewhat  campaniilate,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed, 
the  lower  bifid.  Corolla  ringent.  Stamens  2.  Filaments 
bifid,  with  the  conuectivum  elongated,  bearing  an  anther  cell  at 
each  extremity. 

1.  S.  azure'a,  (Lam.)  ^;e?n  much  branched.  Zfawes  linear,  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  distant  whorls.  Calyx  pubescent,  3-cleft. — Blue.  2f .  Through 
the  summer.     Middle  and  upper  Car.  and  Geo.     4 — 6  feet. 

2.  S.  urticifo'lia,  (L.)  ^SVem  erect,  villous,  some  wliat  viscous.  I^eaves 
ovate,  doubly  serrate,  acuminate,  attenuate  at  ihe  base,  pubescent. 
Flowers  in  remote  whorls,  viscous.  Calyx  pubescent. — Blue.  If. 
June — July.     Upper  districts  Car.  and  Geo.     12 — 15  inches. 

3.  S.  coccin'ea,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  mueh  branched.  Leaves  cordate, 
serrate,  tomentose,  on  rather  long  petioles.  Flowers  6  in  a  whorl ;  up- 
per lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  emarginate,  connectivum  hearing  the  anther 
only  at  one  extremity. — Red.  If.  Through  the  summer.  On  the  sea- 
coast.      1 — 2  feet.  Scarlet  Sage. 

4.  S.  lyra'ta,  (L.)  Stem  square,  hirsute,  branching  at  the  summit, 
retrorsely  pubescent.  Radical  leaves  terete,  dentate,  hirsute,  spotted  ; 
upper  leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  dentate,  few.  Flowers  usually  6  in  a 
whorl.  Calyx  angled,  hirsute.  Corolla  hairy  on  the  outside. — Blue. 
21.     March — Sept.     Common.     2 — 3  feet.  Cancer-weed. 

5.  S.  obova'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  angled.  Leaves  very  large, 
obovate,  dentate,  pubescent.  Flowers  6  in  a  whorl. — Blue.  1i.  June 
—July.     Middle  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

6.  S.   Clayto'ni,  (Ell.)     Stem  erect,   square.     Leaves  cordate-ovate, 


ORDER   XCI. — LABIATE.  409 

rinuate,  dentate,  rugose,  pubescent  on  the  veins.  Flowers  G  m  a  whorl 
Calyx  hispid  along  the  veins, — Violet.  2£.  June — Oct.  Coniuion 
8 — 12  inches. 

Genus  XIV.— MONAR'DA.     L.  2—1. 

(In  honor  of  N.  Monarda.) 

Calyx  many-nerved,  5-toothed,  cylindric.  Corolla  ringent. 
with  the  tube  long,  cylindric ;  upper  lip  linear,  entire,  the  lowei 
one  reflexed,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  longest.    Stamens  2.    Seed  \ 

1.  M.  clixopo'dia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous,  obtuse,  angled.  Leavn 
ovate-lanceolate,  ta|iering  at  the  base,  serrate  near  the  middle,  smooth, 
or  slightly  hairy,  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  in  simple  terminal  heads. 
Bracts  broad-ovate,  acute,  entire,  nearly  glabrous.  Cahjx  short,  ciliate. 
Corolla  slender,  pubescent. — Pale  purple,  li.  July — Sept.  Mount- 
ains,    Dry  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  M.  puncta'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branched,  nearly  glabrous,  obtuse, 
angled,  whitish.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  remote  and  obscurely  ser- 
rate, tapering  at  the  base,  smooth.  Floicers  in  whorls.  Bracts  lance- 
olate, colored,  longer  than  the  whorl.  Cali/x  long.  Corolla  hairy,  dot- 
ted with  brown,  the  upper  lip  slightly  arched,  longer  than  the  lower. 
— Yellow.    $ .     Dry  pine-barrens.     Common.     3 — 5  feet.      Horscmint, 

3.  M.  cilia'ta,  (L.)  Stem  acutely  angled,  hirsute.  Leaves  pubescent, 
ovate,  finely  serrate,  tapering.  Flowers  in  whorls.  Bracts  strongly 
veined.  Calyx  hairy.  Corolla  small. — Blue.  If.  July — September. 
Mountains.  Blcphilia  ciliata,  Kaf. 

Genus  XV.— NEP'ETA.     L.   13—1.     {Catmint.) 
(From  Nepi,  a  town  in  Tuscany.) 

Calyx  tubular,  ribbed,  5-toothed,  with  the  teeth  nearly  equal. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  slightly  emarginate,  straight,  the 
lower  one  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  crenate.  Stamens  approx- 
imate. 

1.  N.  cata'ria,  (L.)  Ste7n  pubescent.  Leaves  on  petioles,  cordate, 
serrate,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath.  Floicers  in  verticillate  spikes.  Up- 
per tooth  of  the  calyx  longest.  Corolla  small,  with  lateral  lobes  re- 
flexed. — Nearly  white.  If.  June — Aug.  Conuiion  around  buildings. 
1 — 3  feet.  Catnip. 

This  plant  is  very  frequently  employed  as  a  family  medicine,  in  poultices  as  an  ex- 
ternal application,  and  internally  for  colic  in  children.  It  is  agreeable,  and  is  said  to 
be  efficacious. 

Genus  XVI— DRACOCEPH'ALUM.     L.  13—1.     {Physoslegia.) 
(From  drakon,  a  dragon,  and  kcjyhalf,  a  head.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  the  segments  nearly  equal.  Corolla  with 
the  throat  inflated,  the  upper  lip  concave.     Stamens  4. 

1  D.  Virginia'num,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  near  the 
summit,  square.  Leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  acutely  per- 
rate.     Flowers   in  terminal  spikes,  crowded.     Bracts'  email,  subulate, 


470  ORDKR    XCI. LABIATE. 

pubescent.      Calyx  pubescent,  with  short  segments.     Corolla  larcre. — 
Bright  purple.      U.     June — July.     Mountain  meadows.     2 — Sleet. 

2.  D.  vauiega'tum,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous,  square,  Avith  cartilagin- 
ous angles.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  toothed  toward  the  sum- 
mit, glabrous,  lower  ones  alternate  at  tlie  base,  Floioers  in  short  spikes. 
Bracts  ovate,  pubescent.  Calyx  pubescent.  Corolla  pubescent,  infla- 
ted, the  upper  lip  large,  the  middle  segments  of  the  lower  lip  streaked. 
— Bright  purple.      %.     May — June.     Wet  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

3.  D.  denticula'tum,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  or  minutely  [lubescent  at 
the  summit.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  slightly  toothed. 
Flowers  in  long  spikes.  Bracts  subulate,  finely  pubescent.  Calyx  with 
the  teeth  nearly  equal,  pubescent.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  variegated. 
— Purple.      If.     June — Jul}*.     Mountains.     10 — ^12  inches. 

4.  D.  obova'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  at  tlie  summit,  gla-"" 
brous  below.  Leaves  obovate,  sessile,  cuneate,  toothed  at  the  summit. 
Floiccrs  in  short  spikes.  Bracts  very  sm;ill,  pubescent.  Calyx  and  co- 
rolla pubescent. — Purple.  If.  May — July.  Southern  Georgia.  12 
— 15  inches. 

Genus  XVIL— CEDROXEL'LA.     Moench.   13—1. 
(From  kedros,  cedar,  from  the  odor  of  its  leaves.) 

Cali/x  tubular  or  campanulate,  oblique,  5-toothed.  Corolla 
expanding,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  lip  3-cleft,  spread- 
ing.    Stamens  4. 

1.  C.  corda'ta,  (Benth.)  Stem  low,  creeping,  pubescent.  Leaves 
broad-cordate,  petiolate,  crenate.  Whorls  few  flowered.  Corolla 
hairy  within. — Pale  purple,     June.     Shady  places. 

IJracocephalum  cordatum,  Nutt. 

Genus  XVIII. —PRUXEL'LA.     L.  13—1. 

(From  a  German  word,  tbat  means  a  disorder  of  the  throat.) 

Cali/x  with  unequal  lips,  the  upper  one  truncate,  S-toothed. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  dilated.  Filament  forked  at  the  ex- 
tremity, one  point  bearing  an  anther.  Stigma  bifid.  Stajnens  4. 

1.  P.  vulga'ris,  (L.)  Stem  square,  pubescent  along  the  angles,  hairy 
at  the  summit,  branching  at  the  base.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  denticulate 
at  the  base,  on  long  hairy  petioles.  Floicers  in  compact  spikes,  axillary 
and  terminal.  Bracts  cihate.  Calyx  somewhat  hairy,  upper  one  3- 
awned.  Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  emarginate. — Violet.  11.  May 
— July.     Common.     6 — 8  inches.  Self-heal  or  Heal-all. 

Genus  XIX.— SCUTELLA'RIA,     L.   13—1. 
(From  scutellum,  a  little  shield;  from  the  shape  of  the  lid  of  the  calyx.) 

Cali/x  bilabiate;  upper  lip  with  a  lid  closing  the  calyx  after 
flowering.  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  concave,  lower  3-lobed, 
tube  long.     Stamens  4. 

1.  S.  integkifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  4-angled,  usually  branching,  pubescent. 
Lower  leaves  ovate,  attenuate   at  the  base,  crenate,  on  short  petioles ; 


ORDER   XCI. — LABIATE.  471 

upper  ones  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile.  Flowers  in  panicles  com- 
posed of  apposite  racemes,  a  bract  at  the  base  of  each  peduncle.  CV 
ro//a  villous,  spotted  with  white,  yl n^/<^rs  hairy. — Blue.  y.  May— 
Aug.     In  damp  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet 

2.  S.  Carolinia'na,  (Lam.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  petiolate.  Flotcers  in  leafy,  loose  ra- 
cemes. Calyx  with  the  segments  obtuse. — Blue.  If.  May — Juno. 
In  thick  woods.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  S.  skrra'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  branching.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  in  termi- 
nal racemes.  Bracts  lanceolate.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.— 
Blue.      U.     June — Sept.     In  fields.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  S.  viLLo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  villous,  branching.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, villous  along  the  veins  beneath,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  in 
racemose  panicles,  ^rac^s  lanceolate. — Blue.  If.  May — July.  Mid- 
dle Georgia.     2 — 3  feet. 

5.  S.  piLo'sA,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  hairy,  tinged  with  purple.  Lower 
leaves  cordate,  obtuse ;  upper  ones  ovate,  all  rugose,  crenate,  hairy  and 
dotted  on  the  under  surface,  on  short  petioles.  Floicers  in  paniculate 
racemes.  Calyx  hispid.  Corolla  hispid  on  the  outer  surface. — White, 
tinged  with  violet.      If.     May — July.     Fertile  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  S.  cordifo'lia,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  L^eaves  cordate, 
acute,  obtusely  toothed,  on  long  petioles,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  oppo- 
site and  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  villous. — White  and  blue.  July — 
Aug.     Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

7.  S.  lateriflo'ra,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  the  angles  some 
times  pubescent,  much  branched.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  acuminate, 
lower  ones  on  rather  long  petioles,  the  upper  aearly  sessile.  Flowers 
in  leafy  racemes.  Ca^j/o:  glabrous. — Blue.  If.  June — Sept.  Upper 
Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Genus  XX.— MACBRI'DEA.     13—1. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Wm.  Macbride,  of  Charleston.) 

Calyx  turbinate,  striate,  3-cleft ;  two  of  tlie  segments  large, 
the  other  narrow.  Corolla  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip,  entire,  the 
lower  one  3-lobed.     Anthers  villous,  fringed. 

1.  M.  pulchel'la,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous,  pubescent  at 
the  joints.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  slightly  hairy  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, ciliate  ;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  tlie  lower  ones  on  short  petioles. 
Flowers  in  a  whorl,  bracteate.  Corolla  with  the  lateral  lubes  obtuse, 
reflexed. — White  and  purple.  If.  August — Sept.  Pine-barrens. 
1—2  feet. 

Genus  XXL— MARRU'BIUM.     13—1. 
(From  marrob,  a  Hebrew  word  for  bitterness.) 

Cali/x  with  10  ribs,  with  5  or  10  spreading  teeth  ;  throat 
hairy.  Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  bifid,  linear,  straight,  the 
lower  lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  segment  largest,  emarginate.  *Sta- 
mens  4,  lower  pair  longest. 


472  ORDER    XOI. LABIAT.E. 

1.  M.  \tjlga're,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching  at  the  base,  tomentose. 
Flov^ers  numerous,  in  whorls.  Leaves  roundish,  ovate,  rugose,  dentate, 
tomentose  beneath.  Calyx  with  ten  setaceous  teeth.  Corolla  small. — 
White,      li.     Through  the  summer.     Common  around  buildings. 

White  Hoarhound. 

This  plant  is  a  tonic,  and  in  large  doses  cathartic.  It  is  decidedly  a  family  medicine, 
and  is  used  in  the  incipient  stages  of  coughs  and  catarrhs  with  good  effects.  It  also 
derives  celebrity  from  being  extensively  used  in  manufacturing  the  hoarhound  candy 

Genus  XXII.— STA'CHYS.     L.  13—1. 
(Trom  stachys,  a  spike.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  segments  awned.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
vaulted  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  with  the  lateral  lobes  reflexed,  the 
middle  lobe  large,  emarginate.     Stamens  4. 

1.  S.  As'pERA,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  square,  retrorsely  hispid.  Leaves 
sessile,  hnear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  glabrous.  Flowers  usually  6  in  a 
whorl.  Teeth  of  the  calyx  divaricate,  spiny. — Purple.  H.  June — 
Aug.     Pine-barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  S.  hyssopito'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  generally  glabrous,  slender, 
usually  simple.  Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  dentate,  or 
finely  serrulate.  Flowers  sessile,  about  4  in  a  whorl.  Calyx  glabrous, 
with  the  teeth  rigid.  Corolla  slightly  pubescent  on  the  inside. — Pur- 
ple.     If.   "June — Aug.     Wet  pine  lands.     12 — 18  inches. 

3.  S.  His'piDA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  hispid,  with  the  bris- 
tles usually  retrorse.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  oblong,  acute, 
serrulate,  hispid;  the  upper  ones  nearly  linear.  Flowers  4 — 6  in  a 
whorl.  Calyx  hairy;  segments  acute.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  whi- 
tish with  dark  spots. — Yellowish-purple.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Pine- 
barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

Gexus  XXIIL— LEONU'P.US.     L.  13—1. 

(From  Uon,  a  lion,  and  aura,  a  tail.) 

Calyx  5-angled,  with  5  acute,  expanding  teeth.  Corolla 
bilabiate^  the  upper  lip  entire,  hairy,  the  lower  3-parted,  reflex- 
ed.    Stamens  4.     Anthers  sprinkled  with  shining  dots. 

1.  L.  cardia'ca,  (L.)  Stem  with  4  pubescent  angles.  Leaves  pubes- 
cent, the  lower  ones  3-lobed,  lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  entire,  pale  be- 
neath, sometimes  dentate,  on  petioles  about  an  inch  long.  Flowers  in 
numerous  axillary  whorls.  Calyx  nearly  glabrous.  Corolla  small,  vil- 
lous on  the  outer  surface. — White,  tinged  with  red.  $  ov  1i.  May — 
Aug.     In  rich  soils.     Introduced.  Motherwort. 

Genus  XXIV.— LA'MIUM.     L.  13-1. 

(From  laimos,  the  throat.) 

Calyx  tubular,  hairy,  with  a  5-cleft  expanding  bordei.  Co- 
rolla bilabiate ;  the  upper  lip  vaulted,  the  lower  lip  2-lobed, 
toothed  at  the  base.     Anthers  hairy. 

I.  L.  amplexicau'le,  (L.)     Stem  pubescent,  square,  branching  at  the 


OKDKR    X(I. LAIMAr.E,  473 

brxse.  Leaves  pubescent,  broadly  cordate,  crcnate,  tlu^  upper  ones  ses- 
sile, claspiutj:,  the  lower  ones  on  short  petiok's.  Flowers  on  axillary 
whorls.  Cafi/x  hairy.  Corolla  with  the  tube  long,  marked  witli  pale 
spots. — Bright  purple.     0.     Common.     6 — 8  inches. 

Genus  XXV.— ISAN'THUS.     Mich.  13—1. 
(From  isos,  equal,  and  anthoe,  flower,  the  con^lla  being  nearly  regular.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  lO-nerved,  5-toothecl ;  throat  naked. 
Corolla  short,  campanulate,  of  5  nearly  equal  rounded  lobes. 
Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  erect. 

1.  I.  c(eru'leus,  (Mich.)  Viscidly  pubescent.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate, 
3  nerved.  Flowers  1 — 3,  on  axillary  peduncles. — Pale  blue.  July — 
Aug.     River  banks.  False  Pennyroyal. 

Gexus  XXVL— TRICHOSTE'MA.     L.  13—1. 
(From  tJirix,  a  hair,  and  sterna,  a  stamen.) 

Calyx  campanulate,  oblique,  resupinate,  unequally  5-cleft, 
the  3  upper  teeth  elongated.  Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  up- 
per lip  falcate.     Stamens  4,  long  and  curved. 

1.  T.  dichot'oma,  (L.)  Siem  erect,  branching.  Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, broad,  pubescent,  entire.  Floivers  in  diehotomous  panicles,  solitary, 
in  the  divisions  of  the  branches.  Calyx  hispid,  ribbed,  bilabiate.  Sta- 
mens unequal.  Stigmas  2. — Blue.  0.  July — Sept.  Dry  soils.  Very 
common,     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  T.  linea'ris,  (Walt.)  Stem  viscidly  pubescent.  Leaves  linear, 
smooth,  sessile,  acute  at  each  end  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  awned.  Stamens 
very  long. — Blue.     @.     June — Sept.     Dry  fields.     6 — 12  inches. 

Genus  XXVIL— TEU'CRIUM,     L.  13—1. 
(Named  after  Tcuccr,  son  of  Scamander,) 

Calyx  tubular,  or  campanulate,  nearly  equally  5-toothed. 
Corolla  with  the  tube  short,  4  upper  lobes  of  the  limb  nearly 
equal,  the  lowest  lobe  longest. 

1,  T,  Canaden'se,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  pubescent,  somewhat 
jointed.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  on  short  potidlo;^, 
almost  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  in  whorled  racemes.  Bracts  subu- 
late, longer  than  the  calyx.  Calyx  pubescent,  witli  the  3  upper  seg- 
ments broad,  the  2  lower  narrow.  Corolla  pubescent,  the  upper  lips 
deeply  divided.  Stiginas  2. — Blue  or  reddish.  U-  July — September. 
Damp  soils.     Common,     2 — 3  feet. 

2,  T.  Virgin'icum,  (L.)  Ste7n  pubescent,  furrowed.  Leaves  ovatt 
oblong,  serrate  ;  those  near  the  summit  nearly  sessile.  Fl'^rers  in  ver 
ticillate  racemes,  crowded.  Bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Blue  or  i)ur- 
ple.     IC,     July — Aug.     In  wet  grounds.     2 — 3  feet. 


4:74:  ORDER    XCH. VERBENACE^. 


Order  XCIL— VERBENA'CE^.     ( Vervain  Family.) 

Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  inferior.  Corolla  liypogynous, 
usually  with  an  irregular  limb.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  some- 
times only  2.  Ovary  2 — 4-celled.  Ovules  erect  or  pendulous, 
solitary  or  twin.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry.  Albumen 
none.     Shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  exstipulate  leaves. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Plants,  shrubs 2 

Plants,  herbaceous 3 

2.  Stamens  didynamous Lnntana,  4 

Stamens  not  didynamous Callicarpa,  2 

3.  Flowers  in  spikes,  calyx  erect Vei-dena,  1 

Flowers  in  spikes,  calyx  reversed  in  fruit Phryma,  5 

Flowers  in  heads Zappania,  3 

Genus  I— YERBE'NA.     L.   13—2. 
(The  Celtic  name  of  the  plant.) 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  the  tube  curved, 
and  the  limb  unequally  5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous. 
Seeds  4.     Flowers  in  paniculate  spikes. 

1.  V.  Auble'tia.  Stem  creeping',  assurgent,  angled,  pubescent.  Leaves 
opposite,  oval-lanceolate,  3-lobed,  dentate.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 
Calyx  angleti,  with  unequal,  setaceous  segments.  Corolla  pubescent  at 
the  summit,  the  border  expanding. — Purple.  IX.  Through  the  sum- 
mer.    Pine-barrens.     Common. 

2.  V.  spu'ria.  Stein  decumbent,  divaricately  branched.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, deeply  hiciniate,  somewhat  piiuiatifid;  segments  serrate.  Flowers 
in  filiform  spikes,  loose.  Bracts  longer  than  the  calyx. — Purple.  ©. 
Aug.— Oct.     Middle  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

8.  V.  hasta'ta.  Steyn  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  the  lower  ones  frequently  lobed,  or  hastate.  Flowers  in  short, 
linear  spikes,  paniculate.  Bracts  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — Pur- 
ple.    %.     July — Aug.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — t  feet. 

4.  V.  panicula'ta.  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  almost  hispid.  Leaves  long, 
lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  undivided.  Flowers  in  numerous  spikes, 
forming  a  corymbose  panicle. — Purple,  11.  July — Aug,  Mountains. 
4—6  feet. 

5.  V.  urticifo'lia.  Stem  erect,  somewhat  pubescent,  with  numerous 
slen*ler  branches.  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate.  Flowers  in  filiform 
spikes,  axillary  and  terminal,  forming  panicles.  Bracts  subulate;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  nearly  equal. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  July 
• — Aug.     Common.     2 — 3  fc^t. 

6.  Y.  Carounta'na.  Stem  erect,  scabrous,  simple,  viscid.  Leaves 
oblong,  obovate,  irregularly  serrate,  sometimes  slightly  lohed.  Flowers 
in  long  spikes.  Bracts  subulate.  Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate, — Pale 
purple.     May — July.     Dry  soils.     Common. 


ORDER   XCII. VERBENACE.!!.  475 

Genus  II.— CALLICAR'PA.     L.  4—1. 

(From  the  Greek  kalos,  beautiful,  and  karpos,  fruit.) 

Cahjx  small,  persistent,  4-cleft.  Corolla  4-cleft,  with  obtuse 
segments.     Fruit  baccate,  4-celled,  juicy,  purple. 

1.  C.  America'na.  a  shrub  bearing  many  branche?,  the  old  wood 
glabrous  young  branches  tomentose.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate, 
serraie,  tonientose  beneath;  petioles  sprinkled  with  resinous  atoms. 
Flmccrs  in  axillary  clusters,  on  very  short  peduncles.  Calyx  toraentose. 
— Purple.    ''2  .     May — July.     Very  common.     3 — 5  feet. 

French  Mulberry. 

Gkxus  III.— ZAPA'NIA.     Sco.  13—2. 
(In  lionor  of  P.  A.  Zappa,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

Calyx  o-toothed.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous. 
Stigma  capitate,  peltate,  oblique.  Seeds  2,  covered  at  first  by 
an  evanescent  pericarp.     Flowers  in  heads. 

1.  Z.  nudiflo'ba.  Stem  procumbcJit,  branching,  somewhat  scabrous, 
herbaceous.  Leaves  ovate,  cuneate,  serrate  toward  the  apex,  on  short 
petioles.  jP/ojt'^rs  on  axilbiry  peduncles,  in  small  heads,  .^rac-^*  broad, 
pui'ple  along  the  margin.  Stamens  short.  Seeds  2. — Bluish-white.  U. 
July — Aug,     Damp  soils.     Common.     4 — 6  inches. 

2.  Z.  lanceola'ta.  Stem  herbaceous,  creeping,  similar  to  the  prece- 
ding. Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate.  Flowers  on  long  peduncles,  in 
conical  heads. — Bluish- white.  U-  July — Aug.  Banks  of  streams. 
6 — 8  inches.  Lippia  lanceolata. 

Genus  IV.— LAISTA'NA.    L.  13—2. 
(An  ancient  .larae  of  Viburnum.) 

Calyx  obtusely  4-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  limb  4-cIeft. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Stiyma  hooked.  Fruit  a  drupe,  dark 
blue,  containing  a  smooth  2-celled  nut.     Flowers  in  heads. 

2.  L.  cama'ra.  a  shrub,  with  the  stems  rough,  square.  Leaves  op- 
posite, ovate- lanceolate,  scabrous,  pubescent  along  the  veins,  serrate. 
Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles,  numerous.  Bracts  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx. Stameiis  short.  i)/-«;;<?s  globular. — Bright  yellow.  ^.  June — 
Nov.     Southern  Geo.  and  Florida.     2 — 4  feet. 

Genus  V.— PHRYMA.     13—2. 

(Etymology  unknown.) 

Calyx iuhnlar,  5-nerved,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  the  longer,  trifid. 
Corolla  bilabiate;  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  much  larger, 
flat,  3-lobed.     Stamens  4,  included.     Fruit  1-seeded. 

1.  P.  leptosta'chva.  Stem  branching  above.  Leaves  large,  ovate- 
acute  ;  coarsely  toothed.  Flowrs  in  slender  terminal  spikes,  small, 
mostly  opposite.  Calyx  turned  downward  in  fruit. — Purplish.  U. 
July.     Shady  woods,  Lopsefd. 


4:7Q  ORDER    XCIII. ACANTHACEJi:. 

Order  XCIIL— ACANTHA'CEJE.     {Acanthus  Family.) 

Calyx  4 — o-cleft,  persistent,  with  the  segments  equal  or  un 
equal.  Corolla  liypogynous,  with  a  regular  or  irregular  bor 
der.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  2  or  4  , 
when  4  didynaraous,  the  short  ones  sometimes  sterile.  Ovary 
2-celled,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  disk.  Style  1.  Co'psule 
2-celled,  few  or  many-seeded  ;  dissepiments  opposite  the  valves. 
Seeds  suspended,  nearly  globular.  Cotyledons  large.  Herba- 
ceous plants,  with  opposite,  simple  leaves. 

Genus  L— JUSTI'CIA.     L.  2—1.     {Rhytiglossa,  Nees.) 
(In  honor  of  J.  Justice,  a  Scotch  botanist.) 

Calyx  o-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  eraarginate,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamcuii 
2.     Stigma  1.      Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved. 

1.  J.  hu'milis,  (Mich.)  Stem  assurgent,  glabrous  toward  the  base, 
rough  near  the  summit,  jointed.  Leaves  decussate,  lanceolate,  serru- 
late, scabrous.  Flowers  in  long  axillary  spikes.  Bracts  minute.  Calyi 
persistent,  veutricose.  Corolta  with  the  upper  lip  reflexed  ;  middle 
segment  of  the  lower  lip  longest,  spotted. — Violet.  If.  May — June. 
In  wet  soils.     12 — 18  inches. 

2.  J.  ensifor'mis,  (Walt.)  Stem  assurgent.  Leaves  decussate,  linear- 
lanceolate,  glabrous,  acute,  slightly  oblique.  Flowers  in  sliort,  compact 
spikes,  on  long  peduncles. — A^iolet.     2f.     May — June.     Southern  Geo. 

•  3.  J.  brachia'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  6-angled,  brachiately  branched,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
glabrous  beneath,  hairy  on  tlie  veins.  Peduncles  axillary,  by  twos  or 
threes;  heads  2 — 3-flowered,  with  the  leaves  of  the  involucre  unequal, 
mu'^ronate,  euneate,  3-nerved.  Flowers  small.  Capside  oval,  niuero- 
nate,  partly  pubescent. — August.  Dicliptera  bracldata. 

Genus  IL— RUEL'LIA.     L.  13—2. 
(In  honor  of  J.  Kuelli,  a  French  botanist.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts.  Corolla  campanulate, 
with  a  5-lobed  border.  Stamens  4  or  5,  approximate.  Cap- 
sule attenuate,  dehiscing  at  the  summit. 

1.  R.  stre'pens,  (L)  Stem  erect,  4-angled,  hairy.  Leaves  opposite, 
petiolate,  lanceolate-ovate,  entire.  Flotcers  axillary,  1 — 3  in  each  axil. 
Calyx  with  acute  hispid  segments,  with  2  bracteal  leaves  as  long  a^  the 
calyx.  Corolla  with  the  segments  rounded ;  tube  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx.    Seed  generally  4. — Blue.   71 .  May — Sept.     Damp  soils.     1 — 2  ft. 

Dijyteracanthus  pallidus, 

2.  R.  hirsu'ta.  Stejn  erect,  obtusely  angled,  sparingly  branched,  hir- 
sute. Leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  rough.  Calyx 
with  hispid  subulate  segments,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Style  \oi\g. — Blue.     If.     July — Oct.     Georgia  and  Alabama. 

Hydrophila  hirsuta 


ORDER    XCIV. LENTIBUr.ARIACE.K.  477 

3.  R.  ciLio'sA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  branching.  Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
ciliate,  hairy  along  the  veins.  Bracts  short ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
subulate,  short. — Blue,      U-     July — Sept.     Southern  Geo.     1 — 2  ft. 

Dipteracantlms  ciliosus,  Necs. 

4.  R.  obloxgifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  obtusely  angled,  branched 
or  simple,  pubescent.  Leaves  sessile,  obovate,  obtuse  ;  lower  leavea 
nearly  round.  Cali/x  with  the  segments  filiform,  as  long  as  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  hispid ;  segments  of  the  corolla  eraarginate.  Capsule 
suiTounded  with  a  glandular  ring.  Seed  few. — Blue,  spotted  with  yel- 
low,    y.     May — Sept.     Very  common.     1 — 2  feet. 

Calophancs  ohlongifolius,  Don. 

5.  R.  humistra'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  diffuse,  glabrous.  Leaves  on  long 
petioles,  obtuse  oval.  Flowers  nearly  sessile.  Capsule  linear. — Blue. 
11.     May — Sept.     Sandy  pine-barrens.     Southern  Geo. 

Calophanes  humistratus. 

6.  R.  ciLio'sA,  (Le  Conte.)  Ste7n  erect,  white-pubescent,  hirsute. 
Leaves  oval-oblong,  subcrenate,  running  into  a  short  petiole,  hirsute. 
Flowers  subsessile.  Calyx  bracteolate  ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear,  setaceous,  hirsute,  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla. — East  Florida. 

Dipteracanthus  3litcheUianus,  Benth, 
Y.  R.  TUBiTLo'iiA,  (Le  Conte.)      Hirsute   or  nearly   glabrous.     Stem 
branching.     Leaves  oblong,  entire  or  undulate,  subsessile.     Flowers  sol- 
itary, axillary,  opposite,  peduncles  short ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear- 
lanceolate,  one  third  the  length  of  the  corolla. — Georgia  and  Florida. 

Dipteracanthus  noctijiorus,  Benth. 

8.  R.  TUBEUo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  villous.  Leaves  ovate,  cuneate  at 
the  base,  attenuate  into  the  petiole,  entire,  crenate  or  undulate,  smooth 
or  pilose  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  subulate,  acuminate,  more  or  less  hirsute. 
— Throughout  the  South.  Cryphlacanthus  Barbadensis,  Nees. 

Genus  III— ELYTRA'RIA.     Vahl.  2—1. 
(From  the  Greek  elutron,  an  envelope.) 

Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  with  the  front  segment  bifid.  Corolla 
5-cleft,  with  the  segments  nearly  equal.  Sta)7icns  2,  with  2 
barren  filaments.  Caj^sule  2-celled,  2-valved,  few  seeds  in  each 
cell. 

1,  E.  vn^GATA,  (Mich.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  long,  entire,  lanceolate, 
cuneate  at  the  base,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  slightly  undulate  ; 
scape  covered  with  ovate,  amplexicaul  scales.  Flowers  in  dense  sjiikca. 
Bracts  inclosing  the  flowers  rigid  ;  scales  2  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  pu- 
Descent.  Calyx  pubescent. — If.  May — June.  Damp  pine-barrens. 
1—2  feet. 

Order  XCIV.— LENTIBULARIA'CE^     [Balterwort 
Famihj.) 

Calyx  divided,  persistent,  liypogynous.  Corolla  irregular, 
bilabiate,  spurred.  Stamens  2,  included  within  the  corolla. 
Anthers  simple,    1 -celled.       Ovary    1 -celled.      Style   1,   short. 


478  ORDER    XCIV. LENTIBULARIACE^. 

Stigma  bilamellate.  Capsule  1 -celled,  many-seeded,  with  cen- 
tral placentae.  Seeds  minute.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  radical 
leaves  ;  growing  in  swamps  and  marshes. 

Genus  L— PINGUIC'ULA.     L.  2—1. 
(From  pinguis,  fat,  in  allusion  to  the  greasiness  of  its  leaves.) 

Cahjx  bilabiate,  5-cleft.  Corolla  ringent,  spurred  at  the 
base.     Stamens  2,  very  short. 

1.  P.  ela'tior,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  none.  Leaves  all  radical,  spatulate, 
ovate,  entire,  viscid,  obtuse  :  scape  columnar,  villous  at  the  base,  several 
from  each  root.  Flowers  solitary.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  3  lower- 
segments  approximate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  ventricose,  villous  within, 
veined  with  purple,  equally  5-cleft ;  segments  2-lobed ;  spur  obtuse, 
compressed,  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  Anthers  globose,  approximate, 
1-ceiled.  Style  short.  Stigma  somewhat  3-lobed.  Capsule  1-celled, 
terminated  by  the  persistent  style. — Yellow.  2|.  March — April. 
Common  in  w^et  places.  Tall  Pinguicula. 

2.  P.  lu'tea,  (Walt.)  Stem  none  ;  scapes  1 — 3  from  each  root,  pu- 
bescent, 1  flowered.  Xmi'^s  similar  to  the  preceding.  Ca/yar  equnlly 
5  cleft.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  the  segments  2-lobed  ;  tlie 
inferior  lamella  of  the  stigma  dilated,  covering  the  anthers,  the  upper 
one  minute  :  the  whole  plant  pubescent,  with  tlie  hairs  terminated  by 
a  viscid  gland. — Yellow.  2^.  March — April.  Pine-barrens.  Very 
common.  Yellow  Pinguicula. 

3.  P.  pu'mila,  (Mich.)  Scapes  several  from  each  root,  pubescent, 
hairs  terminated  by  viscid  globules.  Leaves  smoother  than  in  the  i>re- 
ceding  species.  Calyx  pubescent,  with  obtuse  segments.  Corolla  vil- 
lous within;  tube  streaked  with  purple,  yellowish.  Stigtna  with  the 
upper  lamella  slightly  3-lobed,  short,  the  lower  one  ciliate,  covering  the 
anthers.  Capsule  globose,  pubescent. — Pale  blue.  If.  March — April. 
Common  in  southern  and  middle  Geo. 

Genus  II.— UTRICULA'PJA.     L.  2—1. 
(From  utriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 

Calyx  bilabiate,  lips  undivided,  nearly  equal.  Corolla  rin- 
gent, the  lower  lip  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  2,  with  the 
filaments  incurved,  bearing  the  anthers  within  the  apex.  Stig- 
ma bilamellate.     Capsule  1-celled. 

1.  IT.  infla'ta,  (Walt.)  Stem  submersed,  branching,  terete,  glabrous. 
Leaves  alternate,  the  lower  ones  whorled,  inflated,  pinnatifid  at  the 
extremities  ;  segments  setaceous.  Flowers  in  racemes,  surrounded  by 
a  6-leaved  involucre  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  Calyx  per- 
sistent ;  segments  nearly  equal,  concave,  ovate.  Corolla  with  the  up- 
per lip  entire,  broad-ovate,  smaller  than  the  under  lip;  lower  lip  3-cleft, 
the  lateral  segments  broad,  and  shorter  than  the  middle  segments. 
Spur  bifid  ;  the  lower  lamella  of  the  stigma  dilated,  ciliate,  reflexed. 
— Yellow.     If.    Still  waters.     Very  common. 

2.  U.  FiBRo'sA,  (Walt.)  Stem  submersed,  round.  Flowers  in  simple 
racemes  ;  peduncles  6 — 8  inches  long,  columnar  ;  pedicels  1 — 2  inches 


ORDER    XOV. PKIMULACE^.  4:Til 

long,  slender ;  upper  lip  f>f  the  corolla  larpo,  slightly  3-lobed,  lower 
lip  smaller;  spur  subulate,  ciiiargiiiato. — Yellow.  If.  Sept. — Oct. 
2—3  feet. 

5.  U.  sacca'ta.  (Le  Conte.)  ^^r?// submersed,  plabidus,  terete.  Lrnvca 
alternate,  4 — 5-parted  at  the  base,  sej^inents  dn  idei],  Avitli  !<etact!ous 
segments  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 — 2,  generally  l-flowered  ;  upper  lip 
of  the  corolla  nearly  round,  shorter  than  the  lower;  the  middle  segment 
of  the  lower  lip  oval,  with  reflexed  margin  ;  spur  subulate,  covered  by 
the  retlexed  margins  of  the  middle  segment. — Purple.  If.  June — July. 
Stagnant  waters.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  U.  longiros'tris,  (Le  Conte.)  *S^r?»  floating.  Zfavf.«  divided,  with 
setaceous  segments.  F/owcrs  on  peduncles  2 — 3  iiiches  long,  2-flowered  ; 
lips  of  the  corolla  obscurely  3-lobed,  the  lower  one  emarginate,  ascend- 
ing.— Yellow.     If.     June.     Stagnant  water.     Car.  and  Geo. 

6.  U.  gib'ba,  (L.)  Stem  floating  ;  peduncle  6 — 8  inches  long,  bearing 
several  small  flowers.  Corolla  w'ith  the  lips  obscurely  lobed  ;  spur 
shorter  than  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla,  gibbous  in  the  middle. — Yel- 
low.     U-    June.     In  ponds  in  the  low  country. 

6.  U.  biparti'ta,  (Ell.)  Scape  2 — i  inches  high,  bearing  generally 
several  flowers.  Corolla  small;  lips  nearly  entire,  equal;  spur  obtu.se, 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla;  lower  segment  of  the  calyx  generally  2 
cleft. — Yellow.     If.     October.     In  muddy  places. 

1.  U.  biflo'ra,  (Le  Marck.)  Stein  submersed,  slender.  Leaves  verti- 
cillately  divided  with  setactous  segments.  Flowers  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles ;  peduncles  long  (3 — 4  inches),  generally  2-flowere<l  ;  lips  of  the 
corolla  entire,  or  the  up|)er  one  obscurely  3-lobed,  reflexed,  shorter 
than  the  lower;  spur  subulate. — Y^'ellow.  If.  May — June.  In  stag- 
nant water. 

8.  U.  persona'ta,  (Le  Conte.)  Scape  1 — 2  feet  high,  slender,  glabrous, 
leafless.  Flowers  4 — 10,  rather  large;  upper  lip  emarginate;  spur 
subulate,  slightly  curved. — Yellow.  If.  July — Aug.  In  damp  soils. 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo. 

9.  U.  seta'cea,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  setaceous,  nearly  leafless,  with 
a  few  ovate  scales.  Flowers  on  short,  setaceous  peduncles,  4 — 7  ;  lowtr 
lip  3-lobed,  upper  lip  ovate  ;  spur  subulate ;  the  lower  lamella  of  the 
Btigma  incised. — Y'ellow.     If.     April — May.     Wet  soils.     Common. 

Order  XCV.— PRIMULA'CE^.     {Primrose  Family.) 

Calyx  divided,  4 — 5-cleft,  inferior,  regular,  ptr.sistent.  Co- 
rolla hypogynous,  regular  ;  limb  4  or  5  cleft.  Stamens  insert- 
ed upon  the  corolla,  opposite  to  its  segments.  Ovary  1 -celled. 
Style  1.  Stiyina  capitate.  Capsule  with  central  placenta. 
Seeds  numerous,  peltate ;  embryo  straight,  cylindrical.  Her- 
baceous plants,  with  opposite  or  wliorled  leaves. 

Genus  I.— LYSIMA'CHIA.     L.  5—1. 
(From  tlie  Greek  /«.«./«,  dissolution,  ftnd  mache,  strife.) 
CV/^y.r  o-p;i nod.      Coro//a  rotate,  5  cleft.      Stamens  o.      Sliy- 
ma  1.      Capsule  10-valved,  globose. 


4S0  ORDEE   XCV. — PKIMULACE^. 

1.  L.  Herbemon'ti,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  columnar.  Leaves 
usually  by  fours,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous,,  dotted,  sessile,  3 — 5 
nerved,  lateral  ones  obscure.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes ;  the  lower 
flowers  opposite,  or  verticillate,  the  upper  ones  alternate ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  linear-lanceolate  ;  those  of  the  corolla  oblong-lanceolate,  dot- 
ted ;  filaments  5,  cohering  at  the  base. — Yeilow.  71.  June — July.  A 
few  miles  east  of  Columbia,  S.  C. 

2.  L.  quadrifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  hairy.  Leaves  verticillate  by 
fours,  ovate,  acute,  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles ;  pe- 
duncles 1-flowered,  about  half  the  length  of  the  leaves;  segments  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  pubescent,  dotted.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  co- 
rolla, cohering  at  the  base. — Yellow.  2(.  May — July.  Middle  Car. 
and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet.  Loose-strife. 

3.  L.  laNceola'ta,  (Pursh.)  Steyn  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Leaves 
verticillate  by  fours,  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate.  Flowers  on  verticil- 
late peduncles,  the  upper  ones  in  racemes ;  peduncles  many  flowered  ; 
segments  of  the  corolla  ovate,  acute. — Yellow.  If.  June — July.  Mid 
die  Carolina. 

4.  L.  cilia'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  quadrangular,  furrowed, 
glabrous,  dotted.  Leaves  generally  by  fours,  verticillate,  on  rather  short 
ciliate  petioles,  cordate-ovate,  upper  ones  lanceolate.  Flowers  axillary, 
on  1-flowered  peduncles,  nodding  ;  segments  of  the  calj^x  acuminate, 
lanceolate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  composed  of  a  purple  ring,  sprinkled 
with  yellow  glands;  segments  toothed,  slightly  ciliate  at  the  base 
Ayithers  2-lobed. — Yellow.     It.     June — July.     In  rich  soils. 

5.  L.  quadriflo'ba,  (Sims.)  Ste?n  glabrous,  branching,  furrowed. 
Leaves,  opposite,  sessile,  long-linear,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
almost  to  a  petiole.  Flowers  on  peduncles,  by  fours,  terminal;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  those  of  the  corolla 
slightly  crenate. — Yellow.     21.     June — July.     South.  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

6.  L.  heterophyl'la,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous,  angu- 
lar. Leaves  opposite,  the  lower  ones  nearly  orbicular,  becoming  nar- 
rower toward  the  summit;  the  upper  ones  being  linear,  glabrous,  ciliate 
at  the  base.  Flowers  axillary,  nodding,  on  1-flowered  peduncles  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  of  the  corolla  crenate. — Yellow.  If. 
June — Aug.     Middle  country  of  Car.  and  Geo. 

Gen-US  II.— CENTUN'CULUS.     L.  4—1 
(The  Eoman  name  of  the  plant.) 

Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent,  with  lanceolate  segments.  Corolla 
4-cleft,  persistent,  with  acute  segments.  Stamens  4,  inserted 
into  the  corolla.      Capsule  globose,  1-celled. 

1.  C.  lanceola'tus,  (Mich.)  Stem  prostrate,  creeping,  with  assurgent 
extremities,  branched,  glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  some- 
what cuneate,  slightly  decurrent.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sessile. 
Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  attached  to 
the  capsule.  Anthers  2-lobed. — Red.  ©.  March.  In  pastures.  2 — 
3  inches.  Pbnpernell. 


ORDER  XCVI. — PLC  MB  AGIN  ACE^.         481 

GiuNus  III.— HOTTO'NIA.     L.  5—1. 
(In  honor  of  P.  Hotton,  a  Dutch  professor.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-form,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.   Capsule  globose. 

1.  H.  ixfla'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  tliick,  spongy,  generally  eubnnersed. 
Leo.ves  long,  crowded,  pectinate,  submersed,  with  the  segments  linear; 
Boveral  scapes,  rising  from  the  summit  of  the  stem,  with  inflated  inter- 
nodes.  Flowers  verticillate,  pedunculate. — White.  Ti.  June — July. 
Middle  Georgia. 

Genus  IV.— ANAGAL'LIS.     Tourn.  5—1. 
(From  anagelao,  to  laugh,  from  its  supposed  power  of  removing  despondency.) 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  with  acute,  linear-lanceolate  seg- 
ments. Corolla  5-parted,  with  oblong  segments,  rotate.  Sta- 
mens 5.      Filament  1.      Caj^sule  1 -ceiled. 

1,  A.  arven'sis.  (Pursh.)  /S<n?i  procumbent.  Leaves  opposite,  entire, 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  pedunch  b  lonircr 
than  the  leaves.  Cali/z  persistent,  with  acute  segments.  CuroUa  with 
segments  longer  than  the  calyx,  crenulate.  Statneyis  shorter  than  the 
corolla.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  simple. — Red.  0.  June — July.  Low 
country.     6 — 12  inches.  Eed  Chickweed, 

Genus  V.— SAM'OLUS.     L.  6—1. 

(From  san,  salutary,  and  mos,  a  pig,  Celtic  for  pig's  food.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed,  salver-form.  Sia- 
mens  5,  with  5  sterile  filaments  alternating  with  them.  Capsule 
1-celled,  semi-inferior,  many-seeded. 

1.  S.  valeran'di.  Stem  generally  simple,  erect.  Leaves  obovate, 
entire,  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  in  terminal  loos*  ra- 
cemes, small. — White.  U-  June — Sept.  In  wet  boggy  places.  6 — 
10  inches.  Black-iceed. 

Order  XCVL— PLUMBAGINA'CE^.     {Sea-pink  Family.) 

Calyx  tubular,  plaited,  entire,  persistent.  Petals  5,  regular. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  petals.  Ovary  superior.  Ovule 
inverted,  pendulous,  suspended  from  the  point  of  a  straj)-like 
umbilical  cord,  which  arises  from  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stig- 
mas 5.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-celled.  Seed  inverted.  Embryo 
straight.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  sheathing  leaves,  exstipulate. 
Flowers  in  panicles. 

Genus  L— STA'TICR     L.  5—5. 
(From  statio,  to  arrest;  from  Its  stopping  diarrhoea.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order.  [The  only  genus  belonging 
to  this  order,  found  in  our  geographical  limits.] 

21 


4S2  ORDER   XCVII. — PLANTAGINACE^. 

1.  P,  limo'nium,  (L.)  Root  thick,  ligneous,  scaly  toward  the  summit. 
Radical  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  btise,  on  long  petioles; 
those  of  the  scape  barely  scales,  embracing  the  stern  and  branches. 
Flowers  in  panicles,  consisting  of  second  spikes.  Involucre  J^- leaved, 
2-flowered,  the  upper  one  colored.  Calyx  10-toothed,  pubescent  at  the 
base.  Petals  obovate.  Anthers  purple.  Capsule  5-an^led,  1-celled, 
1 -seeded,  seed  angled. — Blue.      2f.     July — Oct.     Along  the  sea-coast. 

Marsh  Rosemary 

The  root  of  this  plant  possesses  decided  medicinal  properties.  It  is  very  astringent, 
and  may  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  most  astringent  medicines.  In  ulcerated  sore 
mouth  it  forms  a  most  valuable  gargle,  in  the  form  of  infusion  or  decoction. 

Order  XCVIL— PLANTAGINA'CE^.      (Ribwort  or  Plan- 
tain Family.) 

Calyx  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  4-cleft,  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 4,  inserted  into  the  corolla  alternate  with  the  segments ; 
filaments  long;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Ovary  usually  2- 
celled.  Style  simple;  stigma  hispid.  Capsule  membranace- 
ous, with  a  transverse  dehiscence.  Herbaceous  plants,  with 
flowers  on  scapes. 

Genus  I.— PLANTA'GO.     L.  4—1. 
(From  planta,  the  sole  of  the  foot,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves.) 

Genus  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  P.  ma'jor,  (L.)  Leaves  broad-ovate,  glabrous,  on  rather  long  pe 
tioles,  remotely  toothed,  5-nerved  ;  petiole  pubescent;  scape  pube>cent. 
Flowers  in  bracteate  spikes ;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  gla- 
brous. Capsule  2-celled,  the  upper  half  falling  off  when  the  seeds  are 
mature. — White.     If.     June — Aug.     Common.     8 — 12  inches. 

Rla7itain. 

2.  P.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  Leaves  spatulate,  lanceolate,  pubescent,  spar- 
ingly dentate,  5-nerved,  the  two  marginal  ones  obscure ;  scape  tomen- 
tose,  angular,  columnar.     Flowers  remote  when  mature. — Yellowish. 

$  .    June — July.     Common.     3 — 6  inches. 

3.  P.  lanceola'ta,  (L.)  Leaves  long,  tapering,  lanceolate,  5-nerved, 
slightly  pubescent,  sparingly  dentate ;  scape  hairy.  Flowers  in  a  com- 
pact spike;  bracts  ovate. — White,  y.  Through  the  summer.  Intro- 
duced.    1 — 2  feet. 

4.  P.  inteerup'ta,  (La  Marck.)  Leaves  long,  narrow,  lanceolate,  3 — 5- 
nerved  ;  ecape  pubescent  near  the  base,  spike  long,  slender.  Flowers 
scattered,  glabrous,  occasionally  in  clusters. 

5.  P.  pusil'la,  (Nutt.)  Scape  erect,  minutely  pubescent.  Leaves 
linear,  entire,  or  with  one  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  summit.  Spike 
cylindrical,  loosely  flowered.  Stamens  2 — i. — White.  0.  April. 
Abundant  about  Macon. 


ORDER  XCVIII.— NYCTAGmACEiE.  483 

MONOCHLAMYD'EJE. 

Flowers  with  a  simple  perianth. 

Order  XCVIIL— NYCTAGINA'CE.^.      {Marvel  of  Peru 
Family.) 

Perianth  tubular,  somewhat  colored,  aestivation  plaited,  be- 
coming indurated  at  the  base.  Stamens  definite,  hypogynous. 
Ovary  superior;  ovule  1,  erect.  Style  1.  Fruit  inclosed  in 
the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Seed  with  its  testa  coherent  with  the 
utricle.  Cotyledons  foliaceous.  Leaves  opposite,  usually  un- 
equal. 

Genus  L— BOERHAA'VIA.    L.  3—1. 

(Named  after  Boerhaave,  a  celebrated  Dutch  physician,  and  friend  and  patron  of 
Linnteus.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  plaited.  Stam^'ns  2,  or  more,  at- 
tached to  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Style  1.  Stigma  capitate. 
Seed  1. 

1.  B.  erec'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  trichotomous,  glabrous  at  the  sum- 
mit, jointed.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  undulate,  veins  purple  on  the  un- 
der surface.  Floviers  in  corymbose  panicles.  Perianth  seated  on  a 
minute  glandular  ring,  white,  tinged  with  purple.  Stamens  2 — 3, 
longer  than  the  perianth. — 0.     June — Sept.     Sandy  soils. 

Genus  II.— ALLIO'NIA.     L.  4—1. 
(In  honor  of  Allioni,  an  Italian  botanist) 

Involucre  oblong,  simple,  3-flowered.  Perianth  longer  than 
the  involucre,  irregular.     Stamens  4.     Style  1. 

1,  A,  al'bida,  (Sweet.)  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  furrowed,  sprin- 
kled with  a  glandular  pubescence.  Leaves  opposite,  oblong-laiioeolate, 
irregular,  often  slightly  panduriform,  scabrous  along  the  niarifiiis.  /n- 
volucre  5  cleh,  hairy.  Seed  naked,  angled,  almost  hispid. —  Q.  April 
— May.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo. 

Genus  III.— OXYBAPH'US.     Vahl.  3—1. 
(From  axua,  acid,  and  baphe,  dyers'  color.) 

Involucre  5-cleft,  1 — 3-flowered.  Pcriyoninm  tubular,  limb 
plicate,  campanulate.     Stamens  3,  united.    Fruit  ovate,  ribbed. 

1.  O  angustifo'lius,  (Sweet.)  Stem  herbaceous,  erect,  glabrou*. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  obtuse  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex. 
Flowers  in  lax  panicles. — White.     U . 


484:  ORDER   XCIX. AMARANTHACE^. 


Order  XCIX.— AMARANTHA'CE./E.     {Amaranth  Family) 

Perianth  2 — 5-leaved,  hypog3mous,  persistent.  Stamens 
3 — 5.  Styles  2— 3.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  Seeds 
pendulous.  Embryo  curved.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  simple 
leaves.     Flowers  monoecious. 

Genus  L— IRE'SINE.     Willd.  20—5. 
(From  eiros,  wool,  referring  to  the  ■woolly  branches.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  double,  exterioj 
one  2 — 3-leaved,  the  interior  5-leaved,  petaloid.  Stamens  5, 
with  glands  between  the  filaments.  Fertile  florets  ;  the  inner 
perianth  surrounded  by  long  hair.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  ovate, 
1-celled,  1-seeded. 

1.  I.  celosioi'des,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  opposite 
branches,  fistulous,  furrowed.  Leaves  opposite,  attenuate  at  the  sum- 
mit, lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate,  swollen  at  the  joints. — @.  Sept. 
— Oct.     On  the  sea-coast.     2 — 4  feet. 

Genus  IL— ACHYRAN'THES.     L.  15—5. 
(From  achxiron,  chaflf,  and  anthos,  a  flower,  from  the  appearance  of  the  floral  leaves.) 

Perianth  double,  exterior  one  3-leaved,  the  interior  5-leaved, 
unequal.  Stamens  5,  sitting  on  a  nectary.  Style  1.  Capsule 
1-celled,  1-seeded. 

1.  A.  re'pens,  (Dill.)  Stem  procumbent,  hairy.  Leaves  opposite, 
usually  unequal,  lanceolate,  somewhat  hairy  beneath.  Flowers  in  ses- 
sile, ovate  heads,  somewhat  3-angled ;  the  interior  calyx  hairy  near  the 
base ;  the  two  interior  sepals  smaller  than  the  others,  hairy  at  the  sum- 
mit.—  2^.     March — Oct.     Cultivated  grounds.     Low  country. 

Tela7ithera  polygonioides,  Mich.     Forty-knot. 

Genus  III— AMARANTIIUS.     L.  19—5. 

(From  a,  privative,  and  maraino,  to  wither,  in  allusion  to  the  long  time  the  colors 
are  bright.) 

Floiuers  monoecious.  Sterile  florets.  Calyx  3 — 5-leaved. 
Stamens  3  or  5.  Fertile  florets  3 — 5-leaved.  Styles  3.  CajJ- 
sule  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

1.  A.  hypocondria'cus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  furrowed.  Leaves 
large,  oblong,  lanceolate,  entire,  red  or  purple,  on  long  petioles.  Flow- 
ers in  compound  paniculate  racemes.  Perianth  purple,  5-leaved. 
Stamens  5.     Styles  3. — ©.  June — Oct.     Cultivated  grounds.  4 — 8  feet. 

2.  A.  hyb'ridus,  (L.)  Stem  erect.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.  Flow- 
ers in  compound  racemes,  crowded,  pentandrous.  Perianth  consisting 
of  eubulate  leaves. — 1^.  June — Sept.  About  cultivated  grounds. 
2—3  feet. 


ORDER   C. — CIIKNOPODIACE.E.  4>^5 

3.  A.  spiNo'sus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  much  branclic<l.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  mucronate,  entire,  with  2  spines  at  the  base  of  the  petiole. 
Flowers  in  compound  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.  Stamens  5.  Slyla 
3. — #.     June — Oct.     Cultivated  grounds.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  A.  Liv'iDUS,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  usually  purple.  Leavrs 
alternate,  ovate,  or  elliptic,  slightly  undulate,  veins  pi-ominetit.  Flou-f-rs 
clustered,  axillary  and  terminal,  with  the  sterile  and  fertile  intermin- 
gled. Stamens  Z.  Styles  2  ov '6. — ^.  June — Sept.  Cultivatt-d  lands. 
Common.     2 — 3  feet.  Euxolus  lividus,  Muq. 

5.  A.  pumi'lus,  (Ell.)  Stem  procumbent,  fleshj',  glabrous,  usually  pur- 
ple. Leaves  ovate,  fleshy,  obtuse,  emarginate.  Flowers  in  sessile,  ax- 
illary clusters.  Perianth  5deaved.  Stamc7is  5.  Styles  3. — Q.  Aug. 
— Oct.     On  the  sea-coast.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  A.  sanguin'eus,  (L.)  Stem  naked.  Leaves  red,  oblong,  acute. 
Flowers  in  terminal,  erect  racemes.  Branches  expanding,  glabrous. 
Stam'>ns  5. — ©.     Aug. — Oct.     On  the  sea-coast.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  IV.— OPLOTHE'CA.     15—5. 
(From  oplose,  armour,  and  iheca,  a  sheath,  from  the  appearance  of  the  capsules.) 

Perianth  double,  the  exterior  2-leaved,  truncate  ;  the  interior 
5-cleft,  toraentose.  Stamens  5,  monadelphous.  Capsule  1- 
seeded,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

1.  0.  Florida'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  branching  at  the  summit,  pu- 
bescent, with  swollen  joints.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
woolly  beneath.  Flowers  in  paniculate  spikes  ;  the  inner  perianth  to- 
mentose. — If.     June — Sept.     Middle  and  Western  Georgiiu 

FYcelichia  Floridana,  Moq. 

Genus  V.— ACNI'DA.     Mitch.  20—5. 
(From  the  Greek  a,  privative,  and  knide,  the  nettle ;  like  it,  but  does  not  sting.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  florets,  perianth  5-parted.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Fertile  florets,  perianth  3-parted.  Stigmas  3 — 5,  ses- 
sile.     Capsule  1 -seeded. 

1.  A.  rusocar'pa,  (Mich.)  Stem  fistulous,  erect,  thick,  angular. 
Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  entire,  ovate-lanceolat.',  acuminate.  Flow- 
ers in  dense  panicles,  axillary  and  terminal.  Fruit  angled,  tuberoled. 
—Salt  marshes.  Waler-hanp. 

2.  A.  cannabi'na,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  slightly  angled.  Leaves 
alternate,  ribbed,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  colored,  2 — 5  inches  long. 
Flowers  in  large  axillary  and  terminal  panicles,  the  sterile  plant  smalK-r 
than  the  fertile.  Stifjmas  nearly  plumose.  Seed  ovate,  compressed, 
glabrous. — 0.     Oct. — Nov.     Marshes.     4 — 8  feet.  Water-hemp. 

Order  C— CHENOPODIA'CE.^.      (Goosefoot  Faniilij.) 

Perianth  deeply  divided,  persistent,  sometimes  tubular  at  tiie 
base.  Stamens  1  or  5,  inserted  into  tiie  base  of  the  perianth, 
opposite  its  segments.     Ovary  single,  superior,  sometimes  ad- 


486  ORDER   C. CHENOPODIACE^. 

hering  to  the  calyx.  Ovule  1.  Styles  divided,  rarely  simple. 
Fruit  membranaceous,  sometimes  baccate.  Seed  erect.  Em- 
bryo curved.  Herbaceous  plants.  Flowers  small,  sometimes 
polygamous. 

Genus  I— SALICOR'NIA.    L.  1—1. 
(From  sal,  salt,  and  cormi,  horn.) 

Perianth  ventricose,  fleshy,  closed.  Stamens  1 — 2.  Style 
1,  bifid.     Fruit  inclosed  in  the  perianth.     Seed  1. 

1.  S,  herba'cea,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  jointed,  succulent; 
joints  notched,  conapressed.  Flowers  by  threes,  in  cylindrical  spikes, 
slightly  tapering  at  the  extremity.  Perianth  thick,  truncate,  split  on 
one  side. — f^.     Aug. — Sept.     Salt  marshes.     10 — 12  inches. 

Sajnphire. 

2.  S.  ambig'ua,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  procumbent,  branching,  assurgent ; 
joints  crescent-shaped,  small.  Flowers  in  opposite  and  alternate  spikes. 
Calyx  truncate. — 2f .     July — Sept.     Salt  marshes.     Very  common. 

Anthrocjiemum  ambiyuum,  Moq. 

The  Beet,  Seta  vulgaris,  with  all  its  varieties,  belongs  to  this  order;  also  the  Spi- 
nach, Spinacia  oleracea. 

Genus  IL— AT'RIPLEX.     L.  5—2. 
(From  ater,  black.) 

Flowers  polygamous,  or  monoecious.     Perfect  flowers,  peri- 
anth 5-parted.     Stamens  5.     Style  2-parted.     Fruit  depressed, 
1-seeded,  inclosed  by  the  calyx.     Pistillate  florets,  perianth  2 
parted.     Stamens  none.     Style  2-parted. 

1.  A.  pat'ula,  (L.)  Stem  prostrate,  spreading,  somewhat  angled,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  triangular,  hastate,  acuminate,  entire,  or  slightly  tooth- 
ed, glabrous.  Floicers  clustered,  in  axillary  and  terminal  spikes.  Ca- 
lyx persistent,  submuricate  on  the  sides. — 0.  June — Sept.  In  low 
country.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  A.  angustifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  divaricate,  angled,  glabrous.  Lower 
leaves  hastate,  slightly  toothed,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire,  at- 
tenuate at  the  base.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  compact  clusters. 
Calyx  hastate. — 0.     June — July.     On  the  sea-coast. 

3.  A.  lacinia'ta,  (L.)  Stem  dififuse,  terete,  pubescent  toward  the  sum- 
mit. Leaves  triangular,  deeply  toothed,  pubescent  beneath  ;  lower  ones 
opposite.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Stamens  4.  Calyx  rhomboidal, 
acute,  entire. — %.    June — Aug.     Salt  marshes. 

4.  A.  arexa'eia,  (Nutt.)  Stem  geniculate,  glabrous,  much  branched. 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  mucronate,  alternate,  covered  with  white  scales 
beneath,  entire.  Perianth  muricate,  dentate.  Flowers  monoecious, 
sterile  ones  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  fertile  ones  in  axillary 
clusters. — 0.     July — Nov.    On  the  sea-coast.     10 — 12  inches, 

Obione  arenarieu 


ORDER   CI. — PIIYTOLACCACEiE.  487 

Genus  III— CHENOPO'DIITM.     L.   5—2.     {Puj-xoccd.) 
(From  the  Greek  chen,  a  goose,  and  poua,  a  foot) 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  5-cleft,  5-angled,  inclosing  the 
fruit.     Stamens  5.      Styles  2. 

1.  C.  muua'le,  (L.)  Stnn  decumbent,  branching.  Leaves  ovate, 
lanceolate,  toothed,  on  long  petioles.  Floicers  in  leafy,  corj'mbosc  ra- 
cemes.— ^.     Aug. — Sept.     Cultivated  lands.     12 — 18  inches. 

2.  C.  al'bum,  (L.)  Stem  branching.  Leaves  ovate,  rhomboid,  erose, 
entire  at  the  base,  the  upper  ones  entire,  -when  old  becoming  covered 
with  a  mealy  substance.  Flowers  in  l)ranched  racemes,  somewhat  leafy. 
Seed  smooth. — %.     July — Aug.     Waste  grounds.     3 — 6  feet. 

3.  C.  Bot'rys,  (L.)  Stem  much  branched,  somewhat  viscid.  Leaves 
oblong,  sinuately  pinnatifid,  with  the  segments  toothed.  Flowers  in 
short,  axillary  racemes  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches. — Q.  July — 
Aug.     Common.     1 — 3  feet. 

Jerusalem  Oak.     Ambrina  Botnjs,  Moq. 

4.  C.  ambrosioi'des,  (L.)  Stem  much  branched,  somewhat  pubescent. 
Leaves  laiiceolate,  remotely  toothed,  on  short  petioles.  Flowtrs  in  erect 
spikes,  leafy. — ^.     Aug. — Sept.     Road-sides.     1 — 2  feet. 

Ambrina  ambrosioides,  Spath, 

5.  C.  anthelmin'ticum,  (L.)  Steyn  erect,  branching,  furrowed.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  sinuately  toothed,  rugose,  dotted  on  the  under  sur- 
face. Flowers  in  axillary,  terminal,  and  leafless  spikes. —  if  June — 
August.     Fields.     4 — 6  feet. 

Worm-seed.     Ambrina  anthehtiintica,  Spach. 

Genus  IV.— SALSO'LA.    L.  5—2. 

(From  salsus,  salt) 

Periant/l  5-leaved.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  or  none.  Stip- 
mas  acute.     Capsule  1 -seeded.     Embnjo  spiral. 

1.  S.  Carolinia'na,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  striate,  glabrous,  branching. 
Leaves  subulate,  fleshy,  rigid.  Flowers  usually  sohtary,  sessile,  with  2 
bracts  at  the  base.  Calyx  persistent,  red. — O-  June--Sept.  In  drift- 
ing lands.  '!5-  kali. 

2.  S.  linea'ris,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  glabrous,  brandling. 
Leaves  linear,  alternate.  Floioers  sessile,  axillary,  crowded.  Cahix 
fleshy.  Style  none.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  clothed  by  the  calyx,  spiral. — 
0.    "Sept.— Oct.     On  the  sea-coast.  Chcnopodina  linraris. 

Order  CL— PHYTOLACCA'CE.E.     {Poke-root  Family.) 

Perianth  5-parted,  petaloid.  Stamens  5—10.  alternate  with 
the  segniejits  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  5 — lO-celled,  witli  <>iie 
ovule  "in  each  cell.  Styles  5 — 10.  i^/v</7  in«lehiscent..  Seed 
ascending,  sohtary.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  nlt«Tiiat«'  Icav«'S. 


4S8  ORDER   CII. POLYGON ACE^. 

Genus  L— PHYTOLACCA.    L.  10—5. 
(From  phuton,  a  plsnt,  and  lacca,  lac,  from  the  color  of  the  fruit.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  P.  decan'dba,  (L.)  Stem  pueculent,  tinged  wilh  purple.  Leaves 
ovate,  alternate,  entire.  Flowers  in  simple  racemes,  opposite  the  leaves. 
Fruit  superior,  10-celled,  10-seeded,  dark  purple. — 2f.  May — Sept. 
Cultivated  grounds.     Very  common.     4-^10  feet.  Pokeberry. 

Order  GIL— POLYGONA'CE^.    {Buckwheat  Family.) 

Perianth  divided,  inferior,  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens 
definite,  5 — 9,  inserted  into  the  bottom  of  the  perianth.  Ovary 
superior,  with  a  single  erect  ovule.  Styles  or  stigmas  several. 
Fruit  usually  a  triangular  nut.  Seed  with  farinaceous  albu- 
men. Embryo  inverted.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate 
leaves  sheathing  at  the  base. 

Genus  I.— ERIOGO'NUAL     L.  9—12. 
(From  tho  Greek  erion,  wool,  and  g^onji,  joint,  from  the  joints  being  •woolly.) 

Involucre  campanulate,  many-flowered.  Perianth  6-cleft. 
Stamens  9.     Style  1.     Stigmas  3.     Seed  1 — 3-angled. 

1.  E.  TOMENTo'suM,  (Micli.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  somewhat  dichot- 
omous.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  3  at  each  division  of  the  stem,  sessile, 
white,  tomentose  beneath  ;  lower  leaves  attenuate  at  the  base,  i^/o?/;- 
ers  in  axillary  sessile  clusters. — If.     June — Sept.     Sand-hills.    1 — 2  ft. 

Gen-US  II— polygonum.     L.  8—3. 
(From  the  Greek  pohis,  many,  and  gronw,  joint.) 

Perianth    5-parted,    petaloid,    persistent.       Stamens   4 — 9. 
Styles  usually  3.     Fruit  1 -seeded,  mostly  triangular. 

a.     Flowers  axillary.     Stamens  8.     Stigmas  3. 

1.  P.  marit'imum,  (L.)  Ste7n  glabrous,  branching.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  with  revolute  margins.  Stipules  large,  frequent- 
ly lacerate.  Flowers  axillary.  Perianth  white,  tinged  with  red. — 2f . 
May — Sept.     On  the  sea-coast.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  P.  avicula'ke,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent,  striate,  glabrous,  much 
branched.  Leaves  alternate,  elliptic-lanceolate,  varyin;^  in  size  and 
shape,  margins  scaltrous.  Stipules  membranaceous.  Floxoers  axillary, 
few.     Pcrm«i// persistent,  greenish-white. —  If.     June — Oct.    Common. 

Knot-grass. 

3.  P.  tenu'e,  (Mich.)  Stem  slender,  erect,  branching,  acutely  angled. 
Leaves  linear,  acuminate,  straight.     Stipules  lacerate,  villous  at  the 


ORDER   CII. POLYGONACK.E.  4^9 

sunimit.  Flowers  usually  solitary,  alternate,  email,  on  Aun-i  p.-dioel^. 
Perianth  vihiie.  i\«<  triaugular.  shiniujj,  black. —  Q.  Julv — "^i-nt.  On 
rocks.     6 — 10  inches. 


h.     Flowers  in   axillary  or  ter.ninal  spikes.     Stamens  5 — 8.     Stigmas 
mostly  2. 

4.  P.  puncta'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  slender,  branched,  sometimes  dcoira- 
berit  at  the  base.  Leaves  with  pellucid  punctures,  lanceolate,  acute, 
with  a  sheathing  petiole,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  midrib.  Stipules 
ciliate,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  filiform  spikes.  Stamens  8.  Styles  3- 
parted.     Plant  very  acrid. — 0.     Aug. — Sept,     Wet  ground.     1—2  ft. 

Water  Pepper.     Smart-iceed^ 

5.  P.  mi'te,  (Pers.)  Stem  decumbent  and  erect,  hairy  at  the  summit, 
branching.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  with  long 
ciiicB.  Flowers  in  crowded  spikes.  Stamcjis  8.  Styles  8 -parted.  Pe- 
rianth purple. — %.     July — Sept.     Ditches  and  ponds.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  P.  Vieginia'num,  (L.)  Stem  simple,  hairy  toward  the  summit. 
Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous,  with  fringed  serratures. 
Stipules  ciliate.  Spikes  axillary  and  terminal.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2. 
Perianth  white. — 2f .     July — Aug.     Shady  woods.     2 — 1  feet, 

7.  P.  seta'ceum,  (Bald.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  broad-lancc 
olate,  acuminate.  Stipules  long,  fringed.  Flowers  in  hirsute  spikes,  on 
long  peduncles.  Stamens  8.  Style  3-cleft.  Perianth  white. —  IX.  June 
—Aug,     Stiflf  soils,     1—2  feet. 

8.  P.  hirsu'tum,  (Walt.)     Stetn  erect,  decumbent,  branching,  hairy 
Leaves  oblong,  often  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  hairy,  entire.     Flowers 
in  slender  spikes.     Stamens  8,     Style   3-cleft.      Perianth  white, —  2f 
May — Aug.     Shallow  ponds.     1 — 2  feet. 

9.  P.  incarna'tum,  (Ell.)  Stem  geniculate,  slightly  angled,  scabrous 
toward  the  summit.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  pubescent  on  the  un- 
per  surface,  large,  jP/ow-ers  in  several  simple  spikes.  Stamens  6.  Style 
2  cleft.  Perianth  white,  or  rose-colored, —  If.  July — Oct,  Ditciies 
and  ponds.     2 — 3  feet. 

10.  P.  Peknstlva'nicum,  (L.)  Stem  geniculate,  with  swollen  joints, 
glabrous,  angled.  Leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  hairy,  petioled.  Flotrrrs 
in  crowded  oblong  spikes,  large.  Starnenx  8.  Style  2-cleft.  Pedimrlts 
hispid.  Pma?i/A  reddish. — ©.  July — Sept  Margins  of  ponds.  2 — 
4  feet. 

11.  P.  orien'tale,  (L.)  Ste}}i  erect.  Leaves  large,  ovate,  acuminate, 
minutely  pubescent,  petioled.  Stipules  hairy.  Flowers  in  crowded 
spikes,  large.  Stamens  6.  Styles  2,  Perianth  rose-color,  or  white. — 
©,     July — Aug,     Cultivated  grounds,     4 — 5  feet.      Prime  s  Feather. 

c.     Spikes  in  panicles. 

12.  P,  polyga'mum,  (Vent.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrou.".  Lraveh 
small,  sessile,  with  glabrous  stipules.  Spikes  paniculate,  jt.intod.  Flow 
ers  solitary  at  each  joint.  Stamens  S .  Styles  Z.  Perianth  whUv.— 
U.     July— Sept.     Pine-barrens,     Middle  Car,  and  Geo.     6— 8  inches 


490  ORDER   CII. POLTGONACE^. 


d.     Flowers  in  racemose  panicles.     Leaves  subeordaie  or  sagittate. 

IS.  P.  sagitta'tum,  (Mich.)  Stem  slender,  climbing,  angled,  retror?ely 
eerrate.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  glabrous,  sagittate.  Flowers  axillary 
and  terminal,  in  small  compact  heads,  on  long  peduncles,  Slajw^^ns  8. 
Styles  3-cleft.     Perianth  white. — ©.     July — Aug.     Wet  grounds. 

14.  P.  arifo'lium,  (Mich.)  Stem  retrorsely  aculeate,  prostrate,  flex- 
uous,  sometimes  climbing,  square,  pubescent.  Leaves  hastate,  on  long 
petioles,  pubescent.  Spikes  few-flowered,  terminal  and  axillary.  Sta- 
mens 6.     Styles  bifid. — 0.     Aug. — Sept.     Wet  grounds. 

15.  P.  convol'vulus,  (Mich.)  Stem  long,  climbing,  angular,  some- 
what rough.  Leaves  petioled,  hastate-cordate,  with  spreading;  lobes. 
Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Stamens  8.  Style  3-cleft.  Perianth^ 
whitish  or  reddish. — #.    July — Aug.     In  fields. 

16.  P.  scan'dens,  (Mich.)  Stejii  climbing,  glabrous,  bright  purple,  an- 
gled. Leaves  broad-cordate,  with  the  margins  and  veins  sliglitiy  sca- 
brous. Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  large.  Stainens  8.  Styles  3.  Pe- 
rianth winged,  white,  or  reddish. — 0.     July — Aug.     Shady  woods. 

P.  dumetosum. 

17.  P.  FAGOpy'EUM,  (L.)  {Yronx  fagus,  beech,  and  puros,  wheat,  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  nut  to  the  beech-nut.  The  English  name  is  fi  ora 
the  German  huche,  beech,  compounded  with  wheat,  making  Buckwheat, 
or  Beechwheat.)  An  annual  plant,  with  triangular-cordate  leaves. 
Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes,  or  corymbose,  white  or  greeni-h. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum,  Moench. 

Genus  III.— RU'MEX.     L.  6—3. 
(From  rumo,  to  suck ;  the  Eomans  sucked  the  leaves  to  allay  thirst) 

Perianth  6-leaved,  in  2  rows.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3.  Nut 
triquetrous,  inclosed  by  the  three  interior  valves  of  the  perianth. 
Stigmas  many-cleft. 

1.  R.  sanguin'eus,  (L.)  Stem  erect.  Radical  leaves  large,  entire,  cor- 
date-lanceolate, variegated  with  red  veins.  Flowers  in  small,  distant 
whorls.  Perianth  persistent,  marked  on  the  back  with  red  grai:iS. — 
If.     June — July.     Infields.     3  feet.  BUody  Dock. 

2.  R.  pul'cher,  (L.)  Radical  leaves  oblong,  with  a  sinus  on  each 
side;  cauline  leaves  entire.  Pman^A  toothed. — If.  June — July.  In- 
troduced. 

3.  R.  verticilla'tus,  (L.)  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  narrow,  acute, 
with  cylindrical  sheaths.  i^/o?^)(?rs  whorled,  in  simple  racemes.  Leaves 
of  the  perianth  entire,  each  bearing  a  vein  on  the  back.  Pedicels  thick, 
half  an  inch  long. — 2^.     June — July.     Wet  grounds.     1 — 2  feet. 

Swamp  Dock. 

4.  R.  Beitan'nicus,  (L.)  Steyn  branching,  tinged  with  red,  furrowed. 
Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  flat,  alternate.  Flowers  in  leafless  whorls,  form- 
ing a  compound  terminal  panicle,  polygamous. —  If.  April — May. 
Swamps.     2 — 3  feet. 

5.  R.  ORis'pus,  (L.)     Stem  erect,  angled.     Radical  leaves  lanceolate^ 


ORDER   ciir. — LACRACEtE.  491 

long,  acute,  undulate,  atten\iatc  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  crowded  wliorls, 
pedicellate.  Leaves  of  the  |frianth  largi-,  cordate,  entire,  henrint?  {,'r;iins. 
—  If.     May — June.     Introduced.      1 — 2  feet.  Curled  Dock. 

6.  R.  PERsicARioi'PES,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  much  branolied,  smooili, 
often  colored.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate,  undulate,  entire. 
Flowers  in  whorls.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  with  3  long  teeth  on  each 
side,  each  leaf  bearing  a  grain. —  2f .  July.  "Wet  shady  places.  6 — 12 
inches.  Golden  Dock.     R.  maritwius. 

7.  R.  divarica'tus,  (L.)  Stem  erect.  Leaves  cordate,  oblong,  pubes 
cent,  undulate.  Floivers  in  whorls,  forming  a  long,  slender  spike. 
Leaves  of  the  perianth  4  or  6  toothed  at  the  base. —  2f .  June — Aug. 
Marshes.     1 — 2  feet, 

8.  R.  acetosel'la,  (L.)  Flowers  dioecious.  Stem  erect,  furrowed. 
Leaves  laneeolate,  entire,  hastate,  on  rather  long  petioles,  not  auricled. 
Flowers  in  fasciculate  racemes. — If.  April — June.  Dry  sandy  soil?. 
Very  common.     1 — 2  feet.  Sorrel. 

9  R.  hastat'ulus,  (Bald.)  Flowers  dioecious.  Stem  erect.  Leaves 
petiolate,  oblong,  hastate,  with  obtuse  entire  auricles.  Perianth  per- 
sistent, becoming  red  by  age. — 2f.     April.     Poor  dry  soils.     1 — 3  feet. 

Order  CIIL— LAURA'CEJE.     (Laurel  Famibj.) 

Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  and  dioecious.  Perianth  4 — 6- 
cleft.  Stamens  perigynous,  usually  9,  the  3  inner  ones  sterile. 
Anthers  adnate,  2 — 4  celled,  with  thick  connectivura.  Ocary 
superior,  single.  Style  simple,  obtuse.  Fruit  a  one-seeded 
drupe.     Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  leaves. 

Genus  L— LAU'RUS.     Pliny,  9—1. 
(From  the  Celtic  laur,  green.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  L.  Carolinen'sis,  (Mich.)  A  large  shrub,  or  small  tree.  Leaves 
oval-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  perennial,  glaucous  b<neaih,  entire,  rigid. 
Flowers  in  email  clusters,  polygamous,  pale  yellow  ;  exterior  segments 
of  the  perianth  half  as  long  as  the  interior. —  ^  .  May — June.  Swamps. 
4—30  feet.  ^ay  ^'«'''»- 

2.  L.  Catesbeva'na,  (Mich.)  A  middle-sized  shrub.  Leaves  peren- 
nial, bioad-lanceolate,  glabi-ou.^.  Flowers  in  panicles,  on  ^hort  pedun- 
cles ;  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  deciduous,  white.  Nec- 
tary 3  cleft.  Berry  ovate,  black  —  ':  .  May — June.  On  the  sea-coast 
G— 9  feet. 

3.  L.  BENZo'iN,  (L.)  A  shrub  with  virgate  branches.  Leaves  ohoyate, 
lanceolate,  deciduous,  pubescent  beneath,  cuneate  at  the  base.  Flowers 
dioecious,  in  clustered  umbel.^  on  short  pedicels,  pale  yellow.  Frni: 
red. — Feb. — March.     Margins  of  rivulets.     4 — 10  feet. 

Spue-wood.     Fever-bush.     Benzoin  odori/crum,  Noes. 

4.  L.  genicl'la'ta,  (Walt.)  A  small  tree,  much  branche.l.  with  the 
branches  regularly  bent.     Leaves  small,  oval,  glabrous,  obtuse,     rlow- 


492  ORDER   CV. SANTALACE.E. 

ers  deciduous,  dioecious,  in   umbel?,  yellow.     Fruit  red. —  ^.     Feb.—* 
March.     Around  ponds.     10 — 15  feet. 

5.  L.  meliss.efo'lia,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  cordate,  lance- 
olate, pubescent  beneath,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  olusteted  unib.ls, dioe- 
cious, yellow.  Fruit  red. —  ^  .  P'eb. — March.   Around  ponds.  2 — 8  feet, 

6.  L.  SASSAFRAS,  (L.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  entire  and  lobfd,  lance- 
olate, ovate,  varyini^  in  form,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  deciduous.  Flow- 
ers dicBcious,  in  umbels.  Stamens  of  the  sterile  flowers  9  ;  stamens  of 
the  fertile  flowers  6,  imperfect.  Fruit  hlxxit. —  ^.  March.  Lii;ht  soils, 
10 — 25  feet.  Sassafras  officinale,  Nees. 

Order  CIV.— THYMELEA'CEJE.     (Daphne  Famibj.) 

Perianth  inferior,  tubular,  colored,  campanulate,  with  the" 
limb  obsolete.  Stamens  8,  perigynous,  inserted  into  the  peri- 
anth, unequal.  Style  1.  Sliyma  simple.  Fruit  a  drupe,  1- 
seeded.     Leaves  alternate,  entire.     Shrubs  with  a  tough  ba;k. 

Genus  I— DIR'CA.     L.  8—1.     {Moose-wood.) 
(From  dirka,  a  fountain,  from  its  being  found  in  wet  places.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  D.  palus'tris,  (L.)  A  small  shrub,  with  numerous  tough  bra'ielies. 
Leaves  alternate,  oblong-oval,  entire,  obtuse,  pale  green.  Flomens  yei- 
low;  the  bark  has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  is  very  tough. —  ^.  April. 
Damp  moist  places.     2 — 4  feet.  Leather-wood 

Order  CV.— SANTALA'CE^.    {Sandal-wood  Family) 

Perianth  superior,  4  or  5  cleft,  partly  colored  ;  aestivation 
valvate.  Stamens  4  or  5,  opposite  the  segments  of  the  peri- 
anth and  inserted  into  their  bases.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  1 — 4 
ovules.  Style  1.  Stigma  often  lobed.  Fruit  a  nut  or  drupe, 
1 -seeded.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  undivided 
leaves. 

Genus  I— NYS'SA.     L.  20—5.     {Tupelo.     Pepperidge.) 
(The  name  of  a  water-nymph,  from  some  of  the  species  growing  in  water.) 

Dioecious.  Sterile  florets :  perianth  5-parted,  stamens  5 — 
10;  fertile  florets,  calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  2 — 5.  Style  I. 
Drupe  inferior,  1 -seeded. 

1.  N.  multiflo'ra,  (Wang.)  A  middle-sized  tree.  Z^aues  oval-lance- 
olate, entire,  acute  at  each  end,  with  petiole  and  under  surface  pubes- 
cent. Flowers  in  small  umbellate  clusters.  Sterile  florets  numerous ; 
fertile  florets  5 — 8  in  an  umbel.  Drupe  nearly  spherical,  bluish-black. 
—  T^  .     April.     Damp  soils.     40 — 50  feet.  Soicr gum.     Blackgwn 

2.  N.  aquat'ica,  (L)  a  small,  or  large  tree.  Leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, entire,  glabrous,  acute  at  each  end,  slightly  pu!)escent  beneath. 
Sterile  florets  numerous,  small ;  fertile  florets  2.  Fruit  oval,  compress- 
ed, blue.  Tupelo 


ORDER   CV. SANTALACE^.  493 

3.  N.  capita'ta,  (Walt.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  on  short  pctiol's,  ob- 
long-lanceolate and  oval,  pubescent  and  hoary  b^nuath.  Sterile  flt^rets 
numerous  in  compact  heads  ;  fertile  florets  solitary,  on  short  peduncles. 
Perianth  tomentose.  Fruit  ovate,  of  a  dull  red-color,  sour. —  ^  .  April 
—May.     Wet  soils.     15—20  feet. 

4.  N.  TOMENTo'sA,  (Mich.)  A  tree.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong- 
acuminate,  tomentose  beneath,  coarsely  and  acutely  toothed.  Fertile 
florets  solitary,  pedunculate;  segments  of  the  perianth  cuneate. —  ^. 
April — May.     Southern  Geo. 

6.  N.  uniflo'ra,  (Walt.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  large, 
ovate,  oblong,  acuminate,  irregularly  and  acutely  toothed,  pubeseent 
beneath;  the  old  leaves  cordate.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  axillary. 
Fruit  oval  or  ovate,  dark-blue,  large. —  ^  .  April — May.    Deep  swamps. 

6U— 80  feet. 

Genus  II.— HAMILTO'NIA.    Rox.  20—5. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  Hamilton,  a  botanist  of  Philadelphia.) 

Polygamous.  Perfect  flowers.  Perianth  turbinate,  cain- 
panulate,  5-cleft.  Germ,  immersed  in  a  5-tootlied,  glanduhir 
disk.  Stamens  b.  Style  \.  Stigmas  2 — 3.  Drupe  mitnox^ 
1 -seeded,  inclosed  in  the  base  of  tiie  perianth. 

1.  H.  oleif'era,  (Muhl.)  A  shrub.  Leaves  oblong,  obovate,  entire, 
acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  petiolate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
small,  greenish-yellow.  Nut  globular,  depressed,  1-celled  ;  the  whole 
plant  more  or  less  oily. —  ^.     May — June.     Mountains.     4 — 6  feet. 

Oil-nut.     Fyrnlaria  oleifera,  Mich. 

Genus  III— IHE'SIUM.     L.  5—1. 
(From  thes,  a  servant,  from  the  mean  appearance  of  the  plant.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  4  or  5  cleft.  Stamens  4  or  5, 
opposite  the  lobes  of  the  perianth,  villous  externally.  Nut  1- 
seeded,  crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth. 

1.  T.  umbella'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching  near  the 
summit.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  entire,  alternate,  mucronate.  Flow- 
ers in  terminal  panicles,  sub-corymbed.  Involucre  4-leaved,  small. 
Perianth  5-cleft,  with  the  upper  half  colored. — U.  July — Aug.  Rocky 
hills.     8 — 12  inches.  Comandra  umbellata,  Nutt. 

Genus  IV.— DAR'BYA.     A.  Gray,  20—5. 
(From  J.  Darby.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  simple,  turbinate,  4 — 5-cleft. 
Bisk  thick,  attached  to  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  margin  witli 
4 — 5  curvatures.  Stamens  4 — 5,  opposite  the  lobes  of  tlie 
perianth  ;  filaments  short,  subulate ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fruit 
not  known. 

1  D.  umbella'ta.  a  shrub,  smooth.  Leaves  opposite,  niembrana 
ceous,  oval,  margin   entire,  undulate,  on   short  petioles,  lighter  on  the 


494  ORDER    CYI. ARISTOLOCniACE^. 

under  surface.  Pedancles  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaf,  bear- 
ing 3 — 8  flowers.  Flowers  small. — Whitish-yellow.  '^  .  Moist  places. 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     2—5  feet. 

Order  CVL— ARISTOLOCHIA'CE^.    {Birthwort  Family.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  superior,  tubular,  3-cleft,  regu- 
lar, or  sometimes  very  unequal  ;  aestivation  valvate.  Stamens 
6 — 12,  epigynous.  Ovary  inferior,  3 — 6-celled.  Ovules  nu- 
merous. Styles  simple.  Stigmas  radiating,  equal  in  number 
to  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  capsular,  6-celled,  many-seed- 
ed. Leaves  alternate,  simple.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  of  a 
brownish  dull  color.  Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  the  latter^ 
usually  climbing. 

Genus  I— AS'ARUM.     L.  18—12. 
(From  the  Greek  a,  privative,  and  saron,  feminine.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  urceolate,  3 — 4-cleft.  Stamens  12, 
placed  upon  the  ovary.  Anthers  attached  to  the  side  of  the 
filament.  Style  short.  Stigma  stellate,  6-lobed.  Capsule  6- 
celled. 

1.  A.  Canaden'se,  (L.)  Leaves  by  pairs,  broad,  reniform.  Perianth 
"woolly,  deeply  3-parted,  segments  sub-lanceolate,  reflexed.  Peduncles 
short. —  1i.     April     Rich  soils.  Wild  Ginger. 

2.  A.  Virgin'icum,  (L.)  Leaves  solitary,  cordate,  nearly  round,  cori- 
aceous, glabrous,  spotted.  Perianth  glabrous,  externally  short,  cam- 
panulate, with  obtuse  segments. —  Z(.     April.     Rocky  woods. 

3.  A.  arifo'lium,  (Mich.)  Leaves  several  from  each  root,  hastate, 
cordate,  variegated,  on  long  pubescent  petioles.  Perianth  urceolate, 
dark  purple,  border  3  cleft,  pubescent  within.  Filaments  12,  short. 
Anthers  linear.  Seed  few  in  each  cell. — U'  March — April.  Loose 
soils.     Very  common. 

Genus  XL- ARISTOLO'CHIA.    L.  18—6. 
(From  aristoa,  best,  and  locheia,  parturition.) 

/"/oi^'^rs  gynandrous.  Perianth  tubular,  ligulate  at  the  apex, 
ventricose  at  the  base.  Anthers  6,  sub-sessile,  inserted  into  the 
style.    Stigma  6-cleft.     Capsule  6-sided,  6-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  si'pHO,  (L'Her.)  A  vine,  climbing  over  large  trees.  Leaves  very 
large,  cordate,  acute,  alternate,  sprinkled  with  hairs.  Flowers  solitary, 
pedunculate,  with  an  ovate  bract  at  the  base.  Perianth  ascending, 
somewhat  tubular,  the  border  S-cleft,  brown. —  ^.     June.     Mountains. 

Dutchman  s  Pipe. 

2.  A.  TOMENTo'sA,  (Sims.)  Stem  twining,  ascending  the  loftiest  trees. 
Leaves  nearly  round,  cordate,  tomentose  beneath,  strongly  veined.  Pe- 
rianth villous,  the  border  3-cleft,  nearly  equal,  the  orifice  oblique,  green- 
ish-yellow, with  the  margin  dark  pur^jle.  Stigmas  3. —  ^.  June. 
Mountains. 


ORDER   CVIII. — EUPHORBIACE^.  495 

8.  A.  serpenta'ria,  (L.)  Stem  herbaceous,  pubescent,  erect,  genicu- 
late and  flexuous,  geniculate  at  tlie  bas^e.  Leaves  cordate,  oblonir,  acu- 
minate, slightly  hairy.  Flowers  on  radical  peduncles,  sonietitnes^under 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  Limb  of  the  perianih  lanceohite,  ventrieoso 
at  the  base. —  ^.     Through  the  summer.     Dry  soils.     8 — 12  inches. 

Virginia  Snake-root. 

4.  A.  hasta'ta,  (Nutt.)  Ste^n  flexuous,  simple,  erect  and  pro«mibent. 
Leaves  somewhat  cordate,  hastate,  acute,  auriculate.  Peduncles  radi- 
cal; lip  of  the  perianth  ovate. — Mountains. 

Order  CVIL— EMPETRA'CE^.     {Crowbernj  Family.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  consisting  of  2 — 4  rows  of  im- 
bricated hypogynous  scales.  Stamens  equal  in  number  to  the 
scales,  and  alternate  with  them.  Anthers  with  2  distinct  cells. 
Ovary  superior,  seated  in  a  fleshy  disk,  6 — 9-celled.  Style  1. 
Stigma  multifid,  radiating.  Fruit  baccate,  2-ceIled,  2-seeded. 
An  evergreen  shrub,  with  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Genus  I— CERATIO'LA.    Mich.  20—2. 
(From  the  Greek  keration,  a  little  horn,  from  the  shape  of  the  stigma.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  C.  ericoi'des,  (Mich.)  An  evergreen  shrub,  with  virgate  branches, 
somewhat  verticillate  when  young,  tomentose.  Leaves  linear,  glabrous, 
rigid,  with  the  margins  revolute,  verticillate,  3 — 1  in  a  whorl.  Flowers 
axillary,  sessile.  Scales  of  the  calyx  persistent,  tomentose.  Berries 
email,  2-seeded. —  ^.     Aug. — Sept.     Dry  soils.     4 — 8  feet. 

Order  CVIII.— EUPHORBIA'CE^. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Perianth  lobed,  inferior, 
frequently  with  glandular  or  scaly  appendages.  Sterile  flowers. 
Stamens  1 — 12,  or  numerous.  Fertile  flowers.  Ovary  1,  su- 
perior, sessile  or  stiped,  usually  3-celled.  Ovules  solitary,  or 
twin,  suspended.  Styles  usually  3,  sometimes  united.  Fruit 
usually  consisting  of  three  dehiscent  cells,  separating  from  the 
axis.  Seed  suspended.  Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  usually 
with  milky  juice. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  stamens  4  or  less 2 

Stamens  more  than  4 6 

2.  Stamens  4 Pachyaandra,  10 

Stamens  less  than  4 * 

8.  Involucre  corolla-like Euphorbia,  1 

Involucre  calyx-like ^ 

4.  Flowers  dioecious Borya,  11 

Flowers  monoecious ^ 

6.  Flowers  separate Trogia,  8 

Several  in  an  involucre StiUingia,  i 


496  ORDER    CVIII. EUPHORBIACE^. 

6.  Stamens  5 Crotonopsis,  7 

Stamens  more  than  5 T 

T.  Perianth  3— 4-parted Acalypha,  4 

Perianth  5  or  more  parted 8 

8.  Stamens  6,  united Phyllanthus,  9 

Stamens  more  than  6 v 9 

9.  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  petaloid  Jatropha,  5 

Perianth  not  petaloid 10 

10.  Leaves  peltate,  palmate Ricivus,  6 

Leaves  undivided Croton,  8 

Genus  I.— EUPHOR'BIA.    L.  19—1. 
(Named  after  Euphorbus,  an  eminent  physician.) 

Monoecious.  Involucre  campanulate,  8 — 10-toothed,  the 
inner  segments  membranaceous  and  erect.  Sterile  florets,  at- 
tached to  the  inside  of  the  involucre.  Stamen  1.  Filaments 
articulated  in  the  middle.  Fertile  florets  solitary,  central,  stipu- 
late, naked.     Stigmas  3,  2-cleft.     Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled. 

1.  E.  crATHOPH'oRA,  (Muif.)  Somewhat  shrubby,  glabrous.  Leaves 
alternate,  oblong,  petiolate,  slightly  toothed,  panduriform,  the  upper 
ones  red  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters.  Involucre  colored. 
Capsule  smooth,  3-celled. —  ^  .     Through  the  summer.     2  feet. 

2.  E.  graminifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  branching  from  the  base, 
finely  pubescent,  small  Leaves  scattered,  linear,  entire.  Floieers  fas- 
ciculate, terminal. — On  the  sea-coast  of  Geo.  and  Flor. 

3.  E.  hypericifo'lia,  (L.)  Ste)7i  erect,  branching ;  spreading  branches, 
divaricate.  Leaves  opposite,  oval-oblong,  slightly  falcate,  serrate,  3- 
nerved,  spotted.  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs,  small. — ^.  August — 
Sept.     Fields.     1—2  feet. 

4.  E.  macula'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  spreading,  or  decumbent,  dichoto- 
mously  branched,  slightly  pubescent,  usually  purple.  Leaves  opposite, 
on  short  petioles,  serrate,  oblong,  hair}^  3-nerved,  oblique  at  the  base. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  crowded  near  the  summit,  inner,  segments  of 
the  involucre  colored, — ©.     June — Oct.     Cultivated  lands.     2 — 3  ft. 

5.  E.  DEPREs'sA,  (Torr.)  Ste7Ji  procumbent,  pubescent,  slender, 
branches  alternate.  Leaves  oval,  opposite,  slightly  serrate,  unequal  at 
the  base,  hairy  beneath.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  clustered  toward 
the  summit  of  the  branches.  Stipules  4  at  each  joint,  plumose  ;  inner 
segments  of  the  perianth  white,  4,  small. — 0.  Through  the  summer. 
Cultivated  lands.     Very  common.     8 — 12  inches. 

6.  E.  cordifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  prostrate,  branching,  glabrous,  with 
the  branches  alternate.  Leaves  unequal,  and  cordate  at  the  base,  oval, 
entire,  glabrous,  small.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  surrounded  at  the 
base  with  plumose  stipules  ;  inner  segments  of  the  perianth  white. — ^. 
Through  the  summer.     Cultivated  lands.     8 — 15  inches. 

7.  E.  poltgonifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem,  procumbent,  branching,  succulent, 
glabrous.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse.  Flow- 
ers sohtary  in  the  divisions  of  the  stem.  Stipules  subulate,  simple. — 
If.     July — ^Sept.     Sandy  soils.     On  the  sea-shore.     8  inches. 

8.  E.  ipecacuan'h^,  (L.)  Stem  procumbent  or  erect,  small,  glabrous. 
Leaves  sessile,  varying  in  form  from  obovate  lanceolate  to  linear,  op- 


ORDER   CVIII. — EUniORBIACE.E.  407 

posita.     Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  on  peduncles  as  long  as  tlu'  leaves. 
Root  very  lon«^. — If.     April — July.     Sandy  soils. 

9.  E.  PUBENTis'siMA,  (Mlcb.)  Stem  erect,  very  pubescent,  somewhat 
dif'hotomous.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  elli|)tic,  entire,  slightly  cordate, 
obtuse.  i^/o7{'(?r.s  solitary  in  the  division  of  the  stem,  on  peduncles  about 
as  long  as  the  leaves;  interior  segments  of  the  involucre  white. —  U. 
April — July.     Pine  barrens.     12 — 18  inches, 

10.  E.  HELiosco'piA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching.  Leaves 
alternate,  obovate,  scattered,  sessile,  cuneate,  finely  serrate,  the  floral 
ones  obovate,  or  broad-lanceolate.  Utnbel  5-cleft,  with  the  small 
branches  dichotomous.  Fruit  smooth. — 0.  May.  Damp  clay  soils. 
12 — 18  inches. 

11.  E.  corolla'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  hairy,  usually  simple. 
Leaves  alternate,  oval,  petiolate,  varying  in  form.  Floicers  in  terminal 
umbels,  conspicuous ;  the  inner  segments  of  the  involucre  petaloid,  ob 
ovate. — U.     Through  the  summer.     In  dry  fields.     1 — 2  feet. 

Var.  E.  angustifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Leaves  3 — 4  inches  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
sessile,  hairy  beneath  ;  the  upper  branches  of  the  umbel  dichotomous. — 
If.     May—Sept.     Dry  soils.     Very  common.     1 — 2  feet. 

12.  E.  panicula'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  slightly  angled,  hairy.  Leaves  large 
for  the  genus,  entire,  with  revolute  margins,  hairy  along  the  midrib  be- 
neath. Flowers  terminal,  somewhat  paniculate.  Fruit  smooth. —  If. 
Aug. — Sept.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  II.— STILLIN'GIA.     Gard.  19—15. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Stillingfleet.) 

Monoecious.  Involucre  hemispherical,  many-flowered.  Pe- 
rianth tubular,  erose.  Stamens  2 — 3,  exserted.  Fertile  florets  ; 
perianth  1 -flowered,  fimbriate  or  toothed.  Stf/le  trifid.  Caj)- 
sale  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

1.  S.  sylvat'ica,  (L.)  Stein  herbaceous,  somewhat  angled,  glabrous, 
with  a  milky  sap.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  serruhite,  sub  cori- 
aceous, lucid  on  the  upper  surface.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  the 
upper  ones  sterile,  with  a  few  fertile  ones  at  the  base. — If.  May — 
June.     Sandy  soils.      2 — 3  feet.  Queens  Dcli<jht. 

2.  S.  sebif'era,  (L.)  a  small  tree,  with  glabrous  branches,  yielding 
a  milky  juice  or  sap.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  rhomboidal,  acumin- 
ate, entire,  with  a  gland  on  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes, 
with  the  fertile  ones  few  at  the  base  of  the  spikes.  Livolucrc  10 — 12- 
flowered.  Perianth  4-toothed.  Sti/les  3,  subulate.  Capsule  black. 
Seed  vrlnte. —  "^  .     June — July.     Introduced.     20 — 10  feet. 

3.  S.  ligustui'na,  (Mich.)  A  shrub  much  branched,  glabrous.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering,  entire,  petiolate.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 
Sterile  florets  numerous  at  the  summit;  fertile  ones  few  at  the  ba.-^e. 
Involucre  1 — 2-flowered.  Ferianth  3-cleft. —  ^.  May — July.  Mar- 
gins of  creeks.     6 — 12  feet. 


498  ORDER  cvin. — euphorbiace.e. 

Genus  III— TRA'GIA.     Plu.  19—3. 
(A  Qermaa  botanist,  called  Tragus.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  3-parted.  Stamerict  3. 
Fertile  florets ;  perianth  5-parted.  Sti/le  3-cleft.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  S-seeded.     Seed  solitary. 

1.  T.  linearifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  almost  tomentose. 
Leaves  alternate,  linear-pubeacent,  usually  entire.  Flowers  in  axillary- 
spikes.  Capsule  hirsute. —  U.  July — Aug.  Southern  Georgia.  12 — 
18  inches. 

2.  T.  u'rens,  (L.)      Stem  erect,  branching,  villous.     Leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  toothed  toward  the  summit,  hoary  beneath.     Flowers  usu- 
ally in  small  terminal  spikes.     Anthers  united  by  pairs.     Perianth  of- 
the   fertile   floret   6-parted. — 2(.     May — Aug.      Dry  soils.     Common. 
10 — 15  inches. 

3.  T.  urticifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  hirsute,  usually  simple.  Leaves 
C(»i-date-ovate,  serrate,  hirsute.  Spikes  opposite  the  leaves.  Fertile 
flowers  at  the  base  of  each  spike.  Capsules  hirsute. —  21.  May — Aug. 
Dry  soils.     Common.     12 — 18  inches. 

Genus  IV.— ACAL'YPHA.     L.  19—15. 
(From  a,  privative,  kalos,  pleasant,  and  aphe,  touch.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  3 — 4-parted.  Sta- 
mens S — 16,  united.  Fertile  florets  ;  styles  3,  2 -parted.  Cap- 
sule 3-celled,  3-seeded. 

1.  A  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  striate,  branching. 
Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  remotely  and  obtusely 
serrate,  dotted,  /nvo/wfre  axillary,  pubescent,  cordate,  toothed  Ster- 
ile floret.s  in  a  spike  ;  perianth  4-leaved,  hairy.  Fertile  florets  within 
the  involucre  ;  perianth  3-leaved. — #.  June — ^Sept.  In  woods  and 
cultivated  lands.     Common.     12 — 18  inches. 

2.  A.  Carolinia'na,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  striate.  Leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  entire  at  the  base,  on  long  pt-tioles. 
Involucre  small,  sessile,  deeply  notched.  Spikes  axillary,  small,  with 
the  fertile  flowers  at  the  base. — #.  July — Aug.  Cultivated  lands. 
10 — 20  mches. 

Genus  V.— JA'TROPHA.     L.  19—15. 

(From  tho  Greek  iatros,  physician,  trophe,  food,  in  allusion  to  its  medicinal  proi)erties.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  funnel-shaped,  petaloid. 
Stamens  10,  alternately  short.  Fertile  florets  ;  perianth  5-leaved, 
expanding.     Styles  3,  2-cleft.      Capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

1.  J.  stimulo'sa,  (Mich.)  Stem  herbaceous,  hispid,  stinging.  Lco.ves 
palmately  lobed,  lobes  3 — 5-toothed,  slightly  sinuate,  ciliate.  Flowers 
with  rerminid  cynii-.o.  Fertile  florets  setting  in  the  divisions  of  the  pe- 
donck'S,  Stirile  fiu'-ets ;  perianth  salver-form,  pubescent,  wi'h  a  5-cleft 
border,  petaloid,  white.  Stamens  10.  Fertile  florets ;  perianth  5-leaved. 
%y/e  1 2-cleft. — If.     Through  the  summer.     Shady  soils,    6 — 18  inches. 


OBDER  OVm. — EUPHORBIACE^.  499 

Genus  VI.— RIC  INUS.     L.  .  1 9— 1 5. 
(From  ricinus,  a  tick,  from  the  appearance  of  the  seeds.) 

Floioers  monoecious.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted  ; 
stamens  numerous.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3-parted  ;  styles 
3,  2-cleft ;  capsules  spiny,  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

Castor-ail  Plant. 

1.  R.  commu'nis.  Ste7n  erect,  hoary,  pruinose.  Leaves  peltate, 
palmate;  lubes  lanceolate,  serrate. — Road-sides.  lutroduced  from  the 
East  Indies. 

Genus  VII.— CROTONOP'SIS.     Rich.  19—5. 
(From  its  resemblance  to  Croton.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets ;  perianth  5-parted,  with  5  peta 
loid  scales.  Stamens  5.  Fertile  florets ;  perianth  5-parted 
Stigmas  3,  twice  bifid.     Capsule  1-seeded,  indehiscent. 

1.  C.  linea'kis,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  dichotomously  branched,  cover- 
ed with  silvery  scales.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  on  short  petiole.", 
stel lately  pubescent  above,  and  with  silvery  scales  beneath.  Flower i 
In  terminal  ami  axillary  spikes,  very  minute. — 0.  May — June.  Pine 
barrens.     12 — 18  inches. 

Genus  VIII.— CRO'TON.     L.  19-15. 
(From  the  Greek  kroton,  a  tick,  from  the  form  of  its  seed.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  cylindrical,  5-toothed 
Corolla  4-petaled  or  none.  Stamens  10 — 15.  Fertile  flowers, 
perianth  5  or  many  leaved,  or  none.  Corolla  none.  Styles  3 
— 6,  2-cleft.      Ca2)sule  3-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell. 

1.  C.  marit'imum,  (Walt.)  Stem  somewhat  ehrubby,  erect,  trichoto- 
mously  divided,  with  the  branches  clothed  with  a  stellular  toinenturn. 
Leaves  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  subcordate,  pale  above,  hoary  lienoaih. 
Flotvers  in  spikes;  those  of  the  sterile  florets  many-flowered,  tlie  fcriilo 
florets  generally  in  pairs.  Capsule  tomentoi?e. —  If.  June — October. 
Drifting  sands  along  the  sea-coast.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  C.  argyran'themum,  (Mich.)  Stern  somewhat  shrubby.  leaves 
entire,  obtuse,  obovate.  Floioers  numerous,  in  short  teiminal  racemes. 
Perianth  pedicellate,  silvery. — U-     July.     Dry  ^oH-^-     1 — '-  feet. 

3.  C.  GLANDULo'suM,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  his|)id,  trichotomously  divided, 
often  colored.  Leaves  oblong,  serrate,  hairy  beneatli,  beariui;  2  i,d.;nd8 
at  the  base.  Flowers  in  spikes  in  the  divisions  of  tl).-  .«ten).  with  th." 
fertile  and  sterile  intermingled  ;  the  sterile  with  a  5-p.taled  corolla,  the 
petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  ins(>rted  into  its  bast-.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Fertile  floi-ets  ;  perianth  5-leaved,  hispiil ;  leaves  unequal. 
— 0.     June— Oct.     Cultivated  lands.     Very  common.     1—2  feet. 

4.  C.  ELLip'xrcuM,  (Nutt.)  Stem  pubescent,  irregularly  branched,  to- 
nientose  wlien  young.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  entire,  pale  beneath, 
stellular  pubescent.  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters  ;  the  stt-rile  spike 
growing  in  the  midst  of  the  fertile  flowers.  Capsule  tomciUoae. — Q. 
July,     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     1 — 2  f«et. 


500  OKDEE   CIX. UETICACE^. 

Genus  IX.— PHYLLAN'THUS.     L.  19—15. 
(From  the  Greek  pliuUon,  a  leaf,  and  antJios,  a  flower.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets ;  perianth  5 — 6-parted,  filaments 
6,  united.  Fertile  florets  ;  perianth  5 — 6-parted,  paracorolia 
a  12-angled  margin.     Styles  3.      Capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

1.  P.  Carolinen'sis,  ("Walt.)  Steyn  erect,  with  alternate  branches, 
glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  oval,  obtuse,  smooth,  distichous.  Floicers 
axillary,  nodding,  fertile  and  sterile  intermingled.  Perianth  colored  at 
the  base. — %.     tSept. — Oct.     Damp  soils.     10 — 12  inches. 

Genus  X.— PACHYSAN'DRA.     Mich.  19—4. 
(From  the  Greek  paehus,  thick,  and  andros,  a  stamen.) 

Perianth  4-leaved.  Stamens  4.  Filaraents  sub-clavate 
Styles  3.      Capsule  3-horned,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. 

1.  P.  procum'bens,  (Mich.)  Stem  procumbent  and  simple.  Leaves 
alternate,  pubescent,  crenate,  toothed,  oval.  Floxoers  in  spikes,  nearly 
radical,  the  lower  ones  fertile,  the  upper  ones  sterile,  all  bracteate.  Pe- 
nan^/i  minute,  ciliate.  Co/^sw/e  finely  pubescent. — If.  June.  Mountains. 

Genus  XL— BO'RYA.     Willd.  20—2. 
(In  honor  of  Bory  de  St  Vincent.) 

Dioecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  4-leaved.  Stamens  2 
— 3.  Fertile  florets  ;  perianth  4-leaved,  unequal.  Stigma  cap- 
itate.    Fruit  1 -seeded. 

1.  B.  PORULo'sA,  (Mich.)  Somewhat  shrubby,  rarely  spiny.  Leaves 
coriaceous,  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  dotted  underneath,  and 
ferruginous,  margins  revolute. 

Order  CIX.— URTICA^CE^.     {Nettle  Family.) 

Floioers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  scattered  or  clustered.  Peri 
anth  membranaceous,  lobed,  persistent.  Stamens  definite,  4 — 5, 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  perianth  and  opposite  its  lobes. 
Ovary  superior,  simple.  Ovule  solitary,  erect.  Stigma  simple. 
Fruit  an  indehiscent  nut,  surrounded  by  the  perianth.  Usually 
herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  leaves,  often  covered  with 
stings. 

Genus  I.— UR'TICA.     Tourn.  19—4. 
(From  uro,  to  burn,  from  Its  stinging.) 

Floioers  usually  monoecious.  Sterile  florets ;  perianth  of  4 
leaves.  Stamens  4.  Fertile  florets  ;  perianth  2-leaved.  Stig- 
ma 1.     Seed  1,  shining. 

1.  U.  pu'mila,  (L.)  Stern  usually  erect,  succulent.  Leaves  opposite, 
decussate,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  3-nerved,  lower  ones  op  rather 


ORDER   CIX. URTICACEJi.  501 

long  petioles.      Flowers  monoBcious,  in  clustered  corymb?.      Stamens 
usually  3. — @.     July.     Wet  grounds,     6 — 12  inches. 

2.  U.  u'rens,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  hairy,  hispid.  Leavrn 
opposite,  elliptic,  3-nerved,  or  partly  5-nerved,  coarsely  toothed,  with 
white  stings.  Spikes  glomerate,  by  pairs.  Flowers  clustered. — Q. 
June — July.     Cultivated  grounds.  Stinging  Nettle. 

3.  U.  CHAMiEDROi'DES,  (Pursli.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, ovate,  hairy  beneath,  with  white  stings  on  the  upper  surface. 
Flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  the  upper  ones  fertile,  the  lower  sterile. 
Perianth  hairy. — 0.     Feb. — March.     Southern  Geo.     4 — 6  inches. 

4.  U.  Dioi'cA,  (L.)  Stern  erect,  branching,  hispid.  Leaves  cordate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  clustered,  pa- 
niculate spikes;  spikes  2  from  each  axil,  covered  with  stingy. — If. 
June — Aug.     Waste  places.     2 — 3  feet.  Large  Stinging  Nettle. 

5.  U.  proce'ra,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  quadrangular.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  on  fringed  petioles.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  com- 
pact, clustered  spikes. —  If.     July — Aug.     Wet  soilg.     3 — 4  feet. 

6.  U.  capita'ta,  (L.)  Stent  erect,  furrowed,  quadrangular.  Leaves 
alternate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  3-nerved.  Flowers  in  ses- 
sile clusters.  Spikes  solitary,  lateral,  and  axillary. —  If.  June — July. 
Damp  soils.     4 — 5  feet. 

7.  U.  divarica'ta,  (L.)  Ste7n  erect,  branching,  covered  with  stings. 
Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  acuminate,  smooth,  serrate,  on  long,  ciliate  pe- 
tioles. Panicles  axillary,  solitary,  divaricately  branched. — 2^.  July — 
Aug.     Damp  rocky  situations.     2 — 3  feet. 

8.  U.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  Stetn  erect,  branching,  hispid,  with  stings. 
Leaves  alternate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  hispid.  Floicersin  axilhiry 
panicles;  the  lower  ones  sterile,  the  upper  fertile. — U.  July — Aug. 
Wet  soils.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  II.— BCEHME'RIA.     Jacq.  19—4. 
(In  honor  of  Boehmer,  a  German  botenist.) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  perianth  4-parted. 
Stamens  4.  Fertile  florets  ;  perianth  none.  Sti/le  1.  Nut 
compressed. 

1.  B.  cylin'drica,  (L.)  Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  glabrous.  Leaves 
opposite,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  dentate,  smooLh.  Flowers  d'u:ec\ou'». 
Sterile  spikes  clustered,  interrupted;  fertile  ones  cylindrical. —  If. 
June — Aug.     Wet  grounds.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  B.  lateriflo'ra,  (Mich.)  Stem  smooth,  with  opposite  branches. 
Leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  scabrous,  on  long 
petioles,  jp'/owrs  in  lateral  and  axillary  clusters. —  If.  July.  Shady 
woods. 

The  Cannabis  sativa,  the  common  hemp,  altliough  an  exotic,  has  escaped  from 
cultivation,  and  often  lines  the  road-side. 

Genus  III.— PARIETA'RIA    Tourn.  19—4. 
(From  paries,  a  wall,  the  usual  place  of  its  growth.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  surrounded  by  a  niauy- 
cleft  involucre.     Perfect  florets  ;  perianth  4-ok'ft.     Stamens  4. 


503  ORDER  ex. ULMACE^. 

Style  I.    Pistillate  florets;  perianth  2— 4-cleft.    Style  1.    Seed 
1,  inclosed  by  the  perianth. 

1.  P.  Pknnsylva'nica,  (Muhl.)  Stem  simple,  erect,  striate,  pubescent. 
Leaves  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent,  witli  opake  dots,  iw- 
volucre  S-K-aved.  Flowers  in  compact,  axillary  clusters.  Perianth  ob- 
long, persistent,  inclosing  the  seed. — ^.  June.  Upper  districts  Car, 
and  Geo.     12 — 15  inches.  Pellitory. 

2.  P.  Florida'na,  (Nutt.)  Stem  decumbent,  with  erect  branches, 
pubescent  near  the  summit.  Leaves  ovate,  pubescent,  dotted,  some- 
times nearly  round.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Leaves  of  the  invo- 
lucre nearly  linear. — |^.     May — Oct.     Damp  sandy  soils.     12 — 18  in. 

Genus  IV.— HU'MULUS.     L.  20—5. 
(From  humus,  fresh  earth,  from  its  choice  of  soil.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  florets  in  loose  axillary  panicles  ; 
perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5.  Fertile  florets  ;  scales  of  the 
ament  large,  persistent,  concave,  entire,  1 -flowered.  Perianth 
none.     Styles  2.     Seed  1. 

1,  H.  Lu'puLUs,  (L.)  Stem  twining,  scabrous.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 5- 
lobed,  scabrous,  serrate.  Sterile  florets  paniculate,  axiUary,  and  termi- 
nal ;  fertile  florets  verticillate  and  sessile. — If.     August.  Hop- 

The  amcnts  of  the  fertile  fJowers  constitute  Hops ;  the  useful,  bitter  principle  of 
which  resides  in  resinous,  glandular  scales,  surrounding  the  fruit.  The  pure  substance 
U  called  Lnpulin. 

Order  CX.— ULMA'CE^.     {Elm  Family.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  divided,  campan- 
ulate,  inferior.  Stamens  definite,  5 — 8,  inserted  into  the  base 
of  the  perianth.  Ovary  superior,  1 -celled,  with  solitary  pendu- 
lous ovules.  Stigmas  2,  distinct.  Fruit  1 — 2-ceIled,  mem- 
branaceous or  drupaceous.  Seed  solitary,  pendulous.  Trees 
or  shrubs. 

Genus  I— UL'MUS.    5—2. 
(A  Saxon  word,  elm  or  ulm.) 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  carapanulate,  4 — 5 -cleft.  Sta- 
mens 5 — 8.  Styles  2.  F^ruit  compressed,  with  a  broad  mem- 
branaceous border. 

1.  U.  America'na,  (Mich.)  A  large  tree,  with  smooth,  gracefully 
recurved  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  oblique,  doubly  ser- 
rate, with  the  serratures  uncinate.  Flowers  5 — 10,  in  a  fascicle,  pedi- 
cel'ate.  Fruit  fimbriate.  Styles  2,  short  Fruit  1 -seeded,  surrounded 
by  a  large,  membranous  wing. —  ^,  Feb. — March.  Rich  soils.  40 — 
100  feet.  White  Elm, 

2.  U.  ful'va,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  large,  oval  doubly  ser- 
iate, rough,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  acuminate,  pubescent*   Flowers 


ORDER   CXI. MOKACEJ-:.  503 

nearly   eessile.     Stamens   5 — 7.      Stigmas  pnrple.       Buds   tomrntose. 
/^/•«27  pubescent. —  ^.     Feb. — March.     In  fertile  lands.     2n — ;;o  fe.'t. 

Slippery  Elm 

3.  U.  ala'ta,  (Mich.)     A  midillp-piz'nl  troc  or  blirul),  ^vitli  u  cork-hkft 

excrescence  on  o[)posite  sides  of  the    brandies.     Leaven  nearly  sessile, 

oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  serrate.  Samara  pubesceuL,  ciliatA.— ^  .  Feb. 

March,     Fertile  soils.     10—30  feet.  Whahoo. 

Genus  II.— PLAN'ERA.     Mich.  5—2. 
(In  honor  of  John  Planer,  a  German  botanist.^ 

Floivers  perfect.  Perianth  campanulate,  3 — 5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 5.     Stigmas  2.     Xut  l-seeded,  roug-henod. 

1.  P.  Gmeli'ni,  (Mich.)  A  middle-sized  tree.  Leaves  ovate,  acute, 
glabrous,  serrate.  Flowers  axillary,  generally  by  threes.  Perianth 
3 — 5-cleft.  Stamens  3 — 5.  Stigmas  2,  plumose.  Nut  roughened. —  ^  . 
Feb. — March.     River  swamps.     30 — 40  feet. 

Genus  III.— CEL'TIS.     L.  23—1. 
(An  ancient  name  for  Lotus.) 

Floivers  perfect.  Perianth  5  or  G  parted.  Stamens  5  or  6. 
Styles  2,  expanding.     Drupe  small,  purple. 

1.  C.  occidenta'lis,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  .ser- 
rate, unequal  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath.  Flowera  .^m.dL  Fruit  a 
small  berry,  with  a  sweet  pulp. —  ^  .  April — May.  Rich  soilrJ.  60 — 80 
feet.  Beacerwood.     Sugarberry-tree. 

Order  CXI.— MORA'CE.E.  (Artocarpacece.)  (Mulberry 
Tribe.) 
Floivers  monoecious,  in  aments  or  heads.  Perianth  usually 
divided,  sometimes  tubular  or  entire.  Stamens  4,  straight. 
Ovary  1  or  2  celled,  with  a  suspended  ovule.  Style  1,  filiform. 
Stigma  bifid.  Fruit  a  fleshy  receptacle,  covered  by  numerous 
nuts.     Seed  suspended,  solitary.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

Gends  L— MO'RUS.    Tourn.  19—4. 
(Morea,  the  Greek  name  of  mulberry.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  spikes.  Stt-rile  florets 
with  a  4-parted  perianth ;  stamens  4.  Fertile  florets  in  dense 
spikes,  with  a  4-parted  perianth,  which  becomes  succulent,  en- 
veloping the  achenium,  and  forming  an  oblong,  juicy,  edible 
fruit.     Trees  with  milky  juice. 

1.  M,  al'b.4.  MoncEcious.  A  small  tree,  itai't?,?  deeply  cordate,  un- 
equal at  the  base,  unequally  serrate,  nearly  glabrous. —  ^ .  May. 
Introduced.  White  Mulberry. 

2.  M.  eu'bra.  Dioecious.  A  large  tree.  Leaves  cordate,  ovnto,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  scabrous,  pubescent  beneath.  Perianth  4-parted,  be- 
commg  juicy. —  V     March.     Rich  soils.     20— 60  feet,      lied  ifulhrry. 


504  OEDER   CXIII. — CALLITRICHACE^. 

Genus  II.— MACLUTJA.     Is:utt.  20—4. 
(In  honor  of  Wm.  Maclure.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Fertile  flowers  collected  into  a  dense 
head;  style  1,  long,  villous;  achenia  obovate.  compressed,  im- 
bedded in  a  pulp,  all  forming  a  fruit  the  size  of  an  orange,  with 
an  irregular  surface.     A  small  tree,  with  straggling  branches. 

1.  M.  aueantia'cea,  (Nutt.)  A  tree  ;  branches  flexuous,  terete.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire,  with  supra-axillary  spines,  i^/owers  axillary. —  ^.  In 
the  Southwest,  on  the  banks  of  streams.         Osage  Oravge.     Bow  wood. 

Used  in  forming  hedges,  an-J  ipTomises  to  be  the  best  plant  for  the  Southern  States. 
It  is  attacked  by  no  animal,  &r.G  in  a  few  years  forms  an  impenetrable  hedjre  The 
Fig,  Ficus  carica,  belongs  t^  OjIS  Order.  Its  fruit  con>ists  of  a  succulent  hollow  re* 
"ceptacle,  inclosing  numcrlius  hingle-seeded  carpels,  forming  a  syconus. 

Order  CXIL— PODOSTEMA'CE.E. 

Flowers  naked,  monoecious,  bursting  through  an  irregulaly 
Itcerated  spathe.  Stamens  hypogyn<Ais,  monadelphous,  2  or 
more,  alternately  sterile  and  shorter.  Ovary  '2-celled,  with  nu- 
merous ovules  Stigmas  2 — 3.  Fruit  capsular.  Seed  nu- 
merous, minute.  Floivcrs  minute.  Aquatic  plants,  with  capil- 
lary leaves. 

Genus  L— PODOSTE'MUM.     Rich,  19—2. 
(From  II.-4,  Oteek  ^OMS,  foot,  and  stenion,  a  stamen,  from  their  standing  on  a  foot.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  P.  ceratophyl'lum,  (Mich.)  Stein  floating,  filiform,  stiff,  horn-like. 
J^ejfts  alternate,  pinnate,  many-cleft.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Sta- 
mens 2,  affixed  to  a  common  pedicel  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Capsule  ovate, 
2-vaIved,  2-celled,  many-seeded. — If.     July.     In  the  beds  of  rivers. 

River-weed. 

Order  CXIII.— CALLITRICHA'CE^. 

Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  with  2  opposite  colored  bracts. 
Stamen  1.  Anthers  reniform,  1 -celled.  Ovary  solitary,  4- 
cornered,  4-celled.  Ovules  solitary.  Styles  2,  subulate.  Stig- 
mas simple  points.  Fruit  indehiscent,  4-celled,  4-seeded.  Seed 
peltate.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  very  minute.  Small  aqua- 
tic, herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  I.— CALLIT^RICHE.     L.  1—2. 

(From  the  Greek  kallos,  beauty,  and  trix,  hair 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  C.  heterophtl'la,  (Pursh.)  Stein  floating,  creeping,  round.  Float- 
ing leaves  spatulate,  immersed  ones  linear,  all  opposite,  sessile,  entire. 
Perianth  persistent,  lanceolate,  white.  Filament  subulate.  Stt^les  2, 
subulate. —  U-     May — June.     Still  waters. 


ORDER  CXV. AMENTACE^.  505 


Order  CXIV.— SAURURA'CE^E. 

Flowers  naked,  seated  upon  a  scale.  Stamens  6,  li}'pogy- 
nous,  filaments  slender.  Anthers  cuneate.  Ovaries  4,  distinct, 
each  with  1  ovule.  Stigmas  3 — 4.  Fruit  consisting  of  4  in- 
dehiscent  nuts.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate.  Flowers  in  spikes. 
Herbaceous  plants,  growing  in  marshy  places. 

Gexus  L— SAURU'RUS.     L.  7—4. 
(From  saura,  lizard,  and  oura,  tail.) 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  S.  cer'nuus,  (L.)  Stei7i  erect,  furrowed,  with  jointed  hairs. 
Leaves  cordate,  pubescent,  entire.  Floxcers  in  spikes,  oppo.-ite  the  leaves. 
Perianth  tuljular,  hairy,  split  on  the  upper  side. —  2f.  May — July. 
Bogs  and  ponds.     Very  common.     2 — 3  feet. 

Order  CXV.— AMENTA'CE^. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Sterile  florets  in  aments, 
with  scales,  or  scaly  perianth.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  scales. 
Anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  florets  in  aments,  with  scales  or  pe- 
rianths. Ovary  free,  simple.  Stigmas  many.  Fruit  a  drupe, 
or  a  bony,  membranaceous  capsule,  usually  1-celled.  Seed  1, 
o-r  many.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Flowers  ■without  calyx  or  corolla 2 

Flowers  with  at  least  a  bract-like  calyx 5 

2.  Fruit  capsular 8  • 

Fruit  not  capsular 4 

3.  Capsule  1-celled Salur,  1 

Capsule  2-celled PopiUuft,  2 

4.  Fruit  a  drupe Jfi/nra,  3 

Fruit  a  round  bur Comptoniiv,  4 

5.  Fruit  cone-liks G 

Fruit  not  cone^.l/ce 6 

6.  Middle-sized  or  large  trees Setula,  5 

Shrubs Alnus,  6 

Small  trees 7 

7.  Scales  2-flowered ,  Carpintu,  7 

Scales  1-flowered 0«trya,  8 

B.  Fertile  aments  globose ' 9 

Fertile  aments  not  globose 10 

9.  Fertile  aments  on  long  peduncles Platatinit,  9 

Fertile  aments  near  tlio  base  of  the  sterile LiquUhtmhar,  10 

10.  Fruit  an  acorn Quficiio,  11 

Fruit  a  prickly  bur Co-''taii^it,  I'J 

Nut  ovate Coi^jlm,\i 

Nut  triquetrous Fai/us.  14 

22 


506  ORDER   CXV. — AMENTACEJE. 


Sub-order  L— SALICA'CE^.     (Willoiv  Tribe.) 

Floivers  naked.  Seeds  comose.  Leaves  stipulate.  Oouiy 
1-celled. 

Genus  L— SA'LIX.     L.  20—2. 
(From  the  Celtic  words  ml,  near,  and  lis,  water.) 

Dioecious.     Sterile  florets  ;  araent  cylindrical;  scales  l-flo\v- 
ered,  imbricate,  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base  ;  perianth 
none.     Stamens  \ — 5.     Fertile  florets;  scales  1 -flowered  ;  pe- 
rianth none.    Stigmas  2,  often  2-cleft.     Capsule  1-celled,  many-^ 
seeded.     Seeds  comose. 

1.  S.  Muhlenbergia'n'a,  (Willd.)  A  small  shrub,  often  decumbent, 
with  pubescent  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate,  pubescent,  hoary,  entire, 
white,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  diandrous,  appearing  before  the 
leaves.  Scales  oblong,  villous  along  the  margin,  white,  with  a  red  apex. 
Germs  ovate-lanceolate,  on  long  pedicel?,  hairy.  Styles  short.  Stir/mas 
bifid. —  ^  .     April.     Dry  woods.     2 — 5  feet. 

2.  S.  tris'tis,  (Ait.)  A  small  shrub.  Lcavcfi  linear-lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  entire,  with  revolute  margins,  glabrous  above,  rugosely 
veined,  and  tomentose  beneath.  Slipides  none  or  caducous. —  ^  .  March 
— April.     Sandy  soils.     1 — 4  feet.  Dwarf  Willow. 

3.  S.  rosmauinifo'lia,  (L.)  A  small  shrub,  the  branches  silky,  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  vv'hen  young, 
pubescent  above,  silky  beneath,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  when  old ; 
scales  of  the  ament  obtuse,  ciliate.  Germs  lanceolate,  villous.  Stigmas 
bifid.—  ^  .     March— April.     Wet  lands.     1—3  feet. 

4.  S.  conif'era,  (Ware.)  A  small  shrub,  with  the  young  branches 
pubescent,  with  cone-like  excrescences  at  the  extremities  of  the 
branches.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate  toward  the  apex, 
glal'rous  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  beneath,  on  long  petioles. 
Scales  lanceolate,  villous.  Germs  lanceolate,  villous.  Stigmas  4. —  ^ 
March — April.     Dry  soils.     4 — 8  feet. 

5.  S.  disco'lor,  (L.)  a  shrub,  with  brownish  branches.  Leaves  ob- 
long, somewhat  obtuse,  remotely  serrate,  glaucous  bent-ath.  Stipules 
lanceolate,  serrat«.  Stamens  2  ;  scales  oblong,  hairy,  black.  Germs 
lanceolate,  tomentose.  ^S^/^/mas  2-parted. —  ^.  April.  Low  grounds. 
8—15  feet.  Bog  Willow. 

6.  S.  ni'gra,  (L.)  a  small  tree,  branching  from  the  base.  Leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  slightly  acuminate,  serrulate,  on  short  petioles. 
Stamens  usually  5.  Scales  obovate,  obtuse,  villous.  Capsule  oblong, 
glabrous. —  '^  .     March.     On  water-courses.     15; — 20  feet. 

<S.  Babylon' ica  (Tonrn.)  is  the  weeping-willow,  often  planted  in  cemeteries.  A  va- 
riety of  this  has  curled  leaves,  which  is  known  under  the  names  of  lihig-leaved  or 
I/oop  Willow. 

S.  rhnina'Us  (L.)  is  the  Basket  Osier,  from  which  the  iviUoic-uork  is  manufac- 
tured :  it  is  introduced  from  Europe. 


ORDER   CXV. AMKNTACf:.E.  507 

Genus  II.— POP'ULUS.     Tourn.  20—8. 

(Origin  of  the  name  uncertain.)  ^ 

Dicecious.  Ament  cylindrical.  Scales  lacerated.  Sterile 
florets;  anthers  8 — 30,  arising  from  a  turbinate,  oblique,  entire, 
single  perianth.  Fertile  florets ;  perianth  entire.  Sligjiias  4. 
Capsule  superior,  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  comose. 

1.  P.  grandidenta'ta,  (Mich.)  A  large  tree,  with  a  smootli  greenish 
bark.  Leaves  alternate,  nearly  round,  unequally  and  sinuately  toothed, 
glabrous,  villous  when  young,  petioles  compressed  near  the  summit. 
Flowers  in  small  axillar}'^,  cylindrical  aments. —  '^  .     March.     Mountains. 

Cotton-tree  ov  American  Aspen. 

2.  P.  angula'ta,  (Ait.)  A  large  tree,  with  the  branches  winged. 
Leaves  ovate,  deltoid,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous,  with  the  serratures 
uncinate.  Flowers  sma.\\. —  ^.  March.  On  the  margins  of  rivers.  00 
— 80  feet.  Carolina  Poplar. 

3.  P.  heterophyl'la,  (L.)  A  large  tree,  branches  terete.  Leaves 
roundish,  ovate,  obtuse,  uncinately  toothed,  the  sinus  small,  cordate, 
and  somewhat  aurieled,  when  young  tomentose. —  ^  .  May.  Swamps. 
Middle  and  upper  districts.     60 — SO  feet. 

Sub-order  II.— MYRICA'CE^.     {Gale  Tribe) 

Fruit  usualh'  drupaceous.  Flowers  naked.  Stamens  2 — 8. 
Ovary  1 -celled. 

Genus  III.— MYRI'CA.     L.  20—4. 
(From  the  Greek  mtirio,  to  flow ;  found  on  the  hanks  of  streams.) 

Dioecious.  Ament  ovate-oblong.  Scales  crescent-shaped. 
Sterile  florets ;  stamens  4 — 6  ;  anthers  4-valved.  Fertile  flo- 
rets;  ovary  1.     Stigmas  2.     briqje  1 -celled,  1-seeded. 

1.  M.  cerif'era,  (L.)  a  small  shrub,  diffusely  branched.  Lrarrs  pe- 
rennial, alternate,  somewhat  coriaceous,  lineardanceolate,  glabrou.s  dot- 
ted, slightly  pubescent  when  young.  Flowers  in  short,  cyHndrical,  ax- 
illary aments.  Stamens  4:.  ^ca/es  nearly  round. —  \^ .  March— April. 
In  damp  soils.  Bayberry  or  Wax-myrllr. 

2.  M.  Carolinen'sis,  (L.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  cuneate.  oblong, 
coarsely  toothed.  Scales  acute.  Fruit  globtilar,  large.—  t>  .  March- 
April.     AVet  places.     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  IV.— COMPTO'XIA.     Banks,  19—3. 
(In  honor  of  Henry  Compton,  Bishop  of  London.) 

Monoecious.     Sterile   florets;  ament  cylindrical.  Scales   1- 

flowered.     Perianth  2-parted.      Stamens  3-forked.  Anthers  6. 

Fertile    floret;    ament   globose;    scale    1-flowered.  Sttjles  2. 
Nut  ovate. 

1.  C.  ASPLENiFo'i.iA,  (Ait.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  long,  linear-hmce 
oh.te,  alternate,  irregularly  pinnatifid.     Flowers  in  oval,  sessile  amenta. 


6U8  OKDER   CXV. — AMENTACE^. 

Perianth  of  the  sterile  florets  renifonn,  acuminate,  1 -flowered.  Fila- 
ments  3.  Anthers  6.  Nuts  forming  a  round  bm*. —  ^.  April — May. 
Woods  and  fields.     2 — 4  feet  Sweet-fern 

Sub-order  IIL— BETULA'CE^.     (Birch  Tribe.) 

Flowers  with  bracts.  Fruit  membranous,  2-celled,  forming 
a  sort  of  cone. 

Genus  V.— BET'ULA.     L.  19—12. 
(From  hetu,  its  Celtic  uame.) 

Monoecious.  Ament  cylindrical.  Sterile  florets,  with  the 
scales  peltate.  Stamens  10 — 12.  Fertile  florets;  scales  im- 
perfectly 3-lobed,  3-flowered.  Styles  2.  Nuts  compressed, 
with  a  membranaceous  margin. 

1.  B.  ni'gra,  (L.)  a  tree,  covered  with  smooth  scaly  baric,  with  long 
flexible  branches.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  doubly  serrate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  entire  at  the  base,  on  short  petioles.  Fertile  anient  ovate. 
iSca/cs  villous,  with  equal  and  linear  segments. —  ^.  May.  Banks  of 
streams.     30—40  feet.  "    Red  Birch. 

2.  B.  len'ta,  (L.)  a  large  tree,  with  long  slender  branches,  which 
are  spotted  with  white  when  young,  with  a  fragrant  and  aromatic  bark. 
Leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  nerves  and  petioles 
hairy  ;  scales  of  the  ament  smooth. —  ^.     May.    Mountains.    70 — 80  ft 

Cherry  Birch.     Black  Birch. 

Genus  VI.— AL'NUS.     Tourn.  19—12. 
(From  aZ,  near,  and  Ian,  the  edge  of  tlie  river.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets ;  ament  long,  cylindrical ;  scales 
3-lobed,  3-flowered ;  perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  4.  Fertile 
florets  ;  ament  ovate  ;  scales  2-flowered  ;  perianth  none.  Styles 
2.     Seed  compressed,  ovate,  naked. 

1.  A.  serrula'ta,  (Ait.)  A  middle-sized  shrub,  witli  numerous  irreg- 
ular branches.  Leaves  alternate,  obovate,  acuminate,  with  the  veins 
on  the  under  surface  hairy,  doubly  serrate.  Sterile  flowers  in  long 
pendulous  aments. —  '^  .  February.  Along  water-courses.  Very  com- 
mon.    8 — 12  feet. 

Genus  VII.— CARPI'NUS.     L.  19—12. 
(From  car,  wood,  and  pincla,  head.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  ament  long,  cylindrical ;  scales 
ciliate  at  the  base.  Stamens  8 — 14,  somewhat  bearded  at  the 
top.  Fertile  florets  ;  ament  imbricate  ;  scales  leafy,  2-flowered. 
Stigmas  2.     Nut  long,  ovate,  sulcate,  1-seeded. 

1.  C.  America'na,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acu- 
minate, unequally  serrate.  Scales  3-parted,  the  middle  segment  oblique, 
toothed  on  one  side.  Scales  of  the  fertile  florets  large,  foliaceous. —  ^  , 
Mav.     In  woods.     15 — 20  feet.  hon-wooj.     Hornbeam. 


ORDER  CXV. — AMENTACEiE.  509 

Genus  VIII.— OS'TRYA.     Mich.  10—12. 
(From  the  Greek  ostruos,  a  scale.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets;  nmeut  cyliiKlrical ;  scales  1- 
flovvered  ;  tilaments  branched.  Fertile  flurets ;  ament  iiakoil. 
Capsicles  inflated,  imbricate,  1-seeded  at  the  base. 

1.  0.  Virgin'ica,  (Willd.)  A  small  tree,  with  very  compact,  hard 
wood.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  cordate  at  the  base,  alternate,  unequally 
serrate.  A?nent  oblong-ovate,  erect,  with  inflated  capsules,  l-seede<l. — 
^  .     May.     In  woods.     20 — 30  feet.  Iron-icood. 

Sub-order  IV.— PLATANA'CE^.     {Plane  Tribe) 

Genus  IX.— PL  AT' ANUS.     L.  19—12. 
(From  the  Gtet^'k  platus,  ample,  in  allusion  to  its  foliage.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  ament  globose.  Stamens  nu- 
merous, intermixed  with  linear  scales.  Fertile  florets;  scales 
spatulate.     Stigma  recurved.     Seed  clavate. 

1.  P.  occidenta'lis,  (L.)  a  lai-ge  tree,  with  nearly  white  branches 
with  soft  wood.  Leaves  5-angled,  obscurely  toothed,  pubescent  lieneath. 
Aments  axillary,  on  long  peduncles.  ^SVecZ  forming  a  compact  head. — 
^ .     May.     Banks  of  streams.     60—70  feet. 

Button-xL'ood  or  Sycamore. 

Genus  X.— LIQUIDAM'BAll.     L.  19—12. 
(From  liquidus,  liquid,  and  amher,  amber,  in  allusion  to  the  exudation  from  the  trees.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  ament  conical,  with  a  4-leaved 
involucre  ;  perianth  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Fertile  fl(trets  ; 
ament  globose  ;  perianth  2-leaved,  urceolate,  2-flowered.  Sfi/les 
2.      Capsules  2,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  L.  styraciflu'a,  (L.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately 
lobed  ;  lobes  acuminate,  serrate.  Sterile  ament  terminating  the  l)ranch- 
es.  Fertile  ament  near  the  base  of  the  sterile. —  h.  May.  Damp 
soils.     70—80  feet.  Sweet  Gnui. 

Sub-order  V.— CUPULIF'ER^.     (JVut  Tribe.) 

Genus  XL— QUER'CUS.     L.  19—12. 
(From  the  Celtic  quer,  fine,  and  cuez,  a  tree.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  ament  loose  ;  perianth  mo.stly 
6 — 8-cleft.  Stamens  5 — 10.  Fertile  florets;  capsule  cu{> 
shaped,  scaly  ;  perianth  C -lobed.  Ovary  3-celled,  2  of  them 
abortive.     Style  1.     Stigmas  3.     Acorn  1-celled,  1-sceded. 

a.  Fructification  biennial.     Leaves  usually  setaceously  mucronat%  entire. 

1.  Q.    phel'los,    (L.)      A   miildle-sized  tree,  slender   and    straight 

Leaves  deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  glabrous, 


510  OEDER    CXV. AMENTACEiE. 

mucronate.     Acorn   small,  nearly  spherical. —  '^  .     May.     In  swamps. 
SO— 60  feet.  Willow  Oak. 

2.  Q.  imbrica'ria,  (Mich.)  A  small-sized  tree,  with  irregular  branches. 
Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  tapering  at  each  extremity,  mucronate,  en- 
tire, pubescent  beneath.  Cup  shallow ;  scales  broad-ovate.  Acorn 
small,  nearly  spherical. —  ^.  June.  Banks  of  rivers.  Mount.-iins. 
40—50  feet.  Shingle  Oak. 

3.  Q.  pum'ila,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  Siejn  slender,  virgate,  spar- 
ingly branched,  tomentose  when  young.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ta- 
pering toward  the  base,  undulate,  tomentose  beneath.  Acorns  small, 
in  a  shallow  cup. —  "^  .     March — April.     In  pine  woods.     2 — 3  feet. 

Running  Oak. 

4.  Q.  vi'rens,  (Ait.)     A  large  tree,  with  spreading,  irregular  brandies. , 
Leaves  perennial,  coriaceous,    oval-lanceolate,   with  revolute  margins, 
pubescent  beneath.     Fruit  oval,  nearly  black,  generally  in  pairs. —  ^. 
April.     Along  the  sea-coast.     40 — 50  feet.  Live  Oak. 

5.  Q.  laurifo'lia,  (Mich.)  A  middle-sized  tree.  Leaves  sessile,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, tapering  at  the  base,  entire,  glabrous,  the  young  leaves 
toothed  and  sometimes  sinuate.  Acorn  ovate,  in  a  shallow,  nearly  ses- 
sile cup, —  ^.     April.     Rich  sandy  soil's.     40 — 50  feet. 

b.  Leaves  lobed  at  the  summit. 

6.  Q.  aquat'ica,  (Walt.)  A  small  tree,  with  regular  branches.  Leaves 
obovate,  cuneate,  nearl3?^  sessile,  obscurely  lobed  at  the  summit.  Acorn 
ovate,  rather  small,  in  a  shallow  cup,  on  a  short  peduncle. —  '^  .  March 
— April.     Damp  soils,     30 — 70  feet.  Water  Oak. 

1.  Q.  ni'gra,  (Willd.)  A  small  tree,  with  thick,  rough,  black  bark. 
Leaves  coriaceous,  cuneate,  dilated  at  the  summit,  retusely  3-lobed,  5 — 7 
inches  long,  ferruginous  beneath.  Acor7i  ovate,  mucronate,  in  rather  a 
deep,  sessile  cup. — 1i.     March — April.     In  poor  soils.     15 — SO  feet. 

Black-jack. 

8.  Q.  tincto'ria,  (Bart.)  A  large  tree,  with  dark-colored  baik. 
Leaves  obovate,  sinuate,  mucronate,  angled,  glabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, yl cor?i  depressed,  in  a  deep,  sessile  cup. —  ^.  March — April.  In 
rich  uplands.     50 — 70  feet.  Black  Oak. 

9.  Q.  coccin'ea,  (Van.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  deeply  sinuate,  gla- 
brous, with  the  lobes  acute,  notched  and  mucronate,  petioles  rather  long, 
Frxdt  abundant.  Acorn  oblong,  mucronate,  in  a  deep  cup. —  ^  .  April. 
In  rich  lands.     70—80  feet. 

10.  Q.  ru'bra,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaves  glabrous,  oblong,  sinuate, 
wiih  the  angles  rather  acute.  Lobes  acute  and  tapering,  acutely  notched, 
mucronate.  Acorn  large,  mucronate,  in  a  flat,  shallow,  sessile  cup. — 
T? .     April.     Dry  soils,     70—80  feet.  Red  Oak. 

11.  Q.  Cates'e^i,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree,  with  stem  and  branches  ir- 
regular and  crooked.  Leaves  coriaceous,  cuneate,  sinuate,  the  lobes  di- 
varicate, usually  simple.  Acorn  ovate,  in  a  large,  deep  cup,  ses^^ile, 
■with  the  scales  obtuse. —  ^,     April.     Poor  sandy  soils.     15 — 30  feet. 

12.  Q.  falca'ta,  (Mich.)  A  large  tree,  with  regularly  expanding 
branches.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  deeply  lobed,  falcate,  mucronate, 
shining  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  beneath.  Fruit  small,  abun- 
dant, with  a  shallow  cup. —  "^  ,     April — May.     Common,     70 — 80  feet. 

Spanish  Oak. 


ORDER   CXV. AMENTACK.E.  511 

Var.  (a)  Q,  fRi'LoBA,  (L.).  Leaven  cunoate,  nearly  equally  3-lobe(J  at 
the  sumaiit,  mucronate. 

Var.  {h)  Q.  pagod^fo'lia,  (Ell.)  Leavca  oblitng,  in  any -lube  d,  on 
rather  long  petioles  ;  lobes  simple,  mucronate. 

13.  Q.  iucifo'lia,  (Van.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  cuneate,  on  long 
petioles,  obovate,  3 — 5-lobe(l,  tomentose  beneath.  Fritit  abundant. 
Acorn  ovate,  in  a  shallow  cup. —  "j  .    April — iM;iy.     Poor  soils.    3 — 8  ft. 

c.    Fructification  annual.     Leaven  unatvned. 

14.  Q.  obtusilo'ba,  (Mich.)  A  middle-sized  tree,  with  irregular 
branche.s.  Leaves  oblong,  sinuate,  on  short  petioles,  generally  5-lobed, 
the  upper  ones  dilated,  pubescent  beneath.  Acor7i  oblong,  in  a  hemi- 
spherical cup. —  T^  .     April.     In  stony,  clay  soils.     30 — 40  feet. 

Post  Oak. 

15.  Q.  lyra'ta,  (Walt.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  long,  irregularly  ly- 
rate,  the  lobes  oblong,  nearly  acute,  the  upper  ones  dilated,  glabrous. 
Acorn  nearly  globular,  almost  entirely  inclosed  in  the  cup. —  t^  .  April. 
In  swamps.     60 — 70  feet.  Over-cup  Oak. 

16.  Q.  al'ba,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaves  oblong,  pinnatitid,  sinuate, 
pubescent  beneath,  on  short  petioles.  Lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  Fruit 
large,  usually  in  pairs.  Acorn  ovate,  in  a  deep  cup. —  ^ .  April 
Rich  soils.     70—80  feet.  White  Oak. 

17.  Q.  pri'nus,  (L.)  a  large  tree,  with  a  long  trunk  without  branclic-s. 
Leaves  large,  obovate,  or  oblong  lanceolate,  obtusely  toothed,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath.  Fruit  abundant.  Acorn  large,  in  a  lu-mi.>ph<rioal 
cup. —  ^.     April.     Common.     70 — 80  feet.  ^wampclieUaut  Oak. 

18.  Q.  MicHAUx'ir,  (Nutt.)  A  large  tree.  Zeaj;<?.<!  obovate,  unequally 
toothed,  sinuate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  tomentose  beneath.  Fruit  usually 
in  pairs.     Acorn  large,  ovate. —  ^  .     April.     Rich  soils,     60 — 80  feet 

19.  Q,  monta'na,  (Willd.)  A  large  ti-ee.  Leaves  obovate,  acute,  to- 
mentose beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  teeth  indurated  at  the  point.  Acurn 
ovate,  in  a  hemispherical  cup. —  ^.  A[)ril.  In  rocky  places  near  the 
mountains,     30 — 50  feet. 

20.  Q.  Casta'nea,  (Muhl.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
on  long  petioles,  tomentose  beneath,  acuminate,  coarsely-toothed,  teeth 
with  indurated  points.  Acor^i  ovate,  in  a  hemispherical  cup. —  \' . 
April — May.     In  rich,  damp  soils.     60 — 7 C  feet.  Chestnut  Oak. 

21.  Q.  chin'quapin,  (Mich.)  A  small  shrub,  with  a  smooth,  slender 
stem.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  on  short  jK^tioles,  coarsely  toothed, 
glabrous  when  mature.  Acorn  ovate,  in  a  hemispherical  cup. —  V. 
April — May,     Xear  the  mountains,     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  XII.— CASTA'NEA     10—12. 
(Castanea,  a  town  In  Thessaly.) 

Moncecious.  Sterile  liorets  ;  anient  naked,  long,  cylindrioal ; 
periunth  6-lobed.  Stamens  5—20.  Fertile  tlorets  .'i,  within  a 
muricat?,d  involticre;  perianth  5 — G-lobed,  S(i/1<'j:i  0.  Sad 
1 — 3,  inclosed  by  the  involucre. 

1.  C.  TEs'cA,  (L,)     A   large  tree,  generally  with  an  erect  trnnk  and 


512  ORDER  CXVI. — JUGLAXDACE^. 

irregular  branches.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  mucronate,  serrate,  gla- 
brous when  old.  Aments  of  the  sterile  flow t-rs  axillary  ;  florets  in  clus- 
ters; fertile  spikes  short,  2  or  3  together.  Style  1.  Stigmas  numerous. 
j7Lvohtc7'e  spinous. —  "^  .     May — June.     Dry  woods.     6U — 70  feet. 

Chestnut. 

2.  C.  Pu'iiiLA,  (L.)  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  Leaves  oblong,  serrate, 
mucronate,  tomentose  beneath.  Fertile  florets  generally  one  in  each 
involucre.  Nut  small,  inclosed  in  a  spiny  involucre. —  ^.  May.  In 
light  soils.     15 — 20  feet.  Chinquapin. 

3.  C.  na'n.a,  (Muhl.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
serrate,  mucronate,  shining  on  the  upper  surface,  slightly  tomentose 
beneath.  It  agrees  nearly  with  the  preceding  species,  except  in  size. — 
^  .     May.     Sandy  pine-barrens.     2 — 4  feet. 

Genus  XIIL— COR'YLUS.     L.  19—12. 
(From  the  Greek  koiiis,  a  helmet,  from  the  calyx  inclosing  the  fruit.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets ;  anient  cylindrical  ;  scales  3- 
cleft.  .  Stamens  8.  Fertile  florets  ;  ovaries  several.  Stic/mas  2. 
Nut  ovate,  surrounded  with  the  enlarged  coriaceous  and  scaly 
involucre. 

1.  C.  America'na,  (Walt.)  A  small  shrub,  with  erect,  virgate 
branches,  pubescent  when  young.  Jjeaves  oblong-ovate,  cordate,  acu- 
minate, pubescent  on  the  under  surface.  Involucre  roundish,  cami)anu- 
late,  with  the  border  dilated  and  many-cleft.  Nut  large,  ovate. —  ^2  • 
March — April.     Shady  woods.     4 — 8  feet.         Hazel-nut.    Wild  Filbert. 

2.  C.  rostra'ta,  (Ait.)  A  small  shrub.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, slightly  cordate,  on  short  petioles,  doubly  serrate,  pubescent  be- 
neath. Livolucre  somewhat  globular,  hirsute,  2-parted  at  the  summit, 
with  incised  segments. —  ^.     March — April.     Mountains.     2 — 4  feet. 

Beaked  Hazelnut. 

Genus  XIV.— FA'GUS.     L.  19—12. 
(From  the  Gte&k phago,  to  eat;  the  nuts  were  used  as  food.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  ament  globose  ;  perianth  G-cleft. 
Stamens  5 — 12.  Fertile  florets  2,  within  a  4-lobed  prickly  in- 
vokicre;  perianth  with  4 — 6  minute  lobes.  Ovaries  3-celled, 
2  of  thera  abortive.  Styles  3.  Nut  1-seeded,  inclosed  by  the 
involucre. 

1.  F.  Sylvat'ica,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  cili- 
ate,  slightly  toothed,  on  short  petioles.  Involucre  persistent.  Seed  tri- 
quetrous.—  "^  .    March — April.    Damp  rich  soils.    50 — 60  feet.      Beech, 

Order  CXVL— JUGLANDA'CE^.    {Walnut Famihj.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  florets  in  an  anient.  Perianth 
oblique,  membranous,  scaly,  irregularly  lobed.  Stamens  3 — 
36,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Filaments  short.  Anthers  2- 
ceiled.     Fertile  florets  with  the  peiianth  4 — tJ-parted.     Ovary 


ORDER    CXVI. JUGLANDACEiE.  513 

1-celled,  with  an  erect  solitary  ovule.  Sli/lci  1 — 2,  short,  or 
wanting.  Stigmas  2,  lacerated  or  discoid,  4-iobed.  Fruit  1- 
celled,  with  4  imperfect  partitions.  Seed  4-lobed.  Trees,  with 
alternate,  unequally  pinnate  I'^aves. 

Gexus  L— JUQ'LANS.     L.  19—12. 
[Jovia  glans,  the  nut  of  Jove.) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets;  scales  usually  o-parted,  imbri- 
cate ;  perianth  5 — 6-parted.  Stamens  numerous.  Fertile  flo- 
rets ;  perianth  double,  each  4-parted.  Drupe  large,  with  the 
nut  irregularly  furrowed. 

1.  J.  ni'gka,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  numer- 
ous, serrate,  slightly  cordate,  pubescent  beneath  when  young.  Fruit 
spht-rical,  scabrous,  the  pulp  decaying  and  turning  black. —  'h  .  April. 
Rich  soils.     30—60  feet.  Black  walnut. 

2.  J.  cin'erea,  (L.)  a  middle-sized  tree.  Leaflets  numerous,  lance- 
olate, pubescent,  on  villous  petioles.  Fruit  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
irregularly  grooved. —  ^  .     April.     Fertile  soils.     30 — 50  feet. 

Butternut. 

Genus  IL— CARY'A.     Nutt.  19—12. 
(From  caryon,  a  nut) 

Monoecious.  Sterile  florets ;  ament  imbricate ;  scales  3- 
parted  :  perianth  none.  Stamens  4 — 6.  Fertile  florets  ;  peri- 
anth 4-cleft,  superior.  Style  none.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Pericarp 
4-valved.     Nut  quadrangular,  smooth. 

1.  C.  sulca'ta,  (Willd.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  obo- 
vate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  7 — 9.  Sterile  anients 
pendulous,  3-parted  ;  fertile  florets  terminal.  Nut  covered  with  a  thick 
pericarp. —  ^.     April.     Fertile  soils.     60 — SO  feet. 

Thick  Shell-hark  Hickory. 

2.  C.  al'ba,  (L.)  a  large  tree,  with  the  bark  separating  in  flat  scal.-s. 
Leaves  YxnuAie ;  leaflets  large,  oblong-lanceulate,  serrate.  Xnt  nearly 
spherical,  wuth  the  pericarp  thin. —  ^.  April.  Fertile  soils.  40 — CO 
feet.  Shag  bark  Jlickori/. 

3.  C.  TOMENTo'sA,  (Mich.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  pinnate  :  k-afl.'ts  ob- 
ovate-laneeolate,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  7—9. 
Ament  tomi-ntose,  very  long.  Fruit  sub-globose,  smooth,  with  a  thick 
j.ericarp.  Nut  somewhat  6  angled,  with  a  thick,  hard  shell. —  ^  .  April 
—May.     Fertile  soils.     40—60  feet. 

Common  Ilickori/.    Mliite  heart  Hickorp. 

4.  C.  ama'ra,  (Mich.)  A  large  tree.  Xcaye*  pinnate  ;  lenflfts  sessile, 
ovate-oblong,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  except  the  veins 
and  midrib,  i^ru/i  small,  bitter,  and  astringent.— '^  .  May.  Fertile 
woods.     40  —  50  feet.  Bitter-nut. 

Var.  C.  roRci'.xA,  (Mich.)  A  large  tree.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  leafletJ*  lance- 
olate, 7 — 9,  glab.ous.  Fruit  small,  with  a  hard,  smooth  nut,  very  bitter. 
—  T^.     April.     Margins  of  swamps.     70— 80  feet.         Pig-nut  Hickoiy 

22* 


514  ORDEE   CXVII. CONIFERS. 

5.  C.  aquat'ica,  (Mich.)  A  middle-sized  tree.  Leaves  pinnate;  leaf- 
lets narrow,  lanceolate,  oblique,  slightly  serrate,  glabrous,  9 — 13,  with 
the  midrib  tomentose.  Fruit  nearly  round,  angled. —  ^.  April.  In 
swamps.    40 — 60  feet. 


GyMITOSPEE'M-^. 

Ovules  naked  and  fertilized  by  the  direct  action  of  the  pollen. 
Cotyledons  often  numerous. 

Order  CXVIL— CONIF'ER^.     {Cone -hear iny  Family) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  sterile  flowers  raonandrous 
or  5,  and  monadelphous,  collected  in  a  catkin.  Anthers  2  or 
many  lobed,  bursting  outwardly ;  fertile  flowers  usually  in 
strobiles  or  cones,  sometimes  solitary.  Ovary  none  or  open, 
resembling  a  scale,  destitute  of  style  or  stigma.  Ovules  naked. 
Fruit  a  naked  seed.  Leaves  with  parallel  veins.  Trees  or 
shrubs,  abounding  in  resin. 

Genus  I.— PI'NUS.     L.  19—15. 
(From  pinos,  the  Greek  for  Pine-tree.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  flowers  ;  scales  peltate.  Peri- 
anth none.  Anthers  2,  each  1-celled,  sessile.  Fertile  flowers 
in  an  ovate  cone.  Scales  closely  imbricate,  2-flowered.  Pistil 
1.     Nut  winged.     Scales  woody. 

a.   Leaves  2 — 5,  with  a  sheath  at  the  base.    Scales  of  the  cone  thickened  at 
the  summit. 

1.  P.  in'ops,  (Ait.)  A  small  tree,  abounding  in  resin,  with  scattered, 
smooth  branches.  Leaves  short,  in  pairs.  Cone  oblong,  conic,  about 
the  length  of  the  leaves.  Scales  with  subulate  spiues. —  ^  .  May. 
Sandy  barrens.     20 — 40  feet.  Scrub  Pine. 

2.  P.  vaeiab'ilis,  (L.)  a  large  tree,  much  branched.  Leaves  by 
pairs  or  threes,  slender  and  channeled,  4 — 5  inches  long,  deep  green. 
Cone  generally  solitary,  ovate,  2 — 3  inches  long.  Scales  with  incurved 
spines. —  "^  .     April.     Along  the  sea-coast.     60 — TO  feet. 

3.  P.  rig'ida,  (L.)     a  large   tree.      Leaves  by  threes,   4 — 6  inches 
long,  with  short  sheaths.     Cones  ovate,  scattei-ed,  or  in  clusters,  usu 
ally  the  latter,  2 — 4  inches  long.     Scales  with  reflexed   spines. —  ^ 
April — May.     Usually  in  the  upper  country.     70 — 100  feet. 

4.  P.  seeoti'na,  (Mich.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  by  threes,  6 — 8  inches 
long.  Cones  ovate,  large  for  the  size  of  the  tree.  Scales  with  straight, 
Blender  spines. —  ^.     April.     Around  ponds.     30— 40  feet. 


ORDER    CXVII. CONIFEK.-E.  ijl5 

5.  P.  pun'gens,  (Lam.)  A  middle-sized  tree,  irregularly  bran«hed. 
Leaves  by  pairs,  short,  acute.  Cones  ovate,  clustered,  se>^.-ilo.  Spvies 
long,  subulate,  the  lower  reflexed. —  ^.     Mountains.     40 — 50  feet. 

6.  P.  t^'da.  (L.)  a  large  tree,  with  a  straight,  tall  trunk.  Leaves 
long,  by  threes,  in  long  sheaths.  Cones  long,  deflexed.  Scales  armed 
with  rigid  spines.  This  is  an  abundant  species,  but  affords  very  little 
resin.— ■^.     April.     80— 100  feet. 

7.  P.  palus'tris,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaves  by  threes,  very  long, 
with  the  sheaths  pinnatifid.  Cones  nearly  cylindrical,  6 — 10  inches 
long.  Scales  muvlcate. —  ^.  April.  Common  in  sandy  soils.  80 — 100 
feet.  Long-leaved  Fine. 

8.  P.  stro'bus,  (L.)  a  large  tree.  Leaves  by  fives,  slender,  in  short 
sheaths.  Cones  solitary,  pendulous,  long.  Scales  loose. —  ^.  April. 
Mountains.     100—140  feet.  White  Pine. 

b.    Leaves  solitary,  distinct  at  the  base.     Scales  of  the  cone  even,  attenu- 
ated, glabrous. 

9.  P.  balsa'mea,  (L.)  a  small  tree.  Leaves  solitary,  emarginate, 
flat,  glaucous  beneath,  somewhat  pectinate  at  the  summit,  nearly  erect, 
below  i-ecurved,  spreading.  Cone  solitary,  erect,  cylindrical.  Bracts 
short,  obovate,  mucronate,  somewhat  serrulate,  with  the  margins  thin 
and  smooth. —  '^  .     May.     Mountains.     40 — 50  feet. 

Balsam  Fir.     Balm  of  Gilead, 

10.  P.  Canaden'sis,  (L.)  a  large  or  small  tree,  with  horizontal 
branches.  Leaves  solitary,  flat,  denticulate,  in  two  rows.  Cone  small, 
ovate,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves. —  ^j  .  May.  Mount- 
ains.    30 — 100  feet.  Hemlock. 

11.  P.  ni'gra,  (Ait.)  A  large  or  small  tree.  Leaves  solitary,  very 
numerous,  4-angled,  scattered,  erect,  straight,  dark  green.  Cones  ovate, 
1 — 2  inches  long.  Scales  elliptical,  imbricate,  erosely  denticulate  at  the 
apex,  undulate  on  the  mai-gins. —  ^^  .  April.  Mountain  swamps.  oO — 
100  feet.  Black  Spruce. 

12.  P.  al'ba,  (Ait.)  A  small  tree.  Leaves  solitary,  4-sided,  less 
crowded  than  the  preceding  species,  incurved.  Cones  slender,  nearly 
cylindrical.  >Sca/^5  broad,  ovate,  entire. —  ^^  .  Ma}-.  Mountains,  swamps. 
30_40  feet.  White  Spruce. 

Genus  11— JUNIP'ERUS.     L.  20—15. 
(Celtic,  juniper  us,  rougli.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  florets ;  ament  ovate.  Cah/.T  a 
«cale,  verticilhite,  peltate.  Anthers  4 — 8,  1-celled.  Fertile 
florets ;  ament  g-lobose.  Scales  3,  concave.  Slif/ma  open. 
Fruit  a  berry,  with  three  long,  1-seeded  nuts,  surrounded  with 
the  united  and  fleshy  scales. 

1.  J.  Virgin'ia'na,  (L.)  a  middle-sized  tree,  with  horizontal  branchos. 
Upper  leaves  imbricated,  in  four  rows,  ovate-acute,  very  small,  by 
thiees.  Flowers  axillary.  Fruit  dry,  1— 2  .-^eedeil,  oovcrcd  wiili  a 
blue  powder. —  ^i  .     May.     Common.  '  20 — 00  feet.  AV(/  Cedar. 


516  OEDER   CXVII. CONIFERS. 

Genus  III— CUPRES'SUS.     L.  19—15. 
(From  ku8,  to  produce,  and  parisos,  equal,  in  allusion  to  the  branches.) 

Floivcrs  monoecious.  Sterile  flowers  ;  the  anient  ovate,  im- 
bricate. Scales  peltate.  Anthers  4,  ses.sile.  Fertile  florets; 
anient  a  cone.  Perianth  none.  Ovaries  4 — 8  under  each 
scale.     jVuts  angular,  compressed. 

1.  C  dis'tica,  (L.)  a  laige  tree.  Leaves  small,  linear,  acute,  flat, 
deciduous.  Sterile  flowers  pauiculate;  catkin  sub-globose. — Ma}'.  Deep 
swamps.     90 — 100  feet.  Cypress. 

2.  C.  thyoi'des,  (L.)  a  large  tree,  with  compressed  branches.  Leaves 
imbricate,  in  four  rows,  ovate,  tuberculate  at  the  base  ;  catkin  globose. 
—  T^.     May.     Swamps.     70 — 80  feet.  White  Cedar. 

The  Cypress  is  one  of  our  most  remartable  trees.  It  grows  to  its  greatest  dimen- 
sions in  dee[),  miry  soil.  The  base  of  tlie  tn;nk  is  conical  and  usu:<lly  holow.  Its 
roots  are  immense,  and  produce  reu  aikable  jnotul  eninces.  wliicli  rise  to  the  liight 
of  2-  3  feet.  These  are  conical  and  hollow,  covert-d  by  tlie  same  kind  of  bark  as  the 
root:  never  produce  branches  or  leaves.  Often  used  for  bee-hives.  The  wood  of  t!ie 
Cypress  is  the  moat  durable  of  any  in  exposed  situations. 

Gexus  IV.— thuya.     L.  19—15. 
(From  thuon,  a  sacrifice :  the  resin  used  as  incense.) 

i^/oi^^ers  monoecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  ament  imbricate.  Calyx 
a  scale.  Anthers  4,  sessile.  Fertile  flowers  in  cones,  with  scales 
2-flowered.     ^ut  1-winged. 

1.  T.  occidenta'lis,  (L.)  A  t=mall  tree,  with  spreadin^f,  ancipital 
branches.  Leaves  imbricate,  in  four  rows,  apprt^ssed,  naked,  ov.ite- 
rhomboi.lal,  tuberculate.  Cones  obovate,  with  ihe  inner  scales  trun- 
cate, gibbous  below  the  summit. —  ^.  May.  Mountain  streams.  15 — 
20  feet.  American  Arbor-vitce. 

Gexus  v.— TOR'REYA.     Arn.  20—15. 
(la  honor  of  Professor  John  Torrey.) 

Dioecious.  Staminate  flowers  ;  araent  sub-globose,  leno-then- 
ing  as  it  becomes  perfected,  wiih  bracts  at  the  base,  imbricate, 
in  4  rows,  many-flowered  ;  anther  bearing  scales,  pedicellate. 
Pistillate  flowers ;  ament  ovate,  1-flowered,  bracteate ;  ovule 
solitary,  sessile ;  seed  nut-like  ;  testa  thick,  without  coriacfeous- 
fleshy,  within  fibrous.     Small  trees,  with  spreading  branches. 

1.  T.  taxifo'lia,  (Arn.)  (Taxns  montana,  Nutt.)  An  evergreen  tree. 
Branches  spreading  ;  branclilcts  disticliously  forked.  Leavfs  approx- 
imate, solitiiry,  distichous,  on  short  petioles,  linear,  mucronate,  shining 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  vein  bioad.  alnnit  one  inclj  long.  Fruit  about 
one  inch  long,  ovate,  rough;  outside  covering  brittle.— Middle  Floi-ida. 
20 — 40  feet.  Florida  Yew  tree 


ORDER  CXIX. — SMILACE^.  517 


MONOCOTYLED'ON^'E. 

Trunk  usually  cylindrical,  with  no  distinction  of  pith,  wood, 
and  bark.  Leaves  with  simple,  parallel  veins  running  from  the 
base  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  usually  alternate.  Embryo  with  1 
cotyledon,  or  if  more  than  1,  alternate.  Radical  inclosed  in  a 
sheath,  through  which  it  bursts  in  germination. 

I.  DICTYOGEN'E^. 

(From  dictuon,  a  net,  and  genncein,  to  produce,  the  leaves  being  net-veined.) 

Monocotyledonous  plants,  with  reticulated  veined  leaves,  anc" 
with  the  roots  resembling,  in  some  respects,  dicotyledons. 

Order  CXVIIL— DIOSCOREA'CEtE.     {Yam  Tribe.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  superior,  6-cleft,  equal.  ^/«- 
mens  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled, 
with  1 — 2  ovules  in  a  cell.  Style  deeply  3-parted.  Stigmas 
simple.  Fruit  a  thin,  compressed  capsule.  Seed  flat.  Fni- 
hryo  small.  Twining,  herbaceous  plants,  with  reticulated 
leaves. 

Genus  L— DIOSCORE'A.     L.  20—6. 
(From  Dioscorides,  a  Greek  physician.) 

Genus  samb  as  the  Order. 

1.  D.  viLLo'sA,  (L)  Stein  herbaceous,  climbing  over  shrubs,  terete. 
Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  and  verticillate  ;  the  lower  verticilhite,  the 
upper  alternate,  cordate,  acuminate,  9-nerved,  pubescent  beneath. 
Sterile  flowers  iu  axillary  panicles,  small ;  fertile  flowt-rs  in  simple  ra- 
cemes. Styles  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-winired,  2-seedeil. — White.  2;. 
May — July.     Sandy  soils.     Common.     10 — 12  feet.  Yam-root. 

2.  D.  quaterna'ta,  (Walt.)  Stern  climbing.  Leaves  verticillate  or 
alternate,  cordate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  7-nerved  ;  lateral  nerves  bifid. 
—White.     If.     July.     Old  fields.     6—8  feet. 

Order  CXIX.— SMILA'CE^.     {SarsapariUa  Family.) 

Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect.  Perianth  petaloid,  4 — G-partod. 
Stamens  4 — 6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Ovary 
3-celled,  1  or  many  seeded.  Style  usually  .'i-partrd.  Stiymas 
3.  Fridt  baccate.  Seeds  with  a  membranaceous  testa,  shrub- 
by or  herbaceous,  often  climbing.     Leaves  reticulated. 


518  OKDER    CXTX.— SMILACE.E. 

Genus  I.— SMI'LAX.     L.  20—6. 
(From  smile,  a  scraper,  from  their  rough  stems.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  cjimpaniilate,  spreading;,  6- 
parted.  Sterile  florets  with  6  stamens ;  fertile  ones  with  4 
styles  and  3  stigmas.     Berry  globose,  1 — 3-celled,  1 — 3-seeded. 

1.  S.  laurifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  prickly,  climbing ;  branches  unarmed. 
Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  crowded,  acuminate,  lucid,  perennial.  F/owcrs 
in  axillary  umbels,  on  short  peduncles.  Fruit  black,  1-seeded. — White. 
■^  .     July.     Swamps.     N.  J.  to  Lou. 

2.  S.  eotundifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  prickly,  flexuous.  Leaves  coidate, 
ovate,  nearly  round,  5 — 7-nerved,  pale  beneath.  Flowers  in  umbels,  on 
very  long  peduncles. — White.     ^^  .     June.     Rich  soils. 

Var.  S.  quadrangula'ris,  (Muhl.)  Stein  quadrangular,  prickly  at 
the  base,  unarmed  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  ovate,  unarmed,  slightly 
cordate,  5-nerved,  distinctly  reticulate. — White.  ^  .  June — July.  Dry 
soils. 

8.  S.  cadu'ca,  (L.)  Stem  flexuous,  prickly,  somewhat  angled.  Leaves 
ovate,  mucronate,  6-nerved.  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels,  on  short  pe- 
duncles.— White.     ^  .     June — July.     Dry  fields.     Very  common. 

4.  S.  pu'mila,  (Walt.)  Stem  unarmed,  prostrate,  pubescent,  sparingly 
branched.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  somewhat  5-nerved,  pubescent  be- 
neath. Flowers  in  axillary  umbels,  on  short  peduncles.  Fruit  white, 
Iseeded. — Greenish-yellow.     ^  .     Sept. — Oct.     In  rich,  shaded  soils. 

S.  puberala,  Mich. 

5.  S.  sarsaparil'la,  (L.)  Stciyi  slightly  angled,  prickly,  prickles 
subulate,  incurved.  I^eaves  ovate-lanceolate,  unarmed,  cuspidate,  5- 
nerved,  glaucous  beneath.  Floivers  on  long  peduncles,  small.  Fruit 
black,  3-seeded. — White.     ^  .     June — July.     Rich  soils. 

6.  S.  tamnoi'des,  (L.)  Stem  twining,  prickl}',  terete.  Leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  5-nerve<l,  panduriform,  acute,  shining,  somewhat  rigid.  Floivers 
in  axillary  umbels.  Fruit  black. — White.  ^ .  June — July.  Dry 
soils. 

7.  S.  pandura'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  glabrous ;  branches  angular,  prickly, 
flexuous.  Leaves  ovate,  panduriform,  3-lobed,  acuminate,  mucronate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  7-nerved,  membranaceous.  Staminate  peduncles 
axillar}',  solitar}-,  many-flowered ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate- 
acute.     Fruit-bearing  branches  terete ;  fruit  black. — Car.  to  Lou. 

8.  S.  Beyricu'ia,  (Br.)  Unarmed,  glabrous.  Branches  angular,  stri- 
ate, flexuous,  green.  Leaves  auriculate,  lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  5-nerved, glabrous.  Tendrils  long,  filiform,  spiral, 
glabrous.  Umbels  axillary,  solitar}^  many-flowered.  Floivers  on  capil- 
lary pedicels.  Perianth  6-leaved,  glabrous;  leaflets  lanceolate,  1- 
nerved. —  ^.      Humid,  shady  places.     Car.  and  Geo. 

9.  S.  hedeRvEfo'lia,  (Bi.)  Unarmed,  glabrous.  Branchlets  quad- 
rangular; branches  nearly  terete.  Leaves  subdeltoid-ovate,  S(jmewhat 
3-lobed,  mucronate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  5 — 7- 
nerved,  membranaceous.  Umbels  axillary,  solitary,  maiiy-flowered. 
Ovary  naked,  sessile,  subglobose,  smooth,  3-celled. —  ^^  .  Geo.  Banks  of 
streams,  in  the  middle  and  low  country. 


OKDKIl    a\IX.— SMII.ACKJE.  510 

10.  S.  hasta'ta,  (Willd.)  A  twining  plant.  Stem  angled,  glabrous, 
becoming  prickly  with  age.  Lcarct  alternate,  lanreoIa"^te,  afuruiniite, 
hastate,  3-nerved,  ciliate.  Floiocrs  in  axillary  umbels.  Berry  globo^ 
black. — White.     "^  .     June — July.     In  rich  soils.  ~ 

11.  S.  Bona  Nox,  (L.)  Climbing  over  small  shrubs.  Sinn  unarmed, 
angled.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  sometimes  slightly  hastate,  glabrous,  7- 
nerved,  prickly  along  the  midrib  and  margins.  Flowers  in  small,  axil- 
lary umbels.     Fruit  black. — White.    ^  .     Damp,  rich  soils. 

12.  S.  lanceola'ta,  (L.)  Stem  climbing,  terete  ;  the  upper  branches 
unarmed.  Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  membranaceous,  3 — 5-nerved, 
perennial.  Flowers  numerous,  in  axillary  umbels,  on  short  peduncles. 
Fruit  red. — White.    ^  .     May — June.     Damp,  rich  soils. 

13.  S.  Walte'ri,  (Pursh.)  ^^em  angled,  spiny.  Zeaves  cordate,  ovate, 
smooth,  3-nerved.  Fruit  red,  3-seeded. — White.  "^ .  July.  Low 
country  of  Car. 

14.  S.  ova'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  nearly  terete,  unarmed,  branching,  cov- 
ering small  shrubs.  Leaves  ovate,  cuspidate,  3  nerved,  unarmed,  mu- 
cronate,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  in  small  umbels,  fragrant.  Fruit 
black. — Greenish.    '^  .     June — July.     Sea  Islands. 

15.  S.  al'ba,  (Pursh.)  Stem  obsoletely  angled,  nearly  unarmed. 
Leaves  long-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  entire,  3-nerved.  Umbels 
few-flowered;  peduncles  short.  jPV<«7  white. —  ^.  Banks  of  rivulets. 
Car.  and  Geo. 

16.  S.  Pseu'do  Chi'na,  (L.)  Stem  climbing,  unarmed.  Lower  leaves 
cordate,  5-nerved  ;  those  of  the  branches  ovate.  Flowers  in  axillary 
umbels,  on  long  peduncles.  Fruit  black. — White.  ^.  June — July. 
Very  common. 

17.  S.  cercidifo'lia,  (Pursh.)  Stem  prickly.  Leaves  orbiculate  cor- 
date, acuminate,  5-nerved,  glabrous,  short,  petiolate. —  ^^  .    So.  Car. 

18.  S.  auricula'ta,  (Walt.)  Leaves  5-nerved,  oblong,  auriculate,  ob- 
tuse, terminated  by  a  spine. — Car. 

Genus  IL— COPROSMAN'THUS.     20—6. 

Floiuers  dioecious.  Perianth  G-leaved,  deciduous.  Leaves 
oblong,  1-nerved,  spreading  and  recurved  ;  the  interior  ones  a 
little  shorter  and  narrower.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  3-celled,  two 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Stig7nas  3,  sessile.  Fruit  globose,  naked. 
Usually  herbaceous,  perennial  plants. 

1.  C.  peduncula'ris,  (Br.)  {Smilax  peduncularis,  Muhl.)  Stem  te- 
rete, unarmed,  bearing  stipular  tendrils.  Leaves  cortlate,  ovato,  slii^Mitly 
acuminate,  3-nerved.  Florcers  in  umbels,  on  long  peduncles.  Fruit 
blue.    The  whole  plant  fetid.— Greenish.    "^  .     May— July.     Rich  soils. 

2.  C.  herba'ceus,  (Br.)  {Smilax  hcrbacea,  L.)  Stem  slightly  angled, 
glabrous,  sparingly  branched.  Young  leaves  oval  or  ovate  when  old. 
slightly  cordate  ;  the  uppir  ones  verticillate  and  crowded,  5 — ^^7-nerved, 
pubescent  bi-neath.  Flowers  on  long,  compressed  peduncles,  arising  from 
the  base  of  the  stem.  Fruit  black,  2— o-seeded.— Yellowish-while.  ^ 
May — July.     Fertile  soils.     Common. 


520  OKDER    CXX. TRILLIACE^. 

Order  CXX.— TRILLIA'CE^.     {Trillium  Famihj) 

# 

Flowers  perfect.     Sepals  3.     Petals  3.     Stamens  6.     Ova- 

\-'  ry    3-celled,   few   or   many  seeded.     Herbaceous   plants,  with 
leaves  in  1 — 2  whorls.     Flowers  at  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

Genus  L— TRIL'LIUM.     L.  6—3. 
(From  trilex,  triple,  in  allusion  to  its  floral  organs.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  the  3  outer  resembling  a  calyx,  the  3  inner 
petaloid.  Stamens  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  segments. 
Stigmas  3,  usually  distinct.     Fruit  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  T.  SEs'siLE,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  spotted,  with  sheaths  at  the 
base.  Leaves  3,  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  sessile,  broad-ovate,  acute. 
Flowers  sessile,  erect ;  the  petal-like  segments  lanceolate,  erect,  twice  a» 
long  as  the  calyx.  Fruit  glabrous,  dark  purple, — Dark  purple.  If. 
March — April     Rich  lands.     Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

2.  T.  disco'lor,  (Wray.)  Flowers  sessile,  erect.  Petals  obovate, 
spatulate,  erect,  twice  as  long  as  the  spreading  calyx.  Leaves  sessile, 
3,  roundish-ovate,  acute,  spreading,  smooth,  spotted,  paler  beneath,  5- 
nerved.  Stem  erect,  purple,  green  above.  Ovary  ovate,  3-lobed, 
greenish-purple.  Styles  linear,  purple  externally,  yellow  within. — Geo. 
11.     6  inches. 

3.  T.  recurva'tum,  (Beck.)  Stem  erect,  purple  below.  Leaves  peti- 
olate,  ovate,  acute,  spotted,  o-nerved,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  sessile, 
erect.  Petals  unguiculate,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  erect.  Sepals  re- 
flexed,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-nerved,  green. — Lou. 

4.  T.  pusil'luji,  (Mich.)  Plant  small.  Leaves  sessile,  oval,  oblong, 
obtuse.  Peduncle  erect.  Petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  cal^'x. — 
Flesh-colored.      %.     May — June.     Pine-barrens.     6 — 8  inches. 

5.  T.  ereo'tum,  (L.)  Leaves  broad,  rhomboid,  acuminate,  sessile. 
Peduncle  inclining.  Floicer  nodding.  Petals  ovate,  acuminate,  flat, 
broader  than  the  calyx.  Dark  purple  or  white,  li.  May^-June. 
Common. 

6.  T.  graxdiflo'rum,  (Salis.)  Leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  broad,  sessile, 
acuminate.  Peduncle  erect  or  slightly  inclined.  Flower  nearly  erect. 
Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  spatulate-lanceolate. — White  or  reddish. 
2^,     May-— June.     Banks  of  streams.     8 — 12  inches, 

7.  T.  erythrocar'pum,  (Mich.)  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  petiole.  Peduncle  erect  or 
declining.  Petals  ovate-lanceolate,  recurved,  broader  than  the  calyx. 
— White,  with  purple  veins.  If.  May — June.  Shady  woods,  6 — 8 
inches. 

8.  T.  cer'nuum,  (L.)  Leaves  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  very  large,  on 
rather  long  petioles.  Peduncles  recurved.  Petals  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, reflexed,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. — White.  2f ,  April — May. 
Rocky  places.     12 — 18  inches. 

9.  T.  Cates'b^i,  (Eil,)  Leaves  obovate  and  oval,  acuminate,  attenu- 
ate at  the  base.     Peduncle  recurved.     Petals  lanceolate,  expanding, 


ORDEK    CXXI. — HYDROCIIARIDACKiE.  521 

larger  than   the  calyx. — Rose-color,     if.     April — Muy.      Upj-cr  Car 
and  Geo.     10 — 12  inches. 

10.  T.  NERVo'suM,  (Ell.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  acute,  membrana- 
ceous. Peduncle  recurved.  Petals  oblong-lanceolate,  larger  than  the 
calyx. — Rose-culor.  U-  April — May.  Middle  and  upper  Car.  and 
Geo.     12  inches. 

11.  T.  STVLo'suM,  (Xutt.)  Siein  erect,  smooth.  Leaves  sub-pctiolate, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  Peduncle  recurved.  Petals  un- 
dulate, spreading,  larger  than  the  calyx,  oblong-obtuse.  Fruit  succu- 
lent, globose. — Pale  rose-color.      If.     Mountains.     8 — 10  inches. 

Genus  II.— MEDE'OLA.     L.  6—3. 
(From  Medea,  the  name  of  a  sorceress.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  revolute.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  3,  united 
at  the  base.     Fruit  3-celled,  each  cell  3 — 6-seeded. 

1.  M.  Virgin'ica,  (L)  Stem  erect,  terete,  with  small  sheaths  at  each 
joint.  Leaves  verticillate  around  the  middle  of  the  stem,  6 — 8  in  a 
whorl,  a  3-leaved  whorl  at  the  sutnmit,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire, 
membranaceous.  Flowers  terminal,  on  peduncles  arising  from  the  upper 
whorl. — Yellow.  If.  May — July.  In  rich,  shaded  soils.  V2 — 18 
inches.  Lidian  Cucumber. 

II.  PETALOI'DE^. 

I.    OVARY    INFERIOR. 

Stamens  and  pistils  naked,  or  inclosed  in  a  regularly  devel- 
oped corolla. 

Group  I.— TRIPET'AL^. 

Plants  with  calyx  and  corolla  distinct,  M'ith  3  petals. 

Order  CXXL— HYDROCHARTDA'CE^.     (Fror/-bit 
Famihj.) 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dicecious.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3. 
Stamens  epigynous,  definite.  Ovary  solitary,  1 -celled  ;  ovules 
numerous.  Stigmas  3 — 6.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1  or  many 
celled.  Alhiunen  none.  Floating  plants,  sometimes  with 
spiny  leaves.     Floivers  spathaceous. 

Genus  I.— IIYDRO'CHARIS.     L.  20—9. 
(From  huclor,  water,  and  chari.%  grace.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sepals  3,  oval,  membranaceous.  Pct- 
ais  3,  narrower  than  the  sepals.  Sterile  florets  usually  with  2 
filaments,  united  at  the  base  with  a  2-leaved  spathe.     Fertile 


522       ORDER  cxxn. — orchidace^. 

florets  with  a  2-leaved  spathe.      Sii/Ics  6,  2 -cleft.      Capsule  5- 
celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  H,  SPONGio'sA,  (Bore.)  Leaves  floating,  orbicular,  cordate,  with 
purple  veins  beneath,  with  inflated  vessels  near  the  summit  of  the  stem. 
Flowers  axillary.  Styles  6,  deeply  2-cleft.  Stigma  simple,  spotted. 
Seed  nnmeroMS,  striate. — White,  tinged  with  purple.  If.  July — Sept. 
Stagnant  watejs. 

Gen-US  II.— YALLISNE'RIA.     Mich.  20—2. 
(In  honor  of  Antonio  Yallisneri,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sterile  florets  ;  spatlie  2 — 4-parted  ;  spa-^ 
xiix  covered  ^vith  minute  flowers  ;  sepals  3  ;  stamens  2.  Fu- 
tile flowers;  scape  spiral,  very  long;  spathe  2-cleft;  sepals  3, 
elongated;  petals  3,  smaller  than  the  sepals;  stigmas  3,  sessile; 
capsule  cylindrical,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  3-toothed. 

1.  V.  spira'lis,  (L.)  a  floating  plant.  Leaves  linenr,  obtuse,  3- 
nerved,  minutely  serrulate.  Scapes  axillar}';  those  bearing  the  sterile 
ilowers  very  short,  the  fertile  ones  long  and  spiral,  raising  the  flowers 
to  the  surface  of  the  water  when  ready  to  expand. — White.  If.  Aug. 
— Sept.  Tape-weed.     Eel-grass. 

Order  CXXIL— ORCHIDA'CE^.     {Orchis  Family.) 

Perianth  superior,  ringent,  6-parted  ;  the  3  outer  segments 
colored,  the  odd  one  uppermost,  from  the  twisting  of  the  ovary  ; 
the  3  inner  colored,  with  the  odd  one  below,  which  is  frequently 
lobed  and  diflerent  from  the  others,  often  spurred.  Stamens  3, 
united  into  a  central  column,  epigynous,  the  two  lateral  ones 
usually  abortive.  Pollen  powdery,  or  in  waxen  masses.  Ovary 
usually  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  ovules  numerous. 
Style  forming  a  part  of  the  column  with  the  stamens.  Stigma 
a  viscid  cavity  in  front  of  the  column.  Fruit  usually  an  infe- 
rior capsule,  rai-ely  baccate.  Seeds  numerous.  Albumen  none. 
Herbaceous  plants,  usually  with  tuberous  roots.  Leaves  simple, 
entire. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Lip  spurred  or  saccate 2 

Lip  iiot  spurred 5 

2.  Lip  saccate , Cypripedium,  15 

Lip  bpurred  3 

3.  Spur  Joined  to  the  ovary Corollorhiza,    7 

Spur  free " 4 

4.  Lip  entire ;  racemes  not  leafy Tipnlaria,  12 

Lip  entire  ;  racemes  leafy  . .' Ore/) i.s,  I'J 

Lip  not  entire Ilaleiiaria,  11 

5.  Flowers  tol  itary 6 

Flowers  several  or  numerous 7 

6.  Stems  sheathed Arethusa,    8 

Stems  with  one  or  more  leaves Fogonia,    5 


ORDER    CXXII. ORCIIIDACK.E.  523 

7    Flowers  axillary,  nodding Tnphorn,    9 

Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes 8 

8.  Plants  parasitic Epidendrum,  16 

Plants  not  parasitic 9 

9.  Column  wiiiircd .ValdTifi,    14 

Column  not  winged 10 

10.  Pollen  becominjr  waxy  BUtiii,    V,i 

Pollen  fannaceous 11 

11.  Leaf  solitary,  seldom  2 Calopogon,    G 

Loaves  more  than  1 1- 

12.  Leaves  2,  near  the  middle  of  the  stem IJster<t,    3 

Leaves  several 13 

,13.  Radical  leaves  broad,  veined Goodyera,    1 

Radical  leaves  not  veined 1-1 

14.  Radical  leaves  oval- lanceolate Cranirhia,    4 

Radical  leaves  lanceolate Xeottia,   2 

Gknus  L— GOODYE'RA.     Brown,  18—1. 
(In  honor  of  John  Goodyer,  a  British  botanist) 

Perianth  ringent;  the  two  outer  lateral  se^-ments  situated 
beneath  the  lip,  the  interior  segments  ovate,  with  the  lip  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  undivided  at  the  summit.  Pollen  consisting 
of  granules  in  a  loose  state  of  cohesion,  angular.      Column  free. 

1.  G.  puBEs'cENS.  (Willcl.)  Stem  pubescent  toward  the  summit. 
Radical  leaves  ovate,  petiolate,  reticulate,  veined  witli  wliite.  Floirers 
in  an  oblong  spike.  Lip  ovate,  acuminate. — White,  y.  July — .Vug. 
Shady  woods.     6 — 10  inches.  Rattlemake-plnntain. 

Genus  II.— NEOT'TIA.     L.  18—1.     {Spirantha^,  Rich.) 
(From  neottia,  a  bird's-nest,  in  allusion  to  the  fibres  of  tiie  root.) 

Pericinth  ringent ;  the  two  outer  segments  aflixed  beneath 
the  lip,  interior  ones  connivent.  L'qy  unguiculate,  parallel  to 
the  column.     Pollen  farinaceous. 

1,  N.  tor'tilis,  (L.)  Stem  pubescent  toward  tlie  summit.  Radical 
leaves  linear,  glabrous  ;  cauline  ones  subulate,  acute.  Scape  slieatlietl. 
Floioers  in  compact,  spiral  spikes  ;  the  lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  Inrge 
and  crenulate. — White.  U-  June — July.  Damp  soils.  Through  the 
summer.     8 — 12  inches. 

2.  N.  cer'nita,  (L.)  Stein  erect,  sheathed.  Leaven  lanceolate,  nerved. 
Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  recurved,  nodding.  Lip  oblong,  acut^,  entire. 
This  plant  varies  much  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  and  the  size  of  its 
flowers,  and  in  the  time  of  their  blooming. — Greenish-white.  U. 
Through  the  summer.     Moist  grounds.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  III.— LISTE'RA.     Brown,  18—1. 
(In  honor  of  Martin  Lister,  an  English  physician.) 

Perianth  irreo-ular,  spreading  or  refiexed.  Lip  pendulous,  2- 
lobed,  sessile.      Colamn  minute,  free.     Pollen  farinaceous. 


524  ORDER    CXXII.— ORCHIDACE^. 

1.  L.  PUBEs'cExs,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent,  ]eafles3.  Leaven  all 
radicul,  ovate,  acute.  Flowers  in  racemes ;  the  lip  2-iobed,  the  other 
segments  connivent,  about  as  long  as  the  lip.  Ca2)sule  clavate. — 
Greenish- white.     If.     June — July.     Pine-barrens,  Car.  and  Geo. 

2.  L.  convallarioi'des,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  with  two  opposite,  ses- 
sile leaves  near  the  middle.  Leaves  cordate,  nearly  round.  Flowers 
in  spikes  or  racemes  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  reflexed.  Ltp  deeply 
2-eleft.  Capstcle  oval. — Greenish-white.  If.  May — June.  Damp 
soils.     Southern  Geo.  and  Flor.     6 — 12  inches. 

Gexus  IV.— CRAN'ICHIS.     L.  18—1. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  reflexed.  Lip  vaulted.  Pollen 
farinaceous.     Anthers  parallel  with  the  style,  inserted  behind, 

1.  C.  mitltiflo'ka,  (Ell.)  Ste7n  pubescent  toward  the  summit.  Rad- 
ical leaves  oval-lanceolate,  glabrous,  alternate  at  the  base,  on  very  short 
petioles  ;  cauline  leaves  merely  scales,  sheathing.  Floivers  in  a  termi- 
nal spike  ;  the  exterior  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface  ;  the  two  ujiper  interior  segments  obliquely  eiisi- 
form,  connivent.  L^p  vaulted,  compressed  at  the  margins,  generall}' 
inclosing  the  column.  Capsule  triquetrous,  tapering  to  thy  base. — Pale 
green.      If.     Sept. — Oct.     Southern  Geo.  and  Flor.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  V.— POGO'NIA.     Juss.  18—1.     . 
(From  poffon,  a  beard,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  lip.) 

Lip  sessile,  cucullate,  crested  intern. lly,  the  remaining  5  seg- 
ments distinct,  without  glands.  Pollen  farinaceous.  Anthers 
terminal,  persistent. 

1.  P.  opHiCGLOSsoi'PES,  (L.)  Steni  erect,  with  an  oval-lanceolate  leaf 
and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the  flower.  Lip  scarcely  longer  than  the 
other  segments,  winged,  fimbriate,  with  the  center  thickened,  with 
crested  ridges.  Flowers  solitary,  nodding.  Column  short,  thick,  solid. 
Anthers  in  a  cavity  at  the  summit  of  the  column. — Purple.  2f .  Aprd 
— May.     Damp  soils.     Common.     10 — 15  inches. 

2.  P.  divarica'ta,  (Nutt.)  Ste77i  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  narrow,  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  glabrous  ;  one  near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  the  other  at 
the  summit.  Flowers  solitary,  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  the  three 
exterior  leaves  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  the  two  interior  lance- 
olate, connivent,  somewhat  fleshy.  Lip  3-lobed  ;  middle  lobe  loiig.-st, 
crested,  crenulate.  Capsule  furrowed. — Purple.  2^.  May.  Damp 
soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  P.  verticilla'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  glaucous.  Leaves  5,  verti- 
cillate,  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate.  Flowers  solitary,  at  the  summit  of 
the  stem;  the  three  exterior  leaves  of  the  perianth  long-hnear,  the  two 
interior  lanceolate.  Lip  rather  short,  3-lobed,  cre!?ted  along  the  center, 
the  terminal  lobe  undulate.  Anthers  2-celIed. — Greenish.  If.  May, 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     12 — 18  inches. 


ORDER   CXXII. — OKCIIIDACEJi:.  525 

Genus  VI.— CALOrO'GOX.     Brown,  18—1. 
(From  kalos,  beautiful,  aa^pogon,  beard.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  spreading,  distinct.  Lip  unguicu- 
late,  the  lamina  bearded.  Column  free,  winged  at  tlie  apex. 
Anther  terminal.     Pollen  angular. 

1.  C.  Pl'lchel'lus,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  naked.  Leaves  rnd- 
ical,  ensiform,  long,  erect,  geneially  but  one.  Flowers  in  a  terminal 
spike  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate  ;  the  two  lateral  exterior 
ones  oblique,  the  interior  narrower.  Anthers  in  a  small  cavity  at  the 
summit  of  the  column. — Purple.  U-  June — July.  In  damp  soils. 
12—18  inches. 

Genus  VII.— COROLLORHrZA.     Haller,  18-1.     {Coral  root.) 
(From  koralliony  coral,  and  rhUa,  root) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  equal,  connivent.  Lij)  extended 
behind,  joined  to  the  spur  or  free.  Coliunn  free.  Anthers 
terminal.     Pollen  masses  4,  oblique. 

1.  C.  multiflo'ra,  (Nutt.)  Stem  glabrous,  clothed  with  sheaths;  the 
upper  sheath  frequently  terminating  in  a  subulate  leaf.  Leaves  none. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  nodding.  Lip  euneate-oval, 
with  two  teeth  at  the  base.  Spur  adnate,  conspicuous. — Purplish- 
brown.      If.     Sept. — Oct.     In  rich  woodlands.     12 — 15  inches. 

2.  C.  ODOXTOEHi'zA,  (Willd.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  inclosed  in  two  or 
three  sheaths.  Flowers  numerous,  in  terminal  racemes,  pendulous; 
segments  of  the  perianth  connivent.  Lip  dilated,  spotted,  with  two 
teeth.  Capsule  globose. — Purple.  If.  March — April.  In  rich  soils, 
middle  and  lower  Car.  and  Geo. 

3.  C.  uyema'lis,  (Nutt.)  Leaf  solitary,  large,  somewhat  plaited,  ta- 
pering into  a  long  petiole.  Scape  inclosed  in  about  tliree  sheath.-j. 
Flowers  in  erect,  terminal  racemes;  segments  of  the  perianth  nearly 
equal,  cormivent,  linear-oblong.  Lip  dilated  at  the  summit,  riil'.;ed 
along  the  middle,  3-lobed  ;  the  middle  lobe  nearly  round,  cronulate. 
Pollen  masses  4,  waxy. — Purple.  If.  May.  In  rich,  shaded  soils.  12 
— 18  inches. 

Genus  VIII.— ARETHU'SA.    Swartz.,  18—1. 
(An  ancient  Nympli.) 

Floivei'  ringent ;  segments  of  the  perianth  united  at  the  base. 
Lip  joined  to  the  column,  cucullate  at  the  apex,  crested  inter- 
nally.    Pollen  masses  granular. 

1.  A.  BULBo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  sheathed,  generally  3 — 1.  Flomr  1.  nt 
the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  ni-arly  e«pial,  tlio 
upper  ones  incurved.  Lip  about  the  length  of  the  other  M.^^nu-nts, 
crenulate,  bearded  in  the  middle.— Purple.  2f.  June.  Mouutama. 
6 — 12  inches. 


526  ORDER   CXXII. — ORCHIDACE^. 

Genus  IX.— TRIPH'ORA.     18—1. 
(From  tria,  three,  zxiApTiero,  I  bear;  alluding  to  its  three  flowers.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  distinct,  conni- 
vent.  Lip  unguiculate,  cucullate.  Column  spatulate,  flat, 
without  wings.     Pollen  farinaceous. 

1.  T.  pen'dula,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  obscurely  angled,  nodding  at  the 
summit,  succulent.  Leaves  alternate,  amplexicaul,  decurrent.  Flowers 
axillary  and  terminal,  3 — 4,  on  short  peduncles.  Lip  3-lobed,  the  lat- 
eral ones  inflexed. — Purple.  If.  July — Aug.  Damp  soils.  12 — 18 
inches. 

Genus  X.— OR'CHIS.     L.  18-1. 
(Named  from  the  shape  of  its  roots.) 

Perianth  ringent,  the  upper  segment  vaulted.  Lip  dilated, 
entire,  with  a  spur  at  the  base.  Pollen  masses  2,  affixed  by 
the  base,  terminal,  pedicellate.  Glands  contained  in  a  common 
bag. 

1.  O.  spectab'ilis,  (L.)  Root  palmate  ;  scape  pentangular,  sometimes 
bearing  a  leaf.  Flowers  few,  large  ;  lip  obovate,  undivided,  erenate, 
retuse  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  connivent ;  spur  clavate.  Bracts 
longer  than  the  flower.  Leaves  radical,  oval,  glabrous,  generally  2, 
large. — Purple  and  white.      If.     June.     Shady  woods.     8 — 10  inches. 

2.  O.  Ni'vEA,  (Nutt.)  Scape  erect;  lower  leaves  linear,  very  long, 
subulate.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes.  Bracts  short.  Lip  linear,  oblong, 
entire;  the  other  segments  spreading;  spur  filiform.  Cohimn  small. 
Pollen  masses  nearly  sessile. — White.  If.  May — June.  Southern 
Geo. 

3.  0.  vir'idis,  (L.)  a  small  plant.  Lip  linear,  3-toothed  at  the  apex ; 
other  segments  of  the  perianth  connivent ;  spur  obtuse,  somewhat  in- 
flated. Bracts  longer  than  the  flowers. — Greenish- white.  Mountains. 
3  inches. 

4.  O.  bidenta'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  nearly  naked.  Leaves  narrow, 
lanceolate.  Lip  oval,  oblong,  2-toothed  at  the  base  ;  the  other  seg- 
ments ovate,  e- panding ;  spur  short,  thickened  at  the  point. — Yellow- 
ish.    If.     May — June.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     12 — 18  inches. 

Genus  XL— HABEXA'RIA.     Will.  18-1.     {Platanthera,  Rich.) 
(From  haiena,  a  rein,  in  allusion  to  its  spur.) 

Perianth  ringent.  Lip  dilated,  toothed,  lobed,  or  fringed, 
spurred  at  the  base.  Pollen  masses  pedicellate.  Glands  of  the 
pedicels  naked,  distant. 

1.  H.  cilia'ris,  (Br.)  Sletn  erect,  leafy,  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceo 
late,  acute,  entire,  bheuthing  at  the  base,  long.  Floioers  in  terminal 
spikes.  Lip  oblong,  lanceohite,  beautifully  ciliate,  double  the  length 
of  the  other  segments  ;  spur  filiform,  long. — Orange-yellow,  varying 
witli  ago.      If.     In  moist  lands.     1 — 2  feet. 


OKDEK    CXXII.  — ORCIIIDACE^.  527 

2.  H.  blephahiglot'tis.  Ste7n  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
ehealhing  at  the  base.  Florccrs  in  tei-ininal  spikes.  Lip  lanceolate, 
ciliate,  about  as  long  a3  the  upper  |»etal ;  spur  filifi)rm,  pendulous. — 
White.      If.     June— July.     Damp  soils.      1—2  fret. 

3.  H.  CRISTA 'xr.  Stem  erect,  slightly  angled,  glabrous,  leafy.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  sheathing  at  the  base,  long.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike, 
crowded.     lAp  longer  than  the  exterior  segments,  ciliate-;  the  other 

segments  rounded,  the  two  lateral  ones  toothed;  spur  short. — Yellow. 

Lf.     June — July.     Swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  H.  psyco'des.  Ste7n  erect,  slender,  glabrous.  Leaven  long,  lanceo- 
late, sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  loose,  terminal  spikes.  Lip 
twice  as  long  as  the  other  segments,  2-parte<l,  many-cleft ;  the  other 
segments  ovate-lanceolate  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending  longer  than 
the  germ. — Pale  yellow.  June — July.  Middle  Car.  and  Geo..  12 — 18 
inches. 

5.  11.  Elliot'tii.  Stem  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate, 
sheathing;  upper  ones  small.  Flowers  in  crowded  spikes;  exterior 
segments  of  the  perianth  rather  large.  Lip  with  the  margins  toothed, 
almost  fimbriate,  smaller  than  the  other  segments ;  spur  subulate. — 
Yellow.      If.     July.     Low  grounds.     Common.     1 — 2  feet, 

6.  H.  tridenta'ta.  Stem  erect,  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late; the  lower  one  large,  the  upper  one  small..  Flowers  in  compact 
spikes.  Lip  ovate-lanceolate,  3-toothed  ;  the  other  segments  ovate, 
obtuse,  conuivent;  spur  filiform. — Yellowish-green  or  white.  If.  June 
— July.     8wamps.     1 — 2  feet.  Gyt/ifiadenia  triJentata. 

7.  H.  FUSCEs'cENS.  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  leafy.  L^eaves  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  sheathing.  Flowers  scattered,  in  terminal  spikc-s.  Lip  ovate, 
toothed  at  the  base ;  the  other  segments  spreading ;  spur  subulate. 
Bracts  longer  than  the  flowers. — Brownish-yellow.  If.  July — Aug. 
In  open  lands.     Mid.  Geo.     10 — 12  feet. 

8.  H.  MicHAUx'ii,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  numerous, 
ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  a  long 
terminal  spike,  scattered.  Lip  3-parted  ;  the  lateral  segments  setace- 
ous, the  two  interior  segments  2-parted;  spur  long,  obtuse. —  2f.  Aug. 
— Oct.     Pine-barrens,  southern  Car.  and  Geo. 

9.  H.  re'pens.  Ste)n  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Lip  Sparted, 
with  the  lateral  segment  setaceous,  the  two  inner  segments  of  the  peri- 
anth 2-parted,  the  lower  segment  setaceous.  Bracts  as  long  as  the 
flower. — Greenish-yellow.  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Damp  soils.  12—18 
inches. 

GENU3  XII.— TIPULA'PJA.     Nutt.  IS— 1. 
(From  its  resemblance  to  the  insect  Tipula.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  spatulate,  expanding.  Lip  3- 
lobed  ;  middle  lobe  elongated,  sessile,  spurred  at  the  base. 
Column  free,  wingless,  e.xtended  forward.  Antlur  persi.stent. 
Pollen  masses  4,  parallel. 

1.  T.  disco'lor,  (Nutt.)  Root  bulbous,  concatenated.  Leaf  solitary, 
ovate,  petiolate,  plaited  glal.rous.  Floivns  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Hol- 
ding, minute.  Operculum  furnished  with  two  auxiliary  valves,  closinjf 
th<?  masses  of  the  pollen. — Greenih-h.     If.     Aug.      Pine-barrena. 


528  ORDER    CXXII. — OECHIDACE.E. 

■     Genus  XIII.— BLE'TIA.     Ru.  &  Pa.  18—1. 
(In  honor  of  Louis  Blet,  a  Spanish  botanist) 

Leaves  of  the  perianth  distinct.  Lip  sessile,  cuciillate,  some- 
times spurred.      Column  free.     Pollen  masses  4 — 8,  2-l(>bed. 

1.  B.  verecun'da,  (Nutt.)  Leaves  radical,  lanceolate,  plaited,  broad. 
Scape  many-flowered.  Lip  ventricose,  the  border  eniargii.ate,  fur- 
rowed ;  the  interior  segments  connivent. — If.  July — Aug.  Southern 
Geo,  and  Flor. 

2.  B.  aphyl'la,  (Nutt.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  scaly.  Leaves  none. 
Flowers  in  spikes,  numerous,  ])endulous.  Lip  emargir.ate,  crested 
along  the  center  ;  the  other  segments  connivent,  oblongdanceolate. — 
Brown,  streaked  with  purple.  2f .  Aug. — Sept.  On  the  margins  of 
swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XIV.— MALAX'TS.     {Liparis,  Rich.)     Swartz.,  18—1. 
(From  malaecis,  delicate,  in  allusion  to  its  texture.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  expanding,  resupinate.  Z?}^  sessile, 
entire,  flattened.  Column  Avinged.  Pollen  masses  4,  becom- 
ing waxy. 

1.  M.  liliifo'lia,  (L.)  Leaves  2,  radical,  oval,  lanceolate,  glabrous. 
Scape  3 — 5  angled.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  terminal  raceme  ;  the  exterior 
segments  of  the  perianth  acute,  the  two  interior  filiform,  reflexed.  Lip 
obovate,  concave,  acute  at  the  summit. — White  and  yellow.  If.  June 
— July.     Upper  dist.  Car.  and  Geo.     6 — 8  inches. 

2.  M.  ophioglossoi'bes,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  with  a  single  leaf  near 
the  middle.  Leaf  ovate,  amplexicaul.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  termi- 
nal raceme,  small.  Lip  erect,  concave,  cucullate,  bidentate  ;  tlie  other 
segments  connivent,  the  two  interior  filiform.  Column  minute. — 
Greenish-white.  2f ,  May — June,  Middle  and  upper  dist.  Car.  and 
Geo.     6 — 9  inches. 

Genus  XV,— CYPRIPE'DIUM.     L,  18—2,     {Ladys  Slipper) 

(From  Cyprii,  one  of  the  names  of  Venus,  and  poclion,  a  slipper ;  hence  its  common 
name,  Venus'  or  Lady's  Slipper.) 

Lip  ventricose,  inflated,  saccate,  large ;  the  other  segments  of 
the  perianth  expanding,  4.  Column  terminating  in  a  petaloid 
lobe. 

1.  C,  parviflo'rum,  (Salis.)  Stem  leafy,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  beneath,  sessile,  sheathing. 
Floxvers  usually  solitary  ;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate-oblong, 
acuminate,  the  inner  ones  linear,  twisted,  bearded  on  the  inner  surface. 
Lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  bearded  at  the  base  within. — Yellow, 
spotted.     May — June.     Upper  dist.  Car,  and  Geo.     8 — 10  inches, 

2.  C,  PUBEs'cENS,  (Willd.)  Stem  leafy.  Leaves  oval,  clasping,  pubes- 
cent. Lip  yellow,  contracted  at  the  mouth  ;  lobe  of  the  style  triangu- 
lar, oblong,  obtuse  ;  the  exterior  petals  acuminate,  the  interior  very 
long,  linear,  twisted. — Bright  yellow,  2f,  May.  Middle  Geo.,  near 
Culloden.     1—3  feet. 


ORDER    CXXIII. MARANTACE.E    OR    CANNACEK.       52!) 

3.  C.    si'ectab'ile,    (Salis.)      Stem   leafy.      Leaves   ovate-lanceolate 
plaited,  entire,  pubescent,  sheathing  at  the  haso.     2'loiiurx  '2 — '.\,  larf^e 
outer   segments   broad,  oval,  the  two  interior   linear-lanceolate,  white 
lobe  of  the  style  white,  with  red  spots.     JJp  longer  than   the   pi-tals, 
cleft  in  front. — White  and  purple.      If.     May — June.     Mountains.     2 
—3  feet. 

4.  C.  hu'mile,  (Salis.)  Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate,  nerved, 
pubescent.  i'Vott'ers  solitary.  Xf/>  large,  cleft  in  front,  pubescent ;  the 
outer  segments  brownish-purplo,  the  interior  narrower  and  twisted. — 
Purple,  striped.  If.'  May — June.  Rocky  soils.  Middle  and  upper 
Car.  and  Geo.     6 — 12  inches. 

Genus  XVL— EPIDEN'DRUM.     L.  18—1. 
(From  the  Greek  epi,  upon,  and  dendvon,  a  tree.) 

Segments  of  the  perianth  spatulate,  expanding.  Lip  S-lobed 
at  the  summit,  the  middle  segment  obtuse.  Column  with  the 
lip  united  into  a  tube.  Pollen  masses  4,  parallel,  divided  by 
persistent  partitions. 

1.  E.  coNOp'sEUM,  (Ait.)  Root  fibrous,  adhering  to  tlie  barks  of  trees ; 
branches  short,  alternate.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  succulent,  entire, 
generally  two  on  each  branch,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  a 
terminal  raceme  ;  exterior  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  the  in 
terior  cuneate,  smaller.  Anther  operculate. — Yellow,  tinged  with  pur- 
ple. Aug. — Sept.  On  the  barks  of  trees  along  the  sea-coast  of  Car. 
and  Geo. 

Order  CXXIII.— MARANTA'CE^  or  CANNA'CE^ 

{^Arrow-root  F'amili/.) 

Sepals  3,  superior,  short.  Corolla  tubular,  irregular,  in  two 
whorls  ;  the  outer  3-parted,  nearly  equal,  the  inner  irregular. 
Stamens  3,  with  only  one  fertile  petaloid.  Ovary  3-celletl  ; 
ovules  solitary  and  erect,  or  numerous.  Style  petaloid  or 
swollen.  Fruit  capsular.  Seed  round.  Embryo  straight. 
Herbaceous  plants,  with  creeping  roots.  Leaves  simple,  sheath- 
ing.    Flowers  spathaceous. 

Genus  I.— CAN'NA.     L.  1—1. 
(Celtic  name  for  a  cano.) 

Calyx  3-leaved,  superior.  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  the 
margin  6-parted ;  the  three  exterior  segments  reflexed,  two  of 
the  inner  ones  obovate,  undulate,  the  other  one  very  large  ; 
margin  reflexed,  nearly  round.  Style  ensiform.  Stiyma  lin- 
ear, attached  to  the  margin  of  the  style.  Capsule  globose,  3- 
celled,  3-vaIved,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  FLAc'ciDA,  (Rose.)  Stem  glabrous,  terete.  Leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  large,  nierabranaceoui?,  glabrotis,  with  a  lung  t-hoath  at  the 

23 


530  ORDER    CXXIV. IRIDACE^. 

base  ;  upper  leaves  merely  a  sheath.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike 
Bracts  an  ovate  scale.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  Petals  flaccid. — Red; 
If.     May — July.     Wet  soils.     Low  country  of  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3ft 

Indian  Shot.     Headache  Plant. 

Genus  IL— THA'LIA.     L.  1—1. 
(In  honor  of  Thalius,  a  German  physician.) 

Sepals  3,  ovate-lanceolate,  concave,  small.  Corolla  tubular, 
6-parted.  Anther  simple,  ovate.  Style  short,  deflected.  Stig- 
ma ringent.      Capsule  2-celled. 

1.  T.  dealba'ta,  (Pursh.)  Leaves  all  radical,  distichous,  cordate-., 
ovate,  acute,  glabrous,  long,  and  wide,  on  very  long  petioles.  Scape 
erect,  columnar.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Peduncles  jointed, 
with  a  many-leaved  involucre  at  each  joint.  Bracts  2-flowei-ed,  eoria 
ceous.  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  purple  ;  the  three  exterior  segments 
of  the  corolla  obovate,  equal,  the-thiee  interior  irregular.  Sterile  fila- 
ments irregular,  the  fertile  one  filiform. — Purple.  If,  June — Sept 
In  the  low  country.     3 — 5  feet. 

Order  CXXIV.— IRIDA'CEJS.    (Iris  Family.) 

Perianth  tubular,  6-parted,  petaloid,  irregular,  tlie  outer  seg- 
ments largest.  Stamens  3,  opposite  the  outer  segiiii^nts.  Ocary 
3-celled,  inclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  perianth.  Ovules  nunn  rous. 
Style  1.  Stigmas  3,  in  the  Iris  dilated,  and  petaloid.  Capsule 
3-celled,  5-valved,  dehiscence  loculicidal.  Seeds  numerous. 
Flowers  spathaceous.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  equitant  leaves. 

Genus  I. — I'RIS.     L.  3 — 1.   {Flower-de-luce.) 
(From  iris,  the  eye,  in  allusion  to  its  colors.) 

Perianth  6-parted  ;  segments  uneqii.-.l,  the  outer  ones  larg'i 
and  reflexed,  the  inner  smaller,  and  erect.  Stamens  3,  distinct. 
Style  none.  Stigmas  3,  petaloid,  deflected,  covering  the  stamens. 

1.  I.  crista'ta,  (L.)  Ste7n  compressed,  short.  Leaves  cnsif  i;m  ; 
scape  1-flowered;  exterior  segment*  of  the  perianth  oblong,  ohtuse.  e.'i- 
tire,  with  3  longitudinal  crests ;  interior  petals  narrower. — Blue  and 
yellow.     U-     F«b. — March.     Abundant  in  Middle  Car.     2 — 4  inches. 

Crested  Iris. 

2.  I.  vERSic'oLOE,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  or  branched  toward  the 
summit.  Leaves  ensiform.  Flowers  2 — 4,  at  the  summit  of  the  s^cape  ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  spatulate ;  exterior  segments  pubescent  on 
the  inner  surface,  Inner  ones  smaller.  Stigmas  ligulate,  2-toothed  near 
the  base.  Capsule  ventricose. — Blue,  variegated  with  green,  yellow, 
and  purple.     If.     April — May.     In  ponds.     Very  common.     2 — 3  feet. 

Variegated  Iris. 

8.  I.  tripet'ala,  (Walt.)     Stem  slender,  columnar.     Leaves  en.-iforrn. 

Flowers  solitary  ;  exterior  segments  of  the  perianth  large,  interior  ones 

very  small,  3-toothed.     Stiguias  2-toothed  near  the  base.     Capsule  ob 


ORDER  CXXV. — BURMANNIACEJ5.  531 

sciirelj  anjrled.— Purple.     U-      April— May.      Southern   Gcori'ia  and 
Florida.     2—3  feet.      - 

4.  I.  hexago'na,  (Walt.)  Stem  columnar,  flexuous.  Flovers  solila- 
rj;  exterior  segments  of  the  perianth  eputulat*',  reflexed,  varii-frated 
at  the  base,  with  purple  and  white,  the  exterior  ones  erect,  spatulate. 
Capsule  hexagonal,  ventrieose. — Blue.  If.  May — July.  In  swatnps 
in  the  low  countr3^     2  feet. 

5.  I.  cup'rea,  (Pursli.)  Stem  erect,  angled  on  one  side.  Leaven  ensi- 
form,  axillary  ;  the  exterior  segments  of  the  perianth  obovate,  einargin- 
afe,  the  interior  ones  smaller.  St?r//nas  witli  a  membranaceous  margin. 
Ca/)SM/e  ventrieose,  hexagonal. — Tawny.  If.  April — May.  In  marshes 
of  lower  Georgia  and  Florida. 

Genus  XL— SISYRIN'CHIUM.     L.  15—3. 
(From  8US,  a  pig,  and  ryngchos,  a  snout) 

Perianth  6-leaved.  Stameyis  usually  monadelphous,  3. 
Capsule  triangular,  projecting  out  of  the  spathe,  with  grass-like 
leaves. 

1.  S.  mucrona'tum,  (Mich.)  Stem  simple,  compressed.  Leaves  nar- 
row, acute,  usually  tinged  with  blue.  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters. 
Spathe  colored,  2-leaved,  with  a  partial  sheath  at  the  base  of  each  pe- 
duncle. Leaves  of  the  perianth  emarginate,  mucronate.  /S/y/e  triquet- 
rous. Capfiule  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded. — Blue. —  2f.  June — 
July.     Damp  soils.     Mountains,     4 — 6  inches. 

2.  S.  Bermudia'na,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  compressed,  glabrous,  divided 
at  the  summit.  Leaves  ensiform,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes. Spathe  2-leaved,  with  a  small  spathe  at  the  base  of  each  pe- 
duncle. Leaves  of  the  perianth  emarginate,  mucronate,  pubescent 
6'ajosw/e  pubescent,  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — Blue.  If.  March 
— May.     Damp  soils.     12 — 18  inches. 

3.  S.  an'ceps,  (L.)  Stem  compressed,  winged,  simple.  Leaves  ensi- 
form, radical,  i^^wrrs  in  clusters.  >S^a</te  2  leaved,  unequal.  Leaves 
of  the  perianth  mucronate. — Blue.  2f.  July — August.  Dry  soils. 
8—12  inches. 

The  species  of  Sisyrinchium  might  be  luiited  in  one,  as  there  are  very  siiglit  differ- 
ences between  them. 

Order  CXXV.— BURMANNIA'CE^. 

Perianth  6-parte(l,  tubular,  superior,  the  three  alternato  seg- 
ments small.  Stamens  3.  Anthers  sessile,  2-celletl,  the  con- 
nectivum  fleshy.  Ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Style 
1.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  nu- 
merous.    Herbaceous  plants,  with  minute,  subulate  leaves. 

Genus  L— BURMAN'NIA     3—1. 

Genus  the  same  as  the  Order. 

1.  B.  capita'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  setaceous,  glabrous.  Leaves  subu- 
late, minute,  alternate.     Flowers  in  terminal  heads.     Ferianth  dilated 


535  ORDER   CXXVI. H^MODORACE^.. 

at  the  base,  inclosing  the  capsule. — White.     %.     Aug. — Sept.     Middle 
Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 6  inches. 

2.  B.  ccERULEA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  setaceous.  Leaves  minute,  subulate. 
Flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  with  2  unequal  bracts.  Perianth 
with  the  tube  contracted,  inclosing  the  capsule,  the  segments  unequal. 
Capsule  winged,  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — Blue.  |^.  Oct. — 
Nov.     In  stagnant  swamps.     Low  country.     2 — 4  inches 

Order  CXXVL— H^MODORA'CE^. 

Perianth  6-lobed,  petaloid,  superior.  Stamens  3  or  6,  ari- 
sing from  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled,  usually  many-seeded. 
Style  1.  Stiyma  siimple.  i^/-Mi7  a  3-ceIled  capsule.  Seeds  or- 
thotropous.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  showy  tiowers,  the  aesti- 
vation equitant. 

Genus  I.— LACHNAN'THES.     Ellis,  3—1. 
(From  lachne,  wool,  and  anthos,  a  flower.) 

Perianth  with  the  border  6-parted,  woolly  ;  seg-inents  une- 
qual, the  three  inner  ones  small,  linear,  the  three  others  lanceo- 
late. Stamens  3,  long.  Style  declining.  Capsule  3-celled, 
manv-seeded,  truncate. 

1.  L.  tincto'ria,  (Ell.)  Btem  erect,  simple,  pubescent  toward  the 
summit.  Leaves  ensiform,  shorter  than  the  stem.  Floicers  in  corymbose 
panicles.  Stigma  minutely  3-lobed. — Yellow.  If.  July — Aug.  In 
ponds  and  wet  pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  II.— CONOS'TYLIS.     R.  Br.  6—1.     {Lophiola,  Ker.) 
(From  konos,  a  cone,  and  stylos,  a  style.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  persistent,  densely  woolly.  Staynens  6. 
Style  conic.  Stigma  simple.  Cafpsule  3-celled,  many-seeded, 
superior. 

1.  C.  Americana,  (Pursh.)  Stem  or  scape  erect,  tomentose,  1 — 2- 
leaved.  Leaves  ensiform,  narrow,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  crowded  co- 
rymbs. Perianth  woolly  within ;  segments  oblong,  acute.  Capsule 
ovate  or  nearly  globular,  glabrous. — Yellow.  If.  June — July.  Wet 
places.     12 — 18  inches.  Weed-grass. 

Genus  III- ALE'TRIS.     L.  6—1. 

Perianth  tubular,  ovate,  G-cleft,  rugose.  Stamens  6,  inserted 
upon  the  margin  of  the  orifice.  Style  triquetrous,  3-parted. 
Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  clothed  with  a  marcescent  pe- 
rianth. 

1.  A.  FARixo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  expanding,  oblong,  lance- 
olate, acute,  membranaceous,  glabrous.     Flowers  in  lax  spikes ;  scape 


Om)ER   CXXVII. AMARVLI.IDACi:.!:.  533 

terete,  furrowed,  somewhat  viscid,  with  a  few  small  scak's.     Prrianth 
rough, — White.     May — June.     Pine-barren.s.     Common.     2  feet. 

Star-grans. 

2.  A.   au'kea,   (Walt.)     Stcyn   none.      Leaves   lanceolate,   acuminate. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  s|)ike,  sub-campanulate.     Perianth  beconiini;  ru 

gose  and  scabrous. — Yellow.     If.    Jul}^ — Aug.    Pine-barrens.    2— 3  ft. 

Order  CXXVIL— AMARYLLIDA'CE^.      (Amanjllis 
Family.) 

Perianth  superior,  petaloid,  regular,  the  outer  segments  over- 
lapping the  inner.  Stamens  C,  arising  {torn  the  perianth.  Ova- 
ry 3-celled,  with  numerous  ovules.  Style  1.  Stigma  3-lobed. 
Fruit  a  3-valved,  3-celled  capsule.  Seed  numerous.  Ilerba- 
ceous  plants,  with  ensiform  leaves. 

Genus  L— AMARYL'LIS.    L.  G— 1. 
(The  name  of  a  Nymph.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  petaloid.  Filaments  6,  inserted  into  the 
throat  of  the  tube.     ^?i^/ier6' incumbent.     Poc/ membranaceous. 

1.  A.  ATAMAs'co,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  linear,  entire,  glabrous, 
concave;  scape  terete.  Spathe  1-leaved,  2-cleft  at  the  summit.  Peri- 
anth erect,  sub-campanulate.  Flowers  solitary. — White,  tinged  with 
red.      2f .     June — July.     In  moist  places.     Conmion.     G — 10  inches. 

Ataviasco  Libj. 

Genus  II.— PANCRATIUM.     Herb.  6—1. 
(From  pan^  all,  and  kratus,  powerful ;  from  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.) 

Perianth  with  the  tube  very  long,  with  the  border  G-parted  ; 
segments  linear-lanceolate  ;  the  tube  of  the  poriantli  bearing  a 
1 2-cleft  paracorolla.     Stamens  6. 

1.  P.  Mexica'num,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  oblong-lancoolato,  gla- 
brous, somewhat  succulent;  scape  simple,  generally  2-rtowered,  tlje  pa- 
racorolla bearing  the  stamens.  Spathe  con:?isting  of  2  pair  of  membra- 
naceous leaves.  Capsule  3-anglcd,  3-celled,  3-valved,  manj-'-seeded. — 
White.      %.     April — May.     On  the  border  of  streams.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  P.  marit'imum,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  scape 
erect,  bearing  many  flowers.  Paracorolla  Ti-toothed,  funnol-.<haptnl, 
erect,  not  bearing  the  stamens. — White.  U-  J»i>ti — Aug.  Moist 
places,  middle  Georgia.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  III.— AGA'VE.    L.  6—1. 
(From  aqauos,  admirable.) 

Calyx  and  corolla  confounded,  G-partod,  erect,  tubular,  fur- 
rowed. Stamens  C,  longer  than  the  corolla.  Anthers  versatile. 
Style  spotted,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 


534  OKDER  CXXIX. BROMELIACE^. 

1.  A.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  /S^^em  or  5c«/)e  erect,  glabrous,  succulent.  Radi- 
cal leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  succulent,  serrate  ;  cauline  leaves  amplex- 
icaul,  resembling  scales,  broad.  Flowers  in  long  terminal  spikes.  Cap- 
sule 3-celled,  3-valved,  Seeds  numerous,  compressed,  -with  two  rows  in 
each  cell,  attached  to  a  central  placents. — Greenish-white.  If.  July 
—Aug.     Middle  Geo.     4 — 6  feet. 

Virginian  Agave.  Rattlesnake^ s  Master.  Thick-leaved  Snake-root. 

There  are  many  representatives  of  this  order  in  onr  gardens,  forming  the  earliest 
flowers  of  spring.  The  Snow-drop,  Galan'thus  niva'lis;  the  Karci^.su.y;,  N.  hoet- 
icus ;  the  Snow-flake.  Leuco'jum  yek'>um  ;  the  Jonquil,  Nakcis'bus  Jokquil'la  ; 
the  Daffodil,  N.  Pseudo-Nakcissus. 

Order  CXXVIIL— HYPOXIDA'CE^. 

Perianth  petaloid,  superior,  6-parted,  regular.  Stamens  6, 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  segments.  Ovary  inferior,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  Style  1.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  indehis- 
cent,  many-seeded.     Herbaceous  plants,  with  grass-like  leaves. 

Genus  I.— HYPOX'IS.     L.  6—1. 

(From  the  Greek  hupo,  under,  and  oxtis,  sharp,  alluding  to  the  base  of  the  capsule.) 

Flowers  inclosed  in  a'2-valved  spathe.  Perianth  persistent, 
6-parted.  Capsule  elongated,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  globular,  naked. 

1.  H.  erec'ta,  (L.)  Leaves  subulate,  entire,  hairy,  channeled,  3-nerved ; 
scape  slender,  hairy,  slightly  compressed,  1 — 4-flowered.  Perianth  ex- 
panding, green  on  the  outer  surface. — Yellow.  If.  March — April. 
Very  common.     3 — 6  inches. 

2.  H.  filifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Leaves  filiform,  hairy,  slightly  3-angled, 
scape  usually  2-flowered.  Stigmas  3. — Yellow.  2f.  March — April. 
Middle  and  Southern  Geo.     Sandy  soils.     6 — 8  inches. 

Order  CXXIX.— BROMELIA'CE^. 

Cahjx  gamosepalous,  3-parted  or  tubular,  persistent.  Petals 
3.  Stamens  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary 
3-celled,  usually  cohering  with  the  calyx.  Style  simple  ;  stig- 
ma 3-parted,  often  twisted.  Fruit  capsular,  3-celled,  many- 
seeded.  Plants,  usually  without  stems,  with  rigid,  channeled 
leaves. 

Genus  I.— TILLAND'SIA.     L.  6—1. 

(In  honor  of  Elias  Tillands  of  Abo.) 

Calyx  3-cleft,  persistent,  divided  nearly  to  the  base.  Sepals 
3,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Capsule  1 — S-celled.  Seeds 
comose.     Parasitic  plants. 


ORDKK    CXXX. LILIACK.E.  535 

1.  T.  usNEOiDEs,  (L.)  Ston  long,  attaclied  to  the  limbs  of  trees,  cov- 
ered with  mcmbraniiceous  scales,  nearly  terete.  Leaves  similar  to  the 
stem.  Floicers  solitary,  axillary  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolute, 
membranaceous.  Petals  linear.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  tube. — 
Greenish  white.      If.     Tlirough  the  summer.  Lojig  Moss. 

2.  T.  Bartr.xm'ii,  (Ell.)  Stem  attached  to  the  bark  and  \<-ood  of  old 
trees.  Lcaoex  subulate,  channeled,  hoary,  covered  with  whitish  s<'ali'S, 
cartilaginous  at  the  base.  Flowrrs  in  pairs,  at  the  summit  of  simple 
leafy  scapes;  the  upi)er  leaves  tinged  with  red  at  the  base. —  If.  June. 
Middle  Geo. 

3.  T.  recurva'ta,  (L.)  Stem  terete,  short.  Leaves  subulate,  terete, 
recurved.  Flowers  in  pairs,  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  sessile.  Petals 
longer  than  the  calyx. — Purple.  If.  On  old  tre*»s.  Southern  Georgia 
and  Florida. 

II.    OVARY    SUPERIOR. 

Order  CXXX.— LILIA'CE^E. 

Perianth  colored,  regular,  deeply  6-parted.  Stamens  6,  pe- 
rigynous,  opposite  to  the  segments.  Ova7y  superior,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  Sti/le  1.  Fruit  capsular,  3-celled,  3-valved, 
many-seeded,  dehiscence  loculicidal.  Seed  in  1 — 2  rows.  F 
hryo  straight.     Plants  usually  with  scaly  bulbs. 


m- 


ANALYSIS. 

1.  Cauiine  leaves  none,  radical  leaves  2 Erythroniiim,  3 

Cauline  leaves  present,  or  radical  leaves  muncrous 2 

2.  Flowers  white  or  reddish 8 

Flowers  yellow Liliuiii^  1 

3.  Leaves  stiff  and  pointed Yucca,  2 

Leaves  mot  stiff ♦ 

4.  Flowers  in  spikes Conralaria,  8 

Flowers  in  panicles Xolhut,  6 

Peduncles  axillary Polygonatum,  7 

Flowers  ia  umbels  or  racemes 5 

5.  Fruit  baccate  Smilacina,  9 

Fruit  capsular 6 

6.  Flowers  in  umbels Allium,  5 

Flowers  in  racemes O niithogalunu,  10 

Genus  L— LIL'IUM.     Tourn.  0—1. 
(From  the  Celtic  word  Z/>,  whiteness.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  deeply  G-parted.  Sernncntft  straight 
or  rt'flexed,  with  a  longitudinal,  nectariferous  line.  Stamens  0. 
Stigma  entire.  Pod  oblong;  seeds  numerous,  2  rows  in  each 
cell. 

1.  L.  Gates' B.W,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  glabmus.  lyavs  >,  >. 
sile,  linear-lanceolate,  appressed,  most  numerous  near  the  middh-  »»f  ih<» 
stem.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal.  Perianth  erect,  tlie  .'^ogm.tit.'*  with 
long  claws,  undulate  at  the  margin,  reflexed  at  the  summit.— Sc.-irlet, 
spotted  with  yellow  and  brown.  ^  If .  June— Aug.  Pine-barrens  IS 
— 24  inches. 


536  ORDER    CXXX. LILTACE^. 

2.  L.  Philadel'piiicum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  verticiilate, 
Unear-lanceolate,  acuminate.  Fivwers  1  —  2.  Perianth  erect,  campan- 
ulate ;  spreading  segments  unguiculate. — Dark  orange,  spotted  at  the 
base.     21.     July — Aug.     Woods.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  L.  C.\naden'se,  (Pursh.)  /S'/ew  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  Xtai-cs  ver- 
ticiilate, in  remote  whorls,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  hirsute  along  the  nerves 
beneath.  Flowers  on  long  reflexed  peduncles,  generally  by  threes. 
Perianth  campanulate,  revolute  ;  segments  lanceolate. — Yellow,  spot- 
ted on  the  inside.     If.     July — Aug.     Wet  lands.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  L.  Carolinia'iN'um,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  terete.  Leaves  verticiilate 
and  scattered,  lanceolate,  cuneate.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary,  in  pairs, 
or  by  threes.  Perianth  with  the  segments  long,  lanceolate,  the  midrib 
of  the  three  interior  winged. — Deep  3-ellow,  spotted  with  purple.  If. 
July — Aug.     Damp  soils.     Low  country.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  L.  super'bum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  3-nerved,  the  lower  ones  verticiilate,  the  upper  scattered. 
Flowers  in  a  pyramidal  raceme.  Perianth  revolute. — Deep  yellow, 
spotted  with  purple,      li.     July — Aug.     Up  country.     5 — 6  feet. 

Superb  Lily. 

Genus  II.— YUCCA.     L.  6—1. 
(The  name  of  the  plant  in  Peru.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  expanding.  Stamens  6.  Stigma 
sessile.      Capsule  3-celled. 

1.  Y.  FiLAMENTo'sA,  (Pursh.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  with  filamentous 
margins,  the  veins  roughened  on  both  surfaces.  Scape  long,  terminated 
by  a  long  panicle.  Stigmas  recurved,  expanding. — White.  If.  Aug. 
— Sept.     Common  in  rich  soils.     7 — 8  ft.  Silk-grass.    Bear-grass. 

2.  Y.  GLORio'sA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  thick,  succulent,  usually  sim- 
ple, roughened  toward  the  base  by  the  remains  of  decayed  leaves. 
Leaves  crowded,  lanceolate,  acute,  thick.  Flowers  in  a  large,  terminal 
panicle,  consisting  of  simple  racemes.  Pedicels  stipulate  at  the  base. 
Perianth  6-leaved  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  ciliate.  Filameyits 
pubescent,  compressed.  Stigmas  bifid,  concave.  Capsule  pulpy,  gla- 
brous.— White.  ^  .  May — Aug.  On  the  sea-coast.  Cultivated  in  the 
up  country.     2 — 6  feet.  Dwarf  Palmetto. 

3.  Y.  Draco'ms,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching.  Leaves  lanceolate,  re- 
flexed  when  old,  the  margins  rigid ;  the  young  leaves  erect  and  ex- 
panding. Flowers  in  racemose  panicles  similar  to  the  preceding. — 
White.    '^  .     May — Aug.     On  the  sea-coast.     Cultivated.     10 — 12  feet, 

4.  Y.  recurvifo'lia,  (Salis.)  Steiyi  erect,  simple.  Leaves  recurved, 
linear-lanceolate,  with  the  margins  filamentose.  Flowers  in  racemose 
panicles.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  unequal,  the  interior  widest — White. 
^  .     May — Aug.     On  the  sea-coast  of  Geo.     3 — 4  feet. 

Ge:>us  III.— ERYTHRO'NIUM.     L.  5—1. 
(From  erythros,  red.) 

Perianth  6-leaved,  campanulate.  Stamens  6.  Style  1,  3- 
angled.  Nectary  consisting  of  2  tubercles  attached  to  the  base 
of  alternate  leaves. 


DRIVER    CXXX. ULTAf'K.K.  637 

1.  E.  America'num,  (SmitTi.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  pheathinj^at  the  base, 
variegated  with  purple.  /St-a/^'' bearing  a  solitary,  noddin^r  flow.-r  ;  the 
o  exterior  leaves  of  the  perianth  reflexed.  Stamens  short.  Capsule  3. 
celled,  3-valvccl,  many-seeded. — Yellow.  U-  March— April.  Com- 
mon.    6 — 8  inches. 

Tins  plant  when  fresh  has  long  been  known  to  be  an  emetic,  but,  as  far  a.s  we  know 
has  been  but  little  used  for  any  purpose.  In  scrofulous  sores  it  is  used  in  family  prac- 
tice, by  making  the  fresh  plant  into  poultices,  with  milk,  and  ajiplying  to  iho  sores. 
Uappy  effects  are  said  to  result  from  its  application  in  this  manner. 

Genus  IV.— SCIL'LA.     6—1.     L,  squill. 
Perianth  6-leaved,  spreading.     Stamens  6  ;  filaments  oval- 
shaped.     Style  slender.      Ovary  3-valved,  3-celled,  triangular, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  black,  angular. 

1.  S.  esculen'ta,  (Ker.)  Scape  arising  from  a  truncated  bulb. 
Leaves  long,  linear,  keeled.  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme,  elongated, 
bracteate.     Sepals  3-nerved,  spreading. — Pale  blue.     Ky.  and  Tenn. 

Eastern  Quamash.   Wild HyacintK     Phalangium  esciileyttum,  Xutt. 

Camassia  csculcnta,  Lind. 

This  plant  is  said  to  be  found  south  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  in  Alabama.  We 
are  not  certain  of  the  fact. 

Genus  V.— AL'LIUM.     L.  6—1 
(From  the  Celtic  all,  hot  or  burning.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.  Flowers  in  umbels,  clustered, 
arising  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Capsule  superior.  Stamens 
6.     Style  1. 

1.  A.  Canaden'se,  (L.)  X<?ai'es  linear,  flat,  straight,  about  4 — 6  inches 
long  ;  scape  terete,  erect,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves.  //faJ  bearing 
bulbs ;  segments  of  the  perianth  oval. — White.  S  .  June.  In  wet 
soils.     Common.  Wild  Meadow  Garlick. 

2.  A.  cer'nuum,  (Muhl.)  Leaves  linear,  flat,  striate  ;  eca|)e  slightly 
ancipitous.  Flowers  in  umbels,  numerous,  nodding.  Leaves  of  the  pe- 
rianth lanceolate. — Rose-colored.      $.     July.     Mountains.     1 — 2  feet. 

Wild  Ouion. 

3.  A.  stria'tum,  (Pursh.)  Leaves  glabrous,  linear,  concave;  scape  a3 
long  as  the  leaves,  compressed  ;  spathe  2-leaved,  united  at  the  base, 
acute,  withering.  Flowers  in  a  simple  umbel.  Leaves  of  the  perianth 
unequal,  the  exterior  largest.  Filaments  unequal. — White,  i  .  March 
— April.     Low  lands.     12 — 15  inches. 

4.  A.  mutab'ile,  (Mich.)  Leaves  linear,  flat,  narrow,  setaceous  at  the 
summit,  membranaceous  at  the  base.  Scape  terete;  spathe  3-leavetL 
Umbels  many-flowered.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute- 
Green,  becoming  red.     5 .     May— June.     Pine-barrens.     2  feet. 

Gen'us  VL— NOLI'NA.     Mich.  6—3. 
(In  honor  of  P.  C.  Nolin,  an  American  botjinist.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  expandino-.  Stamens  G.  Sti'jmas  3. 
Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled,  1  seed  in  each  cell. 


638  ORDER   CXXX. LILIACE^. 

1.  K  Georgia'na.  Stem  erect,  with  small,  subulate  scales  at  the 
base.  Leaves  linear,  long,  coriaceous,  scabrous  along  the  margins. 
Flowers  in  racemose  panicles,  small. — White.  2;.  April — May.  Sand- 
hills.    Middle  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Genus  VII.— POLYGOXA'TUM.     Desf.  6—1. 
(From  polus,  many,  and  gonu,  joint.) 

Periav.tk  6-cIeft,  cylindrical.  Stamens  6,  inserted  near  the 
summit  of  the  tube.  Fruit  baccate,  3-celled,  with  two  seeds  in 
each  cell. 

1.  P.  biflo'rum,  (Walt.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  elliptic-lance- 
olate, sessile,  alternate,  3-nerved.  Peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  2-flowt: 
ered. — Pale  yello-w.     ®.     July — Aug.     12 — 18  inches. 

2.  P.  multiflo'rum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete.  Leaves  oblong,  oval, 
broader  than  the  preceding  species,  aniplexicaul,  usually  7-nerved. 
Peduncles  long,  axillary,  several  flowered. — Pale  yellow.  0.  April 
— August.     Common.     15 — 24  inches. 

3.  P.  PUBEs'cENS,  (Pursh.)  Stem  slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  ovate, 
alternate,  amplexieaul,  pubescent  beneath.  Peduncles  short,  axillary, 
usually  2-flowered. — %-.  May — June.  On  the  banks  of  rivulets.  1 — 
2  feet.  Solomon's  Seal. 

Genus  VIIL— COXVALLA'RIA.     L.  6—1. 
(From  convallis,  a  valley.) 

Perianth  campanulate,  6-cleft,  inferior.  Stamens  6,  inserted 
into  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Style  1.  Fruit  globose,  3-cell- 
ed,  cells  1 — 2-seeded. 

1.  C.  Maja'lis,  (L.)  Leaves  ovate  ;  scape  naked,  smooth.  Flowers 
in  spikes,  campanulate,  nodding. — White.  1i.  May.  Mountains. 
1—2  feet. 

Genus  IX.— SMILACI'NA.     Desf  6—1. 

(From  smile,  a  scraper,  from  its  rough  stem.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.  Stamens  6,  expanding,  m- 
serted  into  the  base  of  the  segments  of  the  perianth.  Fruit 
baccate,  3 -celled, 

1.  S,  umbella'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  embracing 
the  base  of  the  stem,  oblong-oval,  many-nerved,  attenuate  at  the  base, 
ciliate.  Flowers  in  a  small  terminal  umbel. — Pale  yellow.  If.  May 
— Aug.     12 — 15  inches. 

2.  S.  EACEMo'sA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  geniculate,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong, 
sessile,  acuminate,  many-nerved.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  crowd- 
ed.— ^Nearly  white.      2^.     June — July.     Common.      1 — 2  feet. 

False  Spike7iard. 

Genus  JC.—ORNITHOG' ALUM.    6—1.     {Star  of  Bethlehem.) 
Perianth  6-leaved,  erect,  persistent,  expanding  near  the  sum* 


# 


OKDER    CXXXI. MKLA.NTHACK.K.  5o9 

mit.      Stamens   6,  dilated  at  tlie  ba-e,  hyporjynous.     Capsule 
angled,  3 -celled. 

1.  0.  CRo'cEUii,  (Ell.)  Stem  none.  Zea»'c.s  linear,  nerved,  flat,  12 — 18 
inches  long.  Scape  terete,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  on 
peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  flower.  Bracts  ovate,  short ;  leaves  of 
the  perianth  oval,  obtuse.  Filaments  subulate. — "White.  If.  June — 
July.     Middle  Geo.     12—18  inches. 

Order  CXXXl.— MELANTIIA'CE^. 

Perianth  6-parted,  petaloid,  inferior.  Stamens  G.  Anthers 
usually  turned  outward.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Style 
3-parted.  Stigmas  3.  CajysiUe  divisible  into  3  pieces.  Her- 
baceous plants,  with  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  stamens  9 / Vt««,  2 

Stamens  6 2 

2.  Styles  1 3 

Styles  3 4 

3.  Fruit  baccate Strrptopu,^,  7 

Fruit  capsular i'ndafta,  6 

4.  Perianth  with  an  involucre ToJieUUn,  1 

Perianth  without  an  involucre 5 

5.  Flowers  white 6 

Flowers  greenish-white "^ 

6.  Leav&s  of  the  perianth  with  glands Zi/gatfenuJi,  4 

Leaves  of  the  perianth  without  glands I/elonia«,  3 

7.  Leaves  narrow Melanth iutn,  6 

Leaves  broad Veratrum,  8 

Genus  L— TOFIEL'DIA.     Hudson,  6-3. 
(In  honor  of  Mr.  Toficld.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  with  a  3-parted  involucre  at  the  base. 
Stamens  6.     Style  1.      Capsule  3 — G-celled,  united  at  the  base. 

1.  T.  pu'bens,  (Smith.)  Stem  scabrous,  simple,  naked  toward  the 
summit.  Leaves  ensiform,  narrow,  glabrous,  the  upj-er  one  very  small. 
Flowers  in  racemes.  Segments  of  the  perianth  laneeolate,  alternately 
lar"-er  ;  the  involucre  very  small,  3-toothed.  *S7a//»r;i.s'  attacheii  to  the 
base  of  the  perianth.  Caj>sulc  3-angled,  3-valved,  a-oellel,  with  2  seed.s 
in  a  cell.— Green  and  purple.  U-  July— Sept.  In  wet  soiu.  Com- 
mon.    1 — 2  feet. 

2.  T.  glaber'rima,  (Nutt.)  Stem  terete,  leafy  near  tlic  base.  I^avei 
linear,  ensiform,  sheathing.  Floiccrs  in  racemes,  nearly  vertioillate. 
Involucre  small,  3-tonthed.  Segments  of  the  perianth  oblong-oval.— 
White.     U-     Oct.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     2—3  feet. 

Genus  II.— PLE'EA.     Mich.  9—3. 
(From  pleias,  the  seven  stars,  from  the  disposition  of  iU»  (lowers.) 
Perianth  6-parted,  expanding.    Stamens  9.     Styles  3.     Cap- 
sule 3-angled,  3-valved,  3-cellt'd.      Seeds  numeruu*,  attached  to 
the  margin  of  the  valves. 


I 


540  OEDEK    CXXXI. MELANTIIACE.E. 

1.  P.  tenuifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stein  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  ensiform,  nar 
row,  glabrous.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.  Spathe  1-flowered  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute. — Yellowish-red.  If.  May — 
June.     Wet  soils.     Carolina.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  III.— HELO'NIAS.     L.  6—3. 

(From  helos,  a  marsh.) 

Perianth  6-leaved.  Leaves  flat,  sessile,  without  glands. 
Stamem  6.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Capsule  3-celled,  few-seeded, 
3-liorned. 

1.  H.  erythrosper'ma,  (Mich.)  Stem  trect,  leafy,  glabrous.  Leaves 
linear,  long,  nerved.  Flowers  in  oblong  racemes,  Avith  .short  bracts. 
Leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate,  sessile,  persistent.  Capsule  shortened, 
with  divaricate  horns.  Seed  red. — White,  U-  April — May.  Rich 
soils.     2  ft.  Fly  Poison.     Amiantanthus  inusadoxicum,  Gray. 

2.  H.  angustifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous,  leafy. 
Leaves  linear,  long,  subulate,  upper  ones  vijry  minute.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Capsule  oblong,  with  the  summit  appressed.  Seed 
linear. — White.     11.     June — July.     Damp  soiU     1 — 2  feet. 

Andaiitanthus  aiigustifolius,  Gray. 

3.  H.  Dioi'cA,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  slightly  angled,  glabrous,  leafy. 
Radical  leaves  spatulate,  long;  cauline  ones  nanower,  bi-coming  almost 
linear  toward  the  sumit.  Flowers  in  simple  racemes,  dioecious.  Leaves 
of  the  perianth  linear,  obtuse,  green,  3-furrc)wed.  Stigmas  3,  sessile. 
Capsule  3-oelled,  many-seeded. — White.  %.  May — June.  Damp  soils. 
Very  common.     2 — 3  feet. 

Unicorn  Plant,  ox  Blazing  Star.     Cha?ncelirium  Carolinianus,  Willd 

4.  H.  asphodeloi'des,  (L.)  Stem  leafy,  scapiform.  Leaves  numer 
ous,  elongated,  linear,  rigid,  flat,  striate  ;  cauline  ones  shorter  and  nar- 
rower, Floioers  in  elongated  racemes  ;  pedicels  long,  filiform  ;  tilaments 
subulate,  dilated  at  the  base.  Capsule  sub-globose,  3-celled,  3-valved. — 
White.      If.     Sandy  woods,  from  New  Jersey  to  Geo. 

Xerophyllum  asphodeloides,  Gray. 

5.  H.  gramin'ea,  (Ell.)  Stem  leafy,  branches  recurved.  Leaves  linear, 
flat,  glaucous  underneath.  Flowers  in  a  compound  raceme,  pyi-amidal ; 
leaves  of  the  perianth  broad-oval. — White.  New  Jersey  to  Carolina. 
18 — 24  inches,  Amiantanthus  leimanthoides,  Gray. 

6.  H.  du'bia,  (Pursh.)  Scape  simple,  glabrous.  Leaves  keeled,  long, 
narrow,  grass-like.  Flowers  small,  in  a  spike,  3 — 4  inches  long. — Pale 
green.     Geo.  and  Flor.     Sandy  places.     2 — 3  feet. 

Schoenocaulon  gracile,  Gray. 

Genus  IV.— ZYGADE'NUS.     Rich,  6—3. 
(From  zugos,  a  yoke,  and  aden,  a  gland;  the  glands  on  the  petals.) 

Perianth  G-leaved,  expanding,  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of 
each.  Stamens  6,  inserted  into  the  petals.  Stijles  3,  shorter 
than  the  stamens.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3-celIed,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  Z.  glaber'rimus,  (Mich.)  ^(fem  erect,  leafy,  terete.  X(?a?.'es  sessile, 
linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  channeled,  long  and  wide.     Flowers  in  a 


ORDER    CXXXT. — MrXANTHACE^.  5-11 

terminal  panicle.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  equal,  persistent,  Capaule 
S-sided,  furrowed,  3-celled,  pointed  with  the  persistent  styles.  Sred 
numerous,  angled. — White.     U-     June.     In  wel  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

2.  Z.  HYBra'DUS,  (Endl.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated.  Flovurs 
in  panicles  ;  leaves  of  the  perianth  narrow,  unguiculate  ;  lamina  rhom- 
boid, sub-orbiculate,  margin  undulate. — Greenish-yellow.  If.  Canada 
to  Georgia. 

Genus  V.— MELAN'THIUM.     L.  6—3. 
(From  melas,  black,  and  anthos,  flower,  in  allusion  to  the  dusky  color  of  the  flmvir?.) 

Perianth  rotate,  expanding;  segments  unguiculate,  with  2 
glands  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  arising  from  the  claws  of  the 
perianth.  Capsule  sub-ovate,  3-celled,  partly  trifid.  Seed  nu- 
merous, winged. 

1.  M.  Virgin'icds,  (Endl.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  pubescent,  leafy. 
Leaves  long,  linear  lanceolate,  flat,  smooth.  Flowers  in  a  large  panicle, 
pyramidal ;  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate,  somewhat  hastate,  flat, 
i^/oi^frs  pol^'gamous. — Greenish-white.  If.  June — July.  Wet  mead- 
ows.    S — 4  feet.  Zygadenus  Virginicus 

2.  M.  monce'cus.  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  linear  lanceolate 
flat.  Flowers  monoecious,  the  lower  sterile,  the  upper  fertil.',  in  panic- 
ulate racemes.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  flat,  slightly  unguiculate.— 
Gieenish- white.      2f .     July.     Mountains.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  VL— UVULA'RIA.     L.  6—1. 
(From  uvula,  used  in  curing  the  disease  of  the  uvula.) 

Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  erect,  with  a  nectariferous  cavity 
at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  short.  Stigmas  3,  re- 
flexed.      Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded,  angled. 

1.  U.  perfolia'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect.  Leaves  perfoliate,  elli|itic,  ob- 
tuse. Perianth  campanulate,  granular  within.  Flowers  solitary,  axil- 
lary, nodding.  Capsw/e  3-angled,  truncate. — Yellow.  U-  April.  Com- 
mon.    8 — 12  inches. 

2.  TJ.  fla'va,  (Smith.)  Leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic,  oblong,  obtuse,  un- 
dulate at  the  base.  Perianth  tapering  at  the  base,  scabrous  within. 
u4«^A^rs  awned.— Bright  yellow.  If.  May— June.  Sandy  soils.  Com- 
mon.    8—12  inches. 

3.  U.  grandiklo'ra,  (Smith.)  Leaves  perfoliate,  oblong,  acute.  Pe- 
rianth glabrous.  Anthers  unawned.  Nectaries  nearly  round  ;  pi>til 
shorter  than  the  stamens.— Yellow.  2f.  May— June.  Rocky  hills. 
12 — 18  inches. 

4.  U.  puber'ula,  (Mich.)  Leaves  oval,  rounded  at  the  base,  aniphx- 
icaul,  pubescent  along  the  margin.  Floioers  few,  glabrous.— Yellow. 
May— June.     Upper  Car.  and  Geo.     8—12  inches. 

5.  U.  sbssilifo'lia,  (Pers.)  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate-oval,  innny- 
nerved.  Flower  1,  on  a  short  peduncle.  Segments  of  the  penantlj  flat, 
smooth  within.— Yellow.     2f.     May— June.     Common.     8— 12  inches 


54:2  ORDER    CXXXIT. PONTEDERTACE^. 

Genus  YIL— STREP'TOPUS.     Midi.  6—1. 
(From  streptos,  twisted,  and  ;;om8,  foot,  from  the  twisted  flower-stalks.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  revolute,  campanulate,  with  nectariferous 
pores  at  the  base.  Stamens  6.  Sti/lc  1.  Fruit  baccate,  sub- 
globose,  3-celled,  few-seeded. 

1.  S.  Ro'sEUS,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  dichotomou.s.  Leaven 
oval,  acuminate,  clasping,  many-nerved.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary, 
small,  on  nodding  peduncles. — Rose-colored.  If.  May — June.  Mount- 
ains,    12 — 18  inches.  Hekorhna  dichotoma. 

2.  S.  LANUGiNo'sus,  (Mich.)    Stem  hoary,  erect,  branching.    Leaves  ses- 
sile, ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  cordate,  5 — 7-nerved,  pubescent.    Fe- 
duncles  at  the  summit  of  the  branchlets,  2-flowered.     Flowers  on  long , 
pedicels.     Fruit  red. — Greenish-purple.      2^.     Mountains.     Pennsylva- 
nia to  Carolina.  Prosartes  lanuginosa,  Don. 

Genus  VIII.— VERA'TRUM.     6—3. 
(From  vere  atrum,  truly  black ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  stem.) 

Perianth  6-parted,  expanding,  the  segments  sessile,  without 
glands.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Style  3,  short. 
Capsule  oblong,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  V.  vm'iDE,  (Ait.)  Stem  erect.  Leaves  large,  sheathing  at  the 
base,  plaited,  oval.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes.  Bracts  of  the 
branches  oblong-lanceolate  ;  partial  ones  longer  than  the  sub-pubescent 
peduncles.  Segments  of  the  perianth  oblong  oval,  acute. — Greenish- 
yellow.     If.     July.     Mountains.     3 — G  feet. 

2.  V.  parviflo'rum,  (Mich.)  Leaves  oval -lanceolate,  flat,  glabrous. 
Flowers  in  slender,  expanding  panicles.  Segments  of  the  perianth  acute 
at  each  end,  bearing  the  stamens. — Green,  li.  July.  Mountains. 
2 — ^3  feet.  Zygadenus  monoecus,  Gray. 

3.  V.  angustifo'lium,  (Pursh.)  Flowers  dioecious,  in  simple  panicles. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  linear ;  leaves  very  long,  linear,  keeled. — 
Greenish-yellow.     11.     June.     Mountains.     3 — 4  feet. 

Stenanthium  angusti folium,  Gray. 

Order  CXXXIL— PONTEDERIA'CE^. 

Perianth  tubular,  colored,  6-parted,  more  or  less  irregular, 
{estivation  circinate.  Sta?nens  3  or  6,  unequal,  perigynous. 
Ovary  superior,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  Style  I.  Stipna  s\m- 
pie.  Cajysule  3-celled,  3-valved,  dehiscence  loculicidal.  Seeds 
numerous,  orthotropous.  Placentce  central.  Aquatic  plants, 
with  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base.     Flowers  spathaceous. 

Genus  L— POXTEDE'RIA.     L.  6—1.     {Pickerel  Weed.) 
(In  honor  of  Julias  Pontedera,  of  Padua.) 

Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  bilabiate,  the  under  side  of  the 
tube  perforated  with  3  longitudinal  foramina,  lower  part  per 
sistent.     Stamens  6,  unequally  inserted.      Capsule  3-celled. 


ORDER   CXXXIII. — XYRroACE^.  543 

1.  P.  corda'ta,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  entire,  mem- 
branaceous, glabrous ;  petioles  very  lonj,',  sueculent.  Floiccm  in  crowd- 
ed spikes.  6'oro//a  villous  on  the  outer  surface;  the  upper  lip  3-parted. 
the  lower  3-cleft,  with  a  yellow  spot  at  the  center;  3  of  the  st.-uncus  at 
the  base  of  the  tube,  and  3  at  the  summit. — Blue.  2^.  April— S«.pt. 
Bogs  and  ditches.  Wampee. 

2.  P.  lancifo'lia,  (Muhl.)  Stein  none.  Leaves  oblong,  hinceolate, 
nearly  linear  whon  young ;  in  other  respects  similar  to  the  preceding 
species. 

Genus  II.— HETERANTHE'RA.     Beau.  3—1. 
(From  Jieteros,  variable,  and  antkera,  an  anther.) 

Flowers  in  a  spathe,  Perianth  with  the  border  G-parted, 
equal.  Stamens  3.  Anthers  unhke.  Capsule  3-cellod,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  H.  renifor'mis,  (R.  &.  P.)  Stem  partly  floating.  Leaves  orbicular, 
reniform,  on  petioles;  spathe oblong,  acuminate,  3 — 5-flowered. — White. 
y.     July — Aug.     North  Carolina.  Mud  Plantain. 

Genus  III.— SYE'NA.     Pursh.  3—1.     {Mayaca,  Sch.) 
(In  honor  of  Arnold  Syen,  of  Leyden.) 

Sepals  S,  persistent.  Petals  3.  Stamens  3.  St>jle  1. 
Capsule  3-celled,  1-valved. 

1.  S.  fluviat'ilis,  (Pursh.)  /S^(???i  herbaceous,  partly  submersed.  Leaves 
subulate,  crowded.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves. — Purple.  If,  June.  In  wet  places.  Middle  Car.  and  Geo. 
2 — 3  inches.  Alijaca  Michauxii,  Schw. 

Order  CXXXIIL— XYRIDA'CE^E. 

Sepals  glumaceous,  3.  Petals  3,  unguiculate.  Stamens  6, 
with  o  fertile  ones  inserted  into  the  claws  of  the  petals,  and  3 
sterile  ones  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovari/  single.  Sti/le  3- 
cleft.  Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded,  with  parietal 
placentae.  Herbaceous  plants,  with  radical  ensiform  leaves. 
Flowers  in  terminal  imbricate  heads. 

Genus  I— XY'RIS.     L.  3—1. 
(From  xuros,  acute,  from  the  shape  of  its  leaves.) 

Sepals  3,  glumaceous,  somewhat  cartilaginous.  Petals  3, 
equal,  crenate.     Stigma  3-cleft. 

1.  X.  FLEXUo'sA,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  spiral,  dilated  at  the  summit, 
furrowed  with  two  lines,  glabrous.  Leaves  ensiform,  spiral,  phcathing. 
Flowers  in  terminal  imbricate  heads.  Bracts  ovate,  rigid,  indo.Mng  the 
flower.  Petals  unguiculate.  Capsule  1-celled,  3valved.  Srrds  numer- 
ous, small.— Yellow,    n.    July— Sept.     Pine-barrens.     Common.     l>  H, 

X.  Carol iniana,   >>  alL 

2.  X.  fimbria'ta,  (Ell.)     Stem  erect,  slightly  scabrous  dilated  nt  th« 


544  ORDER    CXXXIV. JUNCACE^. 

eummi',,.  Leaves  ensiform,  long.  Flowers  in  oblong  heads.  Bracts 
i-ound.  Sepals  fimbriate,  longer  than  the  bracts. — Yellow.  If.  July 
—Aug.     Middle  Geo.     2  feet. 

3.  X.  beevifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  compressed  toward  the  sum- 
mit. Leaves  twisted,  subulate.  Calyx  incised,  linear.  Flowers  in  glo- 
bose heads. — Yellow.  2(.  August — Sept.  Pine-barrens.  Common. 
12—18  inches. 

4.  X.  jtn'cea,  (Bald.)  Stem  erect,  terete.  Leaves  t'erete,  4 — 8  inches 
long,  fistular.  Keel  of  the  calyx  slightly  toothed. — Yellow.  2f.  May 
— June.     Pine-barrens.     Southern  Geo.     12 — 18  inches. 

2C.  Baldwiniana,  K. 

5.  X.  BULBo'sA,  (Kunth.)  Leaves  narrow,  linear,  obtase,  membrana- 
ceous, glabrous.  Peduncles  double  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  above 
striate,  sub-triangular.  Heads  ovate,  acute,  many-flowered;  scales 
ovate,  convex.  Peduncles  2  ft.  long,  sheathed  below. — Yellow.  Mass. 
to  Georgia. 

6.  X,  ambig'ua,  (Beyr.)  Leaves  sword-shaped,  linear,  acute.  Pedun 
cles  2 — 3  times  the  length  of  the  leaves,  many-angled,  compressed,  rigid, 
sheathing  at  the  base,  scabrous  on  the  angles.  Heads  elliptical,  many- 
flowered  ;  scales  obovate,  coriaceous. — Yellow.     If.     \\ — 2  feet. 

Order  CXXXIV.— JUNCA'CE^.     {Rush  Family) 

Perianth  6-parted,  more  or  less  glumaceous.  Stamens  3 — 6, 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  segments.  Ovary  1 — 3-celled,  1 
or  many-seeded.  Style  1.  Stigmas  generally  3,  sometimes  1. 
Fruit  capsular,  3-vaIved ;  dehiscence  loculicidal.  Herbaceous 
plants,  with  fistular  or  flat  channeled  leaves.  Flowers  brown 
or  green. 

Genus  I— JUN'CUS.     L.  6—1. 
(Frovajungo,  to  join,  from  ropes  being  made  of  it) 

Perianth  6-parted,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base,  glumaceous. 
Stamens  6.  Caiisule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded,  dissepi- 
ments bearing  the  seeds. 

a.    Leaves  none. 

1.  J.  acu'tus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  rigid,  hard,  with  a  sheath  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Involucre  2-leaved,  erect,  spinous.  Leaves 
of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  the  three  exterior  longest.  Capsule 
obovate,  pomted  with  the  persistent  style. — Brown.  If.  April.  Salt 
marshes.     2 — 3  feet.  /.  maritimus. 

2.  J.  EFFu'sus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  soft,  with  a  sheath  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  compound  panicles.  Stameiis  3.  Leaves  of  the  perianth 
acute,  equal,  with  white  margins.  Capsule  3-angled.  Seed  oblong. — 
If.     April — May.     "Wet  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet.  J.  communis. 

3.  J.  seta'ceus,  (Ros.)  Stem  filiform,  terete,  declining.  Floivers  iu 
lateral  panicles.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer 
ones  largest. — U.    July.     Swamps.     2 — 3  feet. 


ORDER   CXXXIV. JUNCACE-C  545 

b.     Plants  Willi  leaves. 

4.  J.  ten'uis,  (Pers.)  Ston  erect,  terete,  simple,  sometimes  naked. 
Leaves  chaimtled,  linear-subulate,  concave,  the  radical  ones  f-hdrter 
than  the  stem,  cauline  ones  longer.  Floicers  in  panicles,  sessile ;  the  2 
lower  leaves  of  the  involucre  longer  than  the  panicle. —  2^.  April — 
May.     In  wet  pastures.     Common.     10 — 12  inches. 

5.  J.  dicuot'omus,  (Ell.)  St€?}i  erect,  glabrous,  sometimes  naked. 
Leaves  channeled,  filiform,  shorter  than  the  stem,  sheathing.  Flovrrs 
in  dichotomous  panicles,  solitary,  one  leaf  of  the  involucre  longer  than 
the  panicle.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal.— If .  April — May. 
In  wet  pastures.     1 — 2  feet. 

6.  J.  bi'fo'mus,  (L.)  Steyii  terete,  dichotomous  toward  the  summit. 
Leaves  angled,  subulate,  concave,  sheatliing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in 
termirjal  panicles,  solitary,  or  by  pairs.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  acute, 
the  3  exterior  longest. — %.     March — May.     On  the  coast.     3 — 6  in. 

7.  J.  biflo'rus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  leafy.  Leaves  linear, 
flat,  sheathing.  Floiocrs  in  long  panicles.  Leaves  of  the  perianth 
lanceolate,  somewhat  ferruginous.  Stamens  3. —  If.  May — July.  Around 
ditches  and  ponds.     2 — 3  feet.  /.  aristidaius. 

8.  J.  arista'tus,  (Mich.)  Ste)7i  erect,  compressed.  Leaves  flat,  gla- 
brous, nerved,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles. — 
If.     May — June.     Damp  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  ft.  /.  aristidaius. 

9.  J.  re'pens,  (Mich.)  Stein  geniculate,  compressed,  leafy.  Leaves 
linear,  flat.  Flotvers  in  lateral  and  terminal  foscicles.  Starneiis  3. 
Leaves  of  the  perianth  subulate,  acute,  the  interior  longest. — 2f .  May 
—July.     Muddy  soils.     Very  common,     6 — 12  inches. 

10.  J.  acumina'tus,  (Mich.)  Stem  terete,  jointed,  glabrous.  Leaves 
terete,  jointed,  with  an  open  sheath  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  triehoto 
mous  panicles.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  acute,  rigid,  nearly  equal. 
Stamens  3. — If.     March — May.     Damp,  wet  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

11.  J.  polyceph'alus,  (Mich.)  Stem  compressed  toward  the  base, 
terete  above.  Leaves  ensiform,  jointed,  compressed,  long.  Flowers  in 
panicles,  composed  of  numerous  heads.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  acute, 
nearly  equal.     Stamens  3.  J-  paranotus. 

12.  J.  echixa'tus,  (Muhl.)  Stem  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  terete, 
jointed,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  large,  terminal  heads.  Leaves 
of  the  perianth  subulate,  rigid.  Stamens  3. — 2f.  May — Aug.  Wet 
soils.     Very  coratuon.     2  feet. 

Genus  II.— LU  ZULA.     D.  C. 

(Said  to  be  derived  from  luciola,  .a  slow-worm  ;  because  its  flowers  sfKirkle  l>y  moon- 

liglit.) 

Perianth  spreading,  glumaceoiis,  Slaincns  G.  Stif/mas  H, 
Capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved.     Seeds  3. 

1,  L.  melanocar'pa,  (Dcsv.)  Leaves  broad-linear,  flat;  sheaths  sm(v>th. 
Flowers  in  lax  branches,  sub-paniculate;  pedicels  elongated,  slender; 
bracts  incised,  dentate  ac  the  apex,  glabrous;  sepals  oblong,  mucronate. 
Stamens  short. — 2f .     Car.  northward. 

2.  L.  campes'tris,  (L.)  Stem  kafy,  terete.  Leaves  flat,  pubescent, 
ehorter  than  the  stem,  very  hairy  at'the  throat  of  the  sheath.     Flowcri 


546  ORDER    CXXXV. PALMACE^. 

in  a  simple  umbel.  Leaves  of  the  perianth  ovate,  acuminate,  with 
membranaceous  margins.  Capsule  3-angled,  truncate,  3-valved,  o-seed- 
ed. — If,     May — June.     Abundant  near  Macon. 

Order  CXXXV.— PALM  A 'CE^.     (Palm  Tribe.) 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  6-pfirted,  in  2 
series,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  opposite  the  segments  of  the 
perianth,  into  the  base  of  which  they  are  inserted.  Ovary  1 — 
3-ceIIed  :  when  3-ceIIed  it  is  deeply  lobed,  cells  1-seeded.  Fruit 
baccate  or  drupaceous. 

Genus  L— SA'BAL.     Adans.  6—3. 

Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3.  Spathes  partial. 
Filaments  thickened  at  the  base.  Fruit  dry,  1-seeded.  Seed 
bony. 

1.  S.  pu'mila,  (Walt.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  flabelliform,  1 — 3  feet 
high.  Stipes  naked,  compressed.  Scape  erect,  terminated  by  a  long 
panicle.  Flowers  small,  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  nearly  round,  bluish 
black. — White.  If.  June — Aug.  Along  the  coast  of  Car.  and  Geo, 
4 — 6  feet,  Divarf  Palmetto.     S.  Adansonii. 

2.  S.  min'ima,  (Nutt.)  Stem  creeping ;  frond  palmate,  plicate  ;  stipe 
serrate      Berry  oblong-ovoid. — Georgia  and  Plorida. 

Genus  II.-CHAM'.^ROPS.     19—2. 
(From  chamai,  on  the  ground,  and  rhops,  a  twig.) 

Flowers  polygamous.  Spa  the  compressed  ;  spadix  branch- 
ing. Filaments  partly  united.  Drupe  3-celled,  only  1  usually 
containing  a  seed. 

1.  C.  serrula'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem,  creeping.  Leaves  flabelliform,  with 
the  stipes  shaiply  serrate.  Scape  terminated  by  a  panicle.  Flowers 
small.  Fruit  nearly  black,  1-seeded. — White.  July — Aug.  Common 
in  sandy  soils,  along  the  Ocraulgee.  Sabal  serrulata,  Rom. 

2.  C.  hys'trix,  (Fraser.)  Stem  creeping.  Leaves  flabelliform,  with 
the  stipes  intermingled  with  long  thorns  from  the  root.  Flowers  as  in 
the  preceding  species. — White.  If.  June — Aug.  In  clayey  soils. 
4—5  feet.  Blue  Pahnetto. 

3.  C  palmet'to,  (JMich  )  A  tree.  Lcava^  palmate,  fl '.belliform,  5 — G 
feet  in  length,  crowd'd  at  the  «umniit  of  the  tree.  FUmers  in  naked 
panicles.  Fruit  bluish-black. — White.  ^  .  June — July.  On  the  .^^ea- 
coast  of  Car,  and  Geo.    40 — 50  ft.  Palmetto.     Sabal  pahnetto.  Lord. 

The  following  remarks  of  Elliott  on  the  C  rnlmeUo  are  peculiarly  appropriate : 
"This  palm  possesses  a  great,  and,  to  this  country,  an  increasing  value.  It  is  the  only 
tree  produced  in  our  parts  wliich  is  not  attacked"  by  the  Teredo  NdTiiUs;  and  as  it  fs 
incorruptible  in  salt-water,  its  value  for  submarine  construction  is  almost  incalculable. 
Its  leaves  can  be  enijiloyed  in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  ha-kets.  niuts.  and  many  other 
pvirpo<es  of  domestic  economy;  and  the  Cabbage,  composed  of  the  unexpand'ed  em- 
bryo leaves,  may  be  classed  amonsr  the  most  delicious  vegetables  produced  on  onr 
tables.  It  is,  however,  a  wasteful  luxury,  as  the  tree  always  perishes  when  deprived 
of  this  part  of  its  foliage." 


ORDER   CXXXVI. C0MMELYNACKJ2.  5-47 

Order  CXXXVI. —COMMELYNA'CEyE.     (Sjnder-wort 
Family.) 

ScjmU  3,  distinct.  Petals  3,  sometimes  united  at  the  base. 
Stameus  G,  or  sometimes  fewer,  hypogynous,  a  part  of  them  de- 
formed or  abortive.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  few  ovules  in  a  cell. 
Style  1.  Stigma  1.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled,  with  as  many  valves. 
Seed  anatropous,  inserted  by  their  whole  side,  on  the  inner  an- 
gle of  the  cell.     Herbaceous  plants. 

Genus  I— COMMELY'NA.     L.  3—1. 
(In  honor  of  J.  &  G.  Conimelyn,  Dutch  botanists.) 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3.  Stamens  G,  usually  3  of  them  sterile 
and  furnished  with  cruciform  glands.   Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved. 

1.  C.  commu'nis,  (L.)  Stem  prostrate,  creeping,  glabrous,  much 
branched,  jointed.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  with  cartiiai^in- 
ous  margins,  sheathing,  with  the  sheath  ciliate.  Flowers  on  peduncles, 
opposite  the  leaves.  Bracts  ciliate.  Sepals  unequal,  the  lateral  ones 
large,  obtuse.  Petals  unequal,  the  lateral  ones  rounch-d,  spatulate,  the 
others  reniform.  Sf.i/te  blue.  Seed  2  in  a  cell. — Light-blue.  Q.  June 
— Nov.     Wet  grounds. 

2.  C.  erec'ta,  (L.)  Siej/i  procumbent  and  erect,  branching  near  the 
base,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  .^cabrous  on 
the  up|)er  surface,  sheathing;  sheath  ciliate.  Brads  cordate,  inrlo-ing 
the  flower  before  it  expands.  Sepals  3,  oval,  unequal,  white.  J'ttals  2, 
one  larger  than  the  other. — Blue.  2^.  May — June.  Dry  sandy  soils. 
12— 18  inches. 

3.  C.  Virgin'ioa,  (L.)  <S<fj«  erect,  slightly  pubescent,  striate.  Leavet 
oblong,  finely  serrulate,  scabrous,  slightly  hairy,  slieatliing  at  the  l>ase; 
sheath  ciliate.  Flowers  clustered,  axillary,  or  ternn'nal.  Sepals  3,  mem- 
branaceous, unequal.  Petals  5,  unequal,  lower  one  smallest. — Blue. 
2f .     Aug. — Oct.     Moist  places.     2  feet. 

4.  C.  uirtel'la,  (Vahl.)  Stein  erect,  hairy.  Leaves  lanceolate,  peti- 
olate ;  sheaths  lateral  and  terminal,  sessile. — July.  In  shaded,  ri>cky 
situations. 

5.  C.  angustifo'li^v,  (Mich.)  Ston  assurgent,  branching,  glabrous. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  sheaths  hirsute,  ciliate  nt  the  oritice. 
Spathc  cucullate,  acuminate,  subconlate-ovate.  S'pnh  glabrous  ;  e.xte- 
rior  glandular,  punctate  ;  interior  petaluid,  unequal,  se.ssile. — Purple. 
1(.     Carolina  to  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  II.— TRADESCAN'TIA.     L.  6—1. 
(In  honor  of  John  Tradcscant,  gardener  to  Charles  I.) 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3.  Stamens  6,  villous,  with  jointetl  hair. 
Style  1.     Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  T.  Virgin'ioa,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous,  Buceulont 
Leaves  I'nig,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  sessile,  channeloil.    Flowers  in  tcrmi- 


548  ORDER  cxxxvn. — alismace^. 

nal  clusters,  sessile,  pubescent ;  involucre  2-leaved.  Petals  ovate,  ex- 
panding in  the  morning,  withering  before  noon.  Filaments  covered 
with  a  plumose  down. — Purple.     11.     May — June.     Upper  couutr}^ 

Spider-wort. 
2.  T.  Ro'sEA,   (Vent.)     Stejn   erect,  simple,  succulent.     Leaves  long, 
linear,  glabrous,  channeled.     Flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  on  elongated 
peduncles.     Sepals  spotted,  small,  glabrous. — Rose-color.       2f .     Com- 
mon.    May — ^Aug.     8 — 12  inches. 

Order  CXXXVIL— ALISMA'CE^.     {Water-plantain 
Family.) 

Perianth  6 -parted,  in  two  rows.  Sepals.  3,  herbaceous. 
Petals  3.  Stamens  usually  indefinite.  Ovaries  superior,  sev- 
eral, 1-celIed.  Ovules  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  erect  or  ascending. 
Styles  several.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1 — 2-seeded.  Albumen 
none.  Fmhryo  curved.  Aquatic  plants,  with  parallel-veined 
leaves. 

Genus  I.— SAGITTA'RIA.     L.  19—12. 
(From  sagitta,  an  arrow,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sepals  3,  herbaceous.  Petals  3,  col- 
ored. Sterile  florets  with  stamens  numerous.  Fertile  florets 
with  capsules  numerous,  compressed,  each  1-seeded. 

1.  S.  sagittifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  none.  Leaves  ovate,  sagittate,  acute. 
Lobes  long,  acute,  acuminate,  lanceolate,  on  long  petioles,  1 — 2  ft.  Flow- 
ers whorled  by  threes  ;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  the  lower  fertile.  Petals 
larger  than  the  calyx,  round.  Stamens  numerous.  Capsules  collected 
into  a  globose  head. — White.  It-  Aug. — Oct.  In  wet  places.  Com- 
mon.     1 — 2  feet.  Arrow-head. 

[The  above  species  is  very  variable  in  the  form  of  its  leaves,  and  its 
flowers  are  sometimes  dioecious.] 

2.  S.  na'taxs,  (Mich.)  Steyti  none.  I^eaves  floating,  elliptic,  lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  entire,  3 -nerved,  alternate  at  the  base  ;  the  lower  ones 
somewhat  cordate,  7-nerved.  Scape  simple,  few-flowered,  3 — 6  inches 
long.  Flowers  small ;  the  upper  ones  sterile,  the  lower  ones  fertile, 
with  the  peduncles  elongated.  >S'("/)a^s  lanceolate.  P^^a As  round.  Sta- 
ynens  8.  Capsules  numerous. — White.  U-  May — Aug.  In  shallow 
ponds.     6 — 8  inches. 

3.  S.  lancifo'lia,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  very  long, 
entire,  somewhat  coriaceous,  glabrous,  on  long  petioles,  1 — 2  feet.  Scape 
2 — 3  feet  long,  simple.  Floicers  verticillate  by  threes,  the  upper  ones 
sterile,  the  lower  fertile.  Sepals  tinged  with  purple,  nearly  round. 
Petals  larger  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous.  Capsules  numer- 
ous, collected  into  a  globose  head. — White.  U-  April — June.  In 
marshes.     2 — 3  feet.  S.falcata. 

4.  S.  gramin'ea,  (Mich.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
3-nerved,  4 — 5  inches  long,  about  half  an  inch  wide,  on  long  p',;tioles. 
Scape  simple.  Flowers  verticillate  ;  the  upper  sterile,  the  lower  fertile. 
Sepals  lanceolate,  small.     Petals  larger  than  the  calyx.     Stamens  about 


ORDER    CXXXVIII. AUACEiE.  541) 

10,  hairy.     Capsules  mucronato. — White.      If.     April — Juno.     In  wet 
pine-ban-ens.     Very  common.     4 — 5  inches. 

5.  S.  pusil'la,  (Mich.)  Leaves  linear,  obtuse,  short.  Scape  simple. 
Flowers  few  ;  only  one  usually  fertile. — Muddy  banks.  Georgia  to 
New  York.     2 — i  inches.  Dwarf  Arrowhead. 

Genus  IL— ALIS'MA.     L.  6—12. 
(From  the  Celtic  alls,  water.) 

Sepals  3,  persistent.  Petals  3.  Stamens  G.  Ovaries  and 
etyles  numerous.  Capsules  numerous,  indehiscent,  distinct,  1- 
seeded. 

1.  A.  planta'go,  (L.)  Stem  none.  Leaves  cordate,  ovate,  9-nerved, 
on  long  petioles.  Scape  triangular,  1 — 2  feet.  Flowers  in  compound, 
verticillate  panicles.  Fruit  obtusely  triangular. — White.  If.  July 
— Aug.     In  the  water.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  III.— TRIGLO'CHIX.     6—3. 

Perianth  6-leaved.  Stamens  3 — 4.  Stif/mas  3.  Capsules 
3 — 4,  opening  at  the  base.     Seed  solitary. 

1.  T.  trian'drum,  (Mich.)  Leaves  terete,  linear,  as  long  as  the  scape, 
erect,  sheathing ;  scape  terete.  Flowers  numerous.  Anthers  sessile. 
Capsules  3 — 4,  united  by  a  spongy  membrane. — July  to  August.  In 
sands  on  the  coast.     6  inches. 


FLOWERS    INCOMPLETE,    WITHOUT    A    PROPER    PERIANTH. 

Order  CXXXVIII.— ARA'CE^.      {Arum  Family.) 

Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  upon  a  naked  spadix,  or  with 
a  spathe.  Perianth  3-leaved,  4 — G-parted.  Stamens  3  or  6. 
Anthers  wedge-shaped.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  a  soU- 
tary,  pendulous  ovule.  Style  short.  Stigmas  Hfiear,  1  or  2. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  1-celled,  1 -seeded.  Leaves  usually  ensitorm. 
Sp)adix  with  or  without  a  spathe.  Herbaceous  plants,  grow- 
ing in  marshes. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Flowers  perfect ' 

Flowers  monoecious 

2.  Floating:  plants Pistia^  S 

Not  floating  plants 

3.  Leaves  long,  narrow •  •  •'■''''!''"^'  \ 

Leaves  broad Oronttum,  6 

4.  Floating  plants Umna,  7 

Not  floating  plants 

5.  Flowers  in  globular  heads ^^'"''^"t.!!!,"!:  J 

Flowers  in  long  spikes lypha,  I 

Flowers  on  a  spadix 

6.  Spadix  naked  at  the  summit )^.1^I,^J1"  \ 

sfadix  covered  with  flowers taladium,  % 


560  OEDER   CXXXVIII. AKACE^. 

Genus  I— SPARGA'OTUM.     19—3. 
(From  8pargano7i,  a  band  or  fillet) 

Flowers  monoecioiis.  Sterile  florets :  anient  nearly  spherical, 
dense  ;  perianth  3-leaved.  Fertile  florets  :  ament  nearly  spher- 
ical ;  perianth  3-leaved.  Stigma  2-cleft,  or  simple.  Fruit  a 
dry,  1 -seeded  nut. 

1.  S.  America'num,  (Nutt.)  Stem  flexuous,  terete,  glabrous,  sparingly 
branched.  Leaves  ligulate,  glabrous,  thick  ;  the  lower  ones  carinate, 
about  as  long  as  the  stem,  the  upper  concave  at  the  base,  erect.  Flow- 
ers in  sessile,  globular  heads  ;  fertile  heads  2 — 5,  usually  sessile  ;  sterile 
ones  6 — 9.  Stigma  simple,  oblique. —  U-  May — June.  In  stagnant 
waters.     12 — 15  inches.  Burr-reed. 

Genus  II.— TY'PHA.     19—3.. 
(From  tiphos,  a  bog  or  marsh.) 

Flowers  monoecious,  collected  into  a  long,  cylindrical  spike. 
Sterile  florets  :  perianth  wanting.  Stamens  united  into  a  com- 
mon filament.  Fertile  florets  :  perianth  none.  Pericarp  pedi- 
cellate, surrounded  at  the  base  with  hairs  resembling  a  pappus. 

1.  T.  latifo'lia,  (L.)  /S^rm  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  nearly 
as  tall  as  the  stem,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  in  a  cyhndrical  spike, 
the  upper  ones  sterile,  the  lower  ones  fertile. — If.  July — Aug.  In 
stagnant  waters.     5 — 6  feet. 

Genus  III.— A' RUM.     L.  19—12.     {Ariscema.) 
(An  Egyptian  word.) 

Flotoers  monoecious.  Sj^cithe  1-leaved,  cucullate,  convolute 
at  the  base.  SjMdix  naked  at  the  summit,  bearing  sterile  flo- 
rets in  the  middle,  and  fertile  ones  at  the  base.  Perianth  none. 
Fruit  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  Dracon'tium,  (L.)  Leaves  perhaps  never  but  one,  pedate ; 
leaflets  lanceolate,  oblong,  entire,  on  long  petioles.  Spadix  subulate, 
longer  than  the  spathe. — White.  U.  June.  Moist  places.  10—12 
inches.  Green  Dragon.     Ariscema  Draconiimn,  Schreb. 

2.  A.  triphtl'lum,  (L.)  Leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate, 
entire.  Spadix  clavate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  spathe.  Fruit  sear- 
let,  3 — 4-seeded.  [This  species  is  said  to  be  sometimes  dioecious.  The 
A.  quinatum  differs  in  no  respect  from  the  above,  but  in  its  quinnate 
leaves.] — Purple,  striped.      U.    March — Aj-ril.     Rich  soils,     10 — 12  in. 

Dragon-root.    Wake-rohin.  Indian  Turnip.     A.  atro-rubens,  Blum. 

3.  A.  Virgin'icum,  (L.)  Leaves  oblong,  hastate,  entire,  glabrous,  10 
— 15  iiiclies  long;  petioles  long,  sheathing  at  the  base  ;  spathe  incurved. 
Spadix  about  as  long  as  the   spathe,     Fi'uit  many-seeded. — U-     April 

-May.     Marshy  soils.     Very  common.     12— 18  inches, 

Peltametra  Virginica,  Raf. 


ORDER    CXXXViri.— ARACE-E.  651 

4.  A.  Walte'ri,  (Ell.)  Leaves  sagittate,  triangular,  with  the  lobes 
divaricate,  acute,  probably  only  a  variety  of  the  pieceding. — If.  April 
— JMay.     In  swamps.     12 — 18  inches. 

The  root  of  tho  A.  triphyllum  is  possessed  of  decided  medicinal  properties,  which 
are  due  to  an  exceedingly  volatile  substance,  whicli  is  niostlv  dissii»alfd  bv  drying', 
and  wholly  by  boiling.  It  is  exceedingly  acrid,  producing  intc'nse  pain  in  the  tnouth 
by  biting  the  fresh  root.  It  is  not  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  or  ether,  as  it  coinmnni- 
cates  none  of  its  properties  to  these  tluids.  It  has  been  employed  with  nuich  benetit 
in  asthma,  chronic  coughs,  rlieumatism,  &c.  It  is  administered  by  gratinj;  tho  dried 
oot,  and  mixing  it  with  sugar,  in  a  dose  often  grains. 

Genus  IV.— A'CORUS.     L.  6—1. 
(From  a,  privative,  kore,  pupil  of  the  eye;  from  some  supposed  effect  on  the  eye.) 

Si^adix  cylindrical,  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  gluma- 
ceous,  6-leaved,  naked.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  sessile.  Capsule 
3-celled,  3-angied,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  cal'amus,  (L.)  Leaves  cnsiform,  ancipitous,  glabrous,  entire. 
Scape  3-angled,  concave  on  one  side,  with  the  summit  resembling  the 
leaves.  Flowers  on  a  cylindrical  spadix,  protruding  from  the  side  of 
the  ensiform  scape.  Stigma  obtuse. — Pale  yellow.  1(.  April.  Wet 
place?.     2 — 3  feet.  SioceL-jlag. 

The  dried  root  of  this  plant  is  known  in  shops  under  the  name  of  Oilomu^.  It  is 
a  stimulant,  tonic,  an(i  aromatic.  It  is  prescribed  in  the  regular  practice  as  aiil  to  ca- 
thartic medicines,  and  in  cases  of  debidty  of  the  alimentary  canal.  It  was  anciently 
much  more  liighly  esteemed  than  at  the  present  day. 

Genus  V.— ORON'TIUM.     L.  G— 1. 
(The  Greek  name.) 

Spadix  cylindric,  crowded  with  flowei-s.  Perianth  6-Ieaved, 
naked.     Stigma  sessile,  \ery  small.     Fruit  1 -seeded. 

1.  O.  aquat'icum,  (L.)  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  radical,  entire,  gla- 
brous, somewhat  glaucous,  membran.ioeous  ;  s|)athe  siiort.  Spodiu-  long, 
green  at  the  base,  purple  in  the  middle,  white  at  the  summit.  J'eri- 
an/ft  small,  persistent.  F'damoits  short.  Fruit  globular,  (le.-hy. — Yel- 
low. -   11.     March — April.     In  marches.     Verv  comiin)n.     1 — 2  fi<  t 

Unld'Hclub. 

Genus  VI.— CALA'DIUM.     Vent.  19—12. 
(Meaning  not  known.) 

Floioers  inoncecious.  Sterile  florets:  perianth  none.  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Anthers  peltate,  collected  in  a  spike  at  tlie 
summit  of  the  spadix.  Fertile  florets  at  the  base  of  the  spadix. 
Perianth  none.     Stigma  sessile.     Fruit  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  GLAU'cuM,  (Ell.)  Leaves  hastate,  cordate,  acuminnto.  entire, 
glaucous;  lobes  long;  scape  about  the  length  of  the  petioles;  sputhe 
cucuUate,  dilated  at  the  summit.  Spadix  longer  than  the  tube,  with 
the  sterile  florets  extending  to  the  summit.  Fruit  red,  many-seeded. 
—White.     May— June.     Wet  soils.     12—15  inches. 


552  ORDER    CXXXIX. NAIADACEJi:. 

Genus  VII.— LEM'NA.     L.  19—2. 
(From  lemina,  a  liusk.) 

Flowers  monoecious,  with  tlie  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  col- 
lateral.     Stamens  2.      Capsule  1 -ceiled,  1 — 5-seeded. 

1.  L.  mi'nor,  (L.)  a  small  floating  plant.  Leaves  elliptic,  flat,  bear- 
ing flowers  in  clefts,  on  the  margins  of  the  leaves  or  fronds.  Root  sol- 
itary. Plants  increasing  by  gommaB. — 0.  July — Aug.  In  stagnant 
waters. 

2.  L.  poLYRHi'zA,  (L.)  Leaves  elliptic,  flat,  cohering  at  the  base, 
compressed,  succulent,  of  a  firm  texture.  Root  a  bundle  of  8 — 10  sim- 
ple fibers,  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf. — @.  June — July.  In  stagnant 
waters,  rare.  Spirodela  polyrhiza,  Sch." 

Genus  VIIL— PIS'TIA.     L.  5—8. 
(Ftova.  pistos,  to  drink,  from  its  loving  water.) 

Perianth  tubular,  cucullate ;  spathe  strap-shaped.  •  Stamens 
3 — 8.      Caj^sule  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  spathula'ta,  (Mich.)  A  floating  plant.  Leaves  all  radical,  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  petiole,  dilated,  round  and  obtuse  toward  the 
summit.  Flowers  solitary,  sub-sessile. — White.  @.  May — Aug.  In 
stagnant  waters. 

Order  CXXXIX.— NAIADA'CE^  or  POTA'ME^. 

(^Pond-weed  Family.) 

Flowers  moncecious  or  perfect.  Perianth  2  or  4-parted,  or 
none.  Stamens  hypogynous,  definite.  Ovaiy  superior,  with  a 
solitary  ovule.  Stigma  simple.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-celled, 
1 -seeded,  dry.  Seed  pendulous,  anatropous.  Aquatic  plants, 
with  cellular  leaves. 

Genus  I— ZOS'TERA.    L.  21—1. 
(From  zoster,  a  girdle.) 

i^/o^i'frs  monoecious.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  a.nd  jnstils 
separated,  in  two  rows,  upon  one  side  of  the  spadix.  Spathe 
foliaceous.  Anthers  sessile,  alternating  with  the  ovaries.  Drupe 
1 -seeded. 

1.  Z.  mari'na,  (L.)  Stem  flexuous,  terete,  somewhat  jointed.  Leaves 
long,  linear,  entire,  somewhat  3-nerved.  Anther  slightly  curved.  Style 
short.     Capsule  membranaceous. — If.     August.     Salt-waters. 

Grass-wrack. 

Genus  II.— CAULIN'IA.     D.  C.  19— 1.     {Najos.) 
(In  honor  of  F.  Cavolini,  a  botanist  of  Naples.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Perianth  none.  Anther  1,  sessile. 
Style  filiform.     Stigma  2-cleft.     Capsule  1 -seeded. 


ORDER    CXL. RLSTIACE.E.  O^-) 

1.  C.  FLEx'iLis,  (WilUl.)  Stem  slondcr,  p^labrous,  flubmersed,  branch- 
ing. Leaves  verticillUe.  in  a  whorl,  linear,  denticulate  at  the  .-uiiiiuit. 
F/owfrs  solitary,  axillary,  sessile.— If.  May — July.  iStagiiant  waters. 
2—3  feet. 

Gknus  hi.— RUP  PIA.     L.  4—1. 

(In  honor  of  11.  B.  Euppius,  of  Gottingen.) 

Flowers  perfect,  on  a  spadix,  arising  from  the  base  of  the 
leaves.  Stamens  sessile.  Stigmas  4.  Ovaries  4.  Perianth 
none.     -Frwi7  pedicellate,  consisting  of  four  1-seeded  drupes. 

1.  R.  makiti'ma,  (L.)  Stem  floating,  glabrous.  Leaves  filiform,  with 
inflated  sheaths.  Peduncles  axillary,  somewhat  spiral,  bearing  2  naked 
green  flowers.     ^?i^A<?rs  4,  sessile.— If.     July.     Salt  marches. 

Genus  IV.— POTAMOGE'TOX.     L.  4—3. 
(From  potamos,  a  river,  and  geton,  near.) 

Floioers  perfect,  on  a  spadix  arising  from  the  spathe.  Peri- 
anth 4-leaved.  Anthers  4,  sessile,  alternating  with  the  leaves 
of  the  perianth.     iY^f  ^5  4,  1-seeded,  sessile. 

1.  P.  FLu'iTANS,  (L.)  Stem  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  floating,  on 
long  petioles,  sub-coriaceous,  oval-lanceolate  ;  the  lower  ones  narrow, 
sessile,  long.  Flowers  in  axillary  spikes,  almost  submersed. —  If.  May 
— June.     Stagnant  waters.     2 — 6  feet. 

2.  P.  heterophyl'lum,  (L.)  Stem  branching,  glabrous ;  upper  leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate,  5-nerved,  lower  ones  linear,  sessile.  Flowers 
crowded  on  the  spadix. —  If.     July — Aug.     Stagnant  waters. 

3.  P.  pauciflo'rum,  (Pursli.)  Stem  branching,  diffuse.  Leaves  linear, 
sessile  ;  the  upper  verticillate,  the  lower  alternate.  Spadix  1  from 
each  whorl  of  leaves,  bearing  4 — 10  flowers. —  If.  Through  the  sum- 
mer.    Shallow  water. 

4.  P.  Lu'cEXs,  (L.)  Stem  long,  branched.  Leaves  submersed,  ellij)tic 
and  elliptic-lanceolate,  large,  pellucid,  veined.  Spadix  cvlindric,  many- 
flowered.  Peduncle  thickened  above,  varying  in  length.  Fruit  com- 
pressed, obtusely  angled,  slightly  keeled. —  If.  July — Aug.  Carolina 
to  Canada. 

Order  CXL.— RESTIA'CE.E.     (Conl-rash  Familij.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Perianth  4-parted.  Sianiens  4 — C, 
attached  to  the  perianth.  OiKuy  2— 3-lobed,  '2— 3-celled,  with 
a  solitary,  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  capsular.  Her- 
baceous plants,  with  stems  naked,  or  bearing  leaves.  Flowers 
in  terminal  heads,  separated  by  bracts. 

Genus  I.— ERIOCAU'LON.     L.  8—3. 
(From  erion,  wool,  and  cauion,  a  stem.) 

Floivers  monoecious;  sterile  florets  occupying  tlic  center  of 
the  capitulum.     Stamens  4—6.     Perianth   4-parted,  the  2  in- 

2  1 


554  OKDEK  CXLI. CYPEKACEJ^. 

terior  segments  cohering.     Fertile  florets  in  the  circumference , 
perianth  4-partecl.     Style  1.     Stigmas  2  or  3. 

1.  E.  decangula're,  (L.)  Leaves  ligulate,  very  narrow,  glabrous,  10 
— 12  inches  long.  Scape  terete,  lO-furrowed,  glabrous,  sheathed  near 
the  base,  bearing  a  large  spherical  head.  Scales  of  the  involucre  oviite  ; 
those  of  the  disk  longer  than  the  flowers.  Ferianth  somewhat  fini- 
briate.— White,     n.     July— Aug.     Wet  soils.     2— 3  feet. 

2.  E.  gxaphaloi'des,  (Mich.)  Leaves  subulate,  ensiform,  glabrous,  8 — 
10  inches  long.  Scape  lOfurrowed,  sheathed  at  the  base.  Floicers  in 
a  compact  head.  Scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  silvery  white,  villous 
when  young. — V/hite.      2|.     May — Aug.     Damp  soils.     10 — 15  inches. 

8.  E.  viLLo'suM,  (Mich.)  Leaves  subulate,  hairy,  2 — 3  inches  long. 
Scapes  villous,  slender,  clustered.  Flowers  in  small,  globose  heads. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  colored,  ovate.  Perianth  very  dark-colored, 
with  the  summit  white. — If.     May — Sept.     Damp  soils.     10 — 12  in. 

Lachnocaulon  Michaiixn,  Rich. 

4,  E.  flavid'ulum,  (Mich.)  Leaven  subulate,  nerved,  1 — 2  inches 
long,  slightly  hairy.  Scape  7-furrowed,  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Floioers 
in  convex  heads.  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  round;  tliose  of  the 
disk  linear-lanceolate.  Capsule  didymous. — 11.  June — July.  Wet 
soils.     Mid.  Car.  and  Geo.     3 — 4  in.  Pachalanthusjlavidulii>i,  Ricii. 


GLUMA'CE^. 

Flowers  destitute  of  a  true  perianth,  the  floral  envelopes  con- 
sisting of  imbricated  bracts,  Avhich  are  alternate,  instead  of  ver- 
ticillate,  as  in  all  preceding  flowers. 

Order  CXLL— CYPERA'CE^.     {Sedge  Family) 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious,  consisting  of  imbricated,  soli- 
tary bracts.  Perianth  none,  unless  the  glumes,  when  present, 
be  so  considered.  Stamens  hypogynous,  definite,  1 — 12.  An- 
thers fixed  by  their  base.  Ovary  1 -seeded,  often  surrounded 
by  hypogynous  setse,  which  are  probably  a  rudimentary  peri- 
anth. Style  1,  divided.  Stems  usually  angular.  Sheaths  of 
the  leaves  entire. 


OKDER    CXLI. CVn  KACK.Ti.  555 


ANALYSIS. 

1.  Aclieniura  incloeed  in  a  sac  (pcrigynium) Carex,  14 

Aohcnium  not  inclosed  in  a  sac '. . .       2 

2.  Flowers  perfect 3 

Flowers  not  perfect Scleria.  i.j 

3.  Flowers  witli  hypo<.n,'nons  setae  (bristles) 4 

Flowers  without  liypogynous  seta; 9 

4.  Flowers  distichous  (2-rowed) Dulichiuin,  12 

Flowers  not  distichous  5 

5.  Seta;  capillary C 

Setffi  not  capillary Fuirena,    7 

6.  Seta;  consisting  of  numerous  hairs Eriophorum,    6 

Seta;  of  5— many  bristles 7 

7.  Spikelets  few-flowered  ;  style  bifid Rhyncofpora,  11 

Spikelets  usually  many-flowered 8 

8.  Plants  with  no  leaves Eleocharis,  4 

riants  with  leaves  iScirpu^,  5 

9.  Flowers  distichous 10 

Flowers  imbricate 12 

10.  Spikes  l~^3-flowered 11 

Spikes  more  tlian  3-flowered C'jperus,  1 

11.  Style  bifid K>/Uin<ji<i,  8 

Style  trifld Marinciis,  2 

12.  Stvle  trifid EleochariJi,  4 

Style  bifid 13 

13.  Stamen  1 Isoleph,  8 

Stamens  usually  more  than  1 14 

14.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  5  or  more DichroDiena,  10 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  2—5 Fimbristijlis,  9 


Tribe  L— CYPE'REJE. 
Flowers  perfect,  2 -ranked. 

Genus  I.— CYPE'RUS.     3— L 
(From  cypris,  a  name  of  Venus.) 

Spikelets  compressed.      Glumes  imbricate,  in   2   row.>^,  eacli 
nerally  inclosing  a  flower.     Setcc  none. 

§  1.   Sli/le  trifid  ;  acheniion  compressed. 

1.  C.  FLAVEs'cENS,  (L.)  Stem  nearly  terete,  shilling.  Leaves  lineai, 
sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base.  Umbels  coinj>()Un<l  ;  spikelets  crowil- 
ed,  lanceolate.     Stamens  Z. — U.     July — Oct.     Wet  soils.     8 — 12  in. 

2.  C.rivula'ris,  (Kunth.)  /S'/o/i  triangular,  glabrous.  Xrair*  shorter 
than  the  stem,  nearly  glabrous.  Umbels  of  3 — 4  rays ;  rays  unequal  ; 
involucre  3-leavecl,  exceeding  the  umbel  in  length.  Spikes  LH) — 'J5- 
flowered,  compressed,  broadly  linear;  scales  ovate,  obtuse;  stanieiis  *J. 
— Geoi-gia.     River  banks. 

3.  C.  HOLOscRi'cEUS.  Stcm  triangular,  smooth,  leafy  at  the  ha-e. 
Leaves  longer  than  the  culm,  membranaceous,  flat  ;  margins  (.eabiou-. 
Umbel  vihovit  10  rays;  rays  unequal ;  involucre  G-leaved,  long;  spikes 


ge 


556  ORDER   CXLI. CYPEEACEJE. 

linear-lanceolale,  compressed,  10 — 11-flowered.    Scales  keeled,  obovate. 
Stamens  2. — Georgia. 

4.  C.  FLAVic'oMis,  (Mich.)  Stem  obtusely  angled.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  slightly  serrulate  near  the  summit.  Umbels  compound  ; 
involucre  long  ;  spikes  expanding,  10 — 12-flowered. — U-  May — Sept. 
Rich  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

§  2.  Sti/le  trijid  ;  achenium  triangular. 

(1.)  Spikes  onany-Jlowered,  compressed ;  stamen  I. 

5  C.  vege'tus,  (Willd.)  Stem  slender,  nearly  terete.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  channeled,  finely  serrulate  near  the  summit.  Flowers  in 
compound  umbels;  spikelets  in  globose  heads;  involucre  4-leaved. 
Glumes  ovate. — It.     June — Sept.     Ponds  and  ditches.     2 — 3  feet. 

6.  C.  vi'rexs,  (Mich.)  Stem  triquetrous.  Leaves  lineai--laneeolate, 
2 — 3  feet  long.  Uinbels  compound  ;  spikelets  in  compact  heads,  many- 
flowered  ;  involucre  long,  i^/oit'crs  monandrous. —  IX-  May — October. 
Rich  swamps.     Common. 

(2.)    Spikes  many-fowered,  compressed  ;  stamens  B. 

7.  C.  coMPREs'sus,  (L.)  Stem  triquetrous,  naked.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate.  Flowers  in  compound  umbels  ;  spikelets  many-flowered, 
nearly  capitate.  Glumes  acuminate,  with  white  margins. —  If.  Aug. 
— Sept.     Sandy  pastures.     3 — 8  inches. 

8.  C.  autumna'lis.  (Vahl.)  (C.  harpan,  L. ;  C.  gracilis,  Muhl.)  Stem 
nearly  terete.  Spikes  slender,  terminal,  digitate,  usually  by  threes  ; 
involucre  2-leaved,  as  long  as  the  umbel.  Glumes  purple. —  If.  July 
— Aug.     On  margins  of  ponds. 

9.  C.  articula'tus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  jointed,  clothed  at  the  base  with 
3  sheath-like  leaves.  Flowers  in  compound  umbels  ;  spikelets  many- 
flowered.  Glumes  dotted  with  red  ;  two  or  three  of  the  lowest  sterile. 
—  If.     June — Aug.     Wet  places.     3 — 6  feet. 

10.  C.  hy'dra,  (Mich.)  {C.  rotundus,  L.)  Stem  obtusely  angled. 
Leaves  radical,  recurved.  U)nhels  simple  and  compound ;  spikelets 
linear;  involucre  2 — 3-leaved. — If.  Througli  the  summer.  Sea-coast. 
3 — 8  inches. 

11.  C.  re'pexs,  (Ell.)  {O.  phyma.todes,^l\\\\\.)  Stem  3-angled,  with 
the  sides  concave.  Leaves  glabrous,  recurved.  Umbels  usually  simple; 
involucre  3 — 4-leaved  ;  spikes  crowded. —  If.  July — Sept.  In  fields. 
12—18  inches. 

(3.)  Spikes  few-jlowered. 

12.  C.  briz.e'us.  Culm  triangular,  leafy  at  the  base.  L^eaves  longer 
than  the  culm,  rigid.  Umbel  compound,  crowded;  involucre  3-leaved, 
long;  spikes  12 — 14-flowered,  compressed  ;  scales  elliptic,  short,  mucro- 
nate,  concave,  9 — 10-nerved,  purple. — Geo.  and  Car.  Grows  in  swamps. 

13.  C.  STRiGo'sus,  (L.)  Stem  3-angled.  Leaves  long,  minutely  ser- 
rate. Spikes  oblong ;  spikelets  subulate ;  involucre  longer  than  the 
umbel. — If.     Aug. — Oct.     Wet  places.     2 — 3  fett. 


ORDER   CXLT. — CVrEUACE.E.  T.."! 

14.  C.  sPECio'sus,  (Vahl.)  Stem  erect,  angled.  Leaves  channeled, 
serrulate.  Spikes  in  corymbs;  spikelets  subulate,  G — S-floweri'd,  dis- 
tichous. Involucre  many-leaved,  loni^  ;  involucels  longer  than  tin;  par- 
tial umbels  ;  common  peduncles  sheathed  at  the  base. — If.  Aug. — 
Oct.     Wet  places.     2—4  feet. 

15.  C.  filicul'jiis,  (Yahl.)  {C.  7Jia,riscoiJcs,'E\\.)  ^S^rm  erect,  glabrou?, 
naked.  Leaves  channeled,  serrulate.  Spikes  in  globose  heads,  termi- 
nal;  involucre  8-leaved,  long.  6-7i«ncs compressed. — If.  June — ^^ept. 
Sandy  soils.     1  foot. 

16.  C.  po.efor'mis,  (Pursh.)  Stem  triquetrous,  glabrous  Leaves 
linear,  glabrous.  Spikes  fascicled,  flattened  ;  involucre  3  leaved,  2  of 
them  long.  G^/itmcs  ovate,  yellowish. —  If.  July — Aug.  Sandy  fields. 
6 — 8  inches. 

1*7.  C.  fascicula'tus,  (Ell.)  Stem  triquetrous.  Leaves  setaceous,  1 
or  2.  >Si/>« Ares  many-flowered,  in  terminal  fascicles;  involucre  2-leaved, 
linear.  Glumes  with  the  keel  green. —  If.  June — Aug.  Middle  Geo. 
6 — 8  inches. 

18.  C.  tetrago'nus,  (Ell.)  Stem  naked,  angled.  Leaves  channeleil, 
serrulate.      £//n6e/s  many -rayed.     Spikes  B — 5-flowered. — If.     2 — 3  ft. 

19.  C.  En.sle'nii,  (Pursh.)  Stem  3-angled.  Leaves  linear,  scabrous 
along  the  midrib  and  margins.  Spikes  corymbose,  branching  at  the 
base  ;  spikelets  numerous,  linear,  crowded,  brown;  involucre  8-leaved, 
exterior  one  longest. — 2f.     August — Sept.      In  wet  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  II.— MARIS'CUS.     Vahl.  3—1. 
(From  the  Celtic  mar,  a  marsh.) 

Flowers  in  spikes,  clustered  in  heads.  Spikes  1 — 8-flowered. 
Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Seeds  and  stem  tri(iuetrous.  Seed 
naked. 

1.  M.  ovula'ris,  (Vahl.)  {M.  echinatus,  Ell.)  Stem  glabrous,  obtuse- 
ly 3-angled.  Leaves  linear,  channeled,  glabrous.  Spikes  6 — 8-flowerod, 
linear-lanceolate,  in  globose  heads  ;  flowers  in  2  rows.  Stamens  usu- 
ally 5. — June  to  Oct.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  M.  retrofrac'tus,  (Vahl.)  Stein  naked,  pubescent,  obtusely  3- 
angled.  Leaves  pubescent,  linear.  Spikes  1 — 3-flowered,  reflexotl,  col- 
lected into  an  obovate  head.  Seed  ohlong,  destitute  of  bristles.— June 
— Aug.     Cultivated  lands.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  M.  cylin'dricus,  (Ell.)  Stein  naked,  pubescent,  obtusely  3-angled. 
Leaves  linear,  channeled,  glabrous.  Spikes  2 — 1-tlowered,  crowded, 
compressed.  Glumes  keeled,  acute.  Seed  acute,  without  bristles. — 
June — Aug.     Common  about  cultivated  fields.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  III.— KYLLIN'GIA.     Kottb.  3—1. 
(In  honor  of  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist) 

Flowers  distinct,  arranged  in  a  roundish  spike,  inihncate 
Glumes  2,  1-flovveretl.     Palece  2,  longer  than  the  glumes. 

1.  K.  monoceph'ala,  (L.)  Stem  filiform,  3-angled.  Ltaves  linear 
heads  single,  inclining  to  one  side  ;  involucre  generally  3-leaved,  one  of 
the  leaves  erect. — If.     October.     Lower  Geo.     2 — 12  inches. 


558  OKDEE  CXLI. CYPEEACE^. 

2.  K.  pu'mila,  (Mich.)  Stern  erect,  triquetrous,  glabrous.  Leaves 
subulate,  expanding  ;  involucre  usually  3-leaved,  unequal.  Flower><  in 
a  terminal,  nearly  globose  head.  Glumes  none.  Pateoe  2,  compressed. 
Flowers  diandrous. —  If.  August — Dec.  Damp  soils.  Very  common. 
3 — 6  inches. 

3.  K.  macula'ta,  (Mich.)  {Lipocarpha  maculata,  Kunth.)  Stem  tri- 
][uetrous,  glabrous.  Leaves  subulate.  Floivers  usually  in  3  heads. 
Glume  1,  lanceolate,  cuneate.  Palece  2,  unequal,  the  exterior  one  short- 
est.    Flowers  monandrous. —  li.     August — Oct.     3 — 5  inches. 

Tribe  IL— SCIRTE^. 

Flowers  perfect.  Spikes  many-flowered.  Perianth  of  bris- 
tles, hairs  or  none. 

Genus  IV.— ELEOCH'ARIS.     Br.  3—1. 
(From  7t£los,  a  marsh,  and  cJiairo,  to  delight) 

Spikes  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricate,  some  of  the  lowest 
not  flower-bearing.  Cahjx  usually  6  bristles.  Stamens  3. 
Style  trifid,  dilated  at  the  base.  Culm  sheathed,  leafless,  1- 
spiked. 

1.  E.  acicula'ris.  (Scirpus  trichodes,  Ell.)  Stem  setaceous,  glabrous. 
Spikes  ovate-lanceolate.  Glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  white.  Seed 
3-angled,  ribbed. — ^.     June — July.     Low  country.     6 — 8  inches. 

2.  E.  sim'plex,  (Dietr.)  (Scirpus  simplex,  Ell.)  Stejn  erect,  glabrous, 
with  a  sheath  at  the  base.  Spike  ovate.  Glumes  obtuse,  nearly  white. 
—  If.     Through  the  summer.     Wet  places,     8 — 13  inches. 

3.  E.  tor'tilis,  (Sehult.)  Cidm  cespitose,  filiform,  triangular ;  in  dry- 
ing, twists  spirally.  Scales  ovate,  obtuse,  1 -nerved  ;  keel  green.  Setce 
6. — Geo.  and  Car. 

4.  E.  TUBERcuLo'sA,  (Br.)  (Scirpus  tuhercidosa,  Mich.)  Stem  erect, 
columnar,  sheathed  at  the  base.  Spike  ovate-lanceolate.  Glumes  ob- 
tuse, with  scarious  margins.  Stamens  2.  /See(/ striate,  with  a  sagittate 
tubercle,     ^ns^/es  plumose. —  2f.    July — Aug.     Wet  soils.     10 — 12  in. 

5.  E.  filifor'mis,  (Kunth.)  (Scirpus  filiforjnis.  Lam.)  Stem  filiform, 
terete.  Spike  cylindrical,  oblong,  obtuse.  Glumes  nearly  round, — July 
— Aug,     Wet  places. 

6.  E.  vrvifARA,  (Link.)  Culm  cespitose,  filiform,  sheathing  at  the 
base.  Spikes  solitary,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered,  often  vi- 
viparous ;  scales  elliptic-ovate.  Stamens  3.  Setce  5,  white. — On  the 
margins  of  lakes.     Carolina  and  Georgia, 

1.  E.  palus'tris,  (Brown.)  (Scirpus  palustris,  L.)  Stem  glabrous, 
striate,  lucid,  with  2 — 3  sheaths  at  the  base.  Spike  oblong-lanceolate. 
Glume  obtuse,  with  the  midrib  green. — If.  April — May.  Marshes. 
1—2  feet. 

8.  E.  capita'ta,  (Brown.)  (Scirpus  eapitatus,  Willd.)  Stem,  erect, 
glabrous,  inflated,  with  a  short  sheath  at  the  base.  Spike  ovate.  Glumes 
coriaceous,  nearly  round.  Bristles  6. —  U-  Through  the  summti. 
Damp  soils.     10 — 18  inches. 


OKDKIi    CXLI. CYl'EKACKJi:.  550 

9.  E.  genicula'ta,  (Brown.)  Culm  terete.  Spikea  solitary,  cylindri- 
cal; scales  convex,  obovate-spatulatc,  obtuse.  Sctcel. — Carolina  and 
northward.     Sea-i-hore. 

10.  E.  quadrangula'ta,  (Brown.)  {Scirpzis  quadraiafnlatus,  Midi.) 
Stem  quadrangular,  glabrous,  with  the  sides  unequal,  s'heathed  at  the 
"base.  Spike  cylindrical.  Glumes  nearly  orbicular,  with  ferruginous 
margins,  i^r/i-^/cs  3,  setaceous. —  If.    April— May.  In  swamps.    1 — 2  ft 

Genus  V.— SCIR'PUS.     Beau.  'i—l. 
(From  the  Celtic  cirs,  rushes.) 

Glumes  imbricating-  tlie  spike  on  all  sides,  one  or  two  of  tho 
outer  ones  occasionally  without  flowers.  Palece  none  ;  spikes 
having  involucral  leaves.  Seed  1,  with  bristles  at  its  base. 
Sheaths  usually  leaf-bearing. 

1.  S.  pusil'lus,  (Vahl.)  (5.  capillaceus,  Mich.)  Slem  erect  and  pro- 
cumbent, slightly  furrowed,  with  a  sheath  surrounding  its  base.  Leaves 
none.  Glumes  acute.  Seed  compressed,  obovate,  with  6  bristles  at  the 
base. — 0.     March — June.     1 — 3  inches. 

2.  S.  deb'ilis,  (Muhl.)  Ste77i  erect,  triangular,  glabrous,  sheathed  at 
the  base.  Spikes  3,  ovate  ;  involucre  long,  erect.  Glumes  mucronate, 
ovate,  membranaceous. —  2^.  Aug. — Sept.  Upper  districts  Carolina 
and  Georgia.     12 — 18  inches. 

3.  S.  pun'gens,  (Vahl.)  (S.  Amcricanus,  Pers.)  Stem  erect,  trian- 
gular, glabrous,  sheathed  at  the  base.  Spikes  6 — 8,  ovate,  sessile. 
Glumes  ferruginous,  ovate.  Bristles  pilose. — IC.  Through  tiie  sum- 
mer.    Very  common.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  S.  lacus'tris,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  stout,  glabrous,  striate.  Spikes  nu- 
merous, forming  an  umbel ;  involucre  2-leaved,  unequal.  Glumes  lan- 
ceolate, ciliate.     Bristles  6,  retrorsely  aculeate. 

5.  S.  marit'imu.s,  (L.)  Stem  erects  3-angled.  Leaves  very  long,  gla- 
brous, chiumeled.  Spikes  arranged  in  a  leafy  panicle ;  some  sessile, 
others  pedunculate,  large  and  ovate.  Ghones  nuicroiiate,  toothed  at 
the  summit,  with  the  midrib  extending  into  an  awn. — 2^.  May — June. 
In  salt-water  marshes.     3 — 4  feet. 

6.  S.  ERiopii'oRUM,  (Mich.)  (Trichophorum  ct/periuvi,  Per.-j.)  Culm 
obtusely  triangular,  leafy  ;  panicle  dec<)mj)Osecl,  proliferous,  noilding. 
JjCaves  1 — 2  feet,  linear;  sheaths  very  long,  margin  brown.  Bristles 
6,  exserted  when  the  fruit  is  ripe. — Borders  of  swamps  and  mea-low.^ 
4 — 5  feet, 

'7.  S.  exalta'tus,  (Pursh.)  {Scirpus  polijp/n/llus,  Vahl.)  Stem  ob- 
tusely 3-apgled.  Leaves  long,  glabrous,  tinely  si-irulate.  Sjiikes  ovate, 
cluster(;>i,  in  a  compound  umbel.  Involucre  manydeavcd,  long«r  than 
the  umbi'l  ;  invulucel  short. 

Var.  S.  vivip'auus.  Stem  tall,  somewhat  climbing.  Umbels  vivipa- 
rous, biaring  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  brant-he.-^. —  U-  J"'.^ — /\ugu.-*f. 
In  shady  woods.     2 — 10  feet. 

8.  S.  linb:a'tus,  (Mich.)  Slem  triangular,  leafy,  glabrous.  Loirrs 
lanceolate,  channeled,  finely  serrulate.  Spikes  ovate,  in  axilbiry  um- 
bels. Glumes  ferruginous,  with  the  nudrib  green.— l^.  June— Aug. 
Pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet. 


560  ORDER  CXLT. CYPERACE^. 

9.  S.  equisetoi'des,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous,  jointed, 
sheathed  at  the  base.  Spikes  cylindrical.  Glumes  obtuse,  tinged  with 
purple. —  y.     June — July.     Damp  soils.     18 — 24  inches. 

Genus  YI.— ERIOPH'ORUM.     L.  8—1. 
(From  erion,  -v\-ool,  and  phoreo,  to  bear.) 

Glumes  chaffy,  imbricate  in  all  directions.  Palece  none. 
Seed  surrounded  by  a  long,  dense  wool. 

1.  E.  ViRGix'icuM,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  terete.  Leaves  linear, 
keeled,  with  the  margins  scabrous.  Spikes  clustered,  in  a  globose  head. 
Involucre  longer  than  the  head,  3-leaved,  unequal  Floicers  diandrous. 
11.     Aug. — Sept.     In  wet  places.     3 — 4  feet. 

Genus  VII.— FUIRE'NA.     Eottbl. 
(In  honor  of  Fuiren,  a  Dutch  botanist.) 

Glumes  arranged  in  a  spike,  on  all  sides,  awned.  Spikes 
many-flowered,  axillary  and  terminal.  Palece  3,  petaloid,  awn- 
ed, cordate,  unguiculate.     Stamens  3. 

1.  F.  scirpoi'dea,  ( Val)l.)  Stetn  erect,  slender,  terete,  smooth,  sheath- 
ed. Floioers  in  a  terminal  ovate  head.  Glumes  pubescent,  with  a  short 
awn.  Palece  oval  or  lanceolate,  sometimes  unawned. —  If.  July — Aug. 
Damp  soils.     12 — 15  inches. 

2.  F.  sQUARRo'sA,  (Mich.)  Ston  erect,  hairy  at  the  summit.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  S-nerved,  ciliate.  Flowers  in  ovate  heads,  clustered.  Glumes 
oval,  with  long  awns,  expanding.  Palea  cordate,  or  rounded  at  the 
base. —  li.     Aug. — Sept.     Bogs.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  F.  His'piDA,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect  and  decumbent,  smooth  below. 
Leaves  narrow,  tapering,  4 — 8  inches  long,  many-nerved,  hispid  on  the 
lower  surface.  Scales  of  the  spikes  oval,  outer  ones  hispid,  the  innei 
ones  finely  pubescent ;  awn  long.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  3. — Around 
ponds.     Middle  Georgia. 

Genus  VIIL— ISOLE'PIS.     R.  Br.  3—1. 
(From  isos,  equal,  and  lepis,  a  scale;  scales  regular.) 

Spikes  many,  rarely  few-flowered.  Scales  imbricate ;  all 
flower-bearing.     Stamens  1 — 3  ;  achenium  triangular. 

1.  I.  micran'tha,  (Roem.)  {Scirpus  minimus,  Pursh.)  Culm  seta- 
ceous, filiform,  terete,  1-leaved,  smooth.  Leaf  short,  setaceous  or  cap- 
illary. Spikes  sessile,  ovate,  acute  ;  involucre  2-leaved  ;  scales  obo- 
vate,  acuminate.  Stamen  1.  Style  divided  ;  setae  none. — Wet  sandy 
fields,     Virginia  to  Georgia. 

2.  I.  stenophyu'la,  (Kunth.)  {Scirpus  stenopliyltus,  Ell.)  Stem  fili- 
form, obtusely  3-angled,  erect  and  procumbent.  Leaves  setaceous,  with 
the  throat  of  the  sheath  hairy.  Spikes  clustered,  sessile;  involucre  4- 
leaved,  with  the  leaves  unequal.  Flowers  raonandrous. — @.  July — • 
Sept.     Dry  soils.     3 — 4  inches. 


ORDKR  cxLi. — cyperack.t:.  501 

3.  I.  CAriLLA'Ris,  (Roem.)  {Scirpus  dliatifolins,  Kll.)  Stan  slender, 
striate.  Leaves  linear,  channelcLl,  ciliate.  'Spikex  ovato,  in  compound 
umbels,  with  a  short  involucre.  Glumes  laiu-cohito. — ©•  Sept.— Oct 
Damp  soils.     6 — 8  inches. 

4.  I.  divakica'ta,  (Dietr.)  {Scirptis  divaricatus,  Ell.)  Stem  t-root, 
obtusely  3-an<^led,  glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  with  finely  serrulate  jnargins, 
glabrous.  ^/yiA:<?.s  oval,  pendulous,  in  compound  umbels.  Glumes  ovate, 
margins  white,  midrib  green. —  2^.    May — June.    Tine-barrens.    2— 4  ft. 

Genus  IX.— FIMBRIS'TYLIS.     Vahl. 
(From  Jimhria,  a  fringe,  and  stylus,  a  style.) 

Spikes  usually  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricate.  Perianth 
none.  Stamens  1 — 3.  Sti/les  2 — 3-cleft,  with  a  bulb-like  base; 
achenium  lenticular  or  triangular. 

1.  F.  autumna'lis,  (Roem.)  (Scirpus  autumnalls,  Pursh.)  Stem 
erect,  compressed.  Leaves  linear,  flat ;  sheath  bearded  at  the  throat. 
Spikes  lanceolate,  in  compound  umbels.  Glumes  lanceolate. — O- 
Aug. — Oct.     Damp  soils.     Very  common.     8 — 12  inches. 

2.  F.  lax'a,  (Vahl.)  {Scirpus  sulcatus.  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous, 
terete.  Leaves  glabrous,  serrulate.  Spikes  ovate-lanceolate,  in  com- 
pound umbels ;  involucre  subulate,  small.  Glumes  membranaceous. — 
Aug. — Sept.     Damp  soils.     12 — 15  inches. 

3.  F.  casta'xea,  (Vahl.)  {Scirpus  castaneus,  Mich.)  Stem  erect,  stri- 
ate. Leaves  narrow,  erect,  rigid.  Spikes  ovate,  in  a  terminal  compound 
umbel;  involucre  2-leaved.     Glumes  nearly  round. — Q.    June— July. 

Low  country. 

4.  F.  sPADi'cEA,  (Vahl.)  {Scirpus  spadiccus,  L.)  Stnus  forming  a 
thick  tuft.  Leaves  long,  narrow,  arranged  in  two  rows.  Spikes  in  com- 
pound umbels,  with  the  sessile  one  in  the  division  of  the  stem  ;  involu- 
cre subulate.  Glumes  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous. — June  to  Oct.  On  the 
sea-coast.     2 — 3  feet. 

5.  F.  coarcta'ta,  (Sehw.)  {Scirpus  conrctatus,  Ell.)  Strm  filiform, 
generally  declining.  Leaves  glabrous,  with  tiie  throat  of  the  sheath 
bearded.  Spikes  in  a  compound  umbel ;  involucre  many-leaved,  si-ta- 
ceous,  one  of  the  leaves  longer  than  the  rest.  Glumes  ferruginou.-*,  cil- 
iate.— ®.     Sept. — Oct.     Dry  soils.     10 — 12  inches. 

6.  F.  ferrugine'a,  (Vahl.)  {Scirpus  fcrrufjineus,  L.)  Stan  erect, 
compressed,  with  the  angles  at  the  summit  scabrou.'^.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
with  cartilaginous  margins  ;  throat  of  the  sheath  ciliate.  Spikes  in  com- 
pound umbels,  with  the  sessile  one  in  the  division  of  the  .'*tem  ;  involu- 
cre ciliate.  Glumes  coriaceous,  ferruginous,  pubescent  and  ciliate. — If. 
June — Oct.     In  moist  places.     1 — 3  feet. 

Tribe  III.— RHYNCOSPO'RE^E. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Spikes  many  and  f<'W  flow 
ered.  Scales  distichous'  or  imbricate,  lower  one  em]»ty.  Sta- 
mens 3 — 6. 

21* 


562  ORDER   CXLI. CYPERACE^. 

Genus  X.— DICHRO'MENA.     Vahl.  3—2. 
(From  dis,  two,  and  chroma,  color,  alluding  to  the  wliite  and  gi-een  of  the  flowers.) 

Glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides  ;  the  lower  ones  without  flow- 
ers.    Palece  none.      Seed  naked. 

1.  D.  leucoceph'ala,  (Mich.)  Stotn  erect,  triangular,  naked.  Leaves 
linear,  glabrous,  concave.  Flowers  in  compound  heads  ;  involucre  6- 
leaved,  white  at  the  base,  the  three  exterior  ones  longest.  Glumes 
membranaceous,  lanceolate,  white. —  If.  July — Oct.  Damp  soils.  10 
— 12  inches. 

2.  T>.  latifo'lia,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  leafy  at  the  base,  te- 
rete. Leaves  usually  longer  than  the  stem,  concave,  with  long  sheaths. 
Flowers  in  compressed  heads,  compound ;  involucre  about  10-leaved,  the 
exterior  ones  longest,  tapering  toward  the  summit,  white.  Glumes 
ovate,  white. — U.     May — June.     On  the  margins  of  ponds.    10 — 18  in 

Genus  XL— RHYNCOS'PORA.     Vahl. 
(From  rhyncos,  a  beak,  and  spora,  a  seed.) 

Glumes  collected  into  a  spike  ;  inferior  ones  without  flowers. 
Palece  none.  Seed  1,  crowned  with  a  persistent  style,  surround- 
ed by  bristles. 

1.  R.  longiros'tris,  (Ell.)  Stem  triangular,  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves 
lineardauceolate,  channeled,  glabrous.  Floivers  in  cor^'mbose  panicles, 
axillary  and  terminal.  Glumes  usually  6,  with  the  flowers  between  the 
fifth  and  sixth  glumes.  Seed  compressed,  terminated  by  a  long  per- 
sistent style.— 2^.     July— Oct.     Wet  places.     3— 6  feet. 

2.  R.  al'ba,  (Lind.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  3-angled  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  linear,  channeled,  glabrous.  Spikes  in  corymbose  clusters,  ax- 
illary and  terminal.  Glumes  nearly  white.  Seed  tuberculate,  surround- 
ed by  10  bristles. — @.     May — June.     Common.     10 — 12  inches. 

3.  R.  cilia'ta,  (Vahl.)  {R.  punctata,  Ell.)  Ste7n  triangular,  slender. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  scabrous  margins.  Flowers  in  lateral  and 
terminal  fascicles,  clustered  at  the  summit.  Glumes  mucronate.  Seed 
compressed. —  7i.     July — Aug.     Damp  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  R.  glomera'ta,  (Vahl.)  {R.  capitellata,  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  trian- 
gular. Flowers  in  spherical,  axillary  heads.  Leaves  setaceous,  shorter 
than  the  stem.  Seed  compressed,  surrounded  by  scabrous  bristles. — 
11.    May— Sept.     "Wet  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

5.  R.  dis'tans,  (Vahl.)  {R.  cyniosa,  Ell.)  Stem  terete,  erect.  Leaves 
linear,  glabrous,  concave.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  panicles. 
Glumes  usually  6,  with  the  outer  ones  ferruginous,  the  inner  one  white, 
2-flowered.  Seed  compressed,  oval.  Bristles  6. — li.  Through  the 
summer.     Bogs  and  ditches.      1—3  feet. 

6.  R.  plumo'sa,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  3-angled,  slender.  Leaves 
linear,  with  scabrous  margins.  Flowers  terminal,  crowded.  Glumes 
ovate,  awned.  Seed  rugose,  with  6  plumose  bristles. —  If.  June — 
Aug.     Pine-barrens.     8 — 12  inches. 

1.  R.  ixexpan'sa,  (Vahl.)  Stem  somewhat  triangular,  generally  in- 
clined.    Leaves  linear,  channeled.      Floivers  in   axillary  and  terminal 


ORDER    CXLI, CYrKRAC.K.i:.  5G3 

panicles,  pendulous.     Seed  compressed,  sui-roundod  l)y  efabmus  bristles. 

—  If.     Through  the  summer.     Wet  soils.     1 — 2  ft-et. 

8.  R.  seta'cea,  (Viihl.)  {R.  rarlfora,  Kll.)  Slan  leafy,  setaceoug. 
Leaves  glabrous,  setaceous.  Flowers  in  lateral  and  ternnnal  panicles. 
Glumes  5 — 7  ;  the  exterior  ones  smallest,  the  two  interior  resembling 
paleffi.  Bristles  3 — 4. — y.  April — May.  In  bogs.  Common.  10 — 
12  inches. 

9.  R.  spar'sa,  (Vahl.)  Stem  triangular,  erect.  Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, glabrous,  serrulate.  l<V,oiccrs  in  diffuse  axillary  panicles.  Seed 
rough,  surrounded  by  bristles. — 2f .     Wet  soils.     May — Aug.     1 — 2  ft. 

10.  R.  CADu'cA,  (Ell.)  Stem  triangular,  erect.  Leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, glabrous,  serrulate.  Flowers  in  axillary  panicles ;  spikelets  ses- 
sile. aSVco?  rough,  surrounded  by  bristles. —  If.  July — August.  Damp 
soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

11.  R.  Elliott'ii,  (Dietr.)  (Scirpus  sckoenoides,  Ell)  Stem  triangu- 
lar, glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  short.  Spikes  ovate-lanceolate,  clustered, 
numerous,  arranged  in  a  comj^ound  jianicle.   Glumes  ovate,  ferruginousi 

—  If.     July — Aug.     In  low  country.     2 — 3  feet. 

Genus  XII.— DULICH'lUM.     Pers.  3—1. 
(The  name  of  an  island.) 

Spikes  somewhat  racemose,  axillary  ;  spikelets  linear-lanceo- 
late, compressed.  Glumes  distichous,  sheathing.  Style  very 
long,  2-cIeft.     Nat  with  bristles  at  tiie  base. 

1.  D.  spatha'ceum,  (Rich.)  Stem  striate,  columnar,  terete  at  the 
base,  triangular  above.  I^eaves  linear-lanceolate,  pointitig  in  3  direc- 
tions; spikelets  spreading,  6 — 7-flowered,  forming  axillary  racemes. 
Peduncles  as  long  as  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves. 

Tribe  IV.— SCLERIN'E.E. 

Spikes  monoecious;  fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  sUiminate 
several-flowered  ;  achenia  nut-hke,  globular. 

Genus  XIIL— SCLE'RIA.     19—3. 
(From  sklej'os,  hard ;  the  fruit  is  hard.) 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  florets;  glumes  2 — 6,  maiiy- 
•iowered ;  palea3  unawned.  Fertile  florets;  glumes  2 — G,  1- 
flowered  ;  palese  none.     Stigmas  1 — 3.      Seed  sul>-g!obose. 

1.  S.  pauoiflo'ra,  (Muhl.)  {S.  oU^jautha,  Mich.)  Stem  slender,  3-nn- 
gled,  glabrous,  sliglitly  pubt;seent  at  the  Minimit.  Leaves  linear,  slight- 
ly pubescent  at  the  base,  scabrous  <in  the  upper  surface.  Fluxcrn  in  faj»« 
cicles  or  spikes,  2 — 3,  sessile  near  the  sununit,  one  on  a  long  jHiduncle. 
Fertile  florets  at  the  summit;  sterile  at  tiio  base.  Seed  white,  .-tin'oflL 
— U.     May — June.     Pine-barrens.     12 — 18  inches. 

Var.  Stem  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  sca- 
brous along  the  margin.  Spikes  lat.-ral  and  (ermiiud,  pi'n.Juloun. 
6^/«///t'S  keeled,  ferruginous,  glabrous.  Seed  rough. —  Zf.  May — SepL 
Damp  soils.      12 — 18  inches. 


564  OEDER  CXLI. — CYPEEACE^. 

2.  S.  nit'ida,  (Willd.)  CvJ7n  3-angled,  angles  membranaceous.  Leaven 
narrow,  v'i2\d,  SL-abrous ;  limb  ovate,  rigid.  Peduncles  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, few-spiked;  spikes  long;  perfect  andstaminate  spikes  intermix- 
ed.    Stamens  3. — Xortli  Caroliua. 

3.  S.  cilia'ta,  (Mich.)  Steifi  erect,  glabrous,  generally  1-leaved.  Leaf 
pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  linear,  channeled.  Spikes  in  terminal 
clusters.  Glumes  ciliate,  ovate,  ferruginous.  Seed  rough. —  If.  May 
— June.     Damp  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  S.  inteerup'ta,  (Rich.)  Stem  erect,  3-angled,  pubescent.  Leaves 
pubescent.  Spikes  clustered,  alternate.  Glumes  bristly.  Seed  globose, 
mucronate,  transversely  wrinkled. — If.  July — Aug.  Damp  soils. 
12 — 15  inches. 

6.  S.  verticilla'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  3-angled. 
Leaves  glabrous,  filiform.  Flotvers  in  clustered  spikes.  Glumes  ovate, 
acuminate.  /Sec c/ globose,  muci-onate,  transversely  wrinkled. —  If.  July 
— Aug.     Damp  soils.      10 — 15  inches. 

6.  S.  Carolinia'na,  (Willd.)  {S.  hirtella,  Mich.)  Stem  erect,  trian- 
gular, pubescent.  Leaves  narrow,  pubescent,  channeled.  Spikes  axil- 
lary or  terminal.  Bracts  hairy,  ciliate.  Glumes  pubescent,  unequal. 
>See(/ wrinkled. — 2f.     Through  the  summer.     Damp  soils.     12 — 18  in. 

7.  S.  triglomera'ta.  (Mich.)  {Cladium  triglouieratum,  Nees.)  Stem 
triangular,  striate,  scabrous.  Leaves  liiiear-lanceolate,  somewhat  hairy. 
Floijcers  in  terminal  and  lateial  spikes,  clustered,  pendulous.  Glinnes 
ciliate,  mucronate.  Fertile  florets  2 — 3  in  each  spike.  Setd  smo(»th. 
—  If.     Through  the  summer.    In  dry  or  moist  sods.    Common.     1 — 2  ft. 

8.  S.  gra'cilis,  (Ell.)  Stem  filiform,  3-angled,  glabrou.*.  Leaves  lin 
ear,  glabrous,  narrow.  Spikes  2 — 3  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  each 
bearing  a  fertile  floret.  Glumes  ferruginous,  mueronate.  Seed  white, 
smooth. —  If.     May — June.     Southern  Geo.     10 — 12  inches. 

Tribe  V.— CARFCEvE. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  acheniuin  inclosed  in  a  sac, 
lenticular  or  triangular. 

Genus  XIV.— CA'REX.     L.  19—3. 
(From  careri,  to  want;  the  upper  spikes  destitute  of  seeds.) 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious ;  imbricate,  amenta- 
ceous. Glume  1,  1-flowered.  Paleae  of  the  sterile  florets  none; 
of  the  fertile  ones  ventricose,  persistent,  inclosing  the  nut. 

I.     STYLE    BIFID. 

g  1.    Spikelets  numerous,  collected  into  a  spike,  staminate  and  pistillate^ 
and  androgynous,  often  intermixed, 

1.  C.  bromoi'des,  (Schkuhr.)  Stem  3-angIed,  scabrous  along  the  mar- 
gins, slender.  Leaves  linear,  slightly  scabrous.  Floxvers  in  numerous 
linear  spikes,  the  spikes  alternate,  erect.  Glumes  lanceolate,  mucronate. 
PaleoB  ovate.  Fruit  scabrous,  bifid,  longer  than  the  glume. —  2f .  April. 
Damp  soils.     12 — 18  inches. 


ORDER   CXIJ. CYPERACE^.  SCo 

§  2.     Spikes  compound,  androgynous,  apex  slaminate. 

2.  C.  Muhlexber'gii,  (Sehkuhr.)  Stem  erect,  an^'ular.  stout,  scubrouf 
at  the  summit.  Leaves  linear,  shoatliing  tho  stem.  Spiken  al>jut  5, 
ovate,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Bracleal  leaves  setacooiiis 
longer  than  the  spikes.  Glumes  niucronatf,  lung(.-r  than  the  paleae 
Faleet  2-cleft  at  the  summit. — If.     May.     Shady  woods.     1 — '2  feet, 

3.  C.  sparganoi'dks,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  nearly  terete.  Leaven  nu- 
merous, striate.  Flowers  in  6 — 8  sessile  spikes,  numerous,  liractt 
longer  than  the  spikes.  Glumes  mucronate.  7'a/t'(c  expandinir,  serrate. 
Fruit  ovate,  compressed,  bifid,  double  the  length  of  the  glume. — U. 
April — May.     Damp  soils,     i — 2  feet. 

4.  C.  stipita'ta,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  smooth,  succulent.  L.ravcs  chan 
neled,  ligulate.  Spikes  numerous,  compound,  bracteate,  with  the  bract? 
longer  than  the  spikelets.  Glumes  membranaceous.  Palccc  ovate,  ser- 
rulate. Fruit  lanceolate,  bidentate. —  y.  April — Ma}-.  Wet  lands. 
1—3  feet. 

5.  C.  no'sEA,  (Sehkuhr.)  >SVe?»  slender,  slightly  angled.  Zrair*  linear. 
Spikes  4 — 6,  remote,  the  lowest  one  with  a  setaceous  bract.  Fruit 
ovate,  2-toothed,  ciliate.  Glumes  ovate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  paleaj. — 
If.     May.     Damp  woods,     10 — 12  inches. 

6.  C.  reteoflex'a,  (Muhl.)  Stem  slightly  augled,  slender.  Lcavei 
nearly  filiform,  scabrous  along  tlie  margin.  Spikes  4 — 6.  Glnmc» 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  palere.  Fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  bitentate,  as 
long  as  the  glumes. —  If.     May.     Dry  soils.     10 — 12  inches. 

7.  C.  multiflo'ra,  (Muhl.)  Stem  scabrous,  3-angled.  Leaves  nar- 
row, rigid,  longer  than  the  stem.  Spike  compound,  ol)long;  tipikelft* 
glomerate,  ovate,  oblong,  obtuse.  Glumes  lanceolate,  browni.sh.  Fruit 
ovate,  acuminate,  compressed,  3-nerved,  serrulate  on  the  margin,  di- 
verging when  mature,  shorter  than  the  glumes. —  If.  May.  Moist 
lands.     12 — 18  inches. 

8.  C.  cephaloph'ora,  (Muhl.)  Stem  3-aligled,  scabrous  along  the 
margins,  leafy  at  the  base.  Leaves  linear,  long.  Spikes  collecteii  into 
an  elliptical  head.  Glumes  ovate,  mucronate.  }'\uit  ovate,  scabrons 
on  the  margin. —  If.    .^lay — June.     Oak  woods.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

§  3.    Spikes  3 — 12,  androgynous,  staminate  lowest. 

9.  C.  lepori'na,  (L.)  Spikes  3,  nearly  round,  elli|>tic,  attenuate,  eiu.-*- 
tered,  green,  tinged  with  yellow;  fruit  ellii-tic,  compressed,  acuminate ; 
scales  ovate,  acute,  glabrous. — Carolina  and  northward, 

10.  0.  scopa'ria,  (Sehkuhr.)  Stem  obtusely  angled.  Leaves  linenr, 
with  scabrous  margins  toward  the  summit.  Spikes  6 — 8,  alternate,  el- 
liptic, lowest  one  bracteate.  Glumes  ovate,  membranaceous,  /•Vri// 
ovate-lanceolate,  margined,  smooth,  bicuspidate,  longer  than  the  glume», 
nerved, — If,     May.     Swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

11.  C.  foe'nea,  (Willd.)  Stem  obtusely  3-nngled,  scabrous  near  tho 
summit,  furrowed.  Spikes  numerous  ;  the  lower  ones  compound,  the 
upper  ones  aggregatecl.  Paleop.  serrulate,  larger  than  the  eilinto  glunn-B  ; 
the  lowest  bract  largest,  subulate. — If.  May — June.  Marches.  1—2 
feet. 

12.  C.  lagopodioi'des,  (Sehkuhr.)  Stan  erect,  obtusely  3-anKled, 
scabrous  toward  the  summit.     Leaves  sheathing  the  stem  at  tho  ba*e. 


5G6  ORDER   CXLI. CYPERACE^. 

liguiate.  Spikes  numerous,  elliptic,  crowded ;  bract  beneath  the  low- 
est, very  lou_',  overtopping  the  stem.  Frnit  bicuspid  late,  erect,  lanceo- 
late, with  a  serrulate  margin  longer  than  tlie  glume. —  IC.  May.  Wet 
lands.     1—2  feet. 

13.  C.  scirpoi'des,  (Schkuhr.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  slightly  3-angled. 
Leaves!  narrow,  the  lower  ones  short.  Spikes  4 — 6,  ovate,  the  upper- 
most one  clavate.  Glume  s,m2i\\.  PaZ^-oe  ovate,  2-toothed.  i^Vwe^  ovate, 
bidentate,  longer  than  the  glume. —  2(.     May.     Swamps.     6 — 12  in. 

14.  C.  ster'ilis,  (Schkuhr.)  Stejn  obtusely  angled,  slightly  scabrous. 
Leaves  linear,  sheathing.  Spikes  3 — 6.  Fruit  ovate-acuminate,  3-an- 
gled, compressed  ;  apex  recurved,  bicuspidate. —  If.  May.  Marshes. 
8 — 12  inches. 

15.  C.  festuca'cea,  (Schkuhr.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  sometimes  decum- 
bent. Leaves  narrow.  Floicers  in  linear  spikes,  5 — 8,  approximate. 
Bracts  small.  Glumes  lanceolate,  membranaceous.  Fruit  b'^aked, 
winged,  serrulate  along  the  margins,  white  or  green. —  2^.  May. 
Damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

§  4.    Stami7iat€  and  pistillate  spikes  distinct. 

16.  C.  Florida'na.  Spikes  distinct;  staminatc  ones  solitary,  sessile, 
small ;  pistillate  ones  aggregate,  ovate,  sessile,  bracteate  ;  lower  ones 
more  remote.  Fruit  oval,  compressed,  beaked  ;  scales  ovate-oblong. — 
Florida. 

17.  C.  CESPiTo'sA,  (L.)  Sie?n  erect,  slender,  3-angled,  striate.  Leaves 
linear,  acute,  with  scabrous  margins.  Fertile  spikes  cylindrical,  gener- 
ally 3,  nearly  sessile,  sometimes  with  sterile  florets  at  the  summit. 
Bracts  long.  Fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  glume. —  If.  May. 
In  bogs.     12 — 18  inches. 

18.  C.  acu't.\,  (Good.)  /S/on  S-angled,  scabrous.  Z(?ay^s  narrow,  with 
scabrous  margins ;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  the  lower  sheathing.  Sterile 
spikes  1 — 3  ;  fertile  3 — 4,  nodding,  cylindrical,  the  upper  ones  sessile, 
with  sterile  florets  at  the  summit.  Glumes  acute.  Palece  ovate,  entire. 
Fruit  oblong. — 2f .     April — May.     In  bogs.     1 — 2  feet. 

19.  C.  crin'ita,  (Lam.)  Stein  acutely  angled,  concave,  serrulate. 
Leaves  channeled,  glabrous.  Fertile  spikes  3 — *4,  pendulous,  each  gen- 
erally terminated  by  a  number  of  sterile  florets.  Glumes  ovate,  with  a 
subulate  point.  Palece  ovate,  not  divided  at  the  summit,  shorter  than 
the  glume.  Fruit  elliptic,  with  a  short  beak,  shorter  than  the  glume. 
—  2f .     April — May.     In  swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

II.    STYLE    TRIFID. 

§  1.    Spikes  solitary,  androgynous,  apex  staminate. 

20.  C.  Fr.^seria'.na.  Spikes  simple  ;  scales  obovate,  oblong,  obtuse, 
smooth.     Fruit  ovate,  ventricose,  beak  short. — Carolina  and  northward, 

21.  C.  squarro'sa,  (L.)  Stem  triangular,  scabrous  along  the  margin. 
Leaves  narrow,  glabrous,  with  scabrous  margins.  Spikes  tnostly  simple, 
sometimes  2 — 3,  cj-lindrical,  oblong,  very  thick.  Glumes  at  the  base 
sterile,  lanceolate,  slightly  colored,  those  of  the  summit  fertile.  Fruit 
imbricate,  smooth,  bidentate,  longer  than  the  glume, — 2^.  May — June. 
In  boffs.     1 — 2  feet 


ORDKR   CXM. CVI'i:RA(M:yE.  567 

§  2.    spikes  numerous;    iermhial   ones   sterile  or   andmgj/nouK,    bate 
staminate. 

22.  C.  DASYCAu'PA,  (Mulil.)  Stem  triquetrous,  t,'l;il)nuH.  Lravra 
very  narrow,  lanceolate,  linear,  t^lubrous.  SttMJle  spike  vi-ry  sinull, 
terminal ;  scales  lanceolate.  P^rtile  spikes  generally  3,  near  cacli 
other,  upper  sessile. — Car.  and  Geo. 

23.  C.  TRi'cEPS,  (Mich.)  Ste^n  acutely  angled,  slender,  scabrous  alonjjf 
the  margins.  Leaves  linear,  pubescent  at  the  base.  Spikes  usually  4, 
approximate,  sessile,  3  of  them  larger  than  the  otlier.  Glumes  ovjit*-. 
Palece  shorter  than  the  glume,  glabrous.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed,  3- 
angled. —  li      April — May,     Damp  soils.     12 — 18  inches. 

24.  C.  hirsu'ta,  (Willd.)  Stem  3-angleJ,  slender,  pubescent  near  the 
summit.  Leaves  narrow,  slightly  pubescent.  Spikes  3 — 1,  the  termi- 
nal one  sterile  at  the  base,  lower  ones  on  short  peduncles.  Fruit  ovate, 
obtuse, —  If.     May — June,     Southern  Geo.     10 — 12  inches, 

25.  C.  buxbau'mii.  Stan  slender,  3-angled,  Leaves  narrow,  with 
scabrous  margins.  Spikes  3 — i,  the  terminal  one,  with  the  lower  half, 
bearing  sterile  flowers,  Ghimes  lanceolate,  dark-colored.  Pa/e<r  li;jht- 
colored,  2cleft  at  the  summit.  Fruit  elliptic,  as  long  as  the  glume. — 
If,     Jul}' — Aug.     Swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

§  3.  Staminate  spikes  solitary  or  1 — 3  ;  pistillate  1 — 3,  generally  sessile. 

26.  C.  va'ria,  (Mueh.)  Stem  erect,  slender,  with  scabrous  nngU-s. 
Leaves  subulate.  Fertile  spikes  generally  3,  nearly  globose  ;  sterile 
spike  terminal.  Glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  tinged  with  brown.  Palete 
pubescent.  Fruit  sub-globose,  hispidly  pubescent,  obtusely  3-angled. 
— If.     April — May.     Dry  woods.     8 — 12  inches. 

27.  C.  margina'ta,  (Mueh.)  Stei7i  slender,  3-angled.  Leaves  linear, 
with  slightly  scabrous  margins ;  fertile  spikes  generally  2,  sub-globose, 
approximate,  the  sterile  one  terminal,  cylindrical,  long.  Glumes  ovate, 
brown,  with  a  white  margin.  J^Vuit  globose,  pubescent,  longer  than  the 
glume. — If.     April— May,     Dry  soils,     8 — 12  inches, 

28.  C.  plantagin'ea,  (Laiu.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  with  purple 
sheaths,  nearly  leafless.  Leaves  linear,  nerved,  glabrous.  Sterile  sjnke 
terminal ;  fertile  ones  mostly  4,  distant,  erect,  linear,  the  lower  ones  on 
long  peduncles.  Bracts  leafy,  sheathing  the  peduncle.  Fruit  oblong, 
cuneiform,  recurved  at  tjie  apex. — If,  April — May.  Shaded  soil*. 
8 — 12  inches. 

29.  C.  conoi'dea,  (Schkuhr.)  Stem  3-angled,  the  angles  scabrous. 
Leaves  narrow,  flat,  scabrous  along  the  margin.  Fertile  spikes  2—3, 
remote,  the  lower  ones  on  long  peduncles  ;  sterile  spike  terminal,  small, 
with  lanceolate  glumes;  the  lower  bracts  leaf-like.  Fruit  conical,  ob- 
tuse, recurved  at  the  apex.— ^ .     April.     Wet  soils.     About  1  foot 

Yxn.  C.  tetan'ica,  (Ell.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous,  3-angled.  leaves 
linear,  shorter  than  the  stem.  Fertile  spikes  2,  distant,  the  upper  ono 
nearly  sessile,  the  lower  on  a  long  peduncle;  the  st.rile  spike  on  a  Iomj; 
peduncle.  Glumes  mucronate.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  acul.-  at  eadi  end, 
oblique. — If.     May,     Wet  soils,     12  inches, 

30.  C,  an'ceps,  (Much,)  Stem  3-angled,  compressed,  Lravcs  broa.l 
Fertile  spikes  3,  loosely  flowered,  cylindric.     Bracts  shenthing.     rru%t 


568  ORDER    CXLI.—  CYrERACE^. 

ovate,  3-angled,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  glume. 

—  If.     April — May.     Woods.     12 — 15  inches. 

31.  C.  laxiflo'ra,  (Lam.)  Stem  .3-angled,  with  scabrous  margins. 
Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acute,  nerved.  Sterile  spike  nearly  sessile  ; 
fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  the  lowest  one  on  a  long  peduncle,  the  upper  one 
shorter.  Glume  ovate,  cuspidate.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  longer  than 
the  glume,  shining,  inflated. — U.     May.     Woods.     12 — 18  inches. 

32.  C.  granula'ris,  (Mueh.)  Stem  erect  or  decumbent,  glaucous. 
Leaves  narrow,  somewhat  glaucous.  Sterile  spike  usually  solitary ; 
fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  the  lowest  pedunculate,  the  upper  nearly  sessile. 
Glumes  ovate,  acuminate.  Palcce  nearly  orbicular.  Fruit  nerved,  with 
a  short,  recurved  beak. —  2f.     May.     Wet  shaded  soils.     12  inches. 

33.  C.  VERRUCo'sA,  (Mueh.)  Stein  glabrous.  Leaves  very  long,  acute, 
nerved.  Sterile  spikes  3  ;  fertile  spikes  4—6,  erect,  cylindrical,  sterile 
flowers  at  the  summit ;  lower  peduncles  longest,  the  upper  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  bracteal  leaves  ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse. — South  Carolina. 

34.  C.  milia'cea,  (Mueh.)  Stem  slender,  3-angled,  with  the  angles 
scabrous.  Leaves  linear,  with  scabrous  margins.  Fertile  spikes  3,  slen- 
der, filiform,  nodding  ;  bracts  of  the  lower  spike  longer  than  the  stem, 
those  of  the  upper  small.  Glumes  emarginate.  Fruit  ovate,  3-angled, 
with  short  beak,  longer  than  the  glume. —  If.  May.  Wet  grounds. 
12 — 15  inches. 

35.  C.  FLExuo'sA,  (Mueh.)  Stem  slender,  3-angled,  glabrous.  Leaves 
linear,  slightly  channeled.  Sterile  spike  slender,  terminal;  fertile  spikes 
4,  pendulous,  remote,  the  peduncles  sheathed.  Glumes  lanceolate. 
JPalece  striate.     Fruit  oblong,  beaked,  double  the  length  of  the  glome. 

—  2f .     April — May.     Damp  soils.     12  inches. 

§  4.  Spikes  androgynous  ;  apex  staminate. 

3G.  C.  WiLLDENOw'ir,  (Schkuhr.)  Stem  triangular,  erect.  Leaves 
linear,  longer  than  the  stem.  Spike  terminal,  simple,  ovate ;  sterile  and 
fertile  florets  about  equal  in  number,  about  6.  Fruit  ovate,  nearly  te- 
rete, beaked.  Glumes  ovate,  the  inferior  ones  long  and  foliaceous,  acu- 
minate.—  If.     May — June.     Dry  woods.     6 — 8  inches. 

§  5.  Staminate  spikes  2 — 3  ;  j^istillate  as  many. 

37.  C.  pelli'ta,  (Mueh.)  Stem  erect,  3-angled.  Leaves  long,  linear. 
Sterile  spikes  2 — 4,  the  upper  ones  pedunculate ;  fertile  ones  2 — 8,  the 
upper  ones  sessile,  the  lower  on  erect  peduncles.  Glumes  lanceolate, 
mucronate.  Fruit  ovate,  2-cleft,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  scale. —  2f. 
April — May.     Damp  woods.     1 — 2  feet. 

38.  C.  trichocar'pa,  (Mueh.)  Stem  erect.  Sterile  spikes  2 — 4,  pe- 
dunculate ;  fertile  florets  3,  pedunculate,  erect,  cylindric.  Fruit  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent.  Glumes  ovate,  acuminate,  shorter 
than  the  fruit. —  If.     May.     Swamps.     2 — 3  feet. 

39.  C.  eipa'ria,  (Curt.)  Stem  erect,  smooth,  3-angled.  Leaves  ligu- 
late,  the  upper  ones  without  sheaths.  Sterile  spikes  usually  4 ;  fertile 
spikes  3,  erect,  with  sterile  flower  at  the  summit.  Glumes  chafly. 
Fruit  ovate,  2-cleft,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  glume. —  If.  March — 
April.     Marshes.     1 — 2  feet. 

40.  C.  GLAUCEs'cENS,  (Ell.)  Stem  3-angled,  glabrous.  Leaves  narrow, 
channeled,  serrulate,  the  lower  ones  glaucous.     Sterile  spike  solitary, 


ORDER    CXLI. CYl'KKACK^.  5G9 

pedunculate,  with  ferruginous,  ovate  glumes;  fertile  spikes  3 — 1,  cylin- 
drical, on  short  peduncles,  becoming  pendulous;  scales  ovule,  euuirtji 
nate,  mucroiiate.  Pa/^oj  ovate,  glaucous.  iv«i7  G-angled. —  2^.  April 
— May.     Atound  ponds.     1 — 2  feet. 

41.  C.  bulla'ta,  (Schk.)  Stem  slender,  acutely  3-anglod.  Leavet 
narrow,  with  scabrous  margins.  Sterile  spikes  3,  slender;  fertile  spikes 
2,  erect,  on  short  peduncles.  Glmrieti  lanceolate,  acute.  Faleoi  ovate, 
with  pubescent  nerves.  Fruit  ovate,  beaked,  3-angled. —  1^.  April. 
In  ditches.     2  feet. 

42.  C.  eostra'ta,  (Mueh.)  (C.  tentaculata,  Ell.)  Stem  3-angled. 
Leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  nerved.  Steiile  spike  solitary,  cyluidri- 
cal ;  fertile  spikes  3,  sessile,  horizontal,  witli  long  bracts.  Glumes  nui- 
cronate.  Falece  ovate,  beaked.  Frnit  ovate,  nerved,  with  a  long  beak. 
—  U.     Ma}' — June.     Wet  places.     12 — 18  inches. 

43.  C.  iiYSTERici'xA,  (Much.)  S(c7n  o-angled,  with  the  angles  scabrous. 
Leaves  narrow,  long,  scabrous.  Sterile  spikes  cylindrical,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  glumes;  fertile  spikes  3 — 4,  thick,  the  lower  ones  on  exsert- 
ed  peduncles.  Falece  ovate,  with  a  long  2-cleft  beak.  O'lume  ovate, 
terminated  by  a  hispid  setaceous  bristle.  Bracts  long.  Fruit  ovate, 
nerved,  beaked. — If.     April — May.     Wet  soil<.     1 — 2  feet. 

44.  C.  lupuli'na,  (Mueh.)  >S/<???i  erect,  glabrous,  le«fy,  thick,  3angled. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  scabrous  margins.  Sterile  spike  on  a  .>-hort 
peduncle;  fertile  ones  3,  trect,  with  long,  leafy  bracts.  O'lume  with  a 
hispid  point.  Falca;  2-beaked,  longer  than  the  glume.  Fruit  ovate, 
nerved,  with  2  long  beaks. —  If.     April — May.     Swamps.     2 — 3  feet. 

45.  C.  follicula'ta,  (L.)  Stnn  erect,  3-angled.  Leaves  ligulate,  sca- 
brous. Sterile  spike  solitary,  terminal,  with  acute,  lanceolate  glutnea, 
fertde  spikes  usually  4,  erect,  on  i^hort  peduncles.  Falece  ovale,  beak 
ed,  inflated,     i^n/z7"  ovate,  beaked, —  2f.     June.     Swamps.     12 — 18  iti. 

46  C.  Elliott'ii,  (Torrey.)  {C.  castanea,  Ell.)  Stetn  3-angled,  slen- 
der, purple  at  the  base.  Leaves  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem.  Sterile 
spikes  shorter  than  the  bract.  Glumes  brown,  with  white  margins. 
Fertile  spikes  3,  nearly  round,  the  lowest  one  on  a  long  peduncle. 
Falece  inflated,  with  a  long  beak,  shining.  Fruit  o-angled. — If.  April 
Wet  pine-barrens.     1 — 2  feet. 

47.  C.  gigan'tea,  (Rudgr.)  /8'<<'//i  erect,  3-anglcd,  glabrous.  Ztfoir*  ligu- 
late, slightly  channeled.  Sterile  sjiike  terminal,  will)  acute,  ovate  glumes  ; 
fertile  spikes  3.  Falece  ovate,  nerved.  Fruit  3-angled. —  If.  April — 
May.     In  bogs.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

§  6.   Staminate  .tpikes  solitanj  ;  pistillate  2 — 3 — .'). 

48.  C,  vesti'ta,  (Schk.)  Stem  acut«-ly  3  angled.  Leaves  narrow,  lig- 
ulate.    Sterile  spike  mostly  solitary,  terminal;   fertile  spikes  generally 

2,  sessile,  sometimes  sterile  at  the  summit.  Glumes  brown,  wilh  white 
margins.  Falece  pubescent.  Fruit  ovale,  nerved,  pubescent,  wilh  a 
short  beak. —  2f.     May — June.     Wet  sells.     1 — 2  feet. 

49.  C.  PsEUDO  Cvi'e'uus,  (E.)  Stem  erect,  acutely  3-angled,  scabrous 
along  the  angles,  stout.  Leaves  channeled,  with  .'^cabrous  niargin-, 
Sterde  spike  long,  slender,  with  linear-lanceolate  glumes;  fertile  spikea 

3,  pendulous.  Brads  long,  scabrous,  nerved.  Falect  ovate,  beaked,  2- 
cleft  at  the  summit.  Glume  .-mall,  with  a  subulate  point.  Fruit  ob- 
long-lanceolate, beaked,  many-nervod,  with  the  apex  bitid.— 2f.  Juno, 
In  swamps.     2  fe<jt. 


570  ORDER   CXLIT. GRAMINACE^. 


Order  CXLIL— GP.AMINA'CE.E.     {Grass  Family) 

Flowers  usually  perfect,  sometimes  monoecious  oi-  polyga- 
mous ;  the  exterior  floral  envelopes  called  glumes,  the  interior 
ones  palece^  and  the  innermost  at  the  base  of  the  ovary,  scales. 
Glumes  usually  2,  sometimes  single,  usually  unequal.  Palece 
2  ;  the  exterior  one  simple,  the  interior  or  uppermost  usually 
keeled.  Scales  2  or  3,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  hypogy- 
nous,  1 — 6.  Anthers  versatile.  Ovary  simple.  Styles  2, 
rarely  1  or  3.  Stigmas  hairy  or  plumose.  Albumen  farina- 
ceous. Emhryo  on  one  side  of  the  albumen.  Culms  cylindri- 
cal, fistular,  jointed.     Leaves  with  a  split  sheath. 

ANALYSIS. 

1.  Spikelets  1 -flowered 2 

Spikelets  more  than  1-flowered 17 

2.  Flowers  in  panicles 3 

Flowers  in  spikes 18 

3.  Glumes  not  presant 4 

Glumes  present 5 

4.  Stamens  6,  monoecious Zizania,    3 

Stamens  1 — 3 Leersia,    1 

5.  Glumes  minute 6 

Glumes  not  minute    7 

6.  Stamens  6 Orysa,    2 

Stamens  3 Muhlenbergia,  17 

7.  PaleiE  awned 8 

Paleai  not  awned Agrosti.%  18 

8.  Lower  palese  with  3  awns Aristida,  16 

Lower  paieaj  witli  only  1  awn 9 

9.  Paleas  herbaceous  .^ 10 

Paiete  membranaceous  or  cartilaginous 11 

10.  Stamen  1    CiJina,  IS 

Stamens  3 Calamagrostis,  20 

11.  Paleas  membranaceous Agrostis,  18 

Paleae  cartilaginous 12 

12.  Fruit  black Stipa,  15 

Fruit  white Otyzopsis,  14 

13.  Flowers  in  unilateral  spikes 14 

Flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes 16 

14.  Paleae  unequal Sparti?ia,  23 

Palea?  equal 15 

15.  Glumes  unlik':^ 3f(nnsu)'u-%  40 

Glumes  oibicular Pai^pnlum,    9 

Glumes  lanceolate Cyjrodon,  19 

16.  Paleie  2.  shorter  than  the  glumes,  without  awns Phlfium,    6 

Paleie  1,  equal  to  the  glumes,  awned  at  the  base Alojiecurus.    5 

Paleaj  2,  the  lower  one  awned Uordeum,  38 

17.  Spikelets  2-floweved,  flowers  unlike IS 

Si^ikelets  2-flowered  and  alike,  o;  many-flowered 24 

18.  Inflorescence  paniculate 19 

Inflorescence  in  unilateral  spikes 22 

Infloresconce  not  in  unilateral  spikes 23 


ORDER    CXLII. fJRAMINACEJ::.  571 

19.  Inferior  flower  nontrnl 20 

Sujjcrior  flower  neiural 'j'i 

20    F  owers  wth  a  h  'ir-like  involucre Erianthun,  42 

Pa'eae  of  ti)f  f  rtiii*  tlowera  rori.ici-ous 21 

I'a  e*  iniMnbraiiacC'Ous i  wlrnpogon,  43 

21.  Pnloie  awn.'fl OpUxm^n  ut,  12 

PaloiB  not  awned /'atiicuiii,  10 

22.  Spil^os  by  fours,  digitate Chloriit,  20 

Spikes  terminal,  simple UaWnxWui,  1 1 

23.  Spikes  terminal,  simple Cenrhrun,  14 

Spikes  terminal,  compound Setaria,  13 

24.  Flowers  monoecious 25 

Flowers  not  moncecious 26 

25.  Staminate  an<l  pistillate  flowers  on  the  same  spike Tripsacum,  89 

Staminate  and  pi>tillate  flowers  not  on  the  s^ame  spike Zea,    4 

26.  Inflorescence  paniculate 27 

Inflorescence  spicate 40 

27.  Lower  palea  awned 23 

Lower  palea  not  awned S4 

28.  Awn  at  the  apex  of  the  palea 29 

Awn  at  the  back  of  the  palea 81 

29.  Palea)  entire Festuca,  32 

Palea;  toothed  or  divided 30 

30.  Awn  twisted  at  the  base Danthnnin^  Grt 

Awn  straight UralejAn,  27 

81.  Awn  near  the  base  of  the  palea 32 

Awn  near  the  apex  of  the  palea Bromus,  83 

82.  Pa'ea  entire,  emarginate , Anthoxanthum,    8 

Palea  biciisi)idatc '. 83 

33.  Spikelets  2-flowered Aim,  25 

Spikelets  more  than  2-flowered Arena,  20 

34.  Lower  palea?  entire 85 

Lower  palea;  toothed A  irti,  25 

35.  Spikelets  2— .3-flowered 36 

Spikelets  usually  more  than  o-flo\vered 87 

86.  Palea?  4 P/iafnrut,    7 

Palea;  2 JMica,  29 

37.  Spikelets  flat,  ancipital Unio/a,  84 

Spikelets  cordate Brua,  8t' 

Spikelets  ovate 89 

8S.  PaleJB  herbaceous 89 

Paleae  membranaceous  Poa,  23 

.89.  Lower  palea  many-nerved A  rundinarin,  85 

Lower  palea  few-nerved Ffetuca,  82 

40.  Spikes  paniculate ■ll 

Spikes  digitate K/fu^inf,  21 

Spikes  single *'i 

41.  Spikes  short D>trt>/liA,  81 

Spikes  long EUuaine^  21 

42.  Glumes  wanting Elt/tnu*,  87 

Glumes  present ^ 

43.  PaleiB  awned  below  the  summit Monovcra,  22 

Palea;  not  awned  below  the  summit Elt/mus,  87 

TuiDE  I.— ORY'ZEiE. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered.    Flowers  often  monacious,  iii  branched 
panicles. 


672  ORDER   CXLII. — GRAMINxiCE^. 

Genus  I— LEER'SIA.     Sol. 
(Named  after  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered.     Glume  none.     Palece  2,  keeled,  com 
pressed.     Scales  2.     Flowers  in  panicles. 

1.  L.  Virgin'ica,  ("Willd.)  Stem  decumbent,  erect,  hairy  at  the  joints 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous,  acute.  Panicle  loose,  terminal,  with 
scattered  branches.  Flowers  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  monandrous. 
Palcce  equal;  the  exterior  one  keeled,  the  interior  one  ciliate. —  2|. 
A.ug. — Sept.     Damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet.  Rice-grass. 

2.  L.  lenticula'ris,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  except  at  the 
joints.  Leaves  scabrous  along  the  margins  ;  sheaths  hispid.  Panicle 
erect.  Flowers  large,  diandrous.  Patece  ciliate. —  2^.  Aug. — Sept. 
Damp  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

3.  L.  oryzoi'des,  (Swartz.)  Stem  erect,  or  procumbent  at  the  base. 
Leaves  scabrous,  linear-lanceolate.  Panicle  large.  Flowers  triandrous, 
imbricate,  with  the  keel  of  the  paleffi  ciliate. — y.  Oct. — Nov.  Swamps. 
3—4  feet. 

Genus  II.— ORY'ZA.     L.     {Rice.) 

(From  ericz.,  the  Arabic  name  for  Eice.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  2,  small,  membranaceous. 
Palece  2,  coriaceous,  compressed,  keeled,  about  equal  in  length  ; 
lower  one  much  the  broadest.  Stamens  6.  Ovarium  smooth. 
Styles  2.     Achenium  smooth,  oblong. 

1.  0.  SATi'vA,  (L.)  Leaves  linear,  elonp:ated,  scabrous.  Flowers  in 
racemose  panicles ;  branches  weak,  scabrous.  Glumes  linear-lanceo- 
late ;  spikelets  terminated  by  an  awm. — Cultivated  in  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

There  are  six  varieties  of  this  species  described  by  authors,  -whicb  have,  no  doubt, 
been  produced  by  cultivation  and  peculiar  local  circumstances. 

2.  O.  latifo'lia,  (Des.)  Culm  winged.  Leaves  lanceolate,  narrow, 
acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base.  Panicle  with  the  lower  branches 
verticillate.  Glumes  lanceolate,  acute.  Palece  hispid. — Carolina  and 
southward  to  S.  America. 

Genus  III— ZIZA'KIA.     L.     {Water  or  Lidian  Rice.) 
(From  zizanion,  the  name  of  some  wild  grain.) 

Flowers  monoecious.      Glume  none.     Sterile  florets  mingled 
with  the  fertile   ones.     Palece  2,  sub-awned.     Fertile  florets 
paleae  2,  awned ;  style  2-parted. 

1.  Z.  aquat'ica,  (Ell.)  {Hydropyrum  esculentum,  Link.)  Stem  erect 
glabrous,  pubescent  at  the  joints.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  glabrous  ; 
sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints.  Floivers  in  terminal  panicles;  the 
upper  branches  bearing  fertile  flowers,  the  lower  ones  sterile.  Stajnois 
6.     Styles  2. —  U.     Oct. — Nov.     In  inundated  lands.     6 — 12  feet. 

Wild  Rice. 


oiiDER  cxLii. — cJKAMiNA*  i;.i:.  578 

'2.  Z.  FLu'iTANS,  (Mich.)  Stan  slender,  braiitliiiig.  Leaves  linear, 
fiat.  Spikes  solitary,  uxilL'uy,  setaceous,  usually  4-tl()\vrre(l  ;  upper 
ones  staminate,  lower  pistillate.  A  small,  creeping,  jointed  gras?. — 
Wet  places.     Geo.,  on  the  coast.  JJi/dro/jyrum  Jhiitaug,  Kunlh. 

3.  Z.  milia'cea,  (ilich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  very  lontr,  2 — 
6  feet,  1 — 2  inches  wide,  flat.  Flowers  in  an  expanding  panicle,  fertile 
and  sterile  ones  intermingled.  Ghimes  with  short  awns. —  If.  April — 
May.     In  water.     6 — 10  feet. 

Tribe  II.— PIIALARI'DE^. 

Sjnkelets  usually  1-flowered  and  perfect;  if  more  than  1- 
flowered,  polygamous  or  monoecious. 

Genus  IV.— ZE'A.     L.     {Lidian  Corn.) 
(From  zao,  to  live.) 

Floivers  monoecious  ;  staminate  flowers  terminal,  racemose, 
paniculate.  Sjnkelets  2-flowered  ;  pistillate  flowt-rs  in  axillary, 
compact  spikes,  inclosed  in  many  sheaths.  Spikchts  2-flow- 
ered ;  low^er  one  neutral,  superior  one  fertile.  Glumes  2,  fleshy, 
broad,  ciliate.  Palece  fleshy,  glabrous,  concave.  Ovarium  ob- 
lique, sessile,  smooth.  Sti/le  terminal,  long,  exserted  without 
the  sheaths,  bifid  at  the  apex,  pubescent,  channeled. 

1.  Z.  MAYS,  (L.)  Cuhn  solid,  simple.  Leaves  broad,  flat;  ligule 
short,  ciliate  ;  fertile  spikes,  with  the  spikelets  in  many  series,  inclo.-ed 
in  several  sheaths  or  husks,  which  are  the  sheaths  of  leaves  from  par- 
tially developed  internodes. 

Indigenous  in  Paraguay  and  probably  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  Corn  is  said  to 
have  been  found  in  the  tombs  of  Egypt,  and  to  have  been  cultivated  in  China  Lt-foro 
the  discovery  of  America.  It  is  now  the  most  extensively  cultivatid  grain,  boing 
gi-own  within  the  limits  of  42°  south  to  4.5^  north  latitu(k>,  and  on  plains  and  moun- 
tains. It  atfords  food  for  men  and  animals  from  tiie  grain,  and  its  ivavc-s  afford  fotjder 
for  animals.  It  may  be  grown  for  sugar.  Kee[)  off  the  tassel  and  .silk  till  tlu-  stalk  is 
mature,  and  sugar  of  good  quality  may  be  made  from  it  and  in  i.'rt-.it  abun<luncc. 
There  is  a  great  variet}'' of  Indian  Corn.  Some  suppose  the  varii-tios  t(»  be  distinct 
species;  others,  that  they  are  the  result  of  cultivation.  Some  viirieties  wil  piTfi«ct 
their  growth,  it  is  snu],  in  forty  days  from  planting ;  which  the  French  chII  Jfiim 
quaranttiin,  or  fort  ij-d  a  ijs  corn:  other  varieties  re(inire  six  munth'^  Thla  adapLi- 
tion  to  climate  is  of  immense  importance  in  its  wide  distribution  over  the  surfa-e  of 
the  globe. 

Genus  v.— ALOPECU'RUS.     L.     {Fox-hiil  Gras^.) 

(From  alopex,  fox,  and  ourti,  tail,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike.) 

Glumes  2,  1-flowered,  nearly  eijual.  Palece  united,  cleft  on 
one  side  below  the  middle.     Stales  often  connate. 

1.  A.  genicula'tus,  (L.)  /S^^m  geniculate,  ascending,  glabrous.  Ij<a>'f» 
glabrous  ;  sheaths  shorter  than  tJie  joints,  glabrous.  J'anicle  composed 
of  cylindrical  spikes.  Glumes  coniprcssed,  connate  at  the  b.-ise,  pulx's- 
cent.  Palece  truncate,  glabrous,  witii  an  awn  at  the  Im^e. —  U-  March. 
In  rice-fields.     Common.     12 — 18  inches. 


57tt  OKDEK   CXLII. — GPwAMINACE^. 

Genus  VL— PHLE'UM.     L.     Herds-grass. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name.) 

Glumes  2,  equal,  mucronate,  longer  than  the  paleae.  Palece 
2,  included  in  the  glume,  truncate,  boat-shaped,  without  awns. 
Flowers  in  dense,  cylindrical  spikes. 

1.  P.  praten'se,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  simple.  Leaves  flat,  lin- 
ear-lanceolate ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints.  Glumes  equal,  hairy, 
ciliate.  Palece  smaller  than  the  glumes. — y.  June — July.  Intro- 
duced into  the  Southern  States.     2 — 3  feet.  Herds-grass. 

Genus  YII— PHALA'RIS.     L.     {Canary-grass) 
(From  phalo.t,  shining,  alluding  to  the  grain.) 

Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  membranaceous,  keeled,  1-flowered. 
Palece  2,  coriaceous,  pubescent  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the 
glumes.  Scales  2,  opposite,  ovate,  lanceolate.  Mowers  in 
compound  spikes. 

1.  P.  arundina'cea,  (L.)  Panicle  clustered,  spreading  when  old. 
Glumes  obtusely  keeled,  with  pointed  tips  ;  rudimentar}^  flowers  hairy, 
much  shorter  than  the  fertile  ones. — Wet  places.     July.     2 — 4  feet. 

The  rihhon-iirass  of  the  gardens  is  a  variety  of  this  species, 

2,  P.  America'na,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  scabrous  near  the 
summit,  geniculate  near  the  base.  Leaves  glabrous ;  sheath  shorter 
than  the  joints.     Style  \,'b\^(\. —  If.     July — Aug.     Swamps.     2 — 5  ft. 

Calamagrostis  Americana.     American  Canary  grass. 

Genus  VIIL— ANTHOXANTHUM.     L.     ( Vernal-grass.) 
(From  anthos,  flower,  and  anthon,  of  flowers :  flower  of  flowers.) 

Glumes  2 — 3-flowered  ;  lateral  florets  imperfect,  with  one 
pale?e  bearded  ;  intermediate  florets  perfect,  shorter  than  the 
lateral  ones.  Palece  obtuse.  Stamens  2.  Styles  2.  Panicle 
contracted. 

1.  A,  odora'tum,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  scabrous  at  the  summit.  Leaves 
linear,  hairy  ;  sheath  striate,  pubescent  at  the  throat.  Flowers  in  ap- 
pressed  panicles.  Glumes  acute,  membranaceous,  hairy,  the  interior 
one  twice  as  long  as  the  other.  Palece  equal,  villous,  with  an  awn  at 
the  base  of  each.  Styles  2,  filiform. — If.  May — June.  Common  ia 
the  low  country.     Introduced,     12 — 15  inches. 

Sweet-scented  Vernal-grass. 

Tribe  III.— PANFCE^. 

Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  inferior  flowers  incomplete. 

Genus  IX,— PAS'PALUM.     L, 
(The  Greek  name  for  Millet.) 

Glumes    2,    1-flowered,    membranaceous,    equal.     Palece  2, 


OKDElt    CXLII. — GKAMINACK.E.  575 

equal.     Seeds  coated  with  the  palccT.     Flovrm  in  sjiiko^.  ar- 
ranged on  one  side  of  the  rachis. 

1.  P.  FLu'iTANS,  (Kunth.)  {CercnaJluUana^YW.)  .SVo/i  procumbent, 
creeping,  as.surgmt,  glabroiis.  Leaves  scabrous,  2 — 3  inclu's  lontj,  slight- 
ly glaucous  beneath;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  base;  spikes  miinerou'*,  20 — 
30.  recurved;  r;ichis  with  the  flowers  arranged  on  the  uj'jH'r  snifnee 
Glumea  dotted,  white.  Paleoc  equal;  the  interior  one  flat,  the  exterior 
convex. — ^.     Sept. — Nov.     Swamps.     1 — 3  feet. 

2.  P.  Walteria'xum,  (Schu.)  {P.  vaginatxan,  Ell.)  Stnn  orce{»in(», 
glabrous,  branching.  Leaves  linear,  short,  the  sheaths  of  the  upper 
leaves  longer  than  the  joints;  spikes  1 — 2,  one  of  them  sessile. — If. 
Through  the  summer.     Damp  soils,  low  country.     12 — 18  inches. 

3.  P.  filifor'me,  (Swartz.)  {Digifarla  filifonnis,  Ell.)  Sfnn  creet, 
glabrous.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  slightly  soal)rous,  and  Imiry  on  the 
upper  surface  ;  sheath  hairy  ;  spikes  alternate,  filiform,  sometimes  very 
long.  Glumes  pubescent,  nearly  equal. — 11.  Sept. — Oct.  On  poor 
lands.     1 — 2  feet. 

4.  P.  seroti'num,  (Flue.)  Spikes  about  5,  approximate;  rachis  flat; 
spikelets  rather  broad.  Ghnne  elliptic  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent. 
Cidno  decumbent ;  sheaths  pilose. — C;u'. 

5.  P.  xota'tum,  (Flue.)  Spikes  2,  conjugate ;  raciiis  flat  ;  sj)ikelet8 
narrow.     Glumes  ovate,  obtuse. — Car. 

6.  P.  DiSTicnuM,  (Ell.)  Stem  prostrate,  croopinir,  geniculate.  Lraves 
short,  shining ;  sheath  with  the  throat  hairy  ;  spikes  2—4.  Glnnus 
lanceolate.— If.     Through  the  summer.     In  damp  soils.     Common. 

Joint-grass. 

7.  P.  Michauxia'num,  (Kunth.)  {Milium  paspaloides,  Ell.)  Sinn 
ascending  and  decumbent,  compressed,  glabrous.  Leaves  ciliate,  gla- 
brous, 3 — 6  inches  long;  spikes  digitate,  conjugate.  Glumes  glabrous 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  Falea>  equal,  shorter  than  the  glumes.  Seed 
ovate,  compressed. —  If.     June — Sept.     Low  country.     1 — 2  feet. 

8.  P.  trista'chyum,  (Leconte.)  Glabrous,  creeping,  erect  in  water, 
prostrate  on  land.  Leaves  short,  narrow,  smooth  ;  sheaths  broa.l, 
bearded  at  the  orifice  ;  spikes  about  :<,  naked  at  tlie  base.  Glumes 
ovate,  in  two  series. — Geo. 

9.  P.  furca'tum,  (Flue.)  Spikes  2,  conjugate ;  rachis  lri(p>etrous. 
Glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth.— Car.  and  soutlnvard. 

10  P  L^'vE,  (Mich.)  Stem  ereet,  glabrous.  Leaves  shot  t,  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  hairv  at  the  throat ;  spikes  3—6.  Floieers  1  from  each  head  ; 
racliis  a  little  hairy  at  the  base.— If .  June— Sept.  Damp  pa«^turcs.  1 
—2  feet.  . 

11  P  Boscia'num,  (Flue.)  Spikes  numerous;  rachis  fl.nt,  straight ; 
spikelets  lateral.  Glumes  obtuse,  nearly  round,  smooth,  5-nerved. 
Leaves  hairy  at  the  base. — Car. 

12  P  SET.\'CEUM,  (Mich.)  >S<m  erect,  slender,  glabrous.  Xrair*  vil- 
lous narrow;  sheath  villous  ;  spikes  usually  solitary.  hUnccrs  ^x^  two 
rows.  Peduncle  long.  Glume  equal,  8— Snerved,  minut.  ly  pubescent, 
—  n.     June— Aug.     Dry  soils.     Connnon. 

13.  P.  DASYPiiyL'u-M,  (Ell.)  5/m  decumbent,  glabrou...  Zr.nr.  hairy 
broad;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints;  spikes  2-3.  alternate.  (jlumr» 
3-nerved,  oval,  pubescent. — July  to  Get. 


576  ORDER    CXLII. GRAMIXACEiE. 

14.  P  latifo'lium,  (L.)  Smooth.  Culm  nearly  erect.  Leaven  long, 
broad,  ciliate  ;  sheath  naked,  except  at  the  orific-e  ;  spikes  2 — o,  alter- 
nate, pilose  at  the  base.  Glumea  orbicular,  in  three  serie?,  the  inter- 
mediate pedicellate  ;  raehis  narrow. — Car. 

15.  P.  ten'ue.  Erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  long,  narrow  ;  spikes  4 — 5, 
alternate,  spreading,  pilose  at  the  base.  Glumes  orbicular,  in  three 
eeries  ;  raehis  flexuous,  narrow. — Geo.  and  northward. 

16.  P.  aruxdixa'ceum,  (Poir.)  Smooth.  Spikes  alternate,  elongated  ; 
spikelets  in  three  series.  Glumes  obtuse,  equal.  Leaves  ensiform ; 
margins  rough. — Car. 

17.  P.  ALTis'siMUM,  (Lee.)  Smooth,  erect,  high.  Leaves\ong\  sheaths 
ciliate  at  the  base  and  at  the  orifice  ;  spikes  4 — 5,  alternate,  erect,  pi- 
lose at  the  base.  Glumes  large,  orbiculate,  in  two  series;  raehis  broad. 
— N.  Car. 

18.  P.  macrosfer'mum,  (Flue.)  (P.  Floridanum,  Mich.)  Stem  erect, 
glabrous.  Leaves  long,  the  lower  ones  hairy  and  scabrous,  the  upper 
ones  becoming  nearly  glabrous ;  throat  of  the  sheath  villous ;  spikes 
generally  3 ;  raehis  hairy  at  the  base.  Flowers  1 — 2  from  each  bud. — 
If.     June — Sept.     Common.     3 — 4  feet. 

19.  P.  lentif'erum,  (Lam.)  (P.  prcccox,  Walt.)  Stem  erect,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous  ;  spikes  numerous,  with  the 
flowers  crowded,  two  from  each  bud,  and  one  of  them  sessile;  raehis 
hairy  at  the  base.  Glmnes  orbicular,  glabrous. — If.  May — Aug. 
Damp  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

.20.  P.  mucroxa'tum,  (Mich.)  Culm  glabrous,  creeping  on  the  land 
and  swimming  in  the  water.  Jjcaves  broad,  ciliate  at  the  base  ;  sheaths 
broad,  swollen,  ciHate  ;  spikes  numerous,  narrow,  the  lowest  verticil 
late,  others  scattered,  naked  at  the  base.  Glumes  ovate,  small,  in  two 
series. — Geo.  to  Miss.  P.  natans,  Leconte. 

21.  P.  purpuras'cexs,  (Ell.)  Stevi  decumbent  and  erect,  branching, 
glabrous.  Leaves  long,  hairy  at  the  base,  dark  purple  ;  spikes  numer- 
ous. Flowers  crowded,  two  from  each  bud  ;  raclais  hairy  at  the  base. — 
1i.     July — Oct.      Common.     12 — 18  inches. 

22.  P.  uxdula'tiim,  (Poir.)  (P.  plicatulum,  Mich.)  Leaves  somewhat 
keeled;  margins  scabrous,  ciliate  at  the  base;  sheaths  smooth;  spikes 
numerous  ;  raehis  flat,  glabrous  ;  margins  scabrous ;  spikelets  in  2 — 4 
series  ;  inferior  glumes  pubescent,  superior  glabrous. — Geo.  and  Flor. 

Genus  X.— PAN'ICUM.     L. 

(The  ancient  Latin  name  for  some  of  the  species.) 

Glumes  2,  unequal,  the  lower  one  very  small ;  the  lower 
florets  usually  abortive  or  bearing  stamens  only.  Palece  con- 
cave, equal,  beardless.  Seed  coated  with  the  paleae.  Flowers 
in  loose,  scattered  panicles  or  spikes. 

§  1.  Spikes  digitate. 

1.  P.  mol'le,  (Mich.)  {Eriochloa  mollis,  Kunth.)  Stem  erect,  pubes- 
cent toward  the  summit  and  all  the  joints.  Leaves  glabrous,  with  the 
throat  of  the  sheath  ciliate.     Flojvers  in  spikes  or  racemes.      Glumes  2- 


ORDER    CXLII. GRAMINACE.E.  577 

flowered,  perfect  and  sterile ;  valves  acute,  hairy.    PaUcn  of  the  slciile 
floret  \.—  n.     Aug.— Sept.     On  the  sea-islands.     4— G  feet. 

2.  P.  sanguina'lis,  (L.)  {Digitarla  sanguhtalh,  Scop.)  Stem  decum- 
bent and  assurgent,  geniculate,  taking  root  at  the  joints.  Lravcs  hairv, 
with  the  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints,  sometimes  purple  ;  si)ik('H 
digitate,  spreading,  4 — 6.  Glumes  glabrous,  exterior  ones  small.  J'a- 
lece  with  the  valves  equal,  lanceolate. — 0.  Through  the  sununcr. 
Cultivated  grounds.     Very  common.  Crabgraas. 

§  2.  Spikes  racemose. 

3.  P.  Elliottia'num,  (Schult.)  (P.  gibbum,  Ell.)  Stern  erect,  gla- 
Drous.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent.  Flowers  in  appressed  ra- 
cemes. Glumes  '2-flowered,  perfect  and  sterile.  Falan  of  the  peifect 
flower  about  half  the  length  of  the  glumes. — <3.  Through  the  summer. 
Damp  soils.     Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

§  3.  Branches  paniculate,  more  or  less  divided ;  spikelcls  solitary,  scat- 
tered. 

4.  P.  Ignora'tum,  (Kunth.)  (Aulaxant/nts  ciliatus,  Ell.)  Stem  erect, 
glabrous,  compressed  toward  the  base.  Leaves  linear,  ciliate,  glabrous  ; 
sheath  ciliate,  hairy  at  the  throat.  Glumes  villous.  Palciv  brown, 
nearly  black  when  mature. — %.     Sept. — Oct.     Pine-barrens.     1 — 2  ft. 

5.  P.  ru'fum,  (Kunth.)  {Axdaxanthns  rufus.  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  larger 
than  the  preceding.  Leaves  glabrous.  Panicle  large.  Glumes  cov- 
ered with  long,  reddish-brown  hair. —  If.  Aug. — Sept.  Damp  soils, 
2—3  feet. 

6.  P.  deb'ile,  (Poir.)  {P.  hians.  Ell.)  Stem  slender,  decumbent,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  linear,  ciliate  near  the  base  ;  sheaths  short,  contracted 
and  pubescent  at  the  throat.  Flowers  in  racemose  panicles.  Glumes 
ovate,  acute,  2-flowered  ;  valves  of  the  sterile  floret  long,  of  the  fertile 
ovate,  cartilaginous. — 0.  Aug. — Oct.  Pine-barrens,  Common.  10 
— 15  inches. 

7.  P.  prolif'erum,  (Lam.)  {P.  geuicidatum,  Muhl.)  Stem  assurgent, 
geniculate,  branching,  large.  Leaves  long,  hairy,  and  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  glabrous  beneath.  Floivers  in  large  panicle.*,  difl"use. 
Glumes  I'^ow ex Qd. —  If.     Aug. — Oct.     Wet  soils.     3 — 6  feet. 

8.  P.  viRGA'TrM,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  somewhat  serru- 
late, long;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints.  Panicle  large,  with  the 
branches  often  verticillate.  Glumes  2-flowereil,  perfect  arul  sterile, 
with  an  accessory  valve. —  If.     Aug. — Sept.     Sea-coast,     4 — 6  feet. 

9.  P.  scABRTUs'cuLUM,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  large,  .somewhat  pubescent, 
scabrous.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  i)ubescent  hetieath,  serrulate; 
sheaths  pubescent,  hairy  at  the  throat  Panicles  large,  expanding. 
Peduncles  glabrous.  Glumes  2-flowered,  perfect  and  sterile. —  U. 
Sept. — Oct.     Low  country  of  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

10.  P.  multiklo'rum,  (Poir.)  Smooth.  Panicle  dense,  many-flow- 
ered. Flowers  sub-acute,  oblong,  small;  branches  rough.  L(ate$ 
broad,  linear,  smooth. — Car. 

11.  P,  ama'rum,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  stout,  glabrou-^.  Leaves  flat, 
thick;  throat  of  the  sheatli  contracted,  purple.  Panicle  large.  Flow 
ers  large.     Peduncles  glabrous.     Glumes  2-flowore(l,  tinged  with  pur- 


578  ORDER    CXLII. GRAMINACEJ2. 

pie.     PalccB  nearly  equal  in  both  flowers. — 1i.     Oct.     Sand-hills  on 
the  sea-coast.     2 — 3  feet, 

12.  P.  RAMULo'siJM,  (Mich.)  (F.  debile,  Ell.)  Stan  slender,  decum- 
bent, branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  long,  serrulate ;  sheaths  ciliate, 
hairy  at  the  throat.  Glumes  lanceolate,  glabrous.  Floioers  in  slender, 
diffuse  panicles.  Pedicels  2-flowered. — If.  Aug. — Oct.  Damp  soils. 
2—4  feet. 

13.  P.  fra'gile,  (Kunth.)  (P.  divergens,  Muhl.)  Stem  assurgent, 
slender.  Leaves  subulate,  glabrous  on  the  under  surface,  scabrous 
above ;  sheaths  scabrous,  longer  than  the  joints.  Flowers  solitary,  on 
long  peduncles.  Glumes  1-flowered,  with  a  subulate,  accessory  glume. 
FcUece  shorter  than  the  glumes. — U-  June — Aug.  Dry  soils.  12 — 
15  inches. 

14.  P.  dicuot'omum,  (Gross.)  Stem  pi-ocumbent,  geniculate,  pubes- 
cent, branched  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  pubescent,  serrulate ; 
sheath  pubescent.  Flowers  small.  Glumes  2-flowered. — If.  June — 
Oct.     Pastures  and  woods.     Common,     1 — 2  feet. 

15.  P.  nodiflo'rum,  (Lam.)  (P.  paudf.orum,  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  genic- 
ulate, branching  at  the  joints.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate 
at  the  base;  sheaths  hairy.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  few.  Gluvies  1- 
flowered,  with  an  accessory  valve. — If.  May.  Damp  soils.  12 — 18 
inches. 

16.  P.  consanguin'eum,  (Kunth.)  (P.  villosum.  Ell.)  Stem  erect, 
villous,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  erect,  hairy,  rigid ;  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  joints.  Flowers  few,  obovate.  Glumes  1  flowered, 
obovate. — If.     April — May.     Damp  places.     1 — 2  feet. 

17.  P.  seta'ceum,  (Much.)  Peduvcles  solitary,  1-flowered,  rarely  pa- 
niculate. Culm  erect,  ciespitose,  dichotonious,  somewhat  pubescent, — 
Geo. 

18.  P.  Muehlenbergia'num,  (Sehal.)  Culm,  smooth,  branching  from 
the  base ;  nodes  pilose.  Leaves  linear,  glabrous  ;  branches  ot  the  pani- 
cle solitary.     Pedicels  flexuous,  pubescent. — Geo. 

19  P.  nit'idum,  (Lam.)  >S^em  erect,  slendt^r,  glabrous.  Leaven  Imenr 
lanceolate,  expanding;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joincs,  hairy  at  XAm 
throat.  Flotcers  m  a  diifu,-=e  panicle,  nearly  spliericai,  tma'i.  G'umci 
purple. —  If.     April — May.     Damp  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

20.  P.  ova'le,  (Ell.)  Ste7n  erect,  pubescent,  terete.  Lfovs  r.v,;tp- 
lanceolate,  cordate,  hairy  at  the  b.ise  ;  sheath  contracted  at  the  ti^rtiai 
Floivers  numerous,  oblong,  hairy. —  If.  Aug.— Sept.  Middle  and 
Southern  Geo.     1 — 2  feet. 

21.  P.  lanugino'sum,  (Ell.)  Stein  pubescent,  whitish.  Leaves  linear, 
acute,  downy ;  sheaths  lanuginous  at  the  throat.  Pam'de  difiuse 
Flowers  small,  nearly  globnlar.  Peduncles  smooth. —  2f .  July — Sept. 
Middle  Geo.     1—2  feet. 

22.  P.  microcar'pum,  (Muhl.)  Stein  erect,  simple.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  erect,  slightly  pubescent  beneath  ;  sheaths  hispid,  hairy  at 
the  throat.  Glumes  tiuged  \fith -purph'.—  U-  June — July.  Banks  of 
streams.     2 — 3  feet. 

23.  P.  depaupera'tum,  (Mueli.)  Xr«i'<?s  linear-lanceolate  ;  lower  ones 
ehort,  upper  ones  longer,  pilose  or  glabrous  ;  sheaths  pilose.     Panieleg 


OKDER    CXLII. — GKAMIXACK/K.  570 

terminal,  erect.  Glumes  acute,  lanccDlate,  smooth. — Car.  and  north- 
Avai'd. 

24.  P.  vis'ciDUM,  (Ell.)  Ste77i  erect  and  decumbent,  branchinif,  very 
pubescent  and  viscid  at  tiie  joints.  Leaves  bliirhtly  cordate,  pubescent, 
ciliate  ;  sheath  viscid.  Panicle  expandinj^.  Flowers  pubeseent,  obo- 
vate.  Ghimes  2-flowcred.  Palece  of  the  sterile  floret  very  small. —  1i. 
June.     Damp  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 

2.5.  P.  ciliatifo'lium,  (Kunth.)  (P.  cUiatum.)  Stem  decumbent,  te- 
rete, f^labrous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate;  sheatli  glabrous,  ciliate. 
Glumes  2-flowered,  with  an  Rcoessory  glume.  J'ale<c  of  the  neutral 
floret  suiall. —  2f .     March — April     Damp  soils.     4 — lU  inehes. 

26.  P.  ensifo'lium,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  .'^lender.  Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  glabrous  ;  sheath  sliort,  glabrous  Flowers  small,  pubes- 
cent.—  If.     April — May.     Damp  soils.     12 — 18  inches. 

27.  P.  barbula'tum,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  usually  geniculate,  -with  the 
ioints  bearded,  branching  at  the  base.  L^eaves  ovate-lanceolate,  g!a- 
orous,  expanding;  sheath  glabrous,  ciliate.  Glumes  2-flowered,  pubes- 
cent. PalecB  of  the  perfect  flower  equaling  the  glumes;  of  the  sterile 
flower  only  one,  small. — If.  April — July.  Damp  soils.  10 — 15 
inches. 

28.  P.  puBEs'cENS,  (Lam.)  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  pubescent. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate,  pubescent.  Stipxdes  bearded.  Glumes  2- 
flowert^d,  obovate.  Palece  of  the  perfect  flower  longest. —  If.  July — 
Aug.     Shady  woods.     1 — 2  feet. 

29.  P.  sph^rocar'pum,  (Ell.)  Stent  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  I^eavcs 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  ciliate  at  the  base.  Panicle  expand- 
ing. Flotvers  small,  pubescent.  Fruit  globular. —  If.  April — May. 
Middle  Geo.     12—18  inches. 

30.  P.  angustifo'lium,  (Ell.)  S/em  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves  lin<-ar- 
lanceolate,  ciliate  at  the  base,  scabrous  above,  glabrous  beneath.  Floic- 
ers  solitary,  pubescent. —  2f .     May — June.     Shaded  soils.     1 — 3  feet 

31.  P.  HETERorHYL'LUM,  (Bos.)  (P.  multijlonwi,  Ell.)  Stem  erect, 
glabrous.  Leaves  broad-lanceolate,  pubescent  at  the  base  and  ciliate, 
slightly  undulate.  Flowers  in  a  much  branched  panicle,  small,  pubes- 
cent.—If.     May — July.     Shaded  soils.     2—3  feet. 

32.  P.  melica'rium,  (Mich.)  Stem  slender,  glaV<rou3.  Leaves  long, 
narrow,  ghibrous.  Panicle  contracted,  slender.  Glumes  2nowtrcJ, 
membranaceous,  nearly  equal. — If.     April — June.     Car.  and  Goo. 

33.  P.  an'ceps,  (Mieh.)  Stem  compressed,  branehing.  penieulate. 
Leaves  hairy;  sheaths  hairy,  longer  than  the  joints.  Panicle  expaml- 
ing,  turning  to  one  side.  Glumes  2 — 3  flowered,  perfect  auid  sterile. 
Plilece  shorter  than  the  calyx. —  If.  Aug.— Nov.  Wet  soils.  Com- 
mon.    2 — i  feet. 

34.  P.  capilla're,  (Griis-i.)  {P.  strif/»:nim,  Ell.)  Stem  nssurgrnt, 
branched,  villous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate,  villou.«^.  Panicles  large. 
Glumes  2-flowere<l,  obovate.  Palex  of  the  sterile  florets  very  small. — 
If.     April- May.     Damp  soils.     12—16  iiiche!». 

35.  P.  scopa'uium,  (Lam.)  Stem  erect,  villous.  Leaves  glabri>u9  <.n 
the  upper  surface,  3—6  inches  long,  1—2  wide,  pubescent  beneath. 
Flowers  few,  large.  Ghimes  2  flowered,  pubeseent,  witli  an  acce»->ory 
valve.  Palcoi  of  the  perfect  floret  larger  than  those  of  the  sterile  one. 
—If.     April — May      Shady  places.     2 — 3  feet. 


580  ORDER    CXLII. GRASIINACEjE. 

36.  P.  Bos'cii,  (Poir.)  Stem  glabrous,  simple.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
erect,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  base  and  on  the  margin.  Pan- 
icles short,  few-flowered,  somewhat  pubescent.  Glumes  nerved.  Seed 
naked. — Car. 

37.  P.  Walte'ri,  (Poir.)  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  smooth ; 
sheaths  tomentose,  bearded  at  the  base.  Panicles  sessile,  branching. 
Glumes  pubescent ;  outer  valve  oval. — Car.  to  Vir. 

38.  P.  commuta'tum,  (Schal.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  lanceo 
late,  slightly  cordate,  ciliate  at  the  base,  distinctly  nerved.  Panicle 
diffuse.  Pedimclcs  pubescent.  Glume  2-flowered. — If.  May — July. 
Dry  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

39.  P.  latifo'lium.  Stem  procumbent,  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, hairy  at  the  throat.  Flowers  solitary,  scattered.  Glumes  2- 
flowered,  perfect  and  sterile,  pubescent.  Palece  of  the  perfect  flowers 
larger  than  those  of  the  sterile  ones. — If.  Through  the  summer. 
Dry,  shady  soils.     Common.     12 — 15  inches. 

Genus  XI.— ROTTBCEL'LIA.     L. 
(In  honor  of  C.  F.  Eottbocll,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

Flowers  in  one-sided  spikes.  Glumes  1 — 2-flowered,  the 
flowers  sterile  and  perfect. 

1.  R.  dimidia'ta,  (Mich.)  (Stenofaphrnm  Americanum,  Schra.) 
Stem  creeping,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  glabrous,  sometimes  op- 
posite, perennial ;  spikes  terminal,  flat.  Glumes  unequal,  the  exterior 
shortest.  Palece  lanceolate,  the  exterior  longest. —  If.  Through  the 
summer.     On  the  sea-coast. 

Genus  XII.— OPLIS'MENUS.     Beauv. 

(From  the  Greek  opli-smos,  armor.) 

Spikelets  2-flowered  or  more ;  inferior  flowers  staminate  or 
neutral ;  superior  flowers  perfect.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  concave  ; 
staminate  flowers  wdth  two  paleoe,  the  lower  one  awned.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Perfect  flowers  ;  pale?e  2,  the  inferior  acuminate, 
mucronate.     Styles  2. 

1.  0.  seta'rius,  (Rcem.)  {Panicum  hirtellum,  Ell.)  Stem  prociun- 
beut,  creeping,  sometimes  assurgent,  hairy  at  the  joints.  Leaves  undu- 
late, scabrous,  slightly  hairy,  contracted  at  the  base,  throat,  and  mar- 
gin of  the  sheath;  spikes  compound;  spikelets  5 — 8-flowered  ;  rachis 
angled,  villous.  6^Z7/?;ies  1 -flowered,  with  purple  awns. — If.  Aug  — 
Oct.     Rich,  dry  soils. 

2.  O.  cbus-gal'li,  (Kuuth.)  {Panicum  crus-galli,  L.)  Stem  erect, 
terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  long,  scabrous.  Flowers  on  spikes,  forming  a 
terminal  panicle  ;  rachis  angled,  hairy.  Glumes  2-flowered,  one  per- 
fect, the  other  sterile  ;  exterior  glume  with  a  long  awn  ;  the  interior 
one  flat,  awned  ;  the  accessory  glume  very  small.  Palece  pubescent. — 
0.     Aug. — Sept.     Cultivated  grounds,     2 — 4  feet. 

The  glumes  of  this  species  are  not  always  awned,  and  the  awns  vary  very  mu«h  iu 
length. 


OEDER    CXLIT.— GKAMK\ACi;.E.  581 

8.  0.  mtjeica'tus,  (Kunth.)  {Panicnm  Waltrri,  Pursh.)  Sinn  erect, 
Blonder,  glabrous.  Leaves  horizontal,  glabrous;  throat  of  tlio  elx-ntb 
ciliate.  Flowers  in  alternate  spikes,  in  three  rows;  racliis  scabrous. 
Glumes  2-flowered,  perfect  and  sterile. — Q.  Tlirough  the  Kutntnor 
In  damp  soils.     Low  country.     2 — 3  feet. 


Gexus  XIII.— SETA'RIA.     Beauv. 
(From  seta,  a  bristle.) 

Sjnkelets  2-flowercd,  invested  with  an  involucre  of  two  or 
more  bristles.  Glumes  2,  unequal ;  lower  flower  abortive. 
Palece  1 — 2,  herbaceous ;  upper  flower  perfect.  Pulccc  carti- 
laginous.    Flowers  in  compound,  cylindrical  spikes. 

1.  S.  GLAu'cA,  (Beauv.)  {Panicnm  glaucum,  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  gla- 
brous, slightly  compressed.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  upper 
surface  scabrous;  spike  cylindrical.  Glwncs  with  an  accessory  one, 
acute,  3-nerved.  Palece  2,  the  exterior  one  obscurely  Snerved.  Aicns 
8 — 10,  in  two  fascicles. — 0.     July — Aug.     Roadsides.     2  feet 

There  are  two  or  three  varieties  of  this  plant,  varying  in  the  direction  of  the  >tcm, 
and  in  the  number  of  the  flowers  in  the  spikclets,  and  in  being  {mbescctit. 

2.  S.  corruga'ta,  (Schul.)  {Paniciim  corrugatum,  Ell.)  Stem  erect, 
terete,  slightly  scabrous.  Leaves  acute,  scabrous  ;  sheaths  longer  tlian 
the  joints.  Flotcers  in  compound,  compact  spikt-s;  sfiikelcts  with  about 
half  the  flowers  fertile,  the  others  sterile.  Glmncs  \\\\\\  an  accessory 
valve,  5-nerved.  Palece  as  long  as  the  gluniis,  the  exterior  one  wrin- 
kled.—  li.     Through  the  summer.     Low  country.     2 — 3  feet. 

3.  S.  l^.viga'ta,  (Schul.)  {Panicnm  hvif/atnm,  Aluhl.)  Stem  pro- 
cumbent, compressed,  the  upper  joints  longest.  Leavrs  narrow,  fjln- 
brous  ;  sheaths  compressed  ;  spike  eolunuiar  ;  sj)ikelels  1  flowered. 
Lnvolucels  10-awned. — Zf.  Through  the  summer.  Sea-is-laiul^.  I — 2 
feet. 

4.  S.  affi'nis,  (Schul.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pilose ;  .'•heaths  stri- 
ate ;  ligule  bearded.  Peduncles  pubescent  ;  bracts  purple  at  tho 
apex.     Flou'ers  in  elongated  fascicles. — Geo.  to  Petui. 

5.  S,  Ital'ica,  (Kunth.)  (Panicum  Italicuvi,  L.)  Stem  erect,  slightly 
compressed,  tomentose.  Leaves  very  long,  channeled,  .«cabrou.^  the 
sheath  with  the  throat  and  margins  ciliate  ;  8i>ikes  compressi-d.  with 
the  spikelets  many-flowered.  /?ii'o/?<c-rf  longer  than  the  fluwers.  Olumrt 
2-flowered,  only  one  palca3  to  the  sterile  floret. —  If.  .\ug.— Sept. 
Wet  soils.     2—10  feet. 

Genus  XIV.— CEN'CHRUS.     Beauv. 
(A  Greek  name  of  Setari a  Jtatica.) 

Involucre  1 — 3-flowered,  many-jxirted,  bristly.  O'luf'^i's  2, 
2-flowered,  exterior  ones  smallest ;  the  exterior  floret  sterile,  the 
other  perfect      Palece  2,  unawned. 


582  OEDEK   CXLII. GEAMINACE^. 

1.  C.  echixa'tus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  pubescent ;  spikes  cou- 
sisting  of  6 — 10  heads;  spikelets  approximate;  involucre  lO-parted, 
villous. — %,     Aug. — Sept.     Sandy  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  C.  tribuloi'des,  (L.)  Stein  erect,  compressed,  sometimes  branched. 
Leaves  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  glabrous  beneath ;  sheath  twice 
the  length  of  the  joints.  Glumes  unequal,  2-flowered.  Palece  2,  the 
exterior  valve  acute. — @.     July — Oct.     Sandy  soils.     12 — 15  inches. 

Tkibe  IY.— STIPA'CE^E. 

Spikelets  1-flowered ;  inferior  palea  awned.  Ovarium  stip- 
itate. 

Gexl-s  XY.— STI'PA.    L. 

Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  1-flowered.  Palece.  2,  coriaceous, 
shorter  than  the  glumes  ;  the  lower  one  with  a  long  terminal 
awn,  the  upper  one  entire.     Panicle  lax. 

1.  S.  avexa'«ea,  ("Walt.)  (/S.  Virginica,  Pers.)  Stem  erect,  terete, 
glabrous  ;  lower  leaves  longest,  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  on  the  up- 
per surface.  Flowers  in  diffuse  panicles.  Glumes  netir\y  equal,  concave, 
sometimes  awned.  Falcce  stiped,  the  stipe  bearded.  Aw7i  spiral.  —  IX 
June.     Sandy  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet.  Feather-grass 

Genus  XYL— APJS'TIDA. 
(From  arista,  a  beard  or  awn.) 

Glumes  2,  membranaceous,  unequal.  Palece  2,  on  pedi- 
cels ;  lower  one  coriaceous,  3-awned,  the  upper  one  very  small, 
or  wanting.      Scales  collateral. 

1.  A.  gra'cilis,  (Ell.)  Ste?7i  erect,  .slender,  glabrous,  branching  at  tho 
base.  Leaves  linear,  with  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints.  Floioers  in 
long  spikes,  appressed.  Glumes  equaling  the  palese  in  length  ;  the  ex- 
terior palea  involute,  banded  with  light  and  dark  spots,  3-awned  ;  the 
interior  palea  minute,  or  wanting. — 1(.  Sept. — Oct.  Common  on  the 
sea-coast.     10 — 15  inches. 

2.  A.  stric'ta,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  compressed,  branching  at  the  base, 
lower  joints  short.  Leaves  glabrous  ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints, 
with  tlie  throat  ciliate.  Panicle  long,  erect.  Peduncles  scabrous. 
Glumes  unequal,  with  serrulate  keels.  Palece  with  the  exterior  one 
hairy  at  tlie  base.  Aicns  long,  scabrous. —  If.  July — Aug.  Rocky 
soils.     2—3  feet. 

3.  A.  dichot'oma,  (Mich.)  Stem  slender,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves 
narrow,  flat,  finely  serrulate.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes.  Glumes 
narrow-lanceolate,  with  short  awns  ;  keels  serrulate.  Palece  involute, 
3-awned,  the  middle  one  longest,  contorted. —  5  •  July-  Loose  soils. 
12 — 18  inches. 

4.  A.  l.4.xa'ta,  (Poir.)  {A.  lanosa,  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent  at 
the  base.  Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  pubescent  above,  with  scabrous 
margins ;  sheaths  tomentose.  Flowers  in  racemose  panicles.  Glumes 
acute,  compressed,  unequal ;  exterior  palea  3-awned,  involute,  the  in- 
terior one  very  small. —  If.     Aug. — Sept.     Sandy  soils.     2 — 4  feet. 


ORDER  cxLiL— <i;ra:\il\ac'i:.e.  r)S3 

5.  A.  spicifor'mis,  (Ell.)      Slem   erect,  simple,  compressed.     Lfavet 

linear;  sheaths  ghibi'ous.  Flowers  in  compound  racc-nu-s,  apprt-ssed 
Glumes  shorter  than  the  palcte,  terii)iiiated  by  awns.  Palar  une<jual» 
exterior  one  3-awncd,  with  the  intermediate  one  Iont,'est,  pubescent  at 
the  base. —  U-     Sept. — Oct.     Pine-barrens.     1—3  feet. 

Tribe  V.— AGROSTI'DE.E. 
Spikelets  1-llowcred. 

Genus  XVIL— MUHLENBER'GIA.     Schrcb. 
(In  honor  of  Dr.  Muhlenberg.) 

Glumes  2,  very  minute,  fringed.  Falece  ovate,  gibbous,  nuich 
larger  than  the  glumes,  the  lower  one  uwned.     Panicle  simi)le. 

1.  M.  DiFFu'sA,  (Willd.)  Ste))i  decumbent,  geniculate,  diffii.se,  com- 
pressed. Leaves  linear,  scabrous.  Panicle  slender,  composed  of  alter- 
nate, appressed  racemes.  Glumes  unequal,  small.  Paleoe  unecjual, 
pubescent  at  the  base,  the  exterior  3-nerved;  awn  purple. — U-  Jul}-. 
In  fields.     18—20  inches. 

2.  M.  polypo'gox,  (Trin.)  Zeavc?  convolute,  glaucous.  Pedicels  ciovrd- 
ed  ;  awn  longer  than  the  floret ;  glumes  awned  at  the  ape.x. — Carolina. 

3.  M.  capilla'ris,  (Trin.)  Leaves  convolute,  long,  glaucous.  Flowers 
crowded  ;  paleae  3  times  as  long  as  the  glumes;  awns  naked. 

4.  M.  euec'ta,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent.  Leaves  pu- 
bescent; sheath  shorter  than  the  joint,  hairy  at  the  throat.  Panicle 
loose.  Glumes  2,  with  one  very  minute.  Palcie  with  the  e.\terior  one 
bearing  a  long  awn,  many-nerved. — U-    July.     Rocky  hills.     2 — 3  ft. 

Genus  XVIII.— AGROS'TIS.    L. 
(From  agros,  a  field;  tho  place  of  growth.) 

Glume  naked,  beardle.s.s,  2-valved,  1-tlowered  ;  valve.s  longer 
than  the  paleaa.  Falece  2,  membranaceous.  Sti'jmas  longiiu-. 
dinally  hispid. 

1.  A.  Dis'PAR,  (Mich.)  Erect,  large.  Panicle  loose,  manv  tlowered, 
somewhat  verticillate  and  pyramidal ;  the  e.xterior  glume  tlie  largest^ 
one  of  the  interior  very  small. — Low  country. 

2.  A.  laxiflo'ra,  (Rich.)  {Trichodium  laxiflorum,  Mich.)  Stan  erect, 
glabrous.  Leaves  setaceous,  scabrous.  Pauiclts  dilFuse,  capillary,  with 
trichotomous  branches.  Glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  acute.  J'olrte 
shorter  than  the  glumes,  with  the  maigins  pubescent. —  If.  Mnrch — 
May.     Dry  fields  or  swamps.     18  inches  to  3  feet. 

3.  A.  TRicnoPo'nE.s,  (Ell.)  Stein  erect,  glabrou.s.  leaves  flat,  s.-a- 
brous  ;  sheath  glabrous,  with  long  stipules.  Panicle  diffuse.  J'fdun 
cles  capillary,  long.  Glumes  much  shorter  than  the  paloic  ;  tl»e  exterii»r 
))alea  with  a  short,  straight  awn,  the  interior  longest. — U-  Sept.— 
Oct.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  A.  arachnoi'des,  (Ell.)  (Cinna  arachnoidea,  Kunth.)  Stem  erect, 
slender,  glabrous.     Leaves  with  the  sheath  as  long  as  the  jointn.     Sltp^ 


584  ORDER   CXLIT.' — GRAMINACE^. 

vies  lacerate.  Panicle  long;,  with  capillary  branches  ;  the  upper  palea 
awned,  with  the  awn  very  slender.  Stamens  1 — 3.  Styles  2. —  If. 
April — May.     Middle  Car.     4 — 8  inches. 

5.  A.  coMPOs'iTA,  (Poir.)  Leaves  rough,  long.  Floicers  in  panicles, 
racemose  and  spicate,  erect.  Palece  acute,  longer  than  the  glumes. — 
Carolina. 

6.  A.  coMPREs'sA,  (Poir.)  Flowers  in  elongated  panicles ;  peduncles 
somewhat  verticillate  ;  glumes  compressed,  exterior  acute,  longest. — 
Carolina. 

7.  A.  clandesti'na,  (Ell.)     {Sporoholus  asper,  Kunth.)     Stem  erect, 
terete,  glabrous.     Leaves  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  with  serrulate 
margins ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints,  hairy  at  the  throat.     Pani- 
cles   appressed,    terminal   and    axillary.       Glumes  glabrous,    unequal,^ 
Palece  hairy,  with  the  exterior  one  keeled. —  %.    Sept. — Oct.     Sandy" 
soils.     3 — 4  feet. 

8.  A.  jun'cea,  (Mich.)  {Sporoholus  junceus,  Kunth.)  Stem  erect,  slen- 
der, glabrous.  Leaves  glabrous,  concave,  margins  scabrous.  Panicle 
with  verticillate  branches,  about  6  in  a  whorl.  Ghcmcs  glabrous;  the 
exterior  much  smaller  than  the  interior,  both  purple.  Palece  nearly 
equal. — 2f .     Dry  pine-barrens.      Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

9.  A.  Virgin'ica,  (L.)  {Sporohohis  Virginicus,  Kunth.)  Ste^n  pi'O- 
cumbent,  assurgeut,  glabrous.  Leaves  subulate,  short,  entire.  Panicle 
appressed.  Glumes,  the  exterior  shorter  than  the  palese,  keeled,  the 
interior  larger.  Palece  nearly  equal ;  the  exterior  acute,  the  interior 
obtuse. — If.     Aug. — Sept.     On  the  sea-coast.     6 — 8  inches. 

10.  A.  pauciflo'ra,  (Pursh.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear, 
villous ;  sheaths  striate,  with  short  stipules.  Panicle  with  filiform 
branches.  Glume  imequal,  with  short  awns.  Palece  villous,  with  short 
awns. — 2f .     July.     Mountains.     12 — 18  inches. 

11.  A.  cin'na,  (Lam.)  {Cinna  arundinacea,'L.)  ^'em  erect,  glabrous. 
Panicle  large,  weak.  Leaves  broad,  linear,  1-valved,  slightly  awned  be- 
neath the  summit. — If.     Aug.     Middle  Georgia. 

12.  A.  LATERiFLo'RA,(Mich.)  {Cinna  lateriflora.)  >S/(?»i  erect,  branch- 
ing above.  Leaves  broad,  linear,  flat.  Panicles  lateral  and  terminaJ, 
dense,  somewhat  secund.  Glumes  acuminate.  Palece  longer  than  the 
glumes,  equal,  pubescent  at  the  base,  without  awns. —  If.  Aug. — Sept. 
Swamps.     1 — 2  feet. 

Tribe  VL— CHLORID'E^. 

Spikelets  in  unilateral  spikes,  1 — many-flowered,  digitate  or 
paniculate  ;  rachis  not  articulated. 

Genus  XIX.— CYN'ODON.    Rich. 
(From  kuon,  a  dog,  and  odous,  a  tooth.) 

Spikelets  ] -flowered,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  flower  on  a  ped- 
icel. Spikes  digitate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Glumes  un- 
equal, keeled.     Palece  unequal,  the  lower  larger. 

1.  C.  pac'tylox.     Low  creeping  plant,  with  short  flat  leaves.     Spikes 


ORDER   CXLII. — GRAMTXACE.f:.  5^5 

digitate,  3 — 5  ;  paleoe  longer  than  the  riuliiiiont.— An  iiitroJuccd  grn»s. 
Very  difficult  to  exterminate,  especially  in  loose,  rich  hoil. 

Bermuda  Grass.     iJiyltaria  Jarti/lon,  EIL 

Genus  XX.— CHLO'RIS.    Schwartz. 
(From  chloros,  green,  in  allusion  to  its  hcrbaye.) 

Flowers  polygamous.  Glumes  2,  2-flowered ;  one  of  tliein 
perfect  and  sessile,  the  other  staminate.  Paleie  of  the  perfect 
flower  2,  awned.     Sjjikes  by  fours,  digitate. 

1.  C.  petr^'a,  (EIL)  {Enstachys  pctrcca,  Desv.)  Stan  prostrate, 
brandling,  assurgent,  geniculate.  Leaves  glabrous,  with  the  margins 
and  midrib  st^rrulate.  Glumes  2,  2-flowered  ;  extt-rior  glume  awned, 
the  interior  smaller,  keeled.  Palea  of  the  sterile  floret  concave,  ob 
tuse. —  1i.     June — Aug.     On  the  sea-coast. 

Genus  XXI.— ELEUSI'NE.     Gart 
(From  Eleusin,  tlie  name  of  a  town  Mhero  Ceres  was  worsiil|)od.) 

Flowers  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  5 — 7- 
flowered.  Palece  2,  obtuse,  upper  one  bifid.  Scales  fimbriate. 
Spikes  digitate. 

1.  E.  muorona'ta,  (Mich.)  {Leptochloa  mucronata,  Kuntk)  Stem 
erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  slightly  scabrous,  with  hispi«l  sheath.s  longer 
than  the  joints.  Panicle  long,  with  the  spikes  4 — 5  inches  long.  Ghtmet 
nearly  equal,  with  colored  keels.  Paleie  unequal,  the  exterior  liairy. — 
0.     July— Oct.     Cultivated  lands.     1—3  feet 

2.  E.  in'dica,  (Gffirt.)  Stem  decumbent,  lucid.  Leaves  linear,  with 
the  under  surface  glabrous,  long ;  sheaths  pubescent,  compressed. 
Spikes  usually  5,  digitate,  one  below  the  rest  ;  spikdets  usually  o-flow- 
ered.  Glumes  unequal,  with  tiie  keels  scabrous. — 1(.  June — Uotuber. 
Common.     1 — 2  feet. 

3.  E.  crucia'ta.  {Dactyloetemum  yEyyptiacum,  Willd.)  Stnn  de- 
cumbent and  assurgent,  glabrous.  Leaves  narrow,  ciliate.  Spikes  2 — 
4;  si)ikelets  usually  3-flowered,  the  terminal  one  usually  sterile  or 
•wanting  ;  extremity  of  the  rachis  naked. — Q.  July.  Conunoii.  12 — 
18  inches. 

Genus  XXII.— MONOCE'RA.    Ell. 
(From  memos,  one,  and  keros,  liorn  ;  tlioro  bolng  but  one  spiko.) 

Flowers  polygamous,  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  GInmcs  2, 
many-flowered,  awned  below  the  summit.  Pale^'e  of  the  per- 
fect flower  2-valved,  unequal ;  the  e.xtcrior  one  awned  Mow 
the  summit;  those  of  the  sterile  flower  unawned. 

1.  M.  aromat'ica,  (Ell.)  {Ctenium  Americanum,  Sprig.)  .SV<//j  pu- 
bescent, erect.  L^eaves  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  glahrotis  W- 
neath;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints,  hairy  at  the  throat.  SpH't  ter- 
minal, secund  ;  spikelets  in  2  lows.  Glumes  3-flowered;  the  exterior 
glume  with  an  awn  projecting  iVotu  the  center  of  the  l)ack  ;  the  in'criur 
palea  .small,  pubescent. —  U-     May — Julv.     rine-barren*. 

Toothiichr-^ra**. 


586  OEDER   CXLII. GRAMINACE^. 

Genus  XXIII. —SPARTI'NA. 

(From  sjmriine,  a  cord,  from  the  toughness  of  the  leaves.) 

Flowers  in  1 -sided  spikes,  imbricate,  in  2  rows.  Glumes  2, 
unequal,  keeled.     Paleoe  2,  unequal,  without  awns. 

1.  S.  jun'cea,  (Willd.)  >S<(??n  glabrous,  columnar,  ieaves  linear,  con- 
volute when  old  ;  sheaths  glabrous,  ciliate  at  the  throat ;  spikes  few, 
pedunculate  ;  exterior  glume  small,  the  interior  one  long,  keeled  ;  ex- 
terior palea  shortest,  the  interior  compressed,  as  long  as  the  glume. — ?f . 
Through  the  summer.     Sea-coast.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  S.  POLYSTA'cin'A.  Stem  glabrous,  columnar.  Leaves  broad,  very- 
long,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface  ;  sheath  longer  than  the  joints, 
with  the  throat  hairy  ;  spikes  numerous,  10 — 12,  expanding,  alternate. 
—  If.     Sept,     On  the  sea-coast.     3 — 10  feet. 

3.  S.  gla'bra,  (Muhl.)  {S.  Icevigata,  Link.)  Stem  glabrous,  fistular. 
Leaves  long,  glabrous,  concave  ;  spikes  erect,  appressed,  5 — 8.  Glumes 
and  paleas  ciliate  on  the  keels. —  If.  August—Sept.  On  the  sea-coast. 
2—4  feet. 

Genus  XXIV.— GYMIS^OPO'GOX.     Beauv. 

(From  gumnos,  naked,  onApogon,  a  beard.) 

Glumes  2,  carinate,  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  floret. 
Palece  shorter  than  the  glumes,  equal ;  the  exterior  one  3- 
nerved,  terminated  by  a  straight  awn.     Spike  pauicled. 

1,  G.  RACEMo'sus,  (Beauv.)  Stem  erect  and  decumbent,  glabrous, 
short  joints.  Leaves  distichous,  cordate,  lanceolate,  nerved,  short,  gla- 
brous ;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat.  Panicle  terminal,  expanding,  some- 
what verticillate. — U-     Sept. — Oct.     Dry  soils.     1 — 2  feet. 

Tribe  VII.— AVENA'CEtE. 

Spikelets  2 — many-flowered,  panic! ed  ;  the  lower  palea  bear- 
ing a  twisted  or  bent  awn  on  the  back. 

Genus  XXV.— AI'RA.     L.     [Hair-grass.) 
"  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

Glumes  2,  2 — 3-flowered.  Palem  2,  equal,  inclosing  the 
seed,  exterior  one  usually  awned.     Panicle  comjjound. 

1.  A.  FLExuo'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  setaceous. 
Panicle  diffuse,  with  the  branches  somewhat  verticillate.  Glumes  un- 
equal. Palece  equal,  the  exterior  one  yjubescent  at  the  base,  bearing 
an  awn  at  the  base. —  %.     August — Sept.     Shady  woods.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  A.  capilla'cea,  (L.)  Ste7n  erect,  sma'l.  Leaves  short,  glabrous, 
narrow.  Flowers  in  capillary  panicles,  diffuse,  large  for  the  size  of  the 
plant.  Glumes  acute,  with  the  keel  rough.  Palece  unawned,  larger 
than  the  glumes. — ©.     July — Aug.     Sandy  soils.     8 — 10  inches, 

3.  A.  triflo'ra,  (Ell.)  [Graphephorimi  Elliottii,  Kunth.)  Stem  erecti 
glabrous,  slender.     Leaves  short,  flat,  scabrous  on  the  under  surface 


ORDER    CXLir. (JJiAMIXACK.E.  557 

eheatlis  shorter  than  the  joints,  with  incised  stipules.  Oiumex  unequal, 
linear-lanceolate,  keeled.  Palecc  lanceolate,  3 — 5-iKTVcd. — U-  April 
— May,     Upper  Carolina  and  Georgia.     12 — 18  iiicljcs, 

4.  A.  pal'lexs,  (Muhl.)  {Avcna  palnstrh,  y['w\\.)  /SVwi  erect,  genic- 
ulate at  the  base,  glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  slightly  scabrous,  narrow; 
eheaths  glabrous.  Glumes  compressed,  keeled ;  the  interior  valve 
longest.  Palcce  2  ;  the  exterior  double  the  K-iigth  of  the  interior,  bear- 
ing a  short  awn  on  the  back. —  If.  March — April.  Wit  soils.  Com- 
mon.    I — 2  feet. 

5.  A.  obtusa'ta,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  somewhat 
scabrous  and  hairy  ;  sheaths  hairy.  Fan  tele  racemose.  Glumcn  2 — 3- 
flowered,  the  exterior  one  linear,  the  interior  broad,  obtuse.  Pnle<K 
nearly  equal,  the  exterior  tinged  with  green,  the  interior  white. — 1(. 
March — April.     Pine-barrens.     Couunon. 

6.  A.  mol'lis,  (Muhl.)  {Reboulea  graeiUs,  Kuntlu)  Stem  slender, 
glabrous,  naked  at  the  summit.  Leaves  linear,  short.  Flowers  in  race- 
mose panicles,  scattered.  Glumes  with  the  intei'ior  obtuse,  the  exterior 
acute.  Palece  acute,  the  interior  shortest,  usually  2clefL — U.  April 
— May.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     Common,      1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XXVI.— AVENA.     L.    {Oat.) 
(The  Latin  name.) 

Glumes  2,  2 — Y-flowered,  longer  than  tlie  florets.  Palccv  bi- 
laciniate,  or  with  the  upper  bitid,  toothed,  with  a  twisted  awn 
on  the  back.     Seed  furrowed.     Panicle  loose,  compound. 

1.  A.  spica'ta,  (L.)  {Danthonia  spleafa,  Ra'ni.)  St<:m  erect,  pu- 
bescent near  the  sunuuit.  Leaves  subulate,  small,  pubescent;  shcuth 
with  the  thi-oat  bearded,  villous.  Flowers  pnniclod  ;  spikes  racemose, 
o))  short  pedicels.  Glumes  usually  6-flowered,  longir  than  the  spike; 
margins  membranaceous.  Palcce  2  ;  exterior  one  lanceolate.  viIl«)U!<.  the 
sides  terminating  in  two  awns,  with  the  spiral  one  on  the  back  between 
them;  interior  one  ciliate.— If .  Aj.ril— May.  Upper  di.nriet.s  of  Car- 
olina and  Georgia,      1 — 2  feet. 

2.  A.  Pe\?;sylvan'ic.\,  (L.)  {Arrhenatherum  Prnusi;fvanirum,  Torr.) 
Resembles  the  preceding,  with  the  exception  that  the  glumes  are  2- 
flowered,  and  seeds  vilhius. — New  York  to  Florida. 

3.  A.  SATi'vA,  (L.)  The  common  oat,  the  most  genernlly  cultivated 
grain  in  high  latitudes.  Tliere  are  numerous  varieti.s— in  the  color  of 
the  grain  or  stem,  or  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  awns,  Ac. 

4.  A,  nu'da,  (L.)  Is  an  oat  extensively  cultivated  in  i:uroi>e.  which 
IS  easily  detached  from  its  covering,  and  is  used  on  that  ;i.'.-..unt  <or 
grinding  into  meal,  and  other  culinary  purposes. 

Genus  XXVII.— U'RALEl'IS.     Nutt. 
^From  oura,  a  tail,  and  lepis,  a  scale,  in  allusion  to  tlic  appearanoo  of  tho  lower  p*!o«.) 

Spikelets  2— 3-flowered ;  flowers  alternate,  lonoror  than  the 
flumes.  Palece  unequal,  villous  on  tho  margin;  Knvcr  paloa 
l-awned,  upper  one  entire,  concave.  Stamens  1  3,  rruit 
gibbous,  stiped. 


588  OEDER    CXLII. GRAMINACK,^\ 

1.  U.  purpu'rea,  (Kunth.)  (Aira  purpurea,  Walt.)  Ste)7i  slender, 
compressed,  scabrous  at  the  joints.  Leaves  scabrous,  pub^  scent  on  the 
upper  surface  ;  sheaths  scabrous,  the  throat  pubescent.  Glumes  2- 
flowered ;  the  exterior  valves  small,  with  the  margins  incited.  Palea 
2,  the  exterior  one  bifid,  with  the  midrib  extending  into  an  awn  ;  the 
interior  valve  villous. — Q.     Sept. — Oct.     Sea-coast.     1 — 2  feet. 

2.  U.  cup'rea,  (Kunth.)  (Poa  qninguejida,  Pursh.)  ^ifm  erect,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  distichous  at  the  base,  slightly  serrulate  ;  sheath  hairy 
at  the  throat.  Panicle  expanding;  spikelets  5-flowered  ;  exterior  pa- 
lea  3 — 5-nerved,  which  extends  beyond  the  margin,  hairy  at  the  base. 
— 11.     Sept. — Oct,     Sandy  soils.     Common.     4  feet. 

3.  U.  AMBio'rA,  (Kunth.)  {Poa  amhigna,  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous. 
Leaves  linear,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat.  Panicle  ex- 
panding;  spikelets  dark-purple,  sessile. —  Ti.     Sept.     2  feet. 

Tribe  VIIL— FESTUCIN'E.E. 

Spikelets  2 — many-flowered,  panicled,  sometimes  racemose, 
generally  without  awns. 

Gexus  XXVIII.— PO'A.     L.     {Meadow-grass.) 
(A  Greek  name  for  grass.) 

Glumes  2,  usually  many-flowered.  Spikelets  compressed. 
PaleoB  sometimes  woolly  at  the  base.  Scales  smooth.  Panicle 
more  or  less  branching,  or  scattered. 

§  1.    Spikelets  2 — many -flowered,  compressed,  paniculate  or  racemose. 

1.  P.  MicHAUx'n,  (Kunth.)  (Uniola  spicata,  L.)  Stem  erect,  terete, 
glabrous.  Leaves  distichous,  subulate,  involute.  Panicle  compressed. 
Glumes  2 — 3,  8 — lOflowered. —  1i-  July — Sept.  On  the  sea-coast. 
1  foot. 

2.  P.  pectixa'cea,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect  or  oblique.  Leaves  erect, 
hairy  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat.  Panicle  capillary,  ex- 
panding, pyramidal,  hairy  in  the  axils;  spikelets  5 — lO-flowered;  inte- 
rior palea  persistent. — ^.     July — Aug.     Sandy  fields.     8 — 12  inches. 

3.  P.  niRSUTA,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  compressed,  glabrous,  branching 
hairy  at  the  axils.  Xeayes  glabrous,  long,  pubescent  at  the  base  ;  sheati 
hairy.  Glumes  glabrous,  tinged  with  purple. — If.  Aug. — Oct.  Dr} 
fields.     1—2  feet. 

4.  P.  capilla'ris,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  hairy, 
short,  flat ;  sheath  longer  than  the  joints,  hairy  at  the  throat.  Panicle 
very  large,  expanding,  capillary  ;  spikelets  3-flowered,  ovate.  Glumes 
pubescent.  Palece  pubescent. — @.  August — Sept.  Sandy  fields. 
1—2  feet. 

5.  P.  eragros'tis,  (L.)  Stem  geniculate  and  branching  at  the  base, 
glabrous.  Leaves  short,  linear,  glabrous,  nerved.  Panicle  spreading, 
lower  branches  hairy  in  the  axils  ;  spikelets  9 — 1 5-flowered;  florets  ob- 
tuse ;  exterior  palea  acute,  5-uerved,  transparent. — ®.  July — Aug 
Sandy  fields.     12 — 18  inches. 

6.  P.  rep'tans,  (Mich.)  Stem  decumbent,  glabrous,  terete,  creev 
ing,  branched.  Leaves  subulate,  striate,  slightly  puliescent;  shea'h 
hairy  at  the  thr>at.     Panzc/e  fascicled ;  spikelets  12 — 20-flowered  ;  ex- 


ORDER   CXLII. — GRAMINACEiE.  bbO 

terior  palea  Avith  the  midrib  rrrovn.—Q.    Through  the  summer.     Moint 
cultivated  hinds.     6 — 18  inches. 

7.  P.  Link'h.  (Kunth.)  {P.  tenclla,  Ell.)  ,S^w  dcrunihcnt,  i,'l:ihrous. 
Leaves  subulate,  scabrous  on  the  u). per  surface  ;  sheath  hairy  at  the 
throat.  Panicle  expanding,  with  verticillate  branches  ;  exterior  paU-a 
purple,  3— 5-nervcd.— 0.  Through  the  sununer.  Cultivated  gnninda. 
Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

§  2.    Spikelets  paniculate,  fewfowcrcd,  rather  remote. 

8.  P.  an'nda,  (L.)  Ste7?i  glabrous,  procumbent,  geniculate.  Lmvca 
glabrous.  Panicle  diffuse;  spikelets  usually  4— 5-flowcred.  Glumrt 
slightly  pubescent.—©.     Feb.— April.     Cultivated  grounds.     C— 8  in. 

9.  P.  viu'iDis,  (Schr.)  Stem  erect,  oblique  at  the  base,  striate,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  glabrous,  linear,  flat.  Panicle  diffuse,  with  3  or  4  branch- 
es at  each  joint.  Glumes  acute,  margins  scarious,  white  ;  spikelets  ." — 
5-flowered,  woolly  at  the  base. — 11-   May — June.    Common.    2 — 3  f<-et. 

10.  P.  FER^TiLis,  (Host.)  {P.  an r/iist /folia,  Wahl.)  Sinn  glabr»»u.s 
erect.  Xmi'^.s  linear,  glabrous,  involute,  upper  ones  broadest.  Panicle 
crowded;  spikelets  usually  4-flo\vered,  villous  at  the  base.  PaU<n 
tinged  with  purple,  villous  at  the  base. — If.  May — June.  Common, 
1—2  feet. 

11.  P.  spectab'ilis,  (Pmsh.)  {R.  refracta,  Ell.)  Stem  erect,  terete, 
glabrous.  Leaves  slightly  hairy.  Panicle  diffuse,  large  ;  spikelets  15 
. — 20-flowered  ;  exterior  palea  3-nerved. — IX.  August — Sept.  Damp 
soils.     2  feet. 

12.  P.  ten'uis,  (Ell.)  Stem  somewhat  compressed,  much  brancht-d, 
glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  long,  scabrous;  throat  of  the  sheath  hairy. 
Panicle  diffuse,  capillary  ;  spikelets  1 — 3  flowered.  Glumes  glabrnus, 
Palece  glabrous,  the  exterior  one  keeled. —  2^.  Aug. — 8ej>t.  Upper 
Car.     12—18  inches. 

13.  P.  micran'tha,  (Schult.)  (P.  parvijlora,  Ell.)  Stem  simple,  de- 
cumbent, compressed,  leafy.  Leaves  distichous,  flat,  glabrous  ;  -hi-ath 
glabrous.  Panicle  diffuse,  capillary;  spikelets  gL-n.rally  o-llow- rfd  ; 
florets  obtuse,  caducous. — If.  July.  Shady  woods.  Middle  (■.iioliua 
and  Georgia. 

14.  P.  autumna'lls,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  glabrou.".  Leaves  slightly 
dcabrous,  flat.  Panicles  dift'use  ;  sj)ikelet3  generally  y-lloweml. 
Glumes  unequal;  exterior  palea  obtuse,  5-nerved. — 1(.  Aug. — Sept. 
Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     12 — 18  inches. 

15.  P.  nit'ida,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous?.  L'-aves  linear;  throat  ol 
the  sheath  slightly  hairy.  Panicle  diffuse,  capillary;  spikrlet.-*  7 — y 
flowered.  Glumes  compressed;  exterior  palea  3nerved,  tran.«*pareiit 
— 1^.     Through  the  summer.     Cultivated  lands.     12 — 18  indie.-'. 

16.  P.  confer'ta,  (Ell.)  /S^em  erect,  geniculate,  terete,  swollen  nt  tlu 
joints.  Leaves  glabrous,  flat.  Panicles  terminal  anil  axillary,  erect 
spikelets  8-flowered,  smooth  ;  exterior  palea  with  colored  vein?. —  "it 
July — Aug.     Middle  Car.  and  Geo.     2 — 3  feet. 

17.  P.  FLu'iTANS,  (Scop.)  {Glyceria  fuitans,  Brovrn.)  Stem  erv<r 
glabrous.  Leaves  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  eluatlis  glubrou* 
with  large  stipules.  Panicle  branching;  spikelets  se.*silo,  U— lU-flow 
ered.  Glumes  membranaceous,  smalkr  than  the  pahrc ;  oxtrrior  pnlca 
7-nerved,  obtuse.— 2^.     May — Aug.     Upper  districts.     1—2  feet. 


590  ORDER    CXLir. GEAailNACE^. 

Genus  XXIX.— MEL'ICA.     L. 
(From  meli,  honey.) 

Glumes  2,  unequal,  2-flowered.  Palece  2,  unequal ;  upper 
florets  sterile. 

1.  M,  sPECio'sA,  (Muhl.)  {M.  glabra,  Mich.)  Stem  erect,  terete,  gla- 
brous. Leaves  linear,  with  long  sheaths.  Flowers  in  paniculate  ra- 
cemes; racemes  3 — o-flowered.  G^Zwmes  shorter  than  the  palese  ;  the 
interior  palea  ciliate. — 11-  April — May.  Middle  Carolina  and  Geo. 
2—3  feet. 

2.  M.  DiFFu'sA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  pubescent.  Panicles  diffuse,  branch- 
ing; flowers  acute. — Virginia  and  southward. 

3.  M.  Muhlenber'gia,  (Schult.)  Ligule  short,  hairy.  Panicle  sim- 
ple, contracted;  raceme  6-flowered ;  florets  nodding;  glua)es,  one  ob- 
tuse, the  other  acute,  glabrous. — Carolina  and  Geo. 

Genus  XXX.— BRFZA.     L. 

Glumes  2,  niany-flowered.  Flowers  imbricate,  in  two  rows. 
Paleoe  ventricose ;  lower  one  embracing  tbe  upper.  Seed 
beaked.     Panicle  compound,  loose,  with  pendulous  branches. 

1.  B.  eragros'tis,  (L.)  Stem  decumbent,  geniculate,  glabrous.  Leaves 
scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  lineardanceolate ;  sheaths  shorter  than 
tlie  joints,  bearded  at  the  throat.  Panicle  compound  ;  spikelets  cor- 
date at  the  base.  Flowers  numerous ;  exterior  palea  3-nerved,  acute, 
the  interior  one  ciliate  along  the  nerves. — ^.  June — Xov.  Cultiva- 
ted lands.     Very  common,      12 — 18  inches. 

Genus  XXXL— DAC'TYLIS.     L.     {Orchard-grass.) 
(From  daktulis,  a  Anger's  breadth ;  the  allusion  not  apparent) 

Glumes  2,  many-flowered,  unequal,  the  larger  one  keeled. 
Palece  2,  without  awns,  lanceolate  ;  lower  one  mucronate,  the 
upper  one  bifid.     Spikelets  clustered  into  a  1-seeded  head. 

1.  D.  glomera'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  Jjcaves  linear,  scabrous  ; 
sheath  scabrous.  Panicle  secund,  clustered.  Glumes  lanceolate,  2 — 4- 
flowered,  Palece  with  the  keel  ciliate. —  If.  June — July.  In  fields. 
2—3  feet. 

Genus  XXXII.— FESTU'CA.     L. 
(An  ancient  Latin  name.) 

Glumes  2.  unequal,  many-flowered.  PaleoB  2,  lanceolate ; 
outer  one  acuminate  or  awned.     Panicle  usually  compound. 

1.  R  rig'ida,  (Kunth.)  {Poa  rigida,  L.)  Ste7n  assurgent,  glabrous, 
rigid.  Leaves  subulate,  glabrous.  Panicle  secund  ;  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  3 — 5 — 7-flowereib  Glumes  keeled.  Palece  rounded,  tinged 
with  purple. — If.      April — May.     Dry  soils,      2 — 4  inches. 

2.  F.  MYu'rus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  geniculate  at  the  base,  glabrous. 
Leaves  subulate  scabrous  on  the  margins  ;  sheaths  much  longer  than 

20* 


ORDER   CXLII. — GRAMINACIC.E.  591 

the  joints.  ranicle  slender,  crowded,  not  sccund  ;  ppikidpts  4 — 7, 
flowered.  Glumes  small;  exterior  p.doa  concave,  hairv,  awned. — O- 
March — April.     Dry  soils.     6 — 12  inches. 

3.  F.  tenel'la,  (AVilld.)  Stem  erect,  geniculate  at  the  bast'.  I^ave$ 
subulate,  pubescent  and  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface.  Panicle  socuiid, 
simple  ;  spikelets  6 — O-flowered.  Glumes  uiiecjually  scabrous.  I'alcic 
longer  than  the  glumes  ;  exterior  valve  keeled,  awned. — ©.  April — 
May.     Dry  soils.     Common.     6 — 12  inches. 

4.  F.  DURius'cuLA,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  subulate,  sca- 
brous. i-*a7iic/c  erect,  sccund,  short ;  spikelets  6 — 8  flowered.  Glumes 
acute,  unequal.  Palece  unawued,  interior  one  small. — June  to  July.  In 
fields.     12 — 18  inches. 

6.  F.  NUTANS,  (Willd.)  Ste7n  erect,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  glabrous.  Panic/e  secund,  nodding  ;  spikelets  3 — 6  flowt-red, 
compressed.     Flowers  unawned. —  U-     June— July.     Woods.     2 — 3  ft, 

6.  F.  PARViFLOUA,  (Ell.)  Stem  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  al- 
most filiform.  Panicle  slender;  spikelets  subulate,  terete,  S-floweri'd; 
exterior  palea  awned. — If.     April — May.     Pine-barreiis.     12 — 18  in. 

7.  F.  quaduifo'lia,  (Walt.)  Leaves  setaceous,  upper  ones  lanceolate. 
Panicles  contracted,  secund  ;  florets  lanceolate  ;  awn  termimd,  scabrous, 
exceeding  4  times  the  length  of  the  glumes. — Geo.  and  northwar<l. 

8.  F.  polysta'chya,  (Mich.)  {L^eptochloa  pohjstachya,  Kunth.)  Stem 
procumbent,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves  narrow,  subulate  ;  sheatiis 
longer  than  the  joints.  Particle  secund,  erect;  s|»ikelets  about  lo-llow- 
ered  ;  the  exterior  glume  small,  the  interior  larger  and  awned;  the 
exterior  palcae  awned  and  keeled. — U-  Sept. — Oct.  Wet  soils. 
1—2  feet. 

Genus  XXXIII.— BRO'MUS.     L. 
(From  bromos,  food ;  tlie  ancient  uamo  of  the  Oat.) 

Glumes  2,  usually  many-flowerod,  shorter  than  the  florets, 
which  are  imbricated  in  2  rows  ;  lower  j)aiea  cordate,  emarsri- 
nate,  with  an  awn  sometimes  below  the  summit.  Scales  ovate, 
smooth. 

1.  B.  WiLLDEN'Ow'ii,  (Kunth.)  Sheaths  of  the  leaves  bvarded  at  the 
throat.  Panicle  nodding,  spreading  ;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, 8-flowered,  awnless. — Carolina. 

Ceratoehloa  xiniolcidet,  Heauv. 

2.  B.  cilia'tus,  (L.)  Stem  slender,  swollen  and  hairy  at  the  joints. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  hairy.  7^a;</c/e  nodding  ;  spikes  slender,  cylindri- 
cal. G^/w^nes  pubescent ;  exterior  palea  pubeseent,  eiliate  ;  uwu  nearly 
as  long  as  the  valve,  interior  one  much  snuiUer. 

3.  B.  secali'nus,  (L.)  Stem  glabrous,  swollen  at  the  joints,  erect. 
Leaves  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  eiliate.  Panicle  er«'ct  or  noil- 
ding,  branched;  sj)ikelets  oldong-ovate,  compresf^ed  ;  florets  al>out  10, 
distinct,  longer  than  the  bristles.— O-  J^b'-  Cultivated  land.'*.  2— .S 
feet. 

4.  B.  pur'gans,  (L.)  .S^wi  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  ^Ciihro\i<> ;  i^hvMh'* 
villous.  Pan'cle  nodding,  dilfuse  ;  jieduncles  hairy;  cf^kelet!*  1— C- 
flowered.  Glumes  pubescent,  the  interior  one  awned;  exterior  palea 
awned,  hairy  at  the  summit— 1(.     July — Sept.     Mountain-.     1—2  ft. 


592  ORDER   CXLII. — GRAMINACE^. 

Genus  XXXIV.— UNIO'LA.     L. 
(The  ancient  name  of  some  grass.) 

Glumes  lanceolate,  compressed,  keeled.  Florets  3 — 20,  in 
two  rows.  Spikelets  compressed ;  the  lower  palea  carinate, 
mucronate,  the  upper  one  subulate.  Scales  emarginate.  Seed 
2-horned. 

1.  U.  latifo'lia,  (Mich.)  Ste7n  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  gla 
brous;  throat  of  the  sheath  ciliate.  Glumes  3,  7 — 14-flowered,  th« 
upper  ones  sterile  ;  exterior  palea  many-nerved,  with  the  keel  ciliate 
Flowers  generally  monandrous. — If.     Aug. — Sept.     Mountains. 

2.  U.  nit'ida,  (Bald.)  Ste7n  glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  narrow.  Pani 
cles  expanding,  few-flowered.  Glumes  3,  many-flowered.  Flowers  mo- 
nandrous.—  If.     June — July.     Middle  Geo.     2 — 5  feet. 

3.  U.  panicula'ta,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  long,  narrow, 
entire,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat.  Panicle  large.  Glumes 
4 — 5,  many-flowered  ;  exterior  palea  mucronate,  6-nerved,  interior  one 
ciliate. — If.     July — Aug.     On  the  sea-coast.     4 — 8  feet. 

4.  U.  gra'cilis,  (Mich.)  Stem  glabrous,  erect.  Leaves  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  linear,  flat.  Glumes  3,  3-flowered.  Panicle  long, 
erect,  with  appressed  branches.  Floivers  monandrous. — If.  Through 
the  summer.     Very  common.     1 — 2  feet. 

Genus  XXXV.— ARU:N'DIXA'I11A.     Rich. 
(From  arundo,  a  reed.) 

Glumes  2,  many-flowered,  unequal,  the  exterior  one  smallest. 
Palece  2,  unequal,  the  exterior  one  largest.    Styles  3-cleft,  short. 

1.  A.  macrosper'ma,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous,  terete,  with  hollow 
internodes.  Leaves  large,  flat,  distichous ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints. 
Panicle  terminal,  composed  of  distichous  spikes  ;  peduncles  pubescent ; 
the  exterior  glumes  ciliate,  very  small ;  the  exterior  palea  largest,  cili- 
ate. Seed  cylindrical.  Does  not  flower  every  year ;  when  it  does 
bloom,  it  is  in  the  spring. —  If.     Rich  damp  soils.     5 — 20  ft.  Cane. 

Genus  XXXVI— TRIT'ICUM.     L.     {Wheat.) 
(From  tritum,  ground ;  because  the  fruit  is  ground.) 

Flowers  in  spikes ;  spikelets  distichously  imbricate,  sessile, 
3 — 4-flowered.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  opposite.  Palece  lan- 
ceolate ;  the  lower  concave,  acuminate  or  awned.  Scales  2, 
ciliate. 

1.  T.  SATi'vuii.  Spikes  4-angled,  imbricated ;  spikelets  4  or  less ; 
valves  ventricose,  ovate,  truncate,  mucronate ;  nerve  proniinent.  Pione- 
ers awned  or  unawned.     Fruit  free. 

The  native  country  of  wheat  is  uncertain,  although  it  has  been  thought  to  have 
been  indigenous  to  Central  or  Southwestern  Asia.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  thou- 
sands of  years.  There  are  now  no  less  than  three  hundred  varieties  in  cultivation. 
The  character  of  the  grain  is  very  much  aifected  by  soil  and  culture  :  the  richest  soil 
and  highest  culture  produce  the  richest  gi-ain. 

Secale  cereale.  Rye,  is  native  among  the  mountains  of  Caucasus,  around  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  and  in  the  Crimea. 


ORDER    CXLII. — GRAMINACK.i:.  503 

Genus  XXXYII.—KL'YMUS.     (H7A//.V.) 
(From  elumus,  a  hull;  a  name  given  to  grasses  that  grow  about  Elijma.) 

SpiJcelets  2  or  more,  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  .1 — 9-flow- 
ered.  Olumes  2,  nearly  equal,  somctinios  absent ;  lower 
palea  entire,  with  a  short  awn,  upper  one  bitid.  Scales  ovate, 
hairy. 

1.  E.  Virgin'icus,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaven  scabrouis,  with 
scabrous  sheaths.  Glumes  2,  somewhat  latoral,  terminating  by  nn  awn  ; 
the  exterior  palea  concave,  awned,  about  the  size  of  tlie  interior. — !(. 
June — Aug.     Dry  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  E.  stria'tus,  (Willd.)  Spike  erect ;  spikek-ts  2-flowered,  awnod, 
hispid,  in  [lairs.  Glumes  linear,  awned.  Stem  erect,  striate.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  upper  surface  scabrous;  raciiis  pubescent. —  IC. 
June.     Shady  woods.     8 — 12  inches. 

3.  E.  hys'trix,  (L.)  (Asprella  hi/strix,  Willil.)  Spike  erect;  spike- 
lets  expanding,  4-flowered,  destitute  of  glumes.  Palece  glabrous. 
Leaves  glaucous. — 2^.     Jul}'.     Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

Gknus  XXXVIIT.— HOR'DEUM.    L.    {Barley) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.  Glumes 
slender  awned,  or  bristle-form.  Palcce  herbaceous  ;  the  lower 
convex,  awned.     Stamens  3. 

1.  11.  vulga're,  (L.)  Spike  long,  flexible,  a  little  arched  ;  florets 
disposed  in  6  rows,  or  less  in  poor  soils,  two  opposite  rows  most  pro- 
jecting. 

The  native  country  of  the  Barley  is  uncertain.  Its  uses  are  numerons.  To  make 
temporary  pastures,  in  this  climate,  it  is  of  great  value.  It  forms  our  Porter  and  Ale 
by  aflPonUng  the  fermenting  substance  of  malt,  which  Is  sprouted  Barley.  Pearl  Bar- 
ley is  Barley  with  the  outer  covering  removed. 

Tribe  IX.— SACCHA'RE.E. 

Inflorescence  spicate  ;  rachis  articulated. 

Genus  XXXIX.— TIIIP'SACUM.     L.     {Gama  Grass.) 
(From  tfibo,  to  rub  ;  from  its  polished  spike.) 

Flowers  monoscious.  Sterile  florets :  stamens  3  ;  glumes  2, 
2-flowered,  outer  one  sterile,  the  interior  neuter  ;  palea  1,  mem- 
branaceous. Fertile  flowers  :  G^lumes  2,  1 -flowered,  surrounded 
by  an  involucre;  paleaB  2.     St>/les  2.      Seed  1. 

1.  T.  dactyloi'des,  (L.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous*,  more  or  less  compress- 
ed. Leaves  large,  contracted  at  tlie  base  ;  sheath  villous  at  the  tlinmt. 
Flowers  in  3  clustered  spikes;  the  upper  florets  sterile,  the  lower  fer- 
tile, generally  2 — 1.-2^.     July— Aug.     On  dry  soils.     5— 7  feet, 

2.  T.  moxosta'chyum,   (Willd.)      Ste7n  erect,   glabrous.   compreMOil 
Leaves  large,  serrulate,  contracted  at  the  base.     Floi»rrs  in  a  M.ht*ry, 
terminal  spike;  upper  florets  sterile,  the  lower  fertile.— 2;.     Aug. 
Oct.     Along  the  sea-coast.     3 — 5  feet. 


594  ORDER   CXLIT. — GRAMINACE^. 

Genus  XL.— MANISU'RUS.    L. 
(From  manica,  a  glove,  in  allusion  to  its  6pathe.) 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  1-flowered ;  inferior  perfect,  superior  stam- 
inate.  Perfect  spikelet  with  2  glumes;  inferior  glume  saccate, 
coriaceous  ;  superior  smaller,  membranaceous.  Palece  2,  much 
smaller  than  the  glumes.     Stamens  3.     Styles  2. 

1.  M.  graxula'ris,  (Swartz.)  Cw/m  branching.  Leaves  fiat -,  sheaths 
hirsute.  Spikes  solitary,  articulated,  clothed  at  the  base  by  a  spathe 
form  leaf;  spikeleta  unilateral. — Probably  introduced.  About  Charles- 
ton.    2—3  feet. 

Genus  XLL— SAC'CHARUM.     {Sugar-cane.) 
(From  saccltarum^  sugar.) 

A  gigantic  grass,  perennial,  with  a  geniculated  and  fibrouy 
root,  growing  from  6 — 12  feet  high;  many  stems  from  the 
same  root;  articulated  with  40 — 60  nodes.  Internodes  solid, 
filled  with  a  juicy  pith-like  mass  of  great  sweetness.  Leaves 
sheathing  at  the  base,  3 — 4  feet  long.  Seldom  flowers  in  this- 
country. 

1.  S.  officina'rum  is  the  common  sugar-cane,  of  which  there  are  nu- 
merous varieties. 

The  Sugar-cane  was  not  known  to  the  ancient  Europeans.  Tlie  Chinese  and  East 
Indims  possessed  tlie  sugar-cane  early,  and  through  the  Arabs  it  was  introduced  into 
Europe  in  the  fifteenth  century.  It  was  raised  in.  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  in  the 
islands  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Atlantic.  In  1.506  it  was  carried  to  St.  Domingo, 
since  which  time  it  has  spread  throughout  the  tropical  world. 

Genus  XLIL— ERIAXTHUS.     Rich. 

(From  erion,  wool,  and  anthos,  flower;  from  a  tuft  of  hair  around  the  base  of  each 
spikelet.) 

Glumes  2,  nenrly  equal,  villous  at  the  base.  Paleai  2,  un- 
equal ;  the  inner  one  bearing  a  long  awn  near  its  summit. 
Stamens  2.     Styles  2. 

1.  E.  alopecuroi'des,  (Ell.)  {Erianthus  saccharoides,  Mich.)  Stem 
erect,  a  little  scabrous,  villous  toward  the  summit.  Leaves  long,  stri- 
ate, hairy  on  the  under  surface  ;  sheath  villous  at  the  throat.  Flowers 
in  a  cruwnh'd  villous  pnni^-le  ;  involucre  hair-like.  Glume  lanceolate. 
P«/ece  piirpii.sh,  unequiil ;  the  interior  smallest,  awned. — If.  Sept. — 
Oct.     Wet  grounds.     6 — 10  feet. 

2.  E.  brevibar'bis,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  upper  joints  bearded,  lanceo- 
late, hairy  at  the  base.  .  Flowers  in  appressed  panicles.  Glumes  pur- 
ple, ciliate.  Palece  ciliate,  purplish. —  y.  Sept. — Oct.  Common. 
3—5  feet. 

3.  E.  stric'tis,  (Bald.)  Stem  erect.  Leaves  long,  scabrous  on  tho 
margin.s.  Panic/e  appre&sed  ;  spikelets  2  flowered  ;  involucre  consist- 
ing of  a  few  hairs,  or  wanting.  Glumes  with  the  nerves  spinous. — If 
Aug. — Sept.     ].ow  country.     4 — 6  feet. 


ORDER    CXLII. — GKAMINACK.E.  595 

4.  E.  coxtor'tus,  (Ell.)  Stn7i  erect,  bennlcd  at  the  joint*.  /yatr« 
long,  linear-kinceolate.  Panicle  apprcjs.-^ed  ;  involucre  u.-*  lon^  as  the 
glumes;  interior  palea  shortest,  with  a  sjtirally  contorted  awn. —  2X. 
ISept. — Oct,     Low  country.     4 — 5  foet, 

.  Genus  XLIIL— AXDROPO'GOX.     J.     {Broom-grasa.) 
(From  anei\  man,  and  pogon,  board :  from  the  appearance  of  tlio  racbis  ) 

Flowers  polygamous,  spiked.  Spikelcts  in  pairs,  1 — 2-flow- 
ered  ;  the  k>\ver  ones  sterile  ;  or  wjien  but  one,  it  is  perfect. 
Glumes  and  palere  sometimes  wanting;  when  present,  the 
glumes  coriaceous.  Palcce  membranaceous,  with  the  lower  ono 
generally  awned. 

1.  A.  scopa'ru-s,  (Mich.)  >S/'e'//t  glabrous,  tinged  with  purple.  Leavra 
channeled,  slightly  hairy;  sheaths  hairy.  Flowers  in  .straight  panicles, 
by  pairs  on  the  spikes;  the  perfect  ones  sessile,  the  neuter  one  stiped 
and  awned.  liachis  hairy.  Glumes  2,  the  exterior  5-nerved.  Palea 
puiple,  with  hairy  margins,  the  interior  awned  at  the  summit — 2^ 
Sept. — Oct.     Poor  soils.     Common.     2 — 3  feet. 

2.  A.  furca'tus,  (Muhl.)  Stem  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  nearly 
glabrous;  spikes  generally  by  fours,  terminal ;  sterile  fluret.s  without 
awns,  the  awn  of  the  perfect  floret  contorted. —  If.  Augu^t — Sej>t 
Mountains.     2 — 3  feet. 

5.  A.  macru'rus,  (Mich.)  Slem  erect,  slightly  compressed.  Lfavf* 
linear,  slightly  scabrous  ;  sheath  villous  along  the  margin.  Panicles 
clustered;  spikes  conjugate,  chistered,  each  having  a  sheath.  J^edun- 
c/e.s  hairy.  i'Vowrrs  monandrou.-J,  with  a  straight  awn. —  U-  October 
Damp  soils.     2 — 3  feet. 

4.  A.  dissitiflo'rus,  (Mich.)  Stem  erect,  branching.  Lravrs  linear, 
scabrous,  with  the  throat  of  the  sheath  hairy.  Pnnicle  nppr<  ».s4h1  ; 
spikes  conjugate.  Flowcra  by  j>aiis,  hairy,  nionandruu.*,  with  a  ^tr;li^llt 
awn. —  If.     fcsept. — Oct.     Connnon.     3 — i  feet.  li mom  grant. 

.5.  A.  vagina'tls,  (Ell.)  Stnn  erect,  glabrous.  Leaven  long,  linear. 
with  glabrous  sheaths.  Panicle  slender,  appressed,  branches  divid-'d; 
spikes  short,  solitary,  or  conjugate,  liachis  hairy.  O'lumrs  serrulate. 
F/oi6'r/-5  monandrous. —  If.     Sept.— Oct.     Damp  soils.     3  feet. 

6.  A.  terna'rius,  (Mich.)  Branches  remote,  solitary,  »implo.  alter- 
nate, 3-spiked;  spikes  conjugate.  Hairs  of  the  bracts  shorter  than  the 
glume.  Stamens  3.  The  inner  palea  2-cleft,  producing  from  the  cleft 
a  long  contorted  awn. — Mountains. 

7  A.  argen'teus,  (Cass.)  Stem  glabrou.s  branching,  tit):;ed  with  pur- 
ple. Leaves  linear.  scal)ruus.  7'an/V/c  long,  slender ;  spike«  conjng:ile, 
covered  with  white  silvery  hairs.  Glumca  hairy  along  the  nmr^iutL— 
y.     Sept.— Oct.     Dry  soils.     2—3  feet. 

8.  A.  avena'ceus,  (Mich.)  {A.  ciliatHS,Y\\.)  5/wi  erect,  sometime. 
decumbent,  pubescent  at  the  joints.  Leaves  scabrous,  fliu'htly  hniry 
Panicle  naked,  expanding.  Flowers  perfect  and  sterde  (jhi'»"  JmTV  ; 
the  exterior  one  m.my-nerved,  the  interior  5-uerved.  Pnlnt  cilmle.  tUo 
interior  one  awned.— 2^      Sept.     Pine-barrens.     8 — 1  feet. 

9.  A.  Jtu'T.iNS,  (L.)    ^icm  erect,  glabrous,  lower  joints  ewolhn.  L<avt$ 


596  OEDER    CXLII. — GEAMINACE^, 

scabrous.  Panicle  brandling,  nodding.  Flowers  by  pairs.  Glumes 
hairy,  colored,  fringed  at  the  summit.  Palece  hairy,  the  ijiner  one  with 
a  contorted  awn. —  li.  Sept. — Oct.  Dry  soils.  Very  common.  3 — 6 
feet. 

10.  A.  melaxocar'pus,  (Ell.)  Stem  erect,  branching,  glabrous.  Leaves 
scabrous,  with  the  sheath  hairy  at  the  throat;  spikes  clustered,  manj^- 
flowered,  with  the  involucre  bearing  a  long  awn.  Glumes  2,  lanceo- 
late, pubescent,  colored.  Palece  small,  membranaceous,  with  along  con- 
torted awn  arising  from  the  base. —  If.  Sept. — Oct.  Pine-barrens. 
2—3  feet. 

11.  A-   tetrasta'chtus,  (Ell.)      Stem,  erect,  glabrous.      Leaves  long, 
hairy  on  the  upper  surface ;  sheaths  hairy.     Panicle  slender,  erect,  ap- 
pressed.     Sheaths  of  the  spikes  long  ;  spikes  usually  4.      Glumes  serru- 
late, -with  a  hairy  involucre  at  the  base.     Flowers  monandrous. —  li 
October.     Pine-barrens.     2 — 3  feet. 


ABBREVIATIONS  MOST  COMMON  IN  BOTANY. 


©  An  annual  plant 
S   A  biennial  plant. 
11  Perennial  plant. 
^   Shrubs  or  trees. 
Staminate  flowers. 
Pistillate  flowers. 
Flowers  perfect. 
An  indefinite  number. 
Flowers  moncecious. 
Flowers  dioecious. 
Flowers  polygamous. 
^/  This  fiirure  with  a  number  in  the  an- 
gle signifies  the  number  of  floral  organs 
in  a  whorl ;  thus  y/  signifies  that  thero 


are  8  sepals,  8  petals,  3  6tame^^  and  8 
carpels,  or  the  flower  Is  said  to  bo  <r/- 
merous;  whh  4,  tetramerous ;  with  5 
pentimerous,  etc. 

?  signifies  doubt, 

!  placed  after  a  synonym  signifies  that  the 
author  who  uses  it  lias  seen  ^^e  plant  al- 
luded to.  <^r 

V.  8.  8.,  ridi  fsiccam  ftpouuirtP(t^g:  the 
author  has  seen  a  wild,  di^s|>oi^cn. 

V.  8.  c,  tidl  Htccdm  e'<«^I>l  >3ho  au- 
thor has  seen  a  cuitivaWd  dry  wecimon. 

V.  V.  8.,  Hdi  virai/i  ^kmytn'itw'^  .'  tl'O 
author  has  seen  a  lixAS*,  wU%fi><>ciuea. 

The  above  are  commotily  used  b}'-  writers  on  Botan}-,  bin,  only  the 
first  four  are  used  in  tliis  work.  -T^    <^ 

Besides  the  above,  the  names  of  authors  are  aW^.vi^d,  using  the 
initial  letter  or  the  first  S3'llable.    The  follo\vinjyA^ll.»<^"u 
used  in  this  work  : 


a 

5  —  9 

i  :  ? 

5  —  5  —  ? 


»\jiiust  couinioa 


Adns. — Adanson. 
Ait. — Alton. 
Arn. — Arnot. 
Aubl.— Aublet. 
Bart. — Barton. 
Beauv. — Beauvois. 
Beuth. — Bentham. 
Brong. — Brongniart. 
Ciiss. — Cassini. 
Cav. — Cavanillcs. 
D.  C— De  Candolle. 
Desf. — Desfontaines. 
Dew. — Dewey. 
Dill.— Dillenius. 
Ehrh.— Ehrhart. 
Ell.— Elliott. 
Endl— Endlichcr. 


Gaert.— GiErtncr. 
Grev. — Greville. 
Grl.s.— Grisebach. 
Gron. — Gronovius. 
lied. — lledwig. 
Jacq. — Jacquin. 
Juss. — Jussieu. 
L. — Linnaeus. 
Lam. — Lainark. 
L'ller.-L'llcritior. 
Lindl. — Lindley. 
Mich. — Michaux, 
Mill.— Miller. 
Muhl.— Muhlenberg. 
Nees.— Nees  von  Escnbock. 
Nutt.— Nuttall. 
Pav. — Pavon. 


P  c  rs.  — T  I' rsoo  n . 
Plum. — Plumlor. 
Poir.— Polrct, 
Br— Brown. 
Kaf— Kafini'squc. 
llich.— llich.ird. 
Salis.— Sallshurv. 
Schri'b.— Schrcbcr. 
8c..p.— Sci.p(di. 
8olan.— Solander. 
Spremr.— SjiriMigoL 
T.  &(J.— Torny  A:  Gray. 
Tourn.— T»>urncfort 
Valll.-VailUnt. 
Vont. — Vc>n  tonal. 
•NV,<ilt.-Wa!tor. 
-VVllld.— Willdengw. 


6L0SSAEY  AND  INDEX 

TO    PART    I. 


THE   FIGURES   REFER   TO   THE   PARAGRAPHS    IN   THE   FIRST   PART. 


Abbreviated,  shortened. 

Acaulis,  without  a  stem. 

Accessory,  something  added  to  the  usual 
number  of  organs. 

Accrete,  grown  together. 

Accumbeiit,  lying  on  something  else. 

Acerose,  fine  and  slender. 

Achenium,  151. 

Adilamydeou~%  103. 

Acicular,  needle-shaped. 

Acids,  300. 

Acinaciform,  89. 

Acotyledons,  64. 

Acrogenn,  growing  on  the  top. 

Actlnrnehyma,  9." 

Aculeus,  a  prickle. 

Acuminate,  92, 

Acute,  92. 

Adherent,  joined  to. 

Adnate,  123. 

Adventitious  Uaf-huda,  70,  74. 

J^ntivation,  the  mode  in  -which  the  sep- 
als or  petals  are  applied  to  each  other 
in  the  bud. 

^l(/a??i0'is,  without  stamens  andpistila 

Albumen,  142. 166,  301. 

Alburnum,  57. 

Ala^,  iOS. 

Alizarin,  304. 

Alliaceo7i-s,  oniony. 

Alsinaceous,  li;S.' 

Alternate,  single  leaves  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  stem  at  ditferent  heights. 

Alveolate,  pitted. 

Amen*,  116. 

Amnios,  163. 

AmpUxicnuI,  clasping  the  stem. 

Anastomosis,  where  branches  run  to- 
gether and  unite  with  one  another. 

Anatomy,  vegeUthle,  3. 

Anatropous,  139. 

Anc'ivsin,  304 

Ancipital,  two-edged. 

Andro'ceutn^  the  stamens  taken  as  a 
whole. 

Androffynon-s,  both  kinds  of  flowers  in 
the  same  inflorescence. 

Angicspermous.  the  seeds  in  a  pod. 

Angitstifolius,  narrow-leaved. 

Aniinhxr,  ."^hape  of  a  ring. 

Annular  ducts,  30. 

Anomalous,  out  of  the  regular  order. 

^nfAer,  117,  122. 


Antheriferous,  bearing  anthers. 

AntJwcyane,  245, 

Anthotaxis,  112. 

Anthoxanthine,  245. 

Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Apex,  88. 

Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 

Aplculate,  tipped  with  au  abrupt  minute 

point. 
A.pocarpous,  having  the  carpels  distinct. 
Appendages,  109. 
Applied  Botany,  3. 
Appressed,  11. 
Apterous,  without  wings. 
Arabin,  283. 

Aquatic,  growing  in  the  water 
Arborescent,  tree-like. 
Arbuscula,  little  tree. 
Areola,  small  spaces. 
Aril,  150. 
Arrow-root,  286. 
Asa/oetida,  298. 
Ascending,  rising  upwarcL 
Asperate,  rough. 
Assurgent,  ascending. 
Atropous.    See  OrthotropoiL&. 
Attenuate,  slender. 
Auriculate,  89. 
Awl-form,  shape  of  an  awl. 
Awn,  a  slender  tip  or  beard. 
Awnlesft,  without  awns. 
Axil,  angle  between  the  leaf  and  the  stem. 
Axillary,  being  in  the  axil 
Axis,  112. 

Baccate,  berry-like. 
Balausta,  151 
Bdlsams,  297. 

Banner,  the  upper  petal  in  papilionace- 
ous corolla. 
Barb,  stifi"  booked  hair. 
Bark.  53. 
Base,  8S. 

Basilar,  belonging  to  the  base. 
Bdssorin,  2>S. 

Beaked,  terminated  by  a  point. 
Beard,  a  bristle. 
Berry,  154. 

Bbbracteolate,  consisting  of  two  bracts. 
Bicrenate,  doubly  crenate. 
Bicuspidate,  ending  with  two  teeth. 
Bidentide,  91. 
Biennial,  two  years. 


r;LOSSAKY    AND    INDKX    To    I'AUT    I. 


590 


Bifida  2-clcft, 

Bilabiate,  2-llppc(l. 

Binat-e,  in  twos. 

Biovulate,  containing  two  ovules. 

Bipinnate,  94. 

Bifierrat-e,  twice  serrate. 

Bite  mate,  95. 

Biitany,  ]. 

Bothrenchyma,  23. 

Brac.hiate,  pairs  of  branches  spreading  at 

riffht  angles. 
Bract,  110. 
j?/-ac to. to/e,  111. 
Branch,  subdivision  of  the  stem. 
Branching,  root,  tj7. 
Bristle,  stitf  hair. 
^«r/,  70. 

Bulbi/erous,  bearing  bulbs. 
Bulbs,  68. 
Bur,  111. 

Caducmis,  100. 

Caspitose,  growing  in  tufts. 

Calcnr,  a  spur. 

Calicidate,  accessories  to  the  calyx. 

Cahjciflorce,  plants  with  the  other  parti* 
of  the  flowers  on  the  calyx. 

Cali/x,  108,  104. 

CambitJ.in,  new  wood. 

Campanulate.  bell-shaped. 

CainpiilotropOHfi,  139. 

Cauescevt,  jxravish-white. 

Caoutchouc,  299. 

Capillary,  thread-like. 

Capi'ate,  head-shaped. 

Capitulum,  114. 

Capsule,  15C. 

Carinate,  keeled. 

Carpel,  each  leaf  that  forms  a  seed-vessel. 

Carpophore,  151. 

Cartluirmin,  3)4. 

Caruncle,  a  protuberance  at  the  hilum  of 
the  seed. 

Cartilaginous,  stiff,  strong. 

Caryophylloufi,  a  flower  like  a  pink. 

Carfpipsis,  151. 

Casein,  301. 

Catkin,  a  bur  like  the  pino. 

Caudate,  witli  a  tail 

Caut'sci-nt.  belondng  to  tlie  stem. 

CauliculuH,  a  small  ^>tenl. 

Caul IV p,  82. 

Cauin,  a  stem. 

C^  //'(/a/-,  9. 

Cellulost,  0,  2S3. 

C<?/Zi(,  small  closed  ve^sicles. 

Centrifugal,  flowering  from  the  center  to 
the  circumference. 

Centripetal,  flowering  from  the  circum- 
ference toward  the  center. 

Cenuus,  nodding. 

Clnif,  the  scales  that  grow  ou  the  recep- 
tacles of  Composiuu. 

Chaliza,  1:59,  IGl. 

Chlorophyll,  304. 

VhorioH.  the  milky  fluid  in  the  seed 

Chroiuogen,  producing  color. 

Chroniule,  241. 

Cili(f.  hair-like  appendages. 

Ciliote,  91 ;  fringed  witlj  hairs. 

Cinchoiiin,  3o3. 

Cinenchyma,  82. 


Cin^mis,  ash-gray. 

Circinatf,  77. 

CircumciHsiU^,  150. 

Circulation,  223. 

CirrhoHe,  tendril-llko. 

Classijication,  305. 

Clasfien,  yil. 

Clavate,  club-bliancd. 

CUnc,  l<i7. 

Cleft,  divided 

Coa rotate,  crowded. 

Cocci,  the  car|>tls  of  the  fruit  when  they 
split  apart  from  the  a.vis. 

Cochleute,  coiled  like  a  short  spiral  shell 

Codein,  303. 

Colleorhiza,  164. 

Colodion,  2S4. 

Color,  241. 

Coma,  151. 

Comose,  hair-like. 

Compound  leaves,  93. 

Comprensed,  flattened  lengthwise. 

Condu})ricat4',  77. 

Cone,  like  the  fruit  of  the  pine. 

Ciinenchyma,  cone-like  colls. 

Confounded,  not  di>tinu'uislii-d. 

Conglomerate,  clustered  in  a  mass. 

Conical,  shape  of  a  cone. 

Conjugate,  paired. 

Connate,  96. 

Co7inectivum,  122. 

Connivfnt,  <on verging  together. 

Contorted,  twisted. 

Convolute,  11. 

Cordate,  &9. 

Cordate-ovate,  union  of  tlie  cordate  and 
ovate. 

Coriacenug,  leathery. 

Corky,  45. 

Cormus,  C3 

Co  neou^,  horn-like. 

Corniculate,  bearing  a  small  horn. 

Cornnte,  horned. 

Corolla,  h:S,  loG. 

C'/ona,  a  crown. 

Corrugated,  wrinklod. 

Corteir,  bark 

Corii,  al,  belonging  to  the  bark. 

Corymb,  114. 

Coti/le,lon.  163 

Co.'^tate,  ribi.ed. 

Creeping,  running  upon  the  gruUti'L 

Cremocarp.  151. 

Crcnatr,  91. 

Crenulale,  minutely  cri-naio. 

Cre«t,  elevated  ridge. 

Cruciate,  In  the  form  of  a  cros«L 

Crurif'orin,  lOS. 

CucuUate.  hooded. 

Cm/mi,  jointed  .stem  of  graajea. 

Cucnrinin.  3>1. 

Cuneat^,  J>9. 

Cupule,  Clip  of  an  acurn. 

Cuapidate,  iMiiiitcd. 

( 'uticie,  35. 

Cifaneoiix,  bluisli. 

CV«w/c.2^M. 

Cuathiform,  c\\n-t\\ik\HH\. 

Cyclosi.t,  22J.  2^il•. 

Cynibi/aui,  boat  .^hajHul. 

Cyme,  115. 

Cymost,  In  iho  form  of  a  rym*. 


GOO 


GLOSSARY    AND   INDEX    TO    PART 


Cypsel<B,  151. 
Cytollast,  20. 

Daturi7i,  303 

Decagynia,  having  ten  styles. 

Decandroics,  having  ten  stamens. 

Deciduous,  100. 

DecUnate,  120. 

Decompound,  several  times  divided. 

Decumbent,    reclining  on    the    ground, 

with  the  apex  rising  up. 
Decurrent,  96. 
Decussate,  pairs  of  leaves  that  cross  each 

other  at  right  angles. 
Deflected,  turned  away  from. 
Dehiscence,  150. 
Deliquescent,  116. 
Deltoid,  triangular. 
Dentate,  91. 

Denticidate,  having  small  teeth. 
Determinate  inflorescence,  113. 
Dextrine,  2SS. 
Diadelphous,  120, 
Diastase,  208. 
Dichlamydeous,  103. 
Dichotomous,  2-forked. 
Diclinous,  when  the  stamens  and  pistils 

occupy  separate  flowers. 
Dicotyledonous,  having  two  cotyledons. 
Diciyogens,    mouocotyledonous    jdante, 

with  net-veined  leaves,  as  smilax  and 

trilliura. 
Didymous  root,  67. 
Didynamous,  120. 
Diffti^te,  spreading  wildly. 
Digitate,  89,  95. 
DigynouH,  two  pistils. 
Dimerous,  consisting  of  two  parts. 
Dioecious,  having  stamens  and  pistils  on 

different  plants. 
Disk,  flattened    surface    on    which    the 

flower  rests. 
Disk  floret,  114. 
Dissepiments,  132. 
Distichous,  arranged  in  two  series. 
Divaricate,  widely  diverging. 
Divergent,  separating. 
Division  of  Botany,  3. 
Dodecandria,  having  twelve  stamens. 
Dolabriform,  89. 
Dorsal  suture,  on  the  back. 
Dotted  diicts,  22. 
Drtipe,  152. 
Duration  of  vegetables,  192. 

Eared,  having  two  small  rounded  lobes  at 

the  base. 
Echinate,  beset  with  rigid  prickles. 
Edible,  good  to  eat. 
Egret,  111, 

Elementary  organs,  5. 
Elongated,  lengthened. 
Emarginate,  92. 
Embryo,  141,  148,  163. 
Emetin,  303. 
Endocarp,  146, 

Endogenous,  growing  inwardly. 
Endophloeum,  middle  portion  of  ihc  bark. 
Endopleura,  159. 
Endorhxza,  164, 
Endosmosis,  14, 
Endosperm^  innor  coating  of  tho  seed. 


Enneandrous,  having  nine  stamens 

Ensiform,  89. 

Entire,  without  interruption. 

Epicarp,  146, 

Epidermis,  36. 

Epigynous,  119. 

Epipklo&um,,  45, 

Epiphytes,  growing  upon  plants. 

Equitant,  Tt. 

Erect,  143, 

Erose,  91. 

E'-ithroj)hyll,  304. 

Esculent,  pulpy. 

Etmiio,  aggregated  fruits,  like  the  rasp- 
berry. 

Exogens,  51. 

Exorhizoi,  the  roots  of  dicotyledonous 
plants. 

Exosmosis,  14 

Exostome,  tho  opening  of  the  outer  coat 
of  the  seed. 

Exi^erted,  projecting  out, 

Extine,  125. 

Exstipulate,  without  stipules, 

Extrorse,  123, 

Extra-axillary,  37. 

FcBCula,  starch. 

Falcate,  curved  like  a  scythe  or  .sickle. 

Fan-shaped,  91. 

Farinaceous,  mealy. 

F,iscicl<',  114. 

Fasjicidated  root,GJ. 

Fadigiate,  flat-topped. 

Favose,  honey-combed. 

Feather-veined  leaves,  83,  94 

Ferruginous,  iron-colored. 

Fertilization,  193. 

Fiber,  elementary,  7. 

Fibers,  organic,  25, 

Fibro-vascular  tissue,  26. 

Fibrin,  301. 

Fibrous  root,  67. 

Filament,  117,  120. 

Filiform  root,  67. 

Fimbriate,  fringed  on  the  margin. 

Fistulous,  a  cylindrical  body  that  is  hol- 
low. 

Flabdlate,  91. 

Floral  leaves,  82. 

Floral  envelopes,  103. 

Floret,  114 

FToicers,  organ  of  reproduction  in  plants. 

Flower  buds,  buds  that  produce  flowers. 

Flower  leaf,  leaf  among  flowers. 

Foliaceous,  leaflike  texture. 

Follicle,  a  monocarpelous  fruit  opening 
along  the  ventral  suture,  as  the  larkspur 

Food  of  plants,  211, 

Foramen,  136. 

Fork-veined  leaves,  87, 

Fwilla,  126. 

Freezing  o/pAants,  2G9. 

Fruit,  144. 

Fruiting,  200. 

Frustranea,  the  third  Linnsean  order  of 
the  class  Syngonesia,  the  disk  florets 
perfect,  and  the  ray  neutral. 

Frutex,  or  Frutescent,  woody;  applied 
to  bushy  shrab.s,  as  the  lilac  or  quince, 

Fugaceous,  soon  disappearing. 

Funiculus,  137. 


GLOSSAKY    AND    INLKX    1<»    I'AKT    1. 


♦JOl 


Functions  of  leaves,  176. 
Funnel-shaped,  106. 
Fuvi/onn  root,  67. 

Gnlhanum,  293. 

Galeaie,  resembling  a  shield. 

Ginnopetalous,  106. 

Gamosepnlous,  105. 

Gemmce,  buds. 

Gemi/iafion,  77. 

Geinmipfrous,  producing  bud3  in  the 
axils  of  leaves. 

Gemmule,  a  bud. 

Geniculate,  bent,  like  a  knee. 

Genus,  307. 

Geographical  Botany,  3. 

<?6/w,  127. 

Germination,  203. 

Gibbous,  swelling  out 

Glabrous,  smooth. 

Gladiate,  sword-form. 

Gland,  151. 

Glandular  hairs,  having  glands  on  the 
top. 

Glaucous,  clothed  with  a  greenish  meali- 
ness. 

Glomerate,  terminating  by  little  head^. 

Glumaceous,  bearing  glumes. 

Glton^,  chaff  or  scales  in  grasses. 

Glutinoics,  sticky. 

Granulate,  in  the  form  of  grains. 

Grtimo-se,  in  the  form  of  clustered  grains. 

Gum,  2S3. 

Gum  resins,  298. 

G2in  cotton,  284. 

Gxdia  percha,  299. 

Gymnospermous,  having  naked  seeds. 

Gynandrous,  stamens  standing  on  the 
Itistil. 

Gynoba^e,  elevation  of  the  torus. 

Gyno&cium,  tlie  pistil. 

Gynophore,  135. 

Habitat,  the  situation  in  which    plants 

grow. 
IIoEmatoxylin,  304. 
Hairs,  39. 
Hadate,  89. 

Head,  flowers  collected  in  a  globular  form. 
Heat,  265. 
Heart-wood, Zl. 
Helmet,  arched  upper  lip. 
Heptiigynia,  having  seven  styles. 
Heptandria,  having  seven  stamens. 
Herbarium,  collection  of  dried  plant". 
Hermaphrodite,  perfect  flowere,  having 

stamens  and  pistils. 
Hesperidium,  15.). 
Heterogamous,  114. 
Hexagynia,  having  six  styles. 
Uexandria,  having  six  stamens. 
Eilum,  137,  160. 
Hirsute,  rough. 
Hispid,  prickly. 
Hunogamous,  114. 
Hoary,  whitish-colored. 
Hooded,  arcliod  or  rolled  inward. 
Hybrid,  mixed. 
Hi/poorateriform,  106. 
Hyjiogynous,  119. 

Tcoaandrous,  more  than  ten  stamous. 
26 


Imbricate,  11. 

Jucineil,  cut  in  like  a  gash. 

Included,  120. 

Incumbent,  leaning  upon. 

Incurved,  bent  iawoid. 

IndfliiHcent,  \'><i. 

Indigenous,  plants  growing  originally  ia 
a  cdunirv. 

Indigo,  301. 

In  duplicate,  fwlded  in. 

Inferior,  l(i5. 

Iiijiated,  appearing  a."*  if  blown  up. 

InjUxed,  turned  inward. 

Inrloreitceuce,  112. 

Infra-ax iUary,  below  the  axil. 

Infnndibvliform,  100. 

Innate,  123. 

Innpisnated,  thickened. 

Integuments,  159. 

Intercellular  passages,  38. 

Internodi  s,  73. 

Interruptedly  pinnate,  with  smaller  loaf- 
lets  interposed  between  larger  onoa 

Inline,  125. 

Intra-axillary,  between  the  axils. 

Introrse,  1^3. 

Inulin,1il. 

Inverne,  turned  in  an  opposite  direction. 

Inrolucel,  a  secondary  involucre  iu  £';»• 
belliferce. 

Involucre,  111. 

Involute,  77. 

Irregular,  without  order. 

Irritability,  235. 

Jagged,  irregularly  notched. 
Joints,  rings  at  regular  intervals  along 
stems  or  organs  of  any  kind. 

Karina,  lOS, 

Ke>l,  108. 

Knot,  swelling  joint 

Zabellum,  a  lip. 
Labiate,  106. 
lacerated,  torn. 

/,t/c///i(//?,  jaiTi-'i'il. 

Lactt*ficence,  miikincs.". 

Lactiferous  tis.*ue.    See  Cinenchytn(U 

Lacunar,  small  hollows  or  pits. 

La: vis,  smooth,  polished. 

Lam.lla,  li>9. 

Lamellate,  in  the  form  of  thin  plates. 

I^imina,  7s,  lu7  ;  the  broa«l  partof  a  potal. 

Laminated,  con^i^ling  of  several  tJiln  tLtt 

portions. 
Lanate,  woollv. 
Lal^-x,  230. 
Leaf  buds,  70. 

»  advcntitlou.s7I,74. 

"  regular,  71. 

"  tenninal,  71. 

LeafUts,  one  of  the  small  leaves  forming  i 

compound  leaf. 
Lear  ex,  7"<. 
lAgnmf,  MA. 
Legumin,  302. 
Lenticels,  43. 
Z,/^7iri(' u/ar,  resembling  a  double  cot  ?•« 

leny. 
I^pides,  43. 
Leprous,  covircJ  wllb  Bcali* 


602 


GLOSSARY    AND    INDPJX    TO    PAKT   I. 


Liber,  47. 

Lichenin,  237. 

Light,  258. 

JAgulate,  strap-like, 

LiUaceous,  108. 

Limb,  107. 

Linear,  89. 

Lip.    See  Labiate. 

Lobe,  a  rounded  division. 

LMculicidul,  150. 

Lament,  153. 

Lyrate,  89. 

Maculate,  spotted. 

Manuring,  218. 

Marcescent,  withering. 

3fedullary  rays,  85. 

Medullary  sheaih,  54. 

Membranaeeous,  thia 

Memlbrane,  G. 

MesopJdo&um,  45. 

Micropyle,  136,  160. 

Midrib,  78. 

3Ionadelphous,  120. 

Monandrous,  one  stamen. 

Moniliform,  22. 

Monocarpous,  bearing  fruit  but  once. 

Ifonochlamydeous,  1U3. 

3fonocotyledonous,  60. 

Monoe,cious,  having  stamens  and  pistils  in 

different  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
Monogynia,  one  style  or  one  stigma. 
Monopetalous,  106. 
Mo7iosepalous,  105. 
3Lonospermous,  one  seed  to  a  flower. 
Morphin,  303. 
Morpliology,  3. 
Mucronate,  92. 
Mucus,  organic,  8. 
Multlfid,  many-cleft. 
Muricate,  armed  with  sharp  spines. 
Muticou-s,  without  points. 
Myrrh,  293. 

.N'apiform  root,  67. 

^''arcotin,  303. 

I^atant,  floating. 

Navicidar,  boat-form. 

JV^<3cfc,  point  where  the  stem  and  root  join. 

Necklace-form,  contracted  at  regular  in- 
tervals, resembling  beads, 

Nectarotheca,  109. 

Nectary,  109. 

Nervation,  arrangement  of  the  nerves  in 
the  leaves. 

Neutral,  florets  having  neither  stamens 
nor  pistils. 

Node,  &  knot  or  Joini 

Nodules,  59. 

Normal,  ordinary  structure. 

Nuciform,  resembling  a  nut 

Nucleus,  136. 

JV^'ii^  151. 

Nutant,  nodding. 

(?&,  reversed. 

Obcordate,  90. 

Oblique,  97. 

06Zo7i{7,  89. 

Obavate,  90. 

Obsolete,  obscure,  or  wanting. 

OtiKS^-,  92. 


Obvolute,  77. 

Ochrea,  101. 

Octandrotis,  having  8  stamens. 

Octogynia,  having  S  pistils. 

Odors,  248. 

OiZs,  293. 

Orbicular,  89. 

Organ,  34. 

Organic  elements,  212,  236. 

Organs,  compound,  34. 

Organs  of  reproduction,  103. 

Orighi  of  wood,  188. 

Orthoiropous,  138. 

d»a/,  longer  than  broad,  with  rounded 

ends. 
Ovary,  129. 
6>»a^,  89. 

Ovate-lanceolate,  90. 
6'«?i^,?,  136. 

Pa?ecB,  111. 

Palmate,  91. 

Palmated.  root,  67. 

Panduriform,  91. 

Panicle,  116. 

Paniculate,  resembling  a  panicle. 

Ptipilionaceous,  108. 

Papims,  111, 

Paracorolla,  109. 

Parallel-veined  leaves,  187. 

Parenchyma,  9.  

Parietal,  the  inner  lining  of  the  fruit. 

Pat^d,  divided, 

Pectase,  290. 

Pectin,  290. 

Pectinate,  91. 

Pectose,  290. 

Pedate,  89. 

Pedicel,  112, 

Peduncle,  112. 

Peltate,  89, 

Pendent,  hanging  down. 

Pendulous,  drooping. 

Pencil-form,  like  a  painter's  brush. 

Pentagynia,  having  five  pistils, 

Pentandria,  having  five  stamens, 

Peppo,  154. 

Perennial,  continuing  more  than    two 

years. 
Perfect  flower,  103. 
Perfoliate,  89,  96. 

Perianth,  organ  surrounding  the  flower. 
Pericarp,  145. 
Perigynous,  119. 
Perispcrm.    See  Pericarp. 
Petal,  106. 
Petaloid,  having  the  appearance   of  a 

petal. 
Peiio/^,  78,  99. 
Phanerogam,ou9  plants,  having  visible 

stamens  and  pistils, 
Phyllodium,,  96. 
Phytography,  3, 
Phytology,  the  science  of  plants. 
Pilose,  hali-y. 
Pinnate,  94. 
Pinnatijid,  91. 
Piper  in,  303. 
Pi6<iZ,  127. 
Pi<A,  58. 
Plac&nta,  130, 
Plaited,  11. 


GLOSSARY   AND   INDEX   TO    TAKT    I. 


603 


Plant,  2. 

Plicate,  plaited. 

Plumose,  featlier-likc. 

Phimula,  163. 

Pod,  153. 

Pollen,  117,  124. 

Po!)jad€l/Jious,  120. 

Folynnflvia,  many  stamens. 

Folngamoita,  having  perfect  and  imper- 
fect flowers  on  the  same  plant 

Polijgi/nia.  having  many  pistils. 

Polypetaloits,  100,  1(»7. 

Polymorphoufi,  presenting  various  forms. 

Polyphore,  135. 

Polysepnlous,  105. 

Pome,  155. 

Prcejloration,  way  in  which  the  flowers 
are  arranged  in  the  bud. 

Prcefoliation,  11. 

Prmmorse,  gnawed. 

Prickles,  42. 

Primary  aoris,  113. 

Primine,  136. 

Primordial,  82. 

Procumbent,  lying  on  the  ground. 

Prosenchyma,  10. 

Protein,  801. 

Pubescent,  hairy. 

Pu^rpurin,  304. 

Putamen,  146. 

Punctate,  dotted. 

Quadrangular,  having  four  angles. 
Quadrilateral,  having  four  sides. 
Quincuncial,  when  the  pieces  are  five  in 
number,  of  which  two  are  exterior. 

Raceme,  116. 

Racemose,  form  of  a  raceme. 

Races,  306. 

Rachis,  111,  112. 

Radiate,  spreading  in  the  form  of  rays. 

Radiated  leaves,  88,  96. 

Radicle,  163. 

Radical  leaves,  82, 

Radix  ramosa,  67. 

Rameal  leaves,  82. 

Ramose,  belonging  to  the  branches. 

Raphe,  161. 

Raphides,  19. 

R(ty  floret,  114. 

Rayed  vessels,  81. 

Receptacle,  112,  135. 

Recurved,  curved  downward.^ 

Refl^xed,  bent  back. 

Refracted,  bent  so  as  to  appear  broken. 

Regular  corolla,  106. 

Reniform,  89. 

Repand-toothed,  91. 

Replum,  150, 156. 

Resins,  297. 

Resupinate,  upside  down. 

Reticulate-veined  leaves,  87. 

Retrorse,  turned  backward. 

Retuse,  92. 

Revolute,  77. 

Rhizocarpus,  the  roots  perennial  and  the 

stem  annual. 
RhizaTna,  68. 
Ribbed  leaves,  83. 
Rimose,  cracked. 
Ritiff&nt,  grinning. 


7?oor,  65  173. 

Roots  til  Ik;  r,^. 

Rosttcous,  109. 

Rosin,  297. 

Rufous,  roddLsh-brown. 

Rotate,  106. 

Rudiiiunt,  in  a  diminutive  st.ito. 

Rugose,  wrinkk-d. 

Ruminated,  ICC. 

Runcinate,  91. 

Ruptured,  150. 

Saccate,  bag-like. 

Sagittate,  arrow-form. 

Salver-form,  106. 

Samara,  151. 

>S(/7>,  watery  fluid  of  vegetables. 

/S(/y>-7ror)(/,".")7. 

Sapid,  having  taste. 

Sarcocarji,  116. 

Sarcodermis,  159. 

Sarmentose,    a    running    shoot    which 

strikes  root  at  the  jolnta  only. 
Scabrous,  rough. 
Scalar! form^  81. 
;Sc(/;f«.  111. 
Scandent,  climbing. 
*Sca;?^  112. 

Scurious,  dry  and  membranaccoos. 
Scimitar-form,  89. 
Scion,  shoots  shooting  laterally. 
Sclerogcji,  17. 
AS'CH;y:  43. 

Secund,  turned  to  one  side. 
Secundine,  136. 
/S'ccrf,  159. 
Segregata,  the  fiflh   Llnn.Tin   order   of 

Compofiitaj,  the  florets  being  separmt4.-<i 

by  distinct  perianths. 
aS-'P-/^,  105. 
S'pticidal,  ir,o. 
Septifragid,  150. 
Serrate,  91. 
&rtP,  111. 
Sessile,  78. 

Setaceous,  brlstlc-form. 
Setose,  bristly. 
4Si//c7<!,  156. 
Siiiqua,  166. 
Silicula,  a  little  silique. 
Siliculosa,  short  t>o<L 
Silique,  having  a  long  pod. 
SUuiUosa.     See  Siliqu*. 
Sinuate-toothed,  91. 
Sinuatc-lobed,  91. 
Sinus,  a  rounded  Incl.^ion. 
Sinuate,  having  rounded  IncUJooA, 
Sorosis,  157. 
Spadiar,  IIC. 
<S/>«<A/',  111. 
Spathulate,  89. 
SpathaceoHS,  pp.ithe-Ilko. 
Spatulate,  oblong,  dlmiulahlng  into  a  !!■ 
•  ear  ba*o. 
Species,  306. 
.S/AiXv,  116. 

SpiMets,  pmall  siilkcs. 
Spinose,  thorny. 
Spiral  vesKeljf,  20. 
SpongiuU^,  69,  173. 
^ur,  109. 
Spurious  ditaepimfnU,  181 


604 


GLOSSARY    AND    INDEX   TO    PART   I. 


SgiKdxce,  111. 

Squarrose,  ragged. 

Stajninate,  bearing  stamens. 

StarcJi,  285. 

Stellate,  in  the  form  of  a  star. 

Stem,  51. 

Stigma,  127. 

Stings,  41. 

Stipe,  stalk  of  a  seed-vessel. 

Stipitate,  standing  on  a  stipe. 

Stipules,  101. 

Stoloniferous,  putting  forth  suckers  or 
shoots. 

Stomata,  37. 

Striate,  marked  with  longitudinal,  slen- 
der lines. 

Strigose,  armed  with  rigid  bristles. 

Strohilus,  157. 

Style,  127, 128. 

Swh,  under  or  beneath. 

Suberose,  45. 

Subulate,  89. 

Suffructicose,  an  under-shrub. 

Sugar,  291. 

Silicate,  marked  with  deep  lines. 

Superior,  105. 

Supra-axillary,  above  the  axil. 

Supra-decompound,  much  divided. 

Suspensor,  141. 

Syconus,  157. 

Syncarpous,  132, 154. 

Tapioca,  2S6. 

Tap-root,  67. 

Taxonomy,  3. 

Tegument,  a  covering. 

Te?idril,  94,  102. 

Terete,  round. 

Ternate,  95. 

Tesselated,  checkered. 

7V«to,  159. 

Tetradynamous,  120. 

Tetragynia,  having  four  pistils. 

Tetrandria,  having  four  stamens. 

ThalamifiorcB,  plants  having  the  floral 

organs  rising  directly  from  the  torus. 
Thalamus,  a  receptacle. 
Thyrsus,  116. 
Tomentose,  woolly. 
Torose,  raised  in  bunches. 
Tbrws,  135. 

Torulose,  swelling  ridges. 
Trachea,  air-vessels. 
Transverse,  160. 


Triandria,  having  three  stamens. 
Tricoccus,  three-seeded. 
Tricuspidate,  having  three  points. 
Tridentate,  having  three  teeth. 
Trifid,  three-cleft, 
Trigynia,  having  three  pistils. 
Triquetrous,  three-sided. 
Tripinnate,  94. 
Triternate,  95. 
Truncate,  92. 
Tuhercidate,  warty. 
Tuber,  68. 
Tunicated,  63. 

Turbinate,  a  cone  with  the  point  down- 
ward. 

Vmbel,  114. 

Uncinate,  hooked  at  the  end. 
Undulate,  waving. 
Unguicxdate,  107. 
Unguis,  107. 
Unilateral,  one-sided. 
Unilocxdar,  one-celled. 
Urceolate,  106. 
Utricle,  21. 

Valves,  the  pieces  of  which  a  seed-vessel 
is  composed. 

Varicose,  irregularly  swollen. 

Varieties,  306. 

Vascular  tissue,  22. 

Vegetable  products,  281. 

Veins,  78. 

Venation,  the  mode  of  the  distribution 
of  the  veins  of  the  leaves. 

Ventricose,  swollen. 

Vernation,  77. 

Verrucose,  warty. 

Versatile,  123. 

Verticillate,  79. 

Vexillum,  the  upper  petal  of  a  papiliona- 
ceous corolla,  108. 

Villous,  hairy. 

Virgate,  wand-like,  slender. 

Viriparous,  seeds  germinating  on  the 
plant. 

Water,  276. 
Wings,  IDS. 

Xanthic,  244. 
Xanthophyll,  804, 

Zet»,  202. 


INDEX  TO  PART  IL 


THE  FIGURES  REFER  TO  THE  PAGE. 


Abutilon 259 

Acacia 297 

Aealypha 498 

Acanthac€£e 476 

Acer 265 

Aceracese 2G4 

Acerates 431 

Acliillca 400 

Achyranthes 4S4 

Acmella 895 

Acnida 4S5 

Aconitum 207 

Acorus 651 

Actjea 208 

Actinomeris 892 

Aclinospermum 899 

Adluniia 222 

Adonis 203 

jEschynomene 287 

Jisculus 266 

Agati 279 

Agave 533 

Ageratuin 854 

Agriinonia 8(t2 

Agrimony 802 

Agrostema 243 

Agi'ostis 5So 

Aira 5S6 

Alder 508 

Aletris 532 

Alisma 549 

Alismaceai 648 

Allionia 483 

Afllium 637 

Alnus 508 

Alopccurus 573 

Alum-root 825 

Amaranthacese 484 

Amarantli  us 4S4 

Amaryllidaceic 533 

Amaryllis 533 

Ambrina 487 

Ambrosia 8S3 

Amelanchier 307 

Amentaceic 505 

American  Ivy 264 

Amiantanthus 540 

Ammania 810 

Ammi 331 

Amorpha 282 

Ampelopsis 264 

Amphicarpa 278 

Amsonia 434 

Amygdalus 299 


Amyridaceffi 255 

Amyris 255 

Anacardiaceie 254 

Anagallis 481 

Andromeda 418 

Andropogon 593 

Anemone 202 

Angelica 335 

Angelica-treo 838 

Anise-tree 211 

Anonacete 212 

Anoplantbus 453 

Antennaiia 402 

Antbemis 4il0 

Antboxantbum 574 

Antiiromemum 486  | 

Antirrhinum 454  , 

Anycbia 24^3  I 

Apios 275  t 

Apocynacese .^34  j 

Apocynum 434  j 

Apogon 41(7  i 

Apple-haw   . , 306  } 

Aquifoliaceoe   426! 

Aqnilegia 206  i 

Arabic 297 


...  224 

Araceaj 

...  549 

Arachis  ...   . 

291 

Aralia 

...838 

Araliacce 

...  838 

Arbor-vitic 

...  516 

Arcbancelica 

...  335 

. . .   836 

Arenaria.. 

...  246 

Arethusa 

...  525 

Argemone 

...  220 

Arisaema 

...  550 

5^2 

Aristolocliia 

...  494 

Aristolocbiaccic  ... 

...  494 

Arnica 

41 14 

...  3(»7 

Arrhenatberuin . . . 

. ..  587 

Arrow-bead 

...  548 

Arrow-wood 

...  842 

Artemisia 

...  4(11 

Artichoke 

...  391 

Arum          

550 

Arnndinaria 

...   592 

Asaruin 

...   491 

Asclopiadaceaj 

...   430 

Asclepiiis 

...  4;i2 

Ascyruu\  

...  239 

Ash 427 

Asimina 212 

Aster 302 

Astilbe ".  325 

Astragalus 'JS5 

Ataniiisco  Lily 533 

Atriple.K 4S6 

Atropa 452 

Aulaxantbus 577 

Aurantiacea} 255 

Avena 557 

Azalea 422 

Baccbaris 873 

Ualdwinia 399 

Kalsam-apple .321 

Balsam-cucumber 321 

Balsaminacenj 251 

Balsam-weed 251 

Baneberry 2(t8 

Baptlsia 292 

Barberry 215 

Barley 519 

Barren  strawberry  301, 3i  3 

Balatus 543 

Batschia.     See   Litho- 

spermuin 447 

Bay 211 

Baybcrry 215,  5(>7 

Bay -galls 491 

Bean 274 

Bear-grass 5:?6 

Beaver-poison 892 

Beech 512 

Beet 4S6 

Beetle-weed 423 

Bejaria 421 

BcrberidacLiu 214 

Benbemia 269 

Berbiris 215 

Berlandiera 382 

Bclulu 4CS 

Bennudu-gra-ss 6>6 

Bidens 895 

Bigeb)via 376 

Bignonia 4:^9 

Bignouiaceu) 433 

Bilberry 415 

Birch 6<»3 

Bitter-weed 883 

Black-aUkr 427 

Blackberry 8(« 

Black-guin 41HJ 

Blftck-baw  s(? 


606 


INDEX    TO    PART    II. 


Black  raspberry 303 

Black  root 352 

Black  whortleberry. . .  414 

Bladder-nut 268 

Blazing-star 356 

Blephilia 469 

Bletla 528 

Blood-root 220 

Beehmeria 501 

Boerhaavia 483 

Boltonia 369 

Boneset 860 

Boraginacese 447 

Borkliaiisia 410 

Borrichia 379 

Borva 500 

Box-elder 265 

Bovkinia 324 

Brachychaeta 370 

Brasenia 217 

Brassica 226 

Brickellia 357 

Briza 590 

Bromeliacete 534 

Broinus 591 

Broom-grass 595 

Bucknera 459 

Buckeye 266 

Buckwheat 490 

Buckwheat-tree 417 

Buffalo-clover 2S4 

Bugbane 208 

Bugle-weed 464 

Bumelia 427 

Buphthalmum 379 

Burmania 531 

Burmaniacea3 531 

Burnt  saxifrage 802 

Burning-bush 263 

Bur-reed 550 

Butter-cap 203 

Batterflv-weed 432 

Butternut 513 

Butterwort 477 

Button  snakeroot 355 

Bultonwood 346, 509 

Cabbage 226 

Cabomba 217 

Cabombaceae 216 

Cacalia 403 

Cactaceae 822 

Cactus 822 

Cakile 223 

Calabash 320 

Caladium 551 

Calamagrostis 574 

Calamintha 466 

Calamus 551 

Calico-flower 420 

Callicarpa 475 

Caliitriche 504 

Callitrichicaceae 504 

Calonycti%'a 446 

Calopiianes 477 

Calopogou 525 

Caltha 206 

Calycanthaceaj 803 

Calycanthus 808 

Calystegia 446 

Campanula 413 

Campanulacc£e 413 


Canary-grass 574 

Cancer-weed 468 

Cancer-root 453 

Cane 592 

Canna 529 

Cannacese 529 

Cantelope 821 

Cantua 442 

Capparidaceje 229 

Caprifoliacete 810 

Caprifolium 841 

Capsella 228 

Cardamine 224 

Cardinal-flower 413 

Cardiospermum 267 

Carduus.    See  Cniciis    405 

Carex 564 

Carolina  allspice 808 

Carolina  pink 435 

Carphephorus 354 

Carplnus 508 

Carrot 337 

Carya 513 

Caryophyllaceae 245 

Cassandra 419 

Cassia 291 

Castenea 51 1 

Castillega 461 

Castor-oil  plant 499 

Catalpa ..  439 

Catnip 469 

Caulinia 552 

Caulophyllum 215 

Ceauothus 270 

Cedar 516 

Cedreleacea3 263 

Cedronella 470 

Celandine 221 

Celastraceaj 267 

Celtis 503 

Cenchrus 581 

Centaurella '. 4oS 

Centaurea 404 

Centrosema 278 

Centunculus 480 

Cephalanthus 345 

Ceranthera 466 

Cerastium 247 

Cerasus 299 

Ceratochloa 591 

Ceratiula 495 

Cercis 294 

Ceresia 574 

Ch{Erophyllum....333,  337 

Chamerops 546 

Cbamselirium 540 

Chapmannia 287 

Chaptalia 406 

Chelidonium 221 

Clienopodiacea3 485 

Chenopodium 4S7 

Cherokee-rose 8(15 

Chelone 455 

Cherry 299 

Chestnut 511 

Chickweed 246,  247 

Chimaphila 423 

Chinquapin 512 

Chionanthus 429 

Chloris 585 

Chrysanthemum.     See 
Boltonia  ...    .   869 


Chrysobalanus 298 

Chrysocoma 375 

Chrysogonum 380 

Chrysopsis 863,376 

Chrysosplenium 825 

Chthamalia 433 

Cicuta 432 

Cimicifuga 208 

Cinna 5>3 

Cinquefoil 303 

Circium 405 

Cistaceae 237 

Citron 256 

Citrus 256 

Cladrastris 293 

Claytonia 249 

Clematis 201 

Cleome.    See  Warea.  226  , 

Cleoraella 229 

Clethra 418 

Climbing     Thorough- 
wort  861 

Clitoria 278 

Clot-bur 884 

Clover 284 

Cnicus 405 

Cocculus 219 

Coclilearia 223 

Coelestina 353 

Cohosh 208,  215 

Colic-weed 222 

Collinsonia 467 

Collomia 442 

Columbine 206 

Commelyna 547 

Commelynaceae 547 

Compositae 848 

Comptonia 517 

Conclinium 361 

Conifiene 514 

Conoph  ol  is 453 

Conostylis 512 

Convallaria 533 

Convolvulaceae 444 

Convolvulus    414 

Conyza 377 

Coprosmanthus 519 

Coral  root 525 

Corcorus 261 

Cord-rush 553 

Coreopsis 392 

Cornaccae 389 

Corn  Gromwell 447 

Cornus 339 

Corollorhiza 525 

Coronopus 229 

Corydalis 222 

Corylus 512 

Cosmanthus 443 

Cotton 259 

Cotton-tree 5'.)7 

Cowage 297 

Cowslip ...  206 

Crab-apple 307 

Crab-si'iiss 577 

Crambe 228 

Cranberry 416 

Cranesbill 251 

Cranichis 524 

Crantzia 830 

Crassulaceae 822 

Crategus   305 


[NDKX    TU    TAUr    II, 


GOT 


Cresses 223 

Croomia 216 

Cross-vine 439 

Crotalaria 291 

Croton 409 

Crotonopsis 4S9 

Crowfoot 203 

CnicifLTJB 223 

Crypliicanthus 477 

Cryptota;nia 8^33 

Cteniiiin 5S5 

Ciicula 4C4 

Cucumber 321 

Cucumber-tree. .  .*211,  251 

Cucumis 321 

Cucm-bita 320 

Cucurbitaceaa 319 

Cuphea 311 

Cupressus 516 

Ciipuliferae d'O 

Cuscuta 447 

Custard-apple 212 

Cynoglossum 448 

Cynodon 584 

Cynosciailium 334 

Cyuthia 407 

Cyperaceas 554 

Cyperus 555 

Cypripedium 528 

Cvpress 516 

Cyrilla 417 

Dactylis 590 

Dactyloctemum 585 

Dahoon  Holly 426 

Dali-a 283 

Dalibarda 3li1 

Diindelion 409 

Danthonia   587 

Dai.bne 492 

iJarbva 493 

Darliugtonia 296 

Dasystoma 461 

Datura 451 

Daucus 337 

Decodon 311 

Decumaria 327 

Deer-grass 3(l9 

Delphinum 206 

Dentaria 224 

Desmodium 2^'8 

Dew-plant 235 

Diamorpha 323 

Dianthus 249 

Diapensia 443 

Dicerandra 466 

Dicromeua 562 

Dkliptera 476 

Dicoiulra 447 

Dicotyledon je 2ti0 

Dielytra 221 

Diervilla 841 

Digitf.ria 5S5 

Dibdia Mi, 

Dionea 236 

Dioscorea 517 

Dioscoreaceaj 517 

Diospvros 425 

Diphyllia 215 

Diplopappus 868 

Dipteracanthus  . .  476,  477 

Dirca 492 


Discoploura 331 

Dittany 464 

Dock 490 

Dodona-a  .. 2fi7 

Dogsbane 434 

Dogwood 309 

Doiicaos 275 

Draba 227 

Dracoccphalum    4t)9 

Dracopis 3SS 

Dragon-root 550 

Droscra 235 

Drosoracea; 2:i.T 

Doctor  Tinker's  weed    342 

Dulicliium 563 

Dutclunan's  pipe 494 

Dwarf  Dandelion 4<i7 

Dwarf  Ginseng..     ...  338 

Ebenaccae 425 

Echinacea} 386 

Ecliinospermum 44S 

Ecbites 435 

Eclipta 379 

E<rg-plant 450 

Elder 343 

Eleocharis 558 

Elephantopus 35J3 

Eleusine 585 

Elliottia 417 

Eliisia 444 

Elm 502 

Elodia 242 

Elymus 593 

Elytraria 477 

Empetraceae 495 

En^k'nia 4-".0 

Epidcndrum 529 

Epi-nca 421 

Epilohium 313 

Epipbcgus 453 

Eriantli'us 594 

Ereclitites 4(>2 

Ericaceai 416 

Erigeron 367 

Eriocaulon 553 

Eriogonnm 4S8 

Eriopliorum 560 

Ervum 273 

Eryngium 330 

Erysimum 226 

Erytiirina 275 

Erythronium M6 

Eschsclioltzia 22 1 

Eucliroma 461 

Euonynins '-'6S 

Eupatorium 859 

Euplioriiia 4'i6 

Eupburbiai.eie 495 

Eu.-tachys 585 

Evening  Primrose 813 

Euxalus 485 

Eagii? 512 

Earkle-borry 414 

Feather-grass 6-2 

Fedia 348 

Festuca 590 

Fever-bush 491 

Fcverwort 842 

Filbert 512 


Finibristylls 561 

Fire-weod 410 

Fiveflniier 8<tS 

Flaveria 396 

Flax 2.',0 

Flower-de-luce 580 

Fly-[)oison 540 

Fo'thcTgilia 829 

Fox-grai)0 268 

Foxtail-grass 673 

Friigaria Sa'J 

Fra^era 437 

Fraxinus 4'29 

Frinire-tree 429 

Fradichia 4^5 

Frost-grape 263 

Fuiretia 560 

Fumaria 222 

Fumariacvie 221 

Fumatory 222 

Gaillardia 897 

Galactca 277 

Galatilla 861 

Galax 423 

Galium 343 

Gall  of  the  earth 409 

Gammer-gr!U-3 <9l 

Gaiiltheria 417 

Gaura 814 

Gay-feather 355 

Gaylussacia 414 

Geiseminum 4^i5 

Gentiana 4^38 

Gentianaceae 433 

Gerardia 460 

Geratiiaceie 3.50 

Geranium 251 

Geum 301 

Gilia 442 

Gillenia 8iO 

Ginseiii: ftJS 

Glau(vum 221 

Gledit>ciiia 295 

Glottidiuin 279 

Gluniacetu 551 

Glycine 276 

Glyi-yrrliiza 2^1 

Gnaplialium 4411 

Goal's-beard S'Mi 

Goldcn-clnb 651 

Golden  llvpericum...  2--9 

(rol.len-rod 870 

Golden  Saxifrage 326 

Gonolubus 488 

Good  vera 529 

(;...>sJl.errr 821 

Gordonia  '. 256 

Giis^vpiim 2.')9 

(Joiird    320 

G  raminaeeio 570 

Grai)e 2(W 

Graphephorum 5^6 

(trass- wrack 5.V3 

Grali(da 4,'i7 

Green-dr:u:on .'>50 

Grossulaciiu 821 

Grouml-iherrv 451 

Ground-laiircl 421 

Ground-nut 8;W 

Gnmnnibie 'J97 

Gum-kino —  iHil 


oos 


INDEX   TO   PART   II. 


Gum-tragacantb 297 

Gymnadenia 527 

Gymnopogon 5S6 

GymnospermEe 514 

Gy  muostyles 401 

Gynandropsis 229 


Habenaria 526 

Hasmodraceae 532 

Hair-grass 5S6 

Halea 386 

Halesia 425 

Hamamelaceae 827 

Hamamelis 828 

Hamiltonia 403 

Hardback 800 

Harpalicese .'  408 

Hawkweed , . . . .  408 

Hazel-nut 512 

Haw 806 

Headache-plant 530 

Heal-all 467,  470 

Hedeoma 466,  467 

Hedge-mustard 225 

Hedyotis 346 

Hedysarum 288 

Hekorima 542 

Helenium 303 

Helianthella 891 

Helianthemum 237 

Heliantbus 8S3 

Heliopsis 3S5 

Heliotropium 448 

Helonias 540 

Helosciadiuin 331 

Hemianthus 456 

Hemlock 515 

Hepatica 203 

Hercules-club 338 

Herds' -grass 571 

Heteranthera 54;5 

Heterotbeca 376 

Heuchera 325 

Hibiscus 260 

Hickory 513 

Hieracium 408 

Hippocastanacese 265 

Hoarbound 472 

Hog-weed 384 

Holly 426 

Holly-bay 257 

Honey-locust 295 

Honeysuckle 841 

Hop 502 

Hopea 425 

Hordeum 590, 

Hornbeam ' '.  50s 

Horn-poppy 221 

Horse-balm 4^7 

Horse-gentian    342 

Horse-mint 4(59 

Horse-nettle ." .'  450 

Ilorse-radisb .',',[  228 

Hottonia ]  4Si 

Hounds'-tongue 443 

Houstonia  .  T 346 

Hoya 433 

Humulus 502 

Hydrangea 326 

Hydrastis 210 

Hydrocbaridacese 521 

Hydrocbavis 521 


Hydrocotyle 329 

Hydrolea ' .  .*  443 

Hydroleaceas 442 

Hydrophila [  476 

Hydropbyllacese 442 

Hydropbyllum 442 

Hydropeltis 217 

Hydropyrum 572 

Hymenopappus 397 

Hypericacete 238 

Hypericum 239 

Hypobricbia 810 

Hypoxidacese 534 

Hypoxis 534 

Hyptis 463 

Hyssopus 467 


Ilex 426 

Illicebraceae 242 

Illicium 211 

Illysantbes ' .' '  457 

Impatlens 251 

Indian  corn 573 

Indian  cucumber 521 

Indian  currant 340 

Indian  hemp 434 

Indian  physic 301 

Indian  pipe 423 

Indian  shot 530 

Indian  turnip 550 

Indigofera 281 

Indigo-plant 281 

Ink-berry 427 

Ipomaja \  446 

Ii'esine .'  434 

Iridaceae 530 

Iris 530 

Iron-wood 51  '9 

Isantbus 473 

Isatis 228 

Isolepis '/.'.'.  500 

Isopappus 375 

Isopyrum 2O6 

Itea 326 

Iva 883 

Ivy-bush 420 

Jacob's  ladder 441 

Jamestown-weed 451 

Jasminaceai 42s 

Jasminum 428 

Jatropba ]  498 

Jeffersonia 2I6 

Jerusalem-oak 43 

Judas'-tree .'  294 

Juglaudaceae 512 

Jaglans ,'  513 

Juncaceee 544 

Juncus 544 

Juniperus .'  515 

Jus^ia?a 315 

Justicia 47(5 


Kallstroemia 253 

Kalmia 420 

Knot-grass 433 

Knot-root 467 

Krameria 232 

I^iigt-a 407 

Kubnia 

Kylliugia  .... 


Labiataj 46j 

Lacbnanthes   .'  532 

Lachnocaulon 654 

Lactuca 410 

Lady's-slipper .' .'  528 

Lage]>aria 320 

Lagerstrcemia 313' 

Lamium 473 

Lantana '  475 

Lapithea *  43s 

Larkspur .'  207 

Lathyrus 273 

Lauraceaj 491 

Laurns 401 

Lead-plant 233 

Leather-wood 493 

Leaven  worthia 225 

Lechea 238 

Leersia 572 

Leguminosae 270 

Leiophylium 421 

Lemna 552 

Lemon 256 

Lentibulariaceae 477 

Leontice 215 

Leontodon 4(i9 

Leonurus 472 

Leopards'-bane 404 

Lepacbis 388 

Lepidium 223 

Leptocaulis 832 

Leptochloa 5S5 

Leptopoda 393 

Lepuropetalon 326 

Lespedeza 290 

Leucanthemum 400 

Leucotboe 419 

Liatris 355 

Ligusticum 334 

Ligustrum 430 

Lilac 430 

Liliacese 535 

I^ilium 535 

Lily 536 

Lime 2r:G 

Limnantbemum 433 

Limonia 250 

Linacese 250 

Linaria 454 

Lindernia 453 

Linum 250 

Lion's-foot 408 

Liparis 593 

Liquidambar  609 

Liquorice 231 

Liriodendron 212 

Listera 523 

Litbospermum 447 

Live-forever 822 

Liverwort 203 

Loasaceas 313 

Lobe  la 411 

Lobeliaceaj 411 

Locust 280 

Loganacese 435 

Lnganiaceae 347 

Logwood 297 

Long-moss 535 

Lonicera 341 

Loose-strife 4S0 

. .  357  j  Lopbanthus [  467 

•  ■  557  I  Lophiola 539 


INDEX   TO    PART    IT. 


C,(\0 


Lop-seed 475 

Lorantliaccse 3:)!l 

Love-vine 417 

Lucerne 2!)7 

Ludwigia 815 

Lupin  us 292 

Luzula 545 

Lyclinis 2J8 

Lj'dum 451 

Lycopersicum 449 

Lycopua 4(54 

Lygodesinia 409 

Lyonia 420 

Lysimaehia 479 

Ly thracese 309 

Lythrum 310 

Macbridea 471 

Maclurca 504 

Macranthera 4()0 

Mad.ler 344 

Magnolia 210 

Magnoliaceaj 210 

Maiaxis 528 

Maiope 25S 

Malva 25S 

Malvacete 257 

Malvaviscus 259 

Mandnke 216 

Mangrove 312 

Manisurus 594 

Maple 265 

Marantaceffi 529 

Mariscus 557 

Marrubiuin 471 

Marshallia 399 

Mansh-elder 3^3 

Mar>h  flea-bane 379 

Mar.sli-inarigoid 2i!G 

Marsh-rosemary 4S2 

Martynia 4:j9 

Maruta 4(i(l 

May-apple 216 

May-haw 80S 

May-i)op 319 

May-wt-ed 40u 

Meadow-rue 209 

Meadow-sweet 300 

M.'deola 521 

Mediciigo 285 

Melanipirum 402 

MelantlKici-a} 539 

Melananthera 3S5 

Me  anthium 541 

MelastomaccaJ 3i  iS 

Melia 2G2 

Meiaceaj 202 

Melica 590 

Melilotus 2S5 

Melothria 319 

Menisperniace* 213 

Meiiispermum 214 

Mentha 463 

Menizelia 31S 

Men/.iesia 418 

Mertensia 448 

Metastelma 433 

Mierantliemuin 45S 

Microuieria 466 

Milium 575 

Mikania 361 

Mimosa 296 


Mimulns 516 

Misllctoo 340 

Mitcholla      34() 

-Mitroola 347 

Mudiola 2r)S 

Mollugo 215 

Moinordica 321 

Monaida 469 

Monk's-hood 207 

Monoclamydeie 4S3 

Monocera 585 

Mon  opetalai 340 

MonocotyicdoniC 517 

Monotropa 523 

Moon-seed 214 

Moose-wood 492 

Morace;c 503 

Morning-glory 445 

Morus 5'  'S 

Motherwort 472 

Mountain-laurel 421 

Mouse-tail 2n6 

Mud-plantain 543 

Muhlenbergia 583 

Mulberry 5  i3 

Mulcedium 410 

Mullein. 455 

Museadine 263 

Mu.^kmelon 321 

Musquash 332 

Mustard 227 

Myaca 54^? 

Mylocarlum 417 

M vosurus 206 

Myrica 507 

Myricaceao 5i'7 

Myriophyllum 817 

Myrtle 607 

Nabalus 408 

Naiadaceae 552 

Najos 552 

Narcissus 534 

Nasturtium 223 

Nccklace-wced 2ii8 

Nectris 217 

Nclumbiaceie 21 7 

Nelumbium 217 

Neinoi)liylla 4l3 

Mcpcta 469 

Nettle 49S,  .MiO 

Neurophyllum 3.i3 

New-Jersey  tea 270 

Nicotiana 452 

NiL'lit-shade 450 

Nine-bark 800 

ISolina 537 

Nnphar 21H 

Nyetaginaceai 483 

Nymphaa 218 

Nynipha'aceaj 217 

Nytsu 492 

Oak 510 

Obiono 466 

Obolaria 4^38 

CEnoihera 813 

Oil-nut 493 

Old  man's  beard 429 

Olea 428 

Oleacciu 42S 

Olive 428 

26* 


i  Onairracc.T 812 

i  Onion 5:'.7 

Onosmodium 4J8 

j  Ophiorhl/a 317 

Oplisincnus 5S0 

Oplotheea \S5 

Opuntia 822 

Orange 256 

Orange-root 210 

Orchard-grass 59)1 

Orchidaceuj 522 

Orclns 526 

Ornithogalum 538 

Orobancliaccjo 452 

Orobanche 452 

Orontium 551 

Oryza 572 

Osage  orange 5  i4 

Osmorrhiza. 337 

Ostrya 5oJ> 

Otopliylla 460 

Oxalidaeeaj 252 

Oxalis iiri 

Oxybaphus 4S3 

Oxycoccus 416 

Oxydendrum 419 


Pachalanthus 

Paehvsaiidra  ... 

Palafoxii 

Paliuaceic 

Palmetto 536, 

Panax  

Paneraiium 

Panicum 

Papaver  

P:ipaveraec;e 

Papaw 

Pai)p<iose-root 

Parietaria 

Parnassia 

I'aronychia 

Parsriep 

Partlienium 

Partridire-berry 

Pa.-palum 

Pa^^illora 

PassilloraceiL' 

Pa^tinaeea• 

I'ei 

Peach  

Pear 

Pediculiiris 

Pellitory 

Peltametra 

Penthiirum 

Penstemon 

Pepper-root 

Pepperidge 

Peppermint 

Peruvian  bark 

Persimmon 

Petalostemon 

Peiuuia 

Phaca 

Pliacelia 

Pharhitis 

Piiaseolus 

Plialaris 

Pheasunfs-eyo 

PhiiadclphiiB 

Phlcuin 


5.>4 
500 
8*7 
546 
546 

5S3 
576 
2i<» 
219 
212 
215 
5.1 
236 
242 
336 
8SJ 
346 


«19 
3IS 
:'3S 
272 
279 
3  T 
4*8 
502 

:^>o 

823 
455 
224 
492 
4iJ4 
313 
425 
2Si 
4.-.2 
286 
44S 
446 
274 
574 
203 
32T« 
574 


610 


INDEX    TO   PART   II. 


Phlox 440 

Phryma 475 

Phylianthus 500 

Physalis 450 

Physostegia 469 

Phytolacca 4SS 

Phytolaccaceae 4S7 

Pimpernel 480 

Pinckneya 847 

Pine 514 

Pingaicula 478 

Pink-root 435 

Pinus 514 

Pistea 552 

Pisum 272 

Pitcheria 277 

Planera 503 

Plantain 482 

Plantaginacete 4S2 

Plantago 482 

Platanacese 5t.9 

Platanthera 526 

Platanus 509 

Pleea 539 

Pleurisy-root 432 

Plachea 378 

Plum 299 

PlumbaginacejB 481 

Poa 588 

Podopliylluni^.... 216 

Podostemacete "5  4 

Podostemum 604 

Podostigma 4-30 

Pogonia 524 

Poison  ivy 255 

Poison  oak 255 

Poison  sumach 255 

Poke-root 4H8 

Polanisia 229 

Polemonacese 440 

Polemonium 441 

Polycarpon 244 

Polygaia 230 

Polygalaceas 230 

Polygonatum 533 

Polygonacese 488 

Polygonum 488 

Polymnia 380 

Polypetalai 200 

Polypremum .347 

Polypteris 897 

Polytfenia 336 

Pond-lily 218 

Pond-weed 552 

Pontedera 542 

Pontederiaceaj 542 

Poplar 5(i7 

I'oppy 219 

Populus 507 

Porcelia 212 

Portulaca 249 

Portulaca<  eae 249 

Potcema 552 

Potamogeton 553 

Potato 450 

Potentilla 302 

Prenanthes 408 

Prickly  ash 253,838 

Prickly  poppy 220 

Prim 430 

.Primrose 313 

PrimulacejE 479 


Prince's  feather 499 

Prinopsis 376 

Prinos 426 

Priva.   See  Fhryma..  Alb 

Privet 430 

Prosartes 542 

Proserpinaca 817 

Prunella 470 

Prunus 29S 

Psoralea 282 

Ptelea 253 

Pterocaulon 879 

Puccoon 447 

Puccoon-root 220 

Pulmonaria 448 

Pumpkin 320 

Purslane '. 249 

Pycnanthemum 464 

Pyrola 422 

Pyrrhopappus 410 

Pyrus 307 

Quamoclit 446 

Queen  of  the  meadow.  300 

Queen's  delight 497 

Quercus 509 

Pwadish 227 

Ranunculaceffi 2ii0 

Eanunculus 203 

Eaphanus 227 

Easpberry 303 

Eattle-box 231,  291 

Eattlesnake's  master..  256 
Eattlesnake'*  plantain .  523 

Eattlesnake-root 40S 

Eed-bud 294 

Eed  clover 2S4 

Eed  maple 265 

EestiaceiK 553 

Ehamnaceaj 268 

Ehamnus 26.t 

Ehexia 308 

Ehizophora 312 

Ehizophoraceas 812 

Ehododendron 421 

Ehus 254 

Ehyncosia 276 

Ehyncospora 562 

Ehytog!o;sa 476 

Eibes 821 

Eice 572 

Eicinus 498 

Elver- weed 504 

Eobhiia 2S0 

Eollin  plantain 868 

Eock-cress 224 

E(^man  wormwood  . . ,  384 

Eosa 3  4 

Eosacete 297 

Eose 304 

Eose-wood 297 

Eottbcellia 580 

Eubia 844 

EubiaceiB 343 

Eudbeckia 386 

Eubus 303 

Eue-anemone 209 

Euellia 476 

Eumex 490 

Euppia 553 

Eush 544 


Sabal 546 

Sabbatia 437 

Saccharum 594 

Sacred  Bean 217 

Sage 468 

Sageretia 269 

Sagittaria 548 

Sagina 245 

Salicornia 486 

Salix 506 

Salsola 487 

Salvia    468 

Sambucus 343 

Samolus 481 

Samphire 486 

Samson-snakeroot 000 

Sandal-wood 297,  492 

Sand-myrtle 421 

Sanguinaria 220 

Sanguisorba 802 

Sanfcula 880 

SantalacefB 492 

Sapindaceie 266 

Sapindus "267 

Saponaria 248 

Sapotacese 427 

Sarothra 241 

Saracenia 219 

Saraceniacese 218 

Sarsaparilla 838 

Sassafras 492 

Saururacea? 505 

Saururus 505 

Saxifraga 324 

Saxifragaceaj 823 

Sthcenocaulon 540 

Schizandra 213 

Schizandraceae 213 

Schwalbea 461 

Schweinitzia 424 

Scirpus 559 

Scleria 5S3 

Sclenilepis 354 

Scrophularia 455 

Scrj)phulariaceae 453 

Scutellaria 470 

Sea  Kale 228 

Sedum 322 

Senebieria 229 

Senecio 4t.3 

Senna 297 

Seriocarpus 862 

Sesbania 279 

Setaria 581 

Seutaria 432 

Seymeria 459 

Shad-flower 3()7 

Sheep-bur 884 

Sickle-pod 224 

Suyos 320 

Sida ..     259 

Sidc-sadd!e  flower 219 

Siestesbeckia 896 

Silene 247 

Silphium 8S1 

Sinapis 226 

Siplionvchia 243 

Sison..* 832 

Sisymbrium 225 

Sisyrinchium 531 

Slum 833 

Sleek-leaf 421 


INDEX    TO    PAKT    I[. 


611 


Sloe 842 

8inart-weed 4(-  9 

SiJiilaccas 517 

Sniilaoina 5.';8 

Siiiilax Tils 

Sinyrniiim 38,3 

So.tp-hcrry 2(i7 

Soap-irentian 4:>() 

Soft-maple 265 

Solanaceai 449 

Solanum 449 

Soica 2*^5 

Solidago :570 

Solvia 401 

Sonclms 411 

Sophora 293 

Sorrel 491 

Sorrel- tree 419 

Sourwood 419 

Sow-thistle 411 

SparLranium 550 

Sparganopborus 854 

Spartina 5S6 

Spearmint 4G4 

Specularia    418 

Spergula 244 

Spermacoce 344 

Spice-wood 49 1 

Spider-wort 54S 

Spigelia 43> 

Spiireliacea} 435 

Spiked  Alder 41S 

Spikenard 3;iS 

Spilantlies 8',)5 

Spinach 48(1 

Spiriea 80  • 

Spiranihes 5'23 

Spirodola 55'J 

Sporobolus 5S4 

Spotted  Cowbane o3i 

Spotted  Wintergreen.  423 

Spring-beauty 250 

Spruce 515 

S<)ua-h 820 

Squaw-niint 461 

S(juill 537 

Stacliys 472 

Stum  ling-cypress 442 

Stiipelia 4;J8 

Staphylca 2i;S 

Star-irrass 532 

Statice 4S1 

Stcllaria 216 

Stilliiigia 497 

Stipa 5v2 

Stipulicida 214 

Stone  crop :i23 

Stone-root 407 

Stnkesia 855 

Strawberry 303 

Sirawborry-trce 2ri8 

Suvpioiius 542 

Strophostyles 274 

Stuariia 257 

Stylisma 415 

Stylosanthes 2S7 

Styptic- weed 294 

Styraiejfi 424 

Styrax 424 

Sugar-berry 5i)3 

Sugar-cane  594 

Siifar-maplc 205 


Sumach 25 1 

Suninier-grape 204 

Summer-haw 3o7 

Sun-dew 235 

Sun-rose 237 

Suriana 322 

Surianaceaj 322 

Swamiwnaple 205 

Swamp-rose 8!'4 

Sweet  fern 508 

Sweet  Hag 551 

Sweet  gum 5()9 

Sweet  locust 295 

Sweet  potMto 445 

Sweet  shrub 308 

Swietenia 208 

Sycamore 509 

Syena 543 

Symphoria 310 

Symphoricarpus 340 

Syringia 327,  429 

Talinum 249 

Tamariiul 297 

Tanaeetum 4(il 

Tape- weed 522 

Taraxacum 4!i9 

Te  'oma 489 

Tepiirosia 2^0 

Ternstroemiaceaj 250 

Tetragonotheca 385 

Teuerium 473 

Thalia    530 

Thaiictrum 2  i9 

Tliaspium H04 

The>ium   498 

Thiinble-berrv 3(i3 

Thimble-weed 202 

Thlasi.i 228 

Thorn 3ii5 

Thorn-apple 451 

TlMiya 510 

Tliymc 4r.O 

Thymehiceie 492 

Thymus 4i>0 

Tiarella 325 

Tiedmannia 335 

Tilia 202 

Tiliacea^ 201 

Tiilandsia 534 


Tij)nlaria 

...  527 

Tobacco 

.  452 

Tolieklia  . . . 

539 

...449 

Todthache-bush... 

..   258 

Toothache-grass... 

..  5-5 

T<iothwort 

..  224 

Torreva 

...  510 

Toxicarpus 

...  432 

Tradesc.intia 

...  5)7 

Tra'-'Mcaiith 

..  297 

Tni^'ia 

..  497 

Trailing  arbutus  .. 

...  421 

Trautvettcrla 

..   21  !9 

Trepoiari>us 

...  836 

Triehoilium 

..   583 

Trieho^tema 

...   473 

Trilolium 

...   2-<4 

Tri-lochin 

...  449 

Trilliaceiu 

•  .   5-.'(( 

Trillium 

...  520 

TrioMeum 

.  ..   311 

Triphorn 526 

Trip'^a(;um M»3 

Triticum  592 

Tnimpet-llowor 43S 

Tuli])-troe 212 

Tupelo 492 

Turmeric-root 210 

Turnera 318 

Turneracca! 818 

Turnii» 226 

Twin-le:if 218 

Typha 550 

Ulmaceaj 503 

Ulimis 502 

Umbellifora' 32S 

Umbrella-tree 211 

Unicorn-plant 540 

Uniola 591 

Uralepis 5S7 

Uriica 500 

Urlica'-ete 5'l0 

Utiicnlaria 47S 

Uvaria 212 

Uvularia 541 

Yaccinacea.' 414 

Vaicinium 4!4 

Vacheilia 297 

Valerianaieio 3tS 

Vali>neria 513 

Vanilla  i.lant 857 

Venus'  lly-trap 236 

Ver;itrun"i 542 

Verbascum 454 

VerbenaceiD 474 

Verbena 474 

Verbcsina 896 

Vernal-grass 574 

Vernonia ;V>2 

Veronica 453 

Viburnum 343 

Vicia 273 

Vi-na 274 

Vi  lar.-ia 4-38 

Viola 2-J3 

Violaceie 2:^2 

Vir;;iMia  stone-crop. . .  :i2.S 

Virginian  creeper 2<>4 

Virgin's  bower 201 

Viscum 340 

Vitacea^ 208 

Vitis 2(33 

Wake-robin MO 

■Wal.lsteiiiia 301 

Walnut 513 

Wiiujpeo ...  54^1 

Warea 226 

Wa^llini:ton  thorn 31)6 

Water  c:irpet 8-'fl 

Water  chinquRpin 2l7 

Water  heudock :<83 

Water  hemp 4S5 

Water  huarliound 4<'4 

Water-lily 2lT 

Watermelon 320 

Water-mill  foil 317 

WH(er-par>nep SS3 

Wuter-plnntain 5»8 

Water-i»ursianc 310 

Water-shield V!l7 


6J2 


INDEX   TO   PAET   H. 


Wax-myrtle 507 

Wax-plant 4-33 

Wendlandia 219 

Wheat  592 

White  avens 301 

While-bush 418 

White  clover 2S5 

White  lettuce 408 

White  pine 515 

White  pond-lily. 218 

White-root S35 

Wbite-thorn 305 

Whitewood 212 

Whortleherry 414 

Wiid  basil 464 

Wild  f\i^x 250 

Wildeinger 491 

Wild  hoiirbound 359 

Wild  indigo 293 

Wild  liquorice 344 

Wild  lupine 292 

"Wild  poppergrass 228 


Wild  potato-vine 445 

Wild  s-trawberry 303 

Wild  rye 592 

Willow 506 

Winter  grape 263 

Wintergreen.  417,422,423 

Winter-haw 307 

Wire-grass 

Wistaria 275 

Witch-hazel 323 

Woad 228 

Woodbine 341 

Wood-sorrel 252 

Wormwood 401 

Xanthium 334 

Xerophyllum 540 

Xyridaceae 543 

Xyris 543 

Yam-root 517 


Yarrow 400 

Yellow  jessamine 435 

Yellow  pond-lily 213 

Yellow-root 200 

Yew 516 

Yucca 536 

Zanthorhiza 210 

Zanthoxylacese 258 

Zanthoxylum 253 

Zapania 475 

Zea 573 

Zenobia 419 

Zigadenus 540 

Zinnia 385 

Zizania 572 

Zizia o33 

Zizyphus 269 

Zornia 2S6 

Zostera 552 

Zygophyllaceffl 252 


^MJC   SKOu 


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D  A  V  I  E  S' 

Complete   Course  of  Mathematics. 

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liibiilion  t(;  enable  the  auiln)rs  to  present  a  colle<;tion  rich  in  all  that  can  Inlorm  th« 
understanding,  imjirove  the  taste,  and  cultivate  the  heart,  and  which,  ai  the  sairw 
time,  shall  furnish  every  variety  of  stylo  and  subject  to  exemplify  the  principl»-s  ■ 
Rhetorical  delivery,  and  form  a  finifihed  reader  and  elocutionist  Clii»sic«l  ami  Ida 
litrlcfil  allusions,  so  cf  mnion  among  the  best  writi-rs,  have  in  all  cases  been  expinliu-d 
»r,d  concise  Bio;.Taphlca'.  Sketches  of  authors  from  whoso  works  extract*  b:»\e  bcei 
♦elected,  havf  also  been  introduced,  together  with  Alphabetical  and  t'hr»>ii<>l<>gir« 
List*  of  the  Names  of  Authors;  thus  rendering  this  a  convenient  text-bnok  hit  t»tu 
Knia  \i\  English  and  Americati  Literature.  • 

A.  S.  BAHNES  &  BURR,  Publishers, 

51  &  b'.i  Joliii  Streul.  Nuw   York 


NATIONAL  SERIES  Ox    STAITBAED  SCHOOL-BOOES 


MO.^'TEiTH    A^n    Mc:^ A  LILY'S 


MONTEITH'S  FIRST  LESSONS  IN  GEOGRAPHY 

MONTEITH'S  INTRODUCTION  TO  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHy. 

MONTBITH'S  NEW  MANUAL  OF  GEOGRAPHY 

iTeNALLY'S  COMPLETE  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY 


Monteith's  First  Lessons  in  Geography— Introduction  to  Man- 
ual of  Geography— and  New  Manual  of  Geography,  are  arranged  on 
the  catechetical  plan,  which  has  been  proven  to  be  the  best  and  most  successful 
method  of  teaching  this  branch  of  study.  The  questions  and  answers  are  models  ol 
brcv'ty  and  adaptation,  and  the  maps  are  simple,  but  accurate  and  beautiful. 

Mclsally's  Geography  completes  the  Series,  and  follows  the  same  geneial 
plan.  The  maps  are  splendidly  engraved,  beautifully  colored,  and  perfectly  accurate; 
and  a  profile  of  the  country,  showing  the  elevations  and  depressions  of  land,  is  given 
at  the  t.ottom  of  the  raaps.  The  order  and  arrangement  of  map  questions  is  also 
peculiarly  happy  and  systematic,  and  the  descriptive  matter  just  what  is  needed,  and 
nothing  more.  No  Series  heretofore  published  has  been  so  extensively  introduced  in 
so  short  a  time,  or  gained  such  a  wide-spread  popularity. 

These  Geographies  are  used  more  extensively  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Nesv  York, 
Brooklyn,  and  Newark,  than  all  others. 

I^"  A.  B.  Clark,  Principal  of  one  of  the  largest  Public  Schools  in  Brooklyn,  says 
"  I  have  used  over  a  thousand  copies  of  Monteith's  Manual  of  Geography  since  it? 
vloption  by  the  Board  of  Education,  and  am  prepared  to  say  it  is  the  best  wp  /  hi 
,«inior  and  intermediate  classes  in  our  schools  I  have  ever  seen." 

77i6  Series,  171  icJiole  or  in,  part,  has  Veen  adopted  in  the 


New  York  State  Normal  School 
New  York  City  Normal  School, 
New  Jersey  State  Normal  School. 
Kentucky  State  Normal  School. 
Indiana  State  Normal  School. 
Ohio  State  Normal  School. 
Michigan  State  Normal  School. 
York  County  (Pa.)  Normal  Schooi, 
Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute. 
Cleveland  Female  Seminary. 
Public  Schools  of  Mihvaukie. 
Public  Schools  of  Pittsburgh. 
Public  Schools  of  Lancaster,  Pa. 
Public  Schools  of  New  Orleans. 


Public  Schools  of  New  York. 
Public  Schools  of  Brooklyn,  L.  I. 
Public  Schools  of  New  Haven. 
Public  Schools  of  Toledo,  Ohio. 
Public  Schools  of  Norwalk,  Conn. 
Public  Schools  of  Pwichmond,  Va 
Public  Schools  of  Madison,  Wis. 
Public  Schools  of  Indianapolis. 
Public  Schools  of  Springfield,  Mass. 
Public  Schools  of  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Public  Schools  of  Hartford,  Conn 
Public  Schools  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

And  other  places  too  numerous  cc 
mention. 


They  have  also  been  recommended  by  the  State  Superintendents  of  iLLiNeis 
KDiANA,  Wisconsin,  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Alabama,  and  by  numerous 
T?ac^<*r«'  Associations  and  Institutes  throughout  the  country,  and  are  in  succewfu. 
aa©  \*     multituc'.B  of  Public  and  Private  Schools  throughout  the  United  States. 

A.  S  BARHES  &  BUEE,  Publishers, 

51  &  5?  John  Street,  New  Yo 


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